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Smart® Products Technical Bookletfor Offshore & General use – April 2015

Smart® Band

Smart® Tie

Smart® Installation Tools

w w w . h c l f a s t e n e r s . c o m

BelowistheindexforHCLClampingSolutions’Smart®BandandSmart®TieTechnicalBooklet.ThroughmanyyearsofexperienceinthemanufactureofSmart®Band,Smart®Tieandotherplasticclampingsolutions,HCLhasbuiltupextensivesupplierrelationshipsandknowledgeofin-depthtechnicalinformation.Shouldyourequireanyinformationoutsideofthescopeofthisbooklet,pleasecontactHCLdirectly.

Smart® Products for Offshore & General use

1] Smart Product Guide

1.1]Smart®ProductOptions

1.2]PolymerChoice

Technical

2] Dimensions and Weights

2.1]Smart®TieDimensionsandWeights

2.2]Smart®BandDimensionsandWeights

Installation

3] Design Guidelines

3.1]RecessDimensions

3.2]Generalpointsfordesignconsideration

4] Fitting Tools

4.1]ManualInstallationToolTensions

4.2]PneumaticInstallationToolTensions

Performance

5] Tensile Strength

5.1]StraightBandTensiletests–Introduction

5.2]StraightBandTensileTests

5.3]SystemTensiletests–Introduction

5.4]Smart®TieSystemTensiletests

5.5]Smart®BandSystemTensileTests–StandardBuckle

5.6]Smart®BandSystemTensileTests–HybridBuckle

6] Effects of Moisture on Tensile Strength

6.1]Post8-monthFreshWaterImmersionSmart®BandStraightBandTensileTests

6.2]Post8-monthFreshWaterImmersionSmart®BandHybridSystemTensileTests

7] Creep and Stress Relaxation

7.1]StressRelaxation

8] Impact Strength

8.1]Smart®BandImpactStrength

9] Piggyback Pipe Lay

9.1]Smart®BandPiggybackPerformance

10] Half Shell Minimum Bending Radius

11] Hydrostatic Compression

11.1]HydrostaticCompressionTestSimulation

12] Abrasion and Marine Growth

12.1]AbrasionComparison

12.2]MarineGrowth

Material

13] Temperature Resistance and Flammability

14] Material Properties

14.1]PolymerMaterialProperties

14.2]GlassFibreYarn–Ø1mmMaterialProperties

15] Offshore/Subsea Environments

15.1]ChemicalResistanceandAgeing

16] Chemical Resistance 16.1]GeneralChemicalResistance

17] Weathering

Quality

18] Quality


1 Smart® Product Guide1.1] Smart® Products Options

The following table provides a simple overview of available Smart products, their size and material variations. Fitting tools that compliment each product are listed for reference.

Banding Product

Size Options

Band Dimensions Material Options Product StrengthFitting Tool

OptionsNominal Length

Width Thickness Buckle Band N kgf lbf

Smart® Tie

20mm (¾”)

450mm 600mm 750mm

20mm (0.79”)

3.6mm (0.14”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 5030 513 1128SM-FT-1000-20ST SM-FT-2000-19

SM-FT-3000-20ST

PA12 (Nylon 12) 4061 414 911

PA11 (Nylon 11) 3920 400 879

PPS 5039 514 1130

32mm (1¼”)

550mm 850mm

32mm (1.26”)

4.6mm (0.18”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) TBC TBC TBC

SM-FT-1000-32ST SM-FT-2000-32

SM-FT-3000-32ST

PA12 (Nylon 12) TBC TBC TBC

PA11 (Nylon 11) TBC TBC TBC

PPS TBC TBC TBC

PEEK TBC TBC TBC

Smart® Band Standard

7mm (¼”)

30m (100’) 250mm (820’)

6.9mm (0.27”)

2.6mm (0.10”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 880 90 197 SM-TA-528A

10mm (3⁄8”)

30m (100’) 125mm (410’)

9.8mm (0.39”)

3.6mm (0.14”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 2590 264 581 SM-TA-528A

19mm (¾”)

30m (100’) 60mm (200’)

19.2mm (0.76”)

3.6mm (0.14”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 4310 439 967 SM-FT-1000-19 SM-FT-2000-19PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) POM (Acetal) 4100 418 919

Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾”)

30m (100’) 60mm (200’)

19.2mm (0.76”)

3.6mm (0.14”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 13430 1369 3012SM-FT-1000-19 SM-FT-2000-19 SM-FT-3000-19

POM (Acetal) 9980 1017 2238

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 13667 1393 3065


32mm (1¼”)

30m (100’)32.2mm (1.27”)

4.7mm (0.19”)

POM (Acetal) 17200 1753 3857 SM-FT-1000-32 SM-FT-2000-32 SM-FT-3000-32


PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 25010 2549 5609*Refer to the Smart Products Technical booklets for detailed product performance information

1.2] Polymer Choice

The following table gives a general comparison that helps to determine which polymer should be used.

The scoring from 1 to 10 gives a general indication of comparative performance between the most suitable and lease suitable, 10 being the best result.

Characteristic Units PA66 POM PA12 PA11 PPS PEEKDetailed

Section No

Recommended for Subsea use 3 Short Term1 3 3 3 3

High Temp23

High Temp215

Maximum Continuous Temperature1

°C (°F)

125(257)

95 (203)

100 (212)

105(221)

175(347)

250(482)

13

Flammability UL94 V-2 HB HB V-2 V-0 V-0 13

General Chemical ResistanceScale 1-10

3 3 5 5 9 10 16

General Weathering &UV Resistance

Years 1-10

7 4 10 10 6 4 17

ToughnessScale 1-10

8 5 9 10 7 7 14

Densityg/cm3

(oz/inch3)1.14

(0.66)1.41

(0.82)1.01

(0.58)1.03

(0.60)1.25

(0.72)1.30

(0.75)14

Cost(Low to High)

Scale 1-10

2 2 3 4 6 10 N/A

1 Stated temperatures are based on the tensile half-life, e.g. elongation, of the material measured in a controlled environment. Other factors, e.g. the presence of chemicals, may significantly reduce this value

2 Recommended for high temperature subsea applications

1


2 Dimensions and Weights2.1] Smart® Tie Dimensions and Weights

2.1.1] Dimensions Table

SizeNominal

Length (mm)Maximum Length (A) Band Width (B) Band Thickness (C) Head Width (D) Head Height (E)

mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch

20mm (¾”)450 470.0 18.50

20.0 0.79 3.6 0.14 35.0 1.38 12.0 0.47600 620.0 24.41750 770.0 30.31

32mm (1¼”)550 573.0 22.56

32.0 1.26 4.6 0.18 50.0 1.97 20.0 0.79850 873.0 34.37

B D

C

A

E

2.1.2] Weight and Density Table

SizeNominal

Length (mm)Material

Weight Density/Averageg oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

20mm (¾”)

450

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 39.5 1.39 1.15 0.66PA12 (Nylon 12) 34.6 1.22 1.04 0.60PA11 (Nylon 11) 34.6 1.22 1.04 0.60

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 43.1 1.52 1.26 0.73PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) 44.5 1.57 1.31 0.76

600



750



32mm (1¼”)

550



850



2


2 Dimensions and Weights2.2] Smart® Band Dimensions and Weights

2.2.1] Band Dimensions

SizeMaximum Width (A) Maximum Thickness (B)

mm inch mm inch7mm (¼”) 6.9 0.27 2.6 0.1010mm (3⁄8”) 9.8 0.39 3.6 0.1419mm (¾”) 19.2 0.76 3.6 0.1432mm (1¼”) 32.2 1.27 4.7 0.19

B

A

2.2.2] Band Weight and Density Table

Size Material No of Glass CordsWeight/Length Density Average

g/m oz/ft g/cm3 oz/inch3

7mm (¼”)PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

0 14 0.15 1.14 0.6610mm (3⁄8”) 2 30 0.32 1.15 0.66

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

11

70 0.75 1.23 0.71POM (Acetal) 84 0.90 1.48 0.86

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 71 0.77 1.25 0.72PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 72 0.77 1.26 0.73

32mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal)

21164 1.76 1.33 0.77


2.2.3] Standard Buckle Dimensions

SizeMaximum Height (A) Maximum Length (B) Maximum Width (C)

mm inch mm inch mm inch7mm (¼”) 19.2 0.76 76.0 2.99 15.1 0.5910mm (3⁄8”) 21.5 0.85 77.2 3.04 22.9 0.9019mm (¾”) 28.3 1.11 63.8 2.51 30.2 1.19

CA

B

2.2.4] Standard Buckle Weight and Density Table

Size MaterialWeight Density Average

g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

7mm (¼”)PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

7 0.24 1.14 0.6610mm (3⁄8”) 12 0.41 1.14 0.6619mm (¾”) 24 0.86 1.14 0.66

3


2 Dimensions and Weights2.2] Smart® Band Dimensions and Weights

D

A

C

B

2.2.5] Hybrid Buckle Dimensions

SizeMaximum Height (A) Radius (B) Maximum Length (C) Maximum Width (D)mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch

19mm (¾”) 12.8 0.50 200 7.87 99.0 3.90 53.0 2.0932mm (1¼”) 16.8 0.66 300 11.81 135.5 5.33 76.8 3.02

2.2.6] Hybrid Buckle Weight and Density Table

Size MaterialWeight Density Average

g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 36 1.27 1.20 0.70POM (Acetal) 41 1.45 1.37 0.79


32mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal) 101 3.57 1.36 0.78PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 95 3.35 1.28 0.74PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 96 3.39 1.29 0.75

4


3 Design Guidelines3.1] Recess Dimensions

The following design guidelines for applications utilising Smart® Tie or Smart® Band will ensure maximum performance of the banding product. The underside of the buckles are curved, so it is recommended that the radius on the application is designed to match the radius on the buckle whenever possible. For environments prone to abrasion or impact, it is recommended that the Smart® Band is recessed into the application, in order to give the product greater protection. Certain applications, particularly smaller diameters, may require a special area to be created for the buckle, as shown below.

FA/B

D

EH

C

G

A-A

A

A

3.1.1] Buckle Recess Dimensions

Product Size

Recommended Buckle Radius (A)

Minimum Buckle Radius (B)

Minimum Recess Depth (C)

Minimum Recess Length (D)

Minimum Recess Width (E)

mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch

Smart® Tie20mm (¾”) 100 3.94 30 1.18 13 0.51 80 3.15 39 1.54

32mm (1¼”) 100 3.94 30 1.18 20 0.78 100 3.94 55 2.17


7mm (¼”) 300 11.81 50 1.97 21 0.83 86 3.39 19 0.75

10mm (3⁄8”) 300 11.81 38 1.48 23 0.91 88 3.46 27 1.06

19mm (¾”) 100 3.94 38 1.48 30 1.18 75 2.95 34 1.34

Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾”) 200 7.87 100 3.94 14 0.55 110 4.33 57 2.24

32mm (1¼”) 300 11.81 200 7.87 18 0.71 145 5.71 81 3.19

3.1.2] Band Recess Dimensions

Product Size

Minimum Band Radius (F)

Minimum Recess Depth (G)

Minimum Recess Width (H)

mm inch mm inch mm inch

Smart® Tie20mm (¾”)

10 0.39

5 0.20 22 0.87

32mm (1¼”) 6 0.24 36 1.42

Smart® Band

7mm (¼”) 4 0.16 9 0.35

10mm (3⁄8”) 5 0.20 12 0.47

19mm (¾”) 5 0.20 22 0.87

32mm (1¼”) 6 0.24 36 1.42

5


3 Design Guidelines3.2] General points for design consideration are as follows:

1. Ideally, the Smart® Band or Smart® Tie buckle should be positioned on a radius; please see the opposite page for recommendations. If the buckle must be positioned on a diameter smaller than is recommended, then the banding product may require installation at a reduced tension and the system strength should be expected to be lower than the published values.

2. If it is not possible for the buckle to be positioned on a suitable radius, then the buckle should be positioned on a flat surface. If positioning the buckle on a flat surface, avoid sharp corners near to the buckle (see bottom of this page); it may also be necessary to reduce the installation tension, and the system strength should be expected to be lower than the published values.

3. Where possible, avoid suspending the buckle in mid-air. If this is unavoidable, then the banding product may require installation at a reduced tension and the system strength should be expected to be lower than the published values.

1

3

2

– Where possible, avoid having a sharp band radius near to the end of the buckle. If this is necessary, e.g. on a smaller diameter application, then the recess length for the buckle (dimension ‘D’ on the opposite page) should be increased in order to move the sharp band radius away from the buckle. If this is unavoidable, then the banding product may require installation at a reduced tension and the system strength should be expected to be lower than the published values.

✓✗

>15mm

6


4 Fitting ToolsSmart® Tie tests conducted on 200mm diameter half-shells Smart® Band 7mm (¼”) and 10mm (3⁄8”) tests conducted on 600mm diameter half-shells Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) tests conducted on 400mm diameter half-shells Smart® Band 32mm (1¼”) tests conducted on 600mm diameter half-shells

F*

F*

F/2F/2

*F= System Force or Global Strap Tension

4.1] Manual Installation Tool Tensions

4.1.1] SM-TA-528A

Smart® Band Standard, 7-10mm width – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-TA-528ADIMENSIONS 215x130x30mmWEIGHT 0.43kgBOX QUANTITY 1This lightweight ergonomic tool is designed for single-handed operation, both tightening and cutting the 7mm (¼”) and 10mm (3⁄8”) Smart® Band sizes.

Product Size Buckle Material Band MaterialMaximum System Force

(During Tightening)Minimum Retention Force

(After Tightening)N kgf lbf N kgf lbf


7mm (¾”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 400 41 90 200 20 4510mm (3⁄8”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 1800 184 405 750 77 169

4.1.2] SM-FT-2000-19

Smart® Band 19mm & Smart® Tie 20mm – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-2000-19DIMENSIONS 370x285x55mmWEIGHT 0.75kgBOX QUANTITY 1Incorporating both tensioning and cutting mechanisms; this tool is fully corrosion resistant, lightweight, ergonomic and easy to use, ensuring that the 19mm (¾”) Smart® Band and the 20mm (¾”) Smart® Tie can be fitted quickly and efficiently.




Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 3000 306 674 1800 184 405PA12 (Nylon 12) PA12 (Nylon 12) 3000 306 674 1800 184 405PA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) 3000 306 674 1800 184 405

PPS PPS 2200 224 495 1000 102 225


19mm (¾”)PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 4000 408 899 1200 122 270PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) POM (Acetal) 3600 367 809 1200 122 270

Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 4500 459 1012 2000 204 450POM (Acetal) POM (Acetal) 4500 459 1012 2000 204 450

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12Glass-filled) 4500 459 1012 2000 204 450PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 4500 459 1012 2000 204 450

7


4 Fitting Tools4.1] Manual Installation Tool Tensions

4.1.3] SM-FT-2000-32

Smart® Band 32mm & Smart® Tie 32mm – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-2000-32DIMENSIONS TBCWEIGHT TBCBOX QUANTITY 1Incorporating both tensioning and cutting mechanisms; this tool is fully corrosion resistant, lightweight, ergonomic and easy to use, ensuring that the 32mm (1¼”) Smart® Band and the 32mm (1¼”) Smart® Tie can be fitted quickly and efficiently.




Smart® Tie 32mm (1¼”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPA12 (Nylon 12) PA12 (Nylon 12) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC

PPS PPS TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPEEK PEEK TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC

Smart® Band Hybrid

32mm (1¼”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPOM (Acetal) POM (Acetal) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12Glass-filled) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC

4.1.4] SM-FT-1000 with Torque Wrench

Smart® Band or Smart® Tie – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-1000-19, SM-FT-1000-20ST, SM-FT-1000-32 or SM-FT-3000-32STDIMENSIONS 410x255x135mmWEIGHT 2.75kgBOX QUANTITY 1Depending on setup, this fully corrosion resistant manual tool can accurately tension the 19mm (¾”) Smart® Band, 20mm (¾”) Smart® Tie, 32mm (1¼”) Smart® Band or 32mm (1¼”) Smart® Tie (with the use of a torque wrench), as well as trim the excess band following tightening.




Smart® Tie

20mm (¾”)


PPS PPS 2400 245 540 1000 102 225

32mm (1¼”)




19mm (¾”)PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 3500 357 787 1200 122 270PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) POM (Acetal) 3500 357 787 1200 122 270

Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 6500 663 1461 3500 357 787

POM (Acetal) POM (Acetal) 6000 612 1349 2500 255 562

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12Glass-filled) 7000 714 1574 3500 357 787

PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 7000 714 1574 3500 357 787

32mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal) POM (Acetal) 10000 1020 2248 6000 612 1349



8


4 Fitting Tools4.2] Pneumatic Installation Tool Tensions

4.2.1] SM-FT-3000-19 or 20ST

Smart® Band 19mm or Smart® Tie 20mm – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-3000-19 or SM-FT-3000-20STDIMENSIONS 530x240x130mmWEIGHT 6.40kgBOX QUANTITY 1HCL’s premium pneumatic tool is capable of fitting a Smart® Band or Smart® Tie strap in four-seconds flat, competing favourably with traditional titanium or nickel alloy systems.






PPS PPS 3000 306 674 1400 143 315

Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 6000 612 1349 3500 357 787POM (Acetal) POM (Acetal) 6000 612 1349 3500 357 787

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12Glass-filled) 7500 765 1686 5000 510 1124PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 7500 765 1686 5000 510 1124

Final Retention Force may be slightly lower on very small diameters. Final Retention Force will be significantly higher on very large diameters.

4.2.2] SM-FT-3000-32 or 32ST

Smart® Band 32mm or Smart® Tie 32mm – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-3000-32 or SM-FT-3000-32STDIMENSIONS 600x255x130mmWEIGHT 7.50kgBOX QUANTITY 1HCL’s premium pneumatic tool is capable of fitting a Smart® Band strap in four-seconds flat, competing favourably with traditional titanium or nickel alloy systems, but with many other benefits including cost and retention.




Smart® Tie 32mm (1¼”)



Smart® Band Hybrid

32mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal) POM (Acetal) 12500 1275 2810 8000 816 1798PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 16500 1683 3709 9000 918 2023PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 16500 1683 3709 9000 918 2023

Final Retention Force may be slightly lower on very small diameters. Final Retention Force will be significantly higher on very large diameters.

9


5 Tensile Strength

10

5.1] Straight Band Tensile tests - Introduction

Test pre-load: 200N Test Speed: 5mm/min Specimen Length: 200mm (7.9”) Specimen Condition: 23°C at 50% RH

5.1.1] Effective Smart® Band Band Dimensions (ignoring teeth)

SizeWidth Thickness

mm inch mm inch

7mm (¼”) 6.9 0.27 1.6 0.06

10mm (3⁄8”) 9.8 0.39 2.4 0.09

19mm (¾”) 19.2 0.76 2.4 0.09

32mm (1¼”) 32.2 1.27 3.1 0.12

5.1.2] Smart® Band Straight Band Test Overview

Banding Product Band Size Band MaterialBreak Strength Break Strain

N kgf lbf %

Smart® Band

7mm (¼”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 400 41 90 163.5

10mm (3⁄8”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 2020 206 454 3.5

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 9890 1009 2223 4.4

POM (Acetal) 8880 906 1996 5.3

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 13063 1332 2937 4.7


32mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal) 18650 1902 4193 6.4




5 Tensile Strength

11

5.2] Straight Band Tensile Tests

5.2.1] Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) Straight Band Test

Line No Band Size Band MaterialTensile Strength Strain

N kgf lbf %

1

20mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 24201 2471 5441 121.31

2 PA12 (Nylon 12) 19492 1992 4382 20.42

3 PA11 (Nylon 11) 16412 1672 3692 21.22

4 PPS 24181 2471 5441 14.71

1 Tensile strength and strain recorded at Break2 Tensile strength and strain recorded at Yield

0 50 100 1500

1000

2000

3000

Strain (%)

Forc

e (N

)

1

32

4

5.2.2] Smart® Band 7mm (¼”) & 10mm (3⁄8”) Straight Band Test

Line No Band Size Band MaterialBreak Strength Break Strain

N kgf lbf %

1 7mm (¼”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 400 41 90 163.5

2 10mm (3⁄8”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 2020 206 454 3.5

0 50 100 1500

1500

1000

500

2000

2500

Strain (%)

Forc

e (N

)

1

2


5 Tensile Strength

12

5.2] Straight Band Tensile Tests

5.2.3] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Straight Band Test


N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 9890 1009 2223 4.4

2 PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 13063 1332 2937 4.7


4 POM (Acetal) 8880 906 1996 5.3

0 2 4 60

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

12000

14000

Strain (%)

Forc

e (N

)

1

3

4

2

5.2.4] Smart® Band 32mm (1¼”) Straight Band Test


N kgf lbf %

1

32mm (1¼”)



3 POM (Acetal) 18650 1902 4193 6.4

0 2 4 860

15000

10000

5000

20000

30000

25000

Strain (%)

Forc

e (N

)

2

3

1


5 Tensile Strength

13

5.3] System Tensile tests - Introduction

System tensile testing of Smart® Tie and Smart® Band is carried out in controlled conditions. A bespoke fixture comprising of two half shells is mounted onto a tensile test machine. The Smart® Tie and Smart® Band Products are fitted to the fixture and are tested and monitored to ascertain the tensile strength of the system. Stress/strain graphs are plotted.

Test Fixture: 2x Steel half-shells Test pre-load: 200N Test Speed: 5mm/min (10mm/min Effective circumferential speed) Specimen Length: As per ‘System Test Diameter and Circumference Table’ below Specimen Condition: 23°C at 50% RH

F*

F*

F/2F/2

*F= System Force or Global Strap Tension

5.3.1] System Test Diameter and Circumference Table

Test Test Circumference

mm inch mm inch

100 3.9 330 13.0

200 7.9 650 25.6

280 11.0 910 35.8

400 15.7 1300 51.2

600 23.6 1950 76.8

800 31.5 2600 102.4

5.3.2] General Notes

The Elastic Modulus (gradient of the curve) increases with the diameter. This is because the recorded strain includes the flexing of the Smart® Band buckle, which is proportionately higher for decreasing diameters.

Results shown are for test specimens at 23°C and 50% Relative Humidity. PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) specimens at a higher humidity would be expected to be less stiff (lower Elastic Modulus), have a lower strength and a higher strain; conversely, PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) specimens at a lower humidity would be expected to be stiffer (higher Elastic Modulus), have a higher strength and a lower strain.

5.3.3] Smart® Band System Tensile Test Overview

Banding Product

Size Buckle Material Band Material

Test Diameter1

Break StrengthCircumferential

Break Strain

mm N kgf lbf %


7mm (¼”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 100 880 90 198 65.9

10mm (3⁄8”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 600 2590 264 582 1.7

19mm (¾”)PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 600 4310 440 969 0.9

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) POM (Acetal) 600 4100 418 922 1.5

Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 600 13430 1370 3019 2.0

POM (Acetal) POM (Acetal) 600 9980 1018 2244 2.3

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 600 13667 1394 3072 1.5


32mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal) POM (Acetal) 600 17200 1754 3867 2.5



1 Test diameter quoted, which yielded the highest break strength


5 Tensile Strength

14

5.4] Smart® Tie System Tensile tests

5.4.1] Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) System Tensile tests

Line No Band Size MaterialTest Diameter System Yield Strength

Circumferential Yield Strain

mm N kgf lbf %

1

20mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)100 5250 536 1180 18.0

2 200 5030 513 1131 18.7

3PA12 (Nylon 12)

100 4273 436 959 9.7

4 200 4061 414 911 7.8

5PA11 (Nylon 11)

100 3920 400 881 14.8

6 200 4040 412 908 14.2

7PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide)

100 5302 541 1192 8.3

8 200 5039 514 1133 10.2

0 20 60 80 100400

2000

4000

6000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1 2

5

6

8

7

4

3

Note: Curves offset along x-axis in 5% intervals for clarity

5.4.2] Smart® Tie 32mm (1¼”) System Tensile tests

Line No Band Size MaterialTest Diameter System Yield Strength

Circumferential Yield Strain

mm N kgf lbf %

1

32mm (1¼”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)100 TBC TBC TBC TBC

2 200 TBC TBC TBC TBC

3PA12 (Nylon 12)

100 TBC TBC TBC TBC


5PA11 (Nylon 11)

100 TBC TBC TBC TBC


7PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide)

100 TBC TBC TBC TBC



5 Tensile Strength

15

5.5] Smart® Band System Tensile Tests – Standard Buckle

5.5.1] Smart® Band 7mm Standard – PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

Line No Band Size MaterialTest Diameter System Break Strength

Circumferential Break Strain

mm N kgf lbf %

1

7mm (¼”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

100 880 90 198 65.9

2 200 860 88 193 59.0

3 280 820 84 184 51.4

4 400 820 84 184 57.6

0 20 60400

200

600

800

400

1000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

34

5.5.2] Smart® Band 10mm (3⁄8”) Standard System Test – PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

10mm (3⁄8”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

100 1761 180 396 3.3

2 200 2140 218 481 2.1

3 280 2140 218 481 1.8

4 400 2300 235 517 1.7

5 600 2590 264 582 1.7

6 800 2540 259 571 1.6

0 1 3 420

1000

3000

2000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6


5 Tensile Strength

16

5.5] Smart® Band System Tensile Tests – Standard Buckle

5.5.3] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Standard System Test – PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

Line No Band Size Buckle Material Band MaterialTest Diameter System Break Strength


mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

100 3400 347 764 3.6

2 200 3830 391 861 1.7

3 280 3590 366 807 1.2

4 400 4170 425 937 1.2

5 600 4310 440 969 0.9

6 800 3590 366 807 0.8

0 1 3 420

1000

3000

4000

5000

2000Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

5.5.4] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Standard System Test – POM (Acetal)

Line No Band Size Buckle Material Band MaterialTest Diameter System Break Strength


mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) POM (Acetal)

100 3380 345 760 4.0

2 200 3340 341 751 2.2

3 280 3750 383 843 1.7

4 400 3810 389 856 1.7

5 600 4100 418 922 1.5

6 800 3750 383 843 1.5

0 1 3 420

1000

3000

4000

5000

2000Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6


5 Tensile Strength

17

5.6] Smart® Band System Tensile Tests – Hybrid Buckle

5.6.1] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System Test – PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

200 11910 1215 2677 3.7

2 280 13190 1345 2965 2.7

3 400 11600 1183 2608 2.2

4 600 12720 1297 2859 2.0

5 800 11460 1169 2576 1.7Note: Strength is measured using Dry As Moulded components. Values will vary as the product conditions.

0 1 3 420

5000

15000

10000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5

5.6.2] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System Test – POM (Acetal)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) POM (Acetal)

200 9490 968 2133 4.0

2 280 9110 929 2048 2.6

3 400 9030 921 2030 2.4

4 600 9980 1018 2244 2.3


0 1 3 420

8000

6000

4000

2000

10000

12000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

34

5


5 Tensile Strength

18


5.6.3] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System Test – PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)

200 12530 1278 2817 2.8

2 280 12990 1325 2920 2.0

3 400 12470 1272 2803 1.7

4 600 12950 1321 2911 1.5


0 1 320

5000

15000

10000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5

5.6.4] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System Test – PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)

200 10670 1088 2399 3.4

2 280 10610 1082 2385 2.3

3 400 11230 1145 2525 2.0

4 600 11790 1203 2650 1.8


0 1 3 420

8000

6000

4000

2000

14000

10000

12000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5


5 Tensile Strength

19


5.6.5] Smart® Band 32mm (1¼”) Hybrid System Test – POM (Acetal)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

32mm (1¼”) POM (Acetal)

200 15180 1548 3412 6.5

2 280 16500 1683 3709 4.2

3 400 16090 1641 3617 3.1

4 600 17200 1754 3867 2.5


0 2 6 840

20000

15000

10000

5000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5

5.6.6] Smart® Band 32mm (1¼”) Hybrid System Test – PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

32mm (1¼”) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)

200 20860 2128 4689 5.9

2 280 22580 2303 5076 3.2

3 400 23000 2346 5170 2.3

4 600 22980 2344 5166 1.7


0 2 6 840

20000

15000

10000

5000

25000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5


5 Tensile Strength

20


5.6.7] Smart® Band 32mm (1¼”) Hybrid System Test – PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

32mm (1¼”) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)

200 18270 1864 4107 7.0

2 280 20540 2095 4617 4.2

3 400 20380 2079 4581 2.9

4 600 23690 2416 5326 2.3


0 2 6 840

20000

15000

10000

5000

25000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5


6 Effects of Moisture on Tensile StrengthIt is generally considered that hygroscopic saturation occurs within 6 months of water submersion. Smart® Band 32mm samples were immersed in fresh water for 8 months and then tested to determine the effects of moisture absorption on Tensile strength.

6.1] Post 8-month Fresh Water Immersion Smart® Band Straight Band Tensile Tests

Line No Band Size Band Material Test DescriptionBreak Strength

N kgf lbf

132mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal) Straight Band 16700 1702 3745

2 PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) Straight Band 20720 2112 4647

0 10 20 300

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

24000

Extension (mm)

Load

(N)

2

1

6.2] Post 8-month Fresh Water Immersion Smart® Band Hybrid System Tensile Tests

Line No Band Size Band Material Test DescriptionBreak Strength

N kgf lbf

132mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal) System 300mm (11.8inch) Radius 16540 1686 3709

2 PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) System 300mm (11.8inch) Radius 20150 2054 4519

0 10 20 300

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

24000

Extension (mm)

Load

(N)

2

1

21


7 Creep and Stress RelaxationThe phenomenon known as creep describes how materials strain (stretch/compress) when subjected to a constant stress (tensile/compressive force). Stress Relaxation, which views the same phenomena from a different stand point, describes how materials relieve stress when subjected to a constant strain. In simple terms:

Creep: The test specimen is held at a constant force and the deformation (increase/decrease in length) is measured over time.

Stress Relaxation: The test specimen is held in a constant position and the change in force (increase/decrease) is measured over time.

Smart® Band is made from a combination of engineering polymers, which possess strong creep resistant characteristics, in combination with glass fibre yarn to reduce the effects of creep to a minimum.

The chemical composition of PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) gives good creep resistant properties, as summed up by Arkema in their technical book “RILSAN® Polyamide 11 in oil and gas, page 6”

“The excellent properties of polyamides and in particular polyamide 11 are a result of the amide linkages in the chain which allow a strong interaction between the chains by hydrogen bonds. Low creep, high abrasion resistance, good resistance to fatigue and high

barrier properties are a direct result of these strong inter-chain interactions.”

7.1] Stress Relaxation

This section concentrates on Stress Relaxation, which is generally more relevant in strapping applications. All tests were carried out at 18–20°C.

7.1.1] Stress Relaxation over time for Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) and Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) systems

Line No Product Band Size Band & Buckle MaterialStarting System

ForceTension after 1 Year Approx

Tension after 5 Years Approx

Tension after 25 Years Approx

N N N N

1


PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 2,000 700 600 450

2 PA11 (Nylon 11) 1,400 350 250 175

3 PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 1,000 750 725 700

4

Smart® Band

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 5,000 4000 3900 3800

5 POM (Acetal) 5,000 3100 2800 2600

6 PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 5,000 3300 3100 2900


8

32mm (1¼”)

POM (Acetal) 10,000 6000 5500 4800



7.1.2] Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) System 7.1.3] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System

0 100 1000 10000 100000 1exp6 1exp7 1exp8 1exp90

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Log Time (s)

Forc

e (N

)

1 ye

ar

50 y

ears

5 ye

ars

10 y

ears

25 y

ears

3

12

0 100 1000 10000 100000 1exp6 1exp7 1exp8 1exp9

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Log Time (s)

Forc

e (N

)

1 ye

ar

50 y

ears

5 ye

ars

10 y

ears

25 y

ears

5

6

4

7

7.1.4] Smart® Band 32mm (1¼”) Hybrid System

0 100 1000 10000 100000 1exp6 1exp7 1exp8 1exp90

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Log Time (s)

Forc

e (N

)

1 ye

ar

50 y

ears

5 ye

ars

10 y

ears

25 y

ears

9

8

10

*Due to the hygroscopic nature of PA66 (Nylon 6.6.), the retention force would be less than shown if immersed in water.

22


8 Impact StrengthImpact strength is of particular interest in the use of HCL Smart® products. Whether it is a downhole, subsea or a topside application there is often a chance that Smart® products will encounter considerable impact at times.

The following data is derived from various tests involving dropping a known weight from a known height.

The standard energy equation – Energy (Joules) = MGH is applied where: M = Mass Kg G = Gravity 9.81 m/s2 H = Height m

8.1] Smart® Band Impact Strength

The weight is adjusted accordingly to set the correct impact energy but the bottom impact area of the weight is always 100mm (4 inches) in diameter.

Size/Component Material Maximum Impact Energy Without Loss of Integrity or Tension J

19mm (¾”) BandPA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)

5000+*

19mm (¾”) Buckle 5000+*

19mm (¾”) BandPA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)

5000+*

19mm (¾”) Buckle 5000+*

32mm (1¼”) BandPA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)

5000+*

32mm (1¼”) Buckle 5000+*

*The material maintained integrity after impacts of maximum possible energy from apparatus used 176Kg x 9.81 m/s2 x 2.91m = 5000 Joules (2 sig fig).

23


9 Piggyback Pipe Lay9.1] Smart® Band Piggyback Performance

The following tests were carried out to obtain a comparison in the performance between the Smart® Band 32mm (1¼”) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) Hybrid system and 32mm (1¼”) Nickel Alloy 625 when used in a Piggyback Pipe Lay application. During the tests a Piggyback saddle arrangement was loaded with radial, axial and lateral forces. For axial and lateral loading, the movement of the saddle was measured relative to the carrier pipe; for radial loading, the system break strength was recorded.

Radial Load

Axial LoadLateral Load

9.1.1] Tool Tightening Forces

Pneumatic Tightening Tool TypeAir Pressure System Retention

MPa Bar psi N Kg lbs

32mm (1¼”) Smart® Band – Air ratchet W2301 0.4 4.0 58 8000 815 1794

32mm (1¼”) Steel strap – Signode PRHR-114 0.6 6.0 87 6200 632 1390

9.1.2] Test Results

32mm (1¼”) Smart® Band PA11GF Strap 32mm (1¼”) Nickel Alloy Strap

3 Straps 2 Straps 1 Strap 3 Straps 1 Strap

Loading Direction

Saddle TypePipe Diameters

Surface Movement1

Installation2 Operational3 Operational4 Installation2 Operational4

mm inch mm Loading kN Loading kN Loading kN Loading kN Loading kN

AxialPolypropylene 600 + 120 24 + 5 50 9.2 7.3 2.9 5.9 2.9

Rubber 600 + 120 24 + 5 50 15.4 13.5 8.4 17.0 8.2

LateralPolypropylene 600 + 120 24 + 5 50 4.1 3.4 1.8 4.1 1.6

Rubber 600 + 120 24 + 5 50 6.3 7.6 4.3 4.9 2.1

RadialPolypropylene 600 + 120 24 + 5 N/A 50+* 33.5 19.3 50+* 26.6 (22.1**)

Rubber 600 + 120 24 + 5 N/A 50+* 31.1 15.6 50+* 24/4 (20.1**)

1 Surface movement is the surface lateral movement of the saddle against the pipe 2 Installation Arrangement includes 2 x carbon steel straps and 1 x Smart® Band Strap or 1 x super nickel alloy strap 3 Operational Arrangement includes 2 x Smart® Band Strap or 2 x super nickel alloy strap 4 Operational Arrangement includes 1 x Smart® Band Strap or 1 x super nickel alloy strap **System yield, where lower than break strength *System survived maximum tensile force of 50kN

Conclusion

r Smart® Band 32mm (1¼”) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) performed slightly better than the 32mm (1¼”) Nickel Alloy 625 under Lateral and Axial loading, due to the higher tightening force produced by the fitting tool.

r Nickel Alloy 625 performed slightly better under Radial loading, due to its system break strength being higher than that of Smart® Band.r The Rubber piggyback saddle performed better than the polypropylene piggyback saddle for Axial and Lateral loading, due to having a higher

coefficient of friction against the steel pipe.It should be noted that these tests were carried out on two particular arrangements as defined in the table above and that clients should carry out their own tests, as Piggyback arrangements vary from application to application.

24


10 Half Shell Minimum Bending RadiusDue to a dynamic environment, umbilical’s and risers are often subjected to aggressive bending.The test MBR (Minimum Bend Radius) is usually a few metres but to ensure absolute compliance and to give a good safety factor, they are often subjected to a much tighter radii.Smart® Band has been well proven to stand an MBR of less than one metre for this type of application.

Photo courtesy of Lankhorst/Mouldings BV 19mm/¾” Smart® Band PA11GF clamped on a UraGUARD Half Shell Test Minimum Bend Radii: 0.68m Water depths: 600m to 1200m Final Installation Location: West Coast of Angola

25


11 Hydrostatic CompressionIn deep water applications hydrostatic compression is a factor that needs to be taken into account when objects are clamped. Inapplications such as strake, cable/riser protection and buoyancy the high pressures in deep water have a crushing effect on thematerial causing the overall diameter to reduce. The strapping solution needs to be able to take up the reduction in diameter to givecontinual retention to the object being clamped.

Smart® Band is better suited to cope with Hydrostatic Compression when compared with traditional steel strapping solutionsbecause of its lower strap stiffness. Elongation is higher under tension than steel and so as compression takes place, band tensionreduces less than steel which will lose tension quickly as compression takes place.

11.1] Typical Hydrostatic Compression Test Simulation

The following graphs give an example using 32mm Smart® Band PA11GF around a 353mm diameter half shell arrangement. The two steel half shells have a polyethylene surface to simulate a polyethylene strake. The Smart® Band is tightened using a calibrated SM-FT-1000 torque shut-off tool. Over a period of 24 hours the diameter is reduced by 2.7mm to simulate the strake being lowered and experiencing hydrostatic compression. The system is then left for 10 days to determine any creep that might take place. On graph 3.8.1 log time has been extrapolated to give the estimated retention over many years. Note: The polyethylene surface is smoother than the steel surface and so friction does not have as much effect. The initial tension is therefore higher at around 10%.

1 2 4 10 30 100 1000 10000 100000 1e+6 1e+7 1e+8 1e+9 1e+100

5000

10000

15000

Log Time (s)

Syst

em F

orce

in N

1 ye

ar

50 y

ears

5 ye

ars

10 y

ears

25 y

ears

Steel Surface – Smart Band® PA11GF.Tightened with PS tool BFT-1171HDPE Surface – Smart Band® PA11GF.Tightened with PS tool BFT-1171HDPE Surface – Alloy 625.Tightened with Columbia STSR-32 @ 6.5bar

Note: Customer tests can be performed for individual applications

Graph 3.8.1 shows retention Force (N) against Log Time (s) Graph 3.8.2 shows retention Force (N) against Time (s)

0 100000 200000 300000 400000 5000000

5000

10000

15000

Time (s)

Syst

em F

orce

in N

Steel Surface – Smart Band® PA11GF.Tightened with PS tool BFT-1171HDPE Surface – Smart Band® PA11GF.Tightened with PS tool BFT-1171HDPE Surface – Alloy 625.Tightened with Columbia STSR-32 @ 6.5bar

26


12 Abrasion and Marine Growth12.1] Abrasion Comparison

Smart® Band has been widely used in offshore applications where abrasion is a factor.The banding has been proven to withstand abrasive conditions and shock from foreign debris that are often evident near the shore line.

Description Standard

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) POM

(Acetal)

PA12 (Nylon 12)

PA11 (Nylon 11)

PA11GF (Nylon 11

Glass-filled)

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Mechanical Properties

Abrasion Resistance

The susceptibility to wear caused by abrasion. The figures shown are relative to Nylon 11, ‘2.8’ means 2.8 times more wear than Nylon 11.

NFT 46-102 2.8 10 1 1 2

12.2] Marine Growth

Smart® Band has been well proven in applications such as pile wrapping where marine growth is a common factor. The integrity of the buckle and band is not compromised by marine growth and the banding remains permanently tight in this aggressive environment.

The photo on the left shows Smart® Band 10mm (³⁄8”) in Nylon 6.6. fitted to a pier pile jacket on the southern coast of the United Kingdom. The second photo on the right shows the same pile after 5 years. Smart® Band is still performing well and is unaffected by the barnacle growth.

Photos courtesy of Winn & Coales (Denso) Ltd. Location: UK South Coast

The photo on the left shows Smart® Band 25mm Low Profile Buckle* system fitted to a pile jacket in Western Australia 2009. The second photo on the right shows the same pile after 5 years. Smart® Band is still tight and holding firm in spite of the significant barnacle growth and wave action over this time.*Please note that the 25mm Low profile buckle system has now been superseded by the next generation Smart® Band hybrid buckle system.

27


13 Temperature Resistance and FlammabilityThe following information gives maximum and minimum temperature recommendations for the base polymers used in the production of the Smart® product range. It should be noted that as temperatures increase, mechanical properties generally reduce.

It is important that full well tests are carried out to ensure suitability for applications especially where raised temperatures are an issue. There may also be other chemicals in the vicinity that can adversely affect the performance of the polymers especially at higher temperatures and should be considered when specifying Smart® products. In aggressive high temperature environments it is recommended to select either flexible PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) or PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) as the base polymer.

The data on flammability gives UL94 ratings for the different polymers. With the introduction of flexible PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) and PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) the Smart® product range now boasts VO rated flammability.

Description Standard Units

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) POM

(Acetal)

PA12 (Nylon 12)

PA11 (Nylon 11)

PPS (Polyphe-

nylene Sulphide)

PEEK (Poly Ether

Ether Ketone)

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Temperature Recommendations

Working Temperature

General guidelines on permissable application temperatures

Minimum °C°C

(°F)-30

(-22)-30

(-22)-40

(-40)-40

(-40)-60

(-76)

Maximum Continuous* °C

°C (°F)

125 (257)

95 (203)

100 (212)

105 (221)

175 (347)

250 (482)

Occasional Peaks °C°C

(°F)170

(338)130

(266)150

(302)130

(266)200

(392)310

(590)

Thermal Properties

Melting PointThe temperature at which the Polymer melts, i.e. turns from a solid to a liquid

ISO 11357°C

(°F)260

(500)178

(352)189

(372)280

(536)343

(649)

Heat Deflection Temperature A measure of short-term heat

resistance. A test specimen is loaded in a 3-point bending configuration, then heated until a specified deflection is reached

1.82 MPa ISO 75°C

(°F)70

(158)95

(203)45

(113)50

(122)103

(217)160

(320)

0.45 MPa ISO 75°C

(°F)200

(392)156

(313)115

(239)145

(293)/

Vicat Softening Temperature

The temperature at which a flat-ended needle penetrates a test specimen to a depth of 1mm under a specified load

50N ISO 306°C

(°F)236

(457)154

(309)160

(320)225

(437)/

10N ISO 306°C

(°F)255

(491)160

(320)166

(331)180

(356)270

(518)/

Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion

A measure of the change in size of an object as its temperature changes

2mm - Parallel, 23°C - 55°C

ISO 1135910-5 mm/mm/°C

1.1 10 1.2 8.5 8 4.95

2mm - Normal, 23°C - 55°C

ISO 1135910-5 mm/mm/°C

1.2 1.4 8.5 4.92

Flammability

Flame Resistance (0.75 - 3.0mm Thickness):

Flammability Ratings Defined: V-2 burning stops within 30 seconds on a vertical specimen; drips of flaming particles allowed.V-0 burning stops within 10 seconds on a vertical specimen; drips of particles allowed as long as they are not enflamed.

UL 94 Class V-2 HB HB V-2 V-0 V-0

*Stated temperatures are based on the tensile half-life, e.g. elongation, of the material measured in a controlled environment. Other factors, e.g. the presence of chemicals, may significantly reduce this value

28


14 Material Properties14.1] Polymer Material Properties


PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)POM

(Acetal)

PA12 (Nylon 12) PA11 (Nylon 11) PPS (Polyphenylene

Sulphide)

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether

Ketone)Dry As

MouldedConditioned

(50% RH)Dry As

MouldedConditioned

(50% RH)Conditioned

(50% RH)

Physical Properties

Density Mass per Volume, also known as ‘Specific Gravity’. The units g/cm3 = g/ml ISO 1183g/cm3

(oz/inch3)1.14

(0.66)1.41

(0.82)1.01

(0.58)1.03

(0.60)1.25

(0.72)1.30

(0.75)

Water Absorption at 23°C: The mass of water absorbed from the atmosphere as a % of the total mass:

24 hours at 50% RH - 24 hours after moulding. ISO 62 % 1.1 0.7 0.03 0.1

Equilibrium at 50% RH - When an equilibrium (constant quantity) is reached. ISO 62 % 2.4 <0.25 1.5 0.9 0.05 0.1

Saturation (in water) - The maximum mass of water that can potentially be absorbed. ISO 62 % 8.5 <0.25 1.6 1.9 0.05 0.25


Tensile: Material properties exhibited whilst under tension. A test specimen is held at both ends and loaded so that the specimen is stretched under tension.

Modulus A measure of the stiffness of a material during elastic (non-permanent) deformation. Tensile Modulus = Tensile Stress / Tensile Strain

= (Force / Area) / (Increase in Length / Original Length)ISO 527 MPa 3000 1400 2550 1100 1450 1230 2300 4000

Strength at Yield The Stress (Force per Area) required to yield a test bar, i.e. to cause plastic (permanent) deformation

ISO 527 MPa 83 66 40 42 40 58 104

Strength at Break The Stress (Force per Area) required to break a test bar ISO 527 MPa 63 50 69 55 65-75

Elongation at Yield The % increase in length of a test bar at the Yield point, i.e. at the onset of plastic (permanent) deformation. Elongation = Strain x 100

ISO 527 % 4.5 25 12 6 8 7 5.0

Elongation at Break The % increase in length of a test bar at the break point, i.e. when the material fractures. Elongation = Strain x 100

ISO 527 % 25 105 60 >50 380 25 10-20

Flexural: Material properties exhibited whilst under flexure (bending). A test specimen is supported at both ends and a load applied at the mid-point of the specimen in order to cause 3-point bending.

Modulus A measure of the stiffness of a material during elastic (non-permanent) deformation. Flexural Modulus = Flexural Stress / Flexural Strain = {(3 x Force x Length) / (2 x Width x Height2)} /

{(6 x Deflection x Height) / (Length2)} = (Force x Length3) / (4 x Width x Height3 x Deflection)

ISO 178 MPa 2900 1350 2600 1100 1100 2300 3900

Strength Also known as ‘Modulus of Rupture’ or ‘Bend Strength’. The Stress required to break a test bar through 3-point bending.

ISO 178 MPa 86 22 88 75 134

Impact Resistance: The relative susceptability to fracture under stresses applied at high speeds.

Charpy at +23°C (73°F)

The energy required to fracture a sample held in a 3-point bending configuration.

ISO 179 kJ/m2 No break >100 No break No break No break

Charpy at -30°C (-22°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 >100

Charpy at -55°C (-67°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 No break No break 80 No break

Charpy notched at +23°C (73°F)The energy required to fracture a notched sample held in a 3-point bending configuration.

ISO 179 kJ/m2 6.6 7 10 15 5.5

Charpy notched at -30°C (-22°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 5.3 9 6 12 8

Charpy notched at -55°C (-67°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 4.9

Electrical Properties

Dielectric Strength (step-by-step) 3.2mm

The voltage required to produce dielectric breakdown of the material, i.e. the maximum voltage the material can insulate per unit thickness.

DIN IEC 60243 kV/mm 20 30 13 15.1

Volume Resistivity 3.2mm The resistance to the flow of electric current through the body of a material. DIN IEC 60093 x1011 ohm-m 400 10 10 650 3.8

Surface Resistivity 3.2mm The resistance to the flow of electric current along the surface of a material. DIN IEC 60093 x1012 ohm 100 3000 >1,9

Comparative Tracking Index 3.0mm The voltage which causes tracking after 50 drops of 0.1% ammonium chloride solution have fallen on the material. The results of testing at 3 mm thickness are considered representative of the material's performance in any thickness. Tracking is an electrical breakdown on the surface of an insulating material. A large voltage difference gradually creates a conductive leakage path across the surface of the material by forming a carbonized track.

DIN IEC 60112 V 400-599 125 150

29

w w w . h c l f a s t e n e r s . c o m w w w . h c l f a s t e n e r s . c o m

14.1] Polymer Material Properties


PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)POM

(Acetal)

PA12 (Nylon 12) PA11 (Nylon 11) PPS (Polyphenylene

Sulphide)

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether

Ketone)Dry As

MouldedConditioned

(50% RH)Dry As

MouldedConditioned

(50% RH)Conditioned

(50% RH)

Physical Properties

Density Mass per Volume, also known as ‘Specific Gravity’. The units g/cm3 = g/ml ISO 1183g/cm3

(oz/inch3)1.14

(0.66)1.41

(0.82)1.01

(0.58)1.03

(0.60)1.25

(0.72)1.30

(0.75)

Water Absorption at 23°C: The mass of water absorbed from the atmosphere as a % of the total mass:

24 hours at 50% RH - 24 hours after moulding. ISO 62 % 1.1 0.7 0.03 0.1

Equilibrium at 50% RH - When an equilibrium (constant quantity) is reached. ISO 62 % 2.4 <0.25 1.5 0.9 0.05 0.1

Saturation (in water) - The maximum mass of water that can potentially be absorbed. ISO 62 % 8.5 <0.25 1.6 1.9 0.05 0.25


Tensile: Material properties exhibited whilst under tension. A test specimen is held at both ends and loaded so that the specimen is stretched under tension.

Modulus A measure of the stiffness of a material during elastic (non-permanent) deformation. Tensile Modulus = Tensile Stress / Tensile Strain

= (Force / Area) / (Increase in Length / Original Length)ISO 527 MPa 3000 1400 2550 1100 1450 1230 2300 4000

Strength at Yield The Stress (Force per Area) required to yield a test bar, i.e. to cause plastic (permanent) deformation

ISO 527 MPa 83 66 40 42 40 58 104

Strength at Break The Stress (Force per Area) required to break a test bar ISO 527 MPa 63 50 69 55 65-75

Elongation at Yield The % increase in length of a test bar at the Yield point, i.e. at the onset of plastic (permanent) deformation. Elongation = Strain x 100

ISO 527 % 4.5 25 12 6 8 7 5.0

Elongation at Break The % increase in length of a test bar at the break point, i.e. when the material fractures. Elongation = Strain x 100

ISO 527 % 25 105 60 >50 380 25 10-20

Flexural: Material properties exhibited whilst under flexure (bending). A test specimen is supported at both ends and a load applied at the mid-point of the specimen in order to cause 3-point bending.

Modulus A measure of the stiffness of a material during elastic (non-permanent) deformation. Flexural Modulus = Flexural Stress / Flexural Strain = {(3 x Force x Length) / (2 x Width x Height2)} /

{(6 x Deflection x Height) / (Length2)} = (Force x Length3) / (4 x Width x Height3 x Deflection)

ISO 178 MPa 2900 1350 2600 1100 1100 2300 3900

Strength Also known as ‘Modulus of Rupture’ or ‘Bend Strength’. The Stress required to break a test bar through 3-point bending.

ISO 178 MPa 86 22 88 75 134

Impact Resistance: The relative susceptability to fracture under stresses applied at high speeds.

Charpy at +23°C (73°F)

The energy required to fracture a sample held in a 3-point bending configuration.

ISO 179 kJ/m2 No break >100 No break No break No break

Charpy at -30°C (-22°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 >100

Charpy at -55°C (-67°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 No break No break 80 No break

Charpy notched at +23°C (73°F)The energy required to fracture a notched sample held in a 3-point bending configuration.

ISO 179 kJ/m2 6.6 7 10 15 5.5

Charpy notched at -30°C (-22°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 5.3 9 6 12 8

Charpy notched at -55°C (-67°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 4.9


Dielectric Strength (step-by-step) 3.2mm

The voltage required to produce dielectric breakdown of the material, i.e. the maximum voltage the material can insulate per unit thickness.

DIN IEC 60243 kV/mm 20 30 13 15.1

Volume Resistivity 3.2mm The resistance to the flow of electric current through the body of a material. DIN IEC 60093 x1011 ohm-m 400 10 10 650 3.8

Surface Resistivity 3.2mm The resistance to the flow of electric current along the surface of a material. DIN IEC 60093 x1012 ohm 100 3000 >1,9

Comparative Tracking Index 3.0mm The voltage which causes tracking after 50 drops of 0.1% ammonium chloride solution have fallen on the material. The results of testing at 3 mm thickness are considered representative of the material's performance in any thickness. Tracking is an electrical breakdown on the surface of an insulating material. A large voltage difference gradually creates a conductive leakage path across the surface of the material by forming a carbonized track.

DIN IEC 60112 V 400-599 125 150

14 Material Properties

30


14.2] Glass Fibre Yarn - Ø1mm Material Properties

Description Units Description

Physical Properties

Density Mass per Volume, also known as ‘Specific Gravity’. The units g/cm3 = g/mlg/cm3

(oz/inch3)2.60

(1.50)

Moisture Content (ISO 3344) Moisture content lost after drying at 105°C % 0.70


Tensile:Material properties exhibited whilst under tension. A test specimen is held at both ends and loaded so that the specimen is stretched under tension.

Strength at BreakThe Tensile Strength of an individual yarn at the Break point, i.e. when the material fractures

N 960

Elongation at BreakThe % increase in length of an individual yarn at the break point, i.e. when the material fractures. Elongation = Strain x 100

% 2

Thermal Properties

Melting Point The temperature at which the Glass melts, i.e. turns from a solid to a liquid°C

(°F)750

(1382)

Flammability

Loss on Ignition The mass of material lost following ignition (volatile substances are burned off) % 1

14.3] Virgin E-Glass Material Properties

Physical Properties

Density Mass per Volume, also known as ‘Specific Gravity’. The units g/cm3 = g/mlg/cm3

(oz/inch3)2.08

(1.20)

Hardness (Vickers 50g-15s)A measure of the hardness of the material as determined by the Vicker's test method; in this case a 50g weight was used for a duraton of 15s

5.6

Thermal Properties

Littleton Softening TemperatureThe temperature at which glass deforms visibly under its own weight; defined as the log10 (viscosity) is 6.6 Pa s.

°C (°F)

840 (1544)

Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion

A measure of the change in size of an object as its temperature changes 10-5 mm/mm/°C 53

Specific Heat

The heat capacity per unit mass of a material20°C J/g°K 0.764

200°C J/g°K 0.958

Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity A measure of a material's ability to conduct heat W/m°K 1.0


Dielectric ConstantThe voltage required to produce dielectric breakdown of the material, i.e. the maximum voltage the material can insulate per unit thickness.

1 MHz 6.4

1 GHz 6.13

Volume Resistivity The resistance to the flow of electric current through the body of a material. Ohm-cm 1014 - 1015

Surface Resistivity The resistance to the flow of electric current along the surface of a material. Ohm 1013 - 1014

14 Material Properties

31


15.1] Chemical Resistance and Ageing

One of the main benefits of using PA11 (Nylon 11) and PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) in offshore applications is the very low degradation due to water and a whole variety of petrochemicals. Track records since PA11 (Nylon 11) and PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) were first introduced over 50 years ago, show extremely high resistance to a whole variety of offshore chemical environments.

15.1.2] Overview: compatibility between PA11 (Nylon 11) grades BESNO 15.1.1] Lifetime of Rilsan PA11(Nylon 11) in water (PH 7) P40 TLO, TL and TLX and different chemical classes

20 40 60 80 100 120 1401.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

Temperature (°C)

Tim

e (y

ears

)

40 years lifetime

120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Temperature (°C)

Tim

e (d

ays)

1 year

5 years

10 years

20 years

Water

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4

Water is the critical chemical medium for Polyamides (such as PA11). Deionised water (pH = 7) does not contain salts (such as Sodium Chloride), so the probability of chemical interaction between the water molecules and the amide groups is maximised. Salt water contains salts which do not interact with the Polyamide. The salts bind a certain amount of water by forming a shell of water molecules around each salt ion. The presence of salts therefore reduces the speed of the water absorption of the Polyamide.

15.1.3] Overview of Chemical Classes

Chemical Liquid Base Functions Compatibility Class

oxypropylated and/or oxyethylated alkylphenols “non ionic surfactants”

hydrocarbon, water/glycol demulsifier < water

ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers hydrocarbon demulsifier < water

glycol esters hydrocarbon demulsifier < water

fatty amines hydrocarbon, water, water/glycol corrosion inhibitor class 1

imidazoline derivatives hydrocarbon, water, water/glycol corrosion inhibitor class 1

sulphite derivatives water, water/glycol corrosion inhibitor class 2

bisulphite salts water oxygen scavenger class 2

quaternary ammonium salts, “quats”, ammonium salts

water, water/glycol biocides < water

aldehydes water, water/glycol biocides class 2

polyacrylateswater, water/glycol

paraffine inhibitors scale inhibitors

class 1

organic phosphonateswater, water/glycol

scale inhibitors corrosion inhibitors

class 3

organic sulfonateswater, water/glycol

scale inhibitors corrosion inhibitors

class 3

hydrochloric acid 15% water well stimulation class 4

hydrofluoric acid 15% water well stimulation class 4

The sign “< water” means that the chemical is less aggressive than water.

NB. For the effects of moisture absorption on Smart® Band Tensile Strength, please see section 3.3

15 Offshore/Subsea Environments

32


16 Chemical Resistance16

.1]

Gen

eral

Che

mic

al R

esis

tanc

e

All

poly

mer

s us

ed in

the

pro

duct

ion

of S

mar

t® T

ie a

nd S

mar

t® P

rote

ctor

com

pone

nts

are

spec

ialit

y po

lym

ers

that

exh

ibit

out

stan

ding

che

mic

al r

esis

tanc

e. S

peci

fica

lly t

hey

have

exc

elle

nt

resi

stan

ce t

o or

gani

c an

d in

orga

nic

subs

tanc

es a

nd a

re n

ot a

ffec

ted

by, n

or d

o th

ey a

ffec

t: lu

bric

atin

g oi

ls, g

reas

es, a

lipha

tic

and

arom

atic

hyd

roca

rbon

s in

clud

ing

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onal

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ls.

How

ever

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re a

re d

iffer

ence

s be

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n th

e po

lym

ers

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n lo

okin

g at

the

eff

ects

of

chem

ical

s on

the

ir p

rope

rtie

s th

at m

ean

that

cer

tain

pol

ymer

s ar

e m

ore

suit

able

tha

n ot

hers

in s

peci

fic

appl

icat

ions

.

The

follo

win

g Ch

emic

al r

esis

tanc

e ta

ble

help

s to

spe

cify

whi

ch p

olym

er is

mos

t su

itab

le f

or t

he d

esir

ed a

pplic

atio

n:

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ical

Age

ntCo

ncer

tra-

tion†

PA66

(Nyl

on 6

.6.)

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entr

a-tio

n

POM

(Ace

tal)

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orm

ance

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entr

a-tio

n†

PA1

2 (N

ylon

12)

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entr

a-tio

n†

PA1

1 (N

ylon

11)

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entr

a-tio

n†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne

Sulp

hide

) Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

tra-

tion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her

Keto

ne)

Perf

orm

ance

unkn

own

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°C

(73.

4°F)

49°C

(1

20.2

°F)

82°C

(1

79.6

°F)

20°C

(6

8°F)

40°C

(1

04°F

)60

°C

(140

°F)

90°C

(1

94°F

)Te

mp

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rfor

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ance

Gene

ral

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p °C

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eral

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100%

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% A

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or

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rate

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GAq

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ium

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ochl

orite

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33


16 Chemical ResistanceCh

emic

al A

gent

Conc

ertr

a-tio

n†

PA66

(Nyl

on 6

.6.)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n

POM

(Ace

tal)

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orm

ance

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entr

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ylon

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ylon

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entr

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(Pol

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nyle

ne

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hide

) Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

tra-

tion†

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(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her

Keto

ne)

Perf

orm

ance

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own

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°C

(73.

4°F)

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(1

20.2

°F)

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(1

79.6

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(6

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(140

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ral

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us

Gase

ous

All

Conc

entra

tions

20G

Conc

entra

ted

GG

GG

anhy

drou

s

liqui

d

Pan

hydr

ous

liqui

d

G

Amm

onia

sol

utio

n

10%

24

P

Liqu

id o

r gas

GG

Aque

ous

G

Pota

ssiu

m c

arbo

nate

100%

G50

%G

LP

P

Sodi

um b

icar

bona

te50

%24

G10

0%G

All C

once

ntra

-

tions

20G

50%

GL

PP

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Othe

r min

eral

bod

ies

Agric

ultu

ral s

pray

sol

utio

nG

G

Blea

ch

(sod

ium

hyp

ochl

orite

)5%

23L

5%P

LP

PP

5%80

LAq

ueou

sG

Brom

ine

100%

24P

100%

PAl

l Con

cent

ra-

tions

20P

PP

liqui

d pu

reP

liqui

d pu

reP

Brom

ine

wat

er25

%23

G**

Carb

onat

ed w

ater

100%

GG

GG

GG

G

Chlo

rine

100%

23P

100%

PPu

re20

PP

PP

PGa

s -

dry

Gas

- w

et

Liqu

id -

pur

e

P P P

Gas

- dr

y

Gas

- w

et

Liqu

id -

pur

e

G P PCh

lorin

e w

ater

Sol.

Sat.

Sol.

23

23

L PCh

loro

x10

0%23

G10

0%P

Fluo

rine

100%

PP

PP

PDr

y -

pure

Wet

- p

ure

P P

Dry

- pu

re

Wet

- p

ure

P P

16.1

] G

ener

al C

hem

ical

Res

ista

nce

34



emic

al A

gent

Conc

ertr

a-tio

n†

PA66

(Nyl

on 6

.6.)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n

POM

(Ace

tal)

Perf

orm

ance

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PA1

2 (N

ylon

12)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PA1

1 (N

ylon

11)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne

Sulp

hide

) Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

tra-

tion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her

Keto

ne)

Perf

orm

ance

unkn

own

°C23

°C

(73.

4°F)

49°C

(1

20.2

°F)

82°C

(1

79.6

°F)

20°C

(6

8°F)

40°C

(1

04°F

)60

°C

(140

°F)

90°C

(1

94°F

)Te

mp

°CPe

rfor

-m

ance

Gene

ral

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

-m

ance

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

-m

ance

Hydr

ogen

GG

GG

Pure

GPu

reG

Hydr

ogen

per

oxid

e3%

5%

23

43

G P

10%

50%

100%

P P P

2% A

queo

us

10%

Aqu

eous

36%

Aqu

eous

20P P P

GL

0.5%

30%

L L

0.50

%

30%

G G

Mer

cury

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GG

GG

G

Ozon

e10

0%G

< 1

ppm

Gase

ous

Gase

ous

All

Conc

entra

tions

20G P

LP

PP

Wet

& D

ryP

Wet

& D

ryL

Oxyg

enG

GG

PG

G

Pota

ssiu

m p

erm

anga

nate

5%23

P10

0%G

1% A

queo

us20

P5%

PP

Aque

ous

PAq

ueou

sG

Sea

wat

er10

0%G

GG

GG

GG

Sulp

hur

Pure

20G

GG

Wat

er

100%

GG*

*Pu

re20

GG

GG

GDi

stille

dL

G

Orga

nic

base

s

Anilin

ePu

reG*

,**

Pure

20L

Pure

LP

PP

G

Diet

hano

lam

ine

100%

G20

%G

G**

G**

L

Pyrid

ine

100%

GPu

re20

GPu

reL

PP

PPu

reL

Pure

G

Urea

100%

G20

% A

queo

us20

GG

GL

LAq

ueou

sG

Orga

nic

acid

s an

d an

hydr

ides

Acet

ic a

cid

5%23

P**

5%

20%

80%

G P

G10

% A

queo

us

40%

Aqu

eous

Pure

20P

LP

PP

100%

GPu

reG

Acet

ic a

nhyd

ride

100%

PPu

re20

PL

PP

PPu

reG

Benz

oic

acid

10%

23P

100%

GPu

re20

LG

Aque

ous

Satu

rate

d

G

Buty

ric a

cid

10%

24P

100%

GPu

re20

LAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Citri

c ac

id10

%24

P10

%G

GG

LP

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Form

ic a

cid

23P

100%

G10

% A

queo

us

40%

Aqu

eous

85%

Aqu

eous

20P P P

GP

PP

Aque

ous

Pure

G G

Aque

ous

Pure

G L

Glyc

olic

aci

d70

%P

100%

GAq

ueou

sG

Lact

ic a

cid

10%

35G

100%

G5%

Aqu

eous

50%

Aqu

eous

90%

Aqu

eous

20L P P

GG

GL

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Olei

c ac

id10

0%G

GPu

re20

GG

GG

L

Oxal

ic a

cid

Cold

G10

% A

queo

us20

LG

GL

PAq

ueou

s (S

at)

GAq

ueou

s (S

at)

G

Picr

ic a

cid

100%

GL

PP

P

Stea

ric a

cid

100%

GG

GG

GG

Tarta

ric a

cid

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GG

LAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Uric

aci

dG

GG

L

Hydr

ocar

bons

Acet

ylene

100%

GG

GG

GG

Benz

ene

100%

23G

100%

G**

Pure

20G

GG*

*L

LPu

reL

G

Buta

ne10

0%G

Pure

20G

GG

GGa

s &

Liqu

idG

Gas

& Li

quid

G

Cycl

ohex

ane

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GL

Pure

GPu

reG

Deca

line

Pure

20G

GG

GL

FORA

NE®

12

- Di

chlo

rodi

fluor

omet

hane

GG

G10

0%10

0G

FORA

NE®

22

GG

G

R-13

4a -

Tet

raflu

oroe

than

e10

0%G

G10

0%10

0G

Hept

ane

Pure

20G

Pure

GPu

reG

Hexa

deca

ne10

%23

G**

100%

G

Met

hane

100%

GG

GG

Pure

GPu

reG

Naph

thal

ene

100%

GG

Pure

20G

GG

GL

NUJO

L10

0%70

GLi

quifi

edG

Prop

ane

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GG

Gas

& Li

quid

GGa

s &

Liqu

idG

16.1

] G

ener

al C

hem

ical

Res

ista

nce

35



emic

al A

gent

Conc

ertr

a-tio

n†

PA66

(Nyl

on 6

.6.)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n

POM

(Ace

tal)

Perf

orm

ance

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PA1

2 (N

ylon

12)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PA1

1 (N

ylon

11)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne

Sulp

hide

) Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

tra-

tion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her

Keto

ne)

Perf

orm

ance

unkn

own

°C23

°C

(73.

4°F)

49°C

(1

20.2

°F)

82°C

(1

79.6

°F)

20°C

(6

8°F)

40°C

(1

04°F

)60

°C

(140

°F)

90°C

(1

94°F

)Te

mp

°CPe

rfor

-m

ance

Gene

ral

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

-m

ance

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

-m

ance

Styr

ene

100%

GG*

*Pu

re20

GG

G**

G

Tolu

ene

100%

50G

100%

GPu

re20

GG

G**

LL

80L

Pure

G

Xyle

ne10

0%G

Pure

20G

GG*

*L

L80

LPu

reG

Alco

hols

Benz

yl al

coho

lPu

re20

PL

PP

PPu

reG

Buta

nol

100%

50G

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GG

80G

Aque

ous

G

Etha

nol

100%

100%

23

50

G**

G**

100%

GG*

*Pu

re20

GG

GG

5%80

GPu

reG

Ethy

lene

glyc

ol50

%23

G50

%P

Pure

GPu

reG

Glyc

erin

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GG

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Glyc

olPu

re20

GG

GG

P12

0G

Aque

ous

G

Met

hano

l10

0%23

G**

100%

GG

GG

60L

G

Met

hano

l (60

%)

55G

G

Met

hano

l (15

%)

60G

G

Alde

hyde

s an

d ke

tone

s

Acet

one

100%

100%

23

50

G G

100%

G**

Pure

20G

GG*

*L

P10

0%55

GPu

reG

Acet

alde

hyde

100%

52L

40%

Aqu

eous

20L

GL

PPu

reL

Pure

G

Form

alde

hyde

38%

23G

40%

100%

G

G40

% A

queo

usP

GL

PAq

ueou

s

Pure

L G

Aque

ous

Pure

L GCy

cloh

exan

one

Pure

20G

GL

PPu

reG

Pure

G

Met

hyle

thylk

eton

e -

Buta

none

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GL

P10

0%58

GPu

reL

Met

hylis

obut

ylket

one

100%

23G

GG

LP

Benz

alde

hyde

100%

GPu

re20

PG

LP

Aque

ous

LAq

ueou

sG

Chlo

rinat

ed s

olve

nts

AROC

LOR

1242

100%

23G

Pure

20G

Carb

on te

trach

lorid

e10

0%

100%

23

50

G G

100%

GG*

*P

Pure

LPu

reG

Dich

loro

etha

ne10

0%66

G10

0%G*

*Pu

reL

Pure

G

Hexa

fluor

oiso

prop

anol

100%

23P

Met

hyl b

rom

ide

100%

PG

P

Met

hyl c

hlor

ide

100%

23L

100%

GG

PPu

reL

Pure

G

Met

hyl t

richl

orid

e10

0%23

G

Met

hyle

ne c

hlor

ide

100%

23L

100%

GPu

reL

Pure

L

Tetra

fluor

opro

pane

L

Tric

hlor

oeth

ylene

100%

PL

PPu

reL

Pure

G

Tric

hlor

oeth

ane

100%

72G

100%

GPu

re20

GL

PP

P10

0%10

0G

Perc

hlor

oeth

ylene

100%

GPu

re20

PL

PPu

reL

Pure

G

Phen

ols

5%23

P5%

G**

PP

PP

Aque

ous

(Sat

)G

Aque

ous

(Sat

)L

Vario

us o

rgan

ic b

odie

s

Anet

hol

G

Carb

on s

ulph

ide

G**

L*P

Pure

G

Dibr

omoe

than

e10

0%50

L

Dim

ethy

l for

mam

ide

100%

PPu

re20

GPu

reL

Pure

G

Ethy

lene

oxid

e10

0%P

GG

LP

Furfu

rol

100%

GPu

re20

LG

G**

LP

Gluc

ose

100%

GG

GG

GAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Glyc

ol c

hlor

hydr

ine

PP

Nitro

met

hane

100%

23G

100%

GPu

re20

G

2-Ni

tropr

opan

e10

0%72

G

Tetra

ethy

l lea

dG

LG

Salts

, est

ers,

eth

ers

Amyl

acet

ate

100%

98P

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GG

LPu

reG

Pure

G

Buty

l ace

tate

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GG

L10

0%80

GPu

reG

Diet

hyle

ne g

lycol

90%

24G

100%

G

Dim

ethy

l eth

er10

0%G*

*

Diet

hyl e

ther

Pure

20G

100%

23G

Pure

G

16.1

] G

ener

al C

hem

ical

Res

ista

nce

36



emic

al A

gent

Conc

ertr

a-tio

n†

PA66

(Nyl

on 6

.6.)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n

POM

(Ace

tal)

Perf

orm

ance

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PA1

2 (N

ylon

12)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PA1

1 (N

ylon

11)

Conc

entr

a-tio

n†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne

Sulp

hide

) Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

tra-

tion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her

Keto

ne)

Perf

orm

ance

unkn

own

°C23

°C

(73.

4°F)

49°C

(1

20.2

°F)

82°C

(1

79.6

°F)

20°C

(6

8°F)

40°C

(1

04°F

)60

°C

(140

°F)

90°C

(1

94°F

)Te

mp

°CPe

rfor

-m

ance

Gene

ral

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

-m

ance

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

-m

ance

Dioc

tyl p

hosp

hate

GG

GL

Dioc

tyl p

htha

late

100%

G**

G**

GG

GPu

reG

Ethy

l ace

tate

100%

50G

100%

GPu

re20

GG

GG

100%

GPu

reG

Fatty

aci

d es

ters

100%

GG

GG

G

Met

hyl a

ceta

teG

GG

Pure

GPu

reG

Met

hyl s

ulph

ate

GL

Sulp

huric

eth

erG

Trib

utyl

phos

phat

eG

GG

GL

Pure

G

Tric

resy

l pho

spha

te10

0%66

GG

GG

LPu

reG

Mis

cella

neou

s pr

oduc

ts

Antif

reez

e10

0%10

4L

100%

PL

G

Auto

mat

ic tr

ansm

issi

on fl

uid

100%

GG

G

Beer

100%

GCo

mm

erci

al

Grad

e

20G

GG

G

Brak

e Fl

uid

GG*

*Co

mm

erci

al

Grad

e

20G

80G

G

Cide

r10

0%G

GG

G

Coal

gas

GG

GG

Crud

e oi

lG

GG*

*G

G

Dete

rgen

t 10

0%G*

GG

Dies

el10

0%G*

*Co

mm

erci

al

Grad

e

20G

80G

G

Frui

t jui

ceCo

mm

erci

al

Grad

e

20G

GG

GG

Gaso

hol

100%

GG

Grea

se10

0%G

GG

GG

GG

Kero

sene

100%

GG

GG*

*60

GG

Lano

lin s

uspe

nsio

n10

%35

G

2,4-

D Li

ndan

eG

Lins

eed

Cake

100%

82G

100%

GG

GG

G

Milk

100%

GCo

mm

erci

al

Grad

e

20G

GG

GG

GG

Mot

or o

il10

0%G

G80

GG

Mus

tard

100%

GG

G

Naph

tha

100%

98G*

*10

0%G

GG

G**

G

Oil

Com

mer

cial

Grad

e

20G

GG

GG

60G

G

Oxyq

uino

lein

e (a

gric

ultu

ral s

pray

)G

Prem

ium

gra

de g

asol

ine

100%

G**

Com

mer

cial

Grad

e

20G

GG

G**

GG

Regu

lar g

rade

gas

olin

e10

0%G*

*Co

mm

erci

al

Grad

e

20G

GG

G**

80G

G

Soap

Cle

anse

r10

0%G*

*G

Stea

rine

GG

G

Turp

entin

e10

0%G

GG

G**

Vine

gar

100%

GCo

mm

erci

al

Grad

e

20L

GG

Win

eCo

mm

erci

al

Grad

e

20G

GG

G

*Dis

colo

urat

ion

occu

rs. *

*Sw

ellin

g ac

tion

. G =

Goo

d. L

= L

imit

ed. P

= P

oor.

†100

% u

nles

s ot

herw

ise

stat

ed.

16.1

] G

ener

al C

hem

ical

Res

ista

nce

37


17 WeatheringWhen exposed to weathering, polymers have a natural tendency to photo-oxidise and depolymerise to their natural elemental forms. There are variations in natural weathering depending on the intensities of the following components:

1. Solar Radiation (UV)

2. Moisture

3. Heat

4. Pollutants e.g. ozone and acid rain

5. Salt Water

The combination of more than one of these factors can also lead to accelerated degradation and aging.

Weathering intensity varies widely around the world, and may also vary from year to year for a given location, depending on weather patterns. Weather in a subtropical climate, such as Florida, may have twice the effect on a polymer as a more northerly location. A drier climate, such as Arizona, may have increased UV radiation, but because of the lower humidity, the effects of weathering on a polymer will not be so severe. It is impossible to give a precise indication of the effects of weathering in a given location, but by using natural outdoor and accelerated tests, certain predictions can be made.

Photo courtesy of Groupe Courbis Location: Malaysia

The carbon black additive in Smart® Band and Smart® Tie products, acts as a very good UV stabiliser. Heat-stabilised grades, usually copper based, also provide further protection against photo-oxidative degradation by shutting down free radicals. This combination of inhibitors helps to give the polymers many years of life.

Estimated Polymer life expectancy when exposed to weathering

Materials all blackLife in Hot climates Life in Temperate Climates

YRS – Approx YRS – Approx

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 10+ 15+

POM (Acetal) 5+ 8+

PA12 (Nylon 12) 15+ 20+

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 15+ 20+

PA11 (Nylon 11) 15+ 20+

PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 15+ 20+

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 10+ 15+

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) 5+ 8+

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)Compared with other polymers, PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) naturally exhibits a high resistance to weathering and UV degradation, even in its neat state. The graphs below, show the reduction in Tensile strength and Elongation at break of PA66 (Nylon 6.6.), over a 2000 hour period in a weathering chamber. The accelerated weathering is achieved by wet and dry cycles and continuous UVA (320nm) exposure. The dry cycles last for 8 hours at 70°C, and the wet cycles for 4 hours.

38


17 WeatheringPA66 (Nylon 6.6.) – reduction in Tensile strength, due to accelerated PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) – reduction in Elongation at break, due to accelerated weathering weathering

0 500 1000 1500 20000

50

40

30

20

10

60

70

80

90

Time – Hours

Ten

sile

Str

engt

h (

MP

a)

Nylon 6.6. Natural

Nylon 6.6. Black

0 500 1000 1500 20000

100

80

60

40

20

120

140

160

180

Time – Hours

% E

lon

gati

on

Nylon 6.6. Natural

Nylon 6.6. Black

Conclusion

r The degradation caused by weathering, in both the black and natural PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) tends to reduce the Tensile strength and the Elongation at break of the material over time. This makes the polymer weaker and more brittle.

r The carbon black UV stabiliser gives a huge increase in weathering resistance to PA66 (Nylon 6.6.).r It is important to note that the sharp fall in Tensile strength and increase in Elongation at break of Black PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) from 0 - 500 hours,

is largely due to a conditioning effect (taking on moisture). However, the UV degradation that occurs in the natural material during this time is enough to annul the conditioning effect and to reduce the Elongation at break to almost zero.

PA12 (Nylon 12), PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-Filled) and PA11 (Nylon 11)The following data gives evidence that black PA11 (Nylon 11) is particularly resistant to degradation from the combined effect of the sun’s rays and rain water. Black extruded tubes, 6 inch diameter x 8mm wall thickness; were tested at the following outdoor sites:

Serquigny, France Moderate, moist climate. Typical of central Europe. Bandol, France Warm, moist climate. Typical of Mediterranean. Iguazu, Brazil Tropical climate with high sunlight irradiation. Pretoria, South Africa Hot, dry climate.

Standard Units Control 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year

Serquigny, FranceInherent Viscosity (IV) dl/g 1.42 1.54 1.55 1.64 1.66 1.62 1.63

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ISO 527 MPa 37 38.5 37.2 42 37 36.5 35

Elongation at break (E) ISO 527 % 357 329 338 347 291 309 316

Impact Test at -40°C (-40°F) DIN 73378 Pass/Fail Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass

Instantaneous Hoop Stress (σ) MPa 24.3 24.9 25.1 26.0 30.7 29.5 27.0

Bandol, FranceInherent Viscosity (IV) dl/g 1.42 1.64 1.55 1.65 1.59 - -

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ISO 527 MPa 37 35 37 39 39 37.5 37



Instantaneous Hoop Stress (σ) MPa 24.3 29.5 29.2 27.4 32 29 30

Iguazu, BrazilInherent Viscosity (IV) dl/g 1.42 1.63 1.65 1.66 1.72 1.62 1.57

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ISO 527 MPa 37 42 38 38 39 37.4 39



Instantaneous Hoop Stress (σ) MPa 24.3 28.4 25.6 26.0 31.5 33.0 29.7

Pretoria, South AfricaInherent Viscosity (IV) dl/g 1.42 1.56 1.66 1.83 1.67 1.62 -

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ISO 527 MPa 37 38.5 39 37 35 36 -

Elongation at break (E) ISO 527 % 357 343 365 335 344 346 -

Impact Test at -40°C (-40°F) DIN 73378 Pass/Fail Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass -

Instantaneous Hoop Stress (σ) MPa 24.3 27.4 23.5 32.6 32.0 27.0 -

39


17 Weathering

1Control 2 3 4 650

25

20

15

10

5

30

35

40

45

Exposure (years)

Ult

imat

e Te

nsi

le S

tren

gth

(M

Pa)

Serguigny, France

Bandol, France

Iguazu, Brazil

Pretoria, South Africa

1Control 2 3 4 65

0

200

150

100

50

250

300

350

400

Exposure (years)

Elon

gati

on a

t b

reak

(%

)

Serguigny, France

Bandol, France

Iguazu, Brazil

Pretoria, South Africa

Conclusion

r The degradation to black PA11 (Nylon 11) caused by weathering, can be seen to be minimal during the above tests. This gives great confidence that the life expectancy of PA11 (Nylon 11) is far longer than the exposure periods shown above.

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide)Although weathering resistance information is not readily available for PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) it is generally considered suitable for outdoor applications as long as a carbon black UV inhibitor is used.

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone)Tensile strength at break Tensile modulus

0 2000 4000 6000 80000

35

150

200

15

30

25

20

100

5

0

10

50

250

Exposure time (Hours)

Ten

sile

str

engt

h a

t b

reak

(M

Pa) Ten

sile strength

at break (kp

si)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

0

3500

15

20

1500

3000

2500

2000

10

500

0

1000

5

25


Ten

sile

mod

ulus

(G

Pa)

Tensile m

odulus (kp

si)

Tensile elongation at break

0 2000 4000 6000 80000

17

2

1

18


Ten

sile

elo

nga

tion

at

bre

ak (

%)

Conclusion

r PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) is affected by simulated weathering. The primary effects are yellowing, loss of surface gloss, and a loss of ductility.

For applications that will be exposed to direct sunlight, it is recommended that parts made of the unfilled grades be painted or pigmented black.

40


18 QualityWithin HCL Fasteners Ltd we are committed to provide products and services which meet the customers’ specified contractual and project requirements and those of all applicable regulating authorities.

We are totally committed to setting and achieving quality standards that are capable of meeting, in all respects, the specified requirements and reasonable expectations of our customers, whilst working within the framework of statutory, regulatory and legal requirements.

In order to achieve this objective, it is the policy of HCL Fasteners to maintain an effective quality system based on the requirements of: BS EN ISO 9001-2008.

Goods Received InspectionHCL’s banding products are manufactured to the highest standard using the latest equipment and techniques. The injection-moulding and extrusion machines are computer controlled and the settings for each mould tool are recorded for maximum repeatability. Before a production run can begin, the first-off components must be checked and approved against their specification. The machines also have quality control capabilities where parameters, e.g. melt cushion, are given an acceptable tolerance range. If these parameters go out of tolerance, a quality flap automatically rejects the parts.

Injection Moulding & Extrusion ControlHCL’s banding products are made from polymers that are inspected on receipt from our suppliers, by the quality controller. The material is inspected for: a) Quality b) Type c) Satisfactory packaging

The Goods Inwards inspection information is logged and retained by the Quality Control Department. If the material passes this inspection satisfactorily, it is transferred to raw material stores.

Statistical Process ControlSPC data relating to each manufacturing batch is available to customers upon request. This data is entered into a computer for dimensional verification and weight checks. The SPC sample and a hard copy of the SPC data are stored for reference and product traceability.

First and Last off samples for each batch are tested using a calibrated Zwick Tensile testing machine, to ensure that they meet the required performance.

Routine Production ChecksProducts found to be outside specification are rejected, and the batch concerned isolated. Settings are adjusted until satisfactory yield is achieved and the suspect batch subject to 100% inspection.

Final InspectionAll products are given a final visual and physical inspection. During packaging, quality is confirmed by: a) An inspection ticket packed with the goods. b) A Quality Assurance label attached to the outside of the packaging.

If required, a certificate of conformity to HCL’s product specification can be issued.

Quality PolicyHCL is committed to the highest possible quality standards. Quality control systems are subject to review at appropriate intervals in consideration of the following: a) Changes in technology b) Changes to markets c) Changes in legislation d) External assessor’s reports e) Overall company facilities & policies

41


Notes

Visit www.hclfasteners.com to view our complete range of products.

©2015 HCL Fasteners. All Rights Reserved.

HCL – UK & Rest of the World Tel: +44 (0)1761 417714 Fax: +44 (0)1761 417710 Email: [email protected]

HCL – North America Tel: 281-717-1145 Fax: 281-717-1146 Email: [email protected]

Your attention is drawn to the following:

The statements, technical information and recommendations contained herein are believed to be accurate as of the date hereof. Since the

conditions and methods of use of the product and of the information referred to herein are beyond our control, HCL expressly disclaims

any and all liability as to any results obtained or arising from any use of the product or reliance on such information; NO WARRANTY OF

FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WARRANTY OR MERCHANTABILITY OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IS MADE

CONCERNING THE GOODS DESCRIBED OR THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN. The information provided herein relates only to the

specific product designated and may not be applicable when such product is used in combination with other materials or in any process.

The user should thoroughly test any application before commercialization. Nothing contained herein constitutes a license to practice under

any patent and it should not be construed as an inducement to infringe any patent and the user is advised to take appropriate steps to be

sure that any proposed use of the product will not result in patent infringement.

The information contained in this document is based on trials carried out in our internal laboratory and data selected from the literature,

but shall in no event be held to constitute or imply any warranty, undertaking, express or implied commitment from our part. Our formal

specifications define the limit of our commitment. No liability whatsoever can be accepted by HCL with regard to the handling, or use of

the product or products concerned which must in all cases be employed in accordance with all relevant laws and/or regulations in force in

the country or countries concerned.

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