societal and cultural aspects (1)

8/10/2019 Societal and Cultural Aspects (1)

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Societal & Cultural Aspects

of DietVegetarianism, Insects as Food,

Cultural Foods


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Why Vegetarian?

Economics

Health

Food Safety Religion

Concern for animal rights

Hunger issues Environmental issues

Moral issues


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Food Safety:

Escher ichia co l iO157:H7 An emerging pathogen, now causes infection

in more than 70,000 people per year

An extreme case: Video:

Tainted Meat

http://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/03/health/1247464978948/tainted-meat.html?scp=1&sq=E.%20coli&st=cse

A young woman developed hemolytic uremicsyndrome and was paralyzed as a result ofeating a hamburger tainted with E. coli0157:H7
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/03/health/1247464978948/tainted-meat.html?scp=1&sq=E.%20coli&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/03/health/1247464978948/tainted-meat.html?scp=1&sq=E.%20coli&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/03/health/1247464978948/tainted-meat.html?scp=1&sq=E.%20coli&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/03/health/1247464978948/tainted-meat.html?scp=1&sq=E.%20coli&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/03/health/1247464978948/tainted-meat.html?scp=1&sq=E.%20coli&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/03/health/1247464978948/tainted-meat.html?scp=1&sq=E.%20coli&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/03/health/1247464978948/tainted-meat.html?scp=1&sq=E.%20coli&st=cse


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Types o f Vegetar ians

Macrobiotic: 50% diet is whole grains; other 50% issoups, vegetables, legumes, and seaweed

Raw Foods: raw produce, nuts, seeds, sproutedgrains and beans, raw dairy products

Fruitarian: raw fruits, nuts and seeds

Flexitarian: a vegetarian who occasionally eats meat;being flexible in practice of vegetarianism orveganism. A flexitarian might make only vegetariandishes at home, but eat dishes including meat athome of family or friends


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Hunger Issues

~70% of U.S. grain harvest vs. 38% of theworlds grain harvest used to feed livestock

Typical steer consumes 3000 lbs grain togain 400 lbs in weight, has an output of 50 lbsmanure daily

Land taken up to grow grain for animal feed

in addition to land used for pasture instead ofto grow food

Almost half of worlds farmland being used aspasture for livestock


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Health Aspec ts o f

Vegetarian Diets Protection against disease is attributed to:

Diets higher in antioxidants and fiber

Diets lower in saturated fat and moderate in protein

Heart Disease

Antioxidants: higher vitamin C and vitamin E intakes areprotective

Saturated fat: lower levels are protective

Cancer Colon: associated with high meat and low fiber diet

Breast: risk from low fruits/vegetables, high fat

Hypertension

Minerals in fruits and vegetables may offer protection


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Protein

Animal proteins: contains all essential aminoacids

Plant proteins: missing/low in one amino acid;limiting amino acid

Complementary proteins combining proteinfoods with different limiting amino acids

Key to adequate proteins: a diet that is varied

and adequate in calories (so not necessary to

be compulsive about complementary proteins)


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Planning the Optimal

Vegetarian DietDeficiencies most often seen in those with

overly restrictive diets, so emphasize:

Nuts and seeds provide antioxidants,calcium, zinc, monounsaturated fats

Legumes protein, zinc, calcium, fiber

Omega-3 fats (canola and walnut oil,soy, flaxseed)

Calcium fortified OJ or soy/rice milk


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Other Tips: If lacto-ovo, dont rely too heavily on

eggs and cheese

Go easy on sweets and fried foods Be relaxed about protein combination;

eating a varied diet will help you to get

all the amino acids Watch caloric intake of children, teens,pregnant and nursing women


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Insects as Food

(Entomophagy) Are a direct source of nutrients

Can add to rural economy

Can increase food sufficiency of ruralpopulations


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Insect Consumption: Nutrition

For every 100 grams of dried caterpillars:

there are ~ 53 grams protein

~ 15 grams fat

~17 grams carbohydrates

Energy value ~ 430 kilocalories

These insects are also believed to have a

higher proportion of protein and fat than beefand fish with a high energy value

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)


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Agricultural Potential of

Insects High food conversion efficiency

Insect production can be done without

arable land, chemicals or equipment

Consumption of insects can help withpest management, eliminating the need

for insecticides


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Barriers to Development of

Insects for Food Food aversions

Habitat destruction and water pollution

Lack of government support andrecognition of concept


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Food and Cul ture

1 in every 4 Americans is of non-Europeanheritage and 1 in every 10 Americans is

foreign born. These figures do not includethe millions of undocumented immigrants inthis country

The population of the U.S is increasingly

heterogeneous and moving towardsnumerous and diverse ethnic, religious andregional types


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Food and Cul ture

Each immigrant groups has traditional food habitsthat differ from the so-called American majoritydiet

Many customs have been influenced andmodified through contact with the majority culture,and in turn have shaped the majority food habits

Today a fast food restaurant or street stand is aslikely to offer pizza, tacos, egg rolls, falafel as it ishamburgers and hot dogs

Globalizationis a factor in changing food culture

worldwide


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Food and Cul ture

Humans use food symbolically due torelationships, association or convention.What one eats may define who he is. Forexample, in the Middle East, a person whoeats pork is probably a Christian, not a Jew ora Muslim

Food habits, also called Foodways and FoodCulture, refer to the ways in which humansuse food, including everything from how it isselected, obtained, and distributed to whoprepares it, serves it and eats it


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Food and Cul ture

Cultural foodsreflect foods that are available.Local ecological considerations: weather, soil,water conditions, geographical features, humanmanipulation of these resources

For people who immigrate, culturally based foodhabits are one of the last traditions that changethrough acculturation Acculturation: members of one cultural group adopt

beliefs and behaviors of another group; usually indirection of minority group adopting habits andlanguage patterns of dominant group, but can be

reciprocal


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Hungry Planet: What the

World Eats By Peter Menzel and Faith DAluisio

Families from around the world photographed

with one week

s food Following photos: Sicily, Chad and Mexico

More photos: http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,16

26519,00.html http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,16

45016,00.html

What do you notice?
http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1626519,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1626519,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1645016,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1645016,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1645016,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1645016,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1626519,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1626519,00.html


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societal and cultural aspects (1)

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