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Smart® Products Technical Bookletfor Downhole use – April 2015

Smart® Protector

Smart® Band

Smart® Tie

Smart® Installation Tools

w w w . h c l f a s t e n e r s . c o m

ThefollowingbookletgivestechnicalinformationrelatingtotheuseofHCLSmart®productsindownholeanddrillingapplications.PleasenotethatHCLarecommittedtoanongoingtestprogramforallproductsandissueupdatedversionsofthisTechnicalBookletfromtimetotime.PleaserefertothewebsiteorcontactHCLdirectlyforthelatestversion.Shouldyourequireanyinformationoutsidethescopeofthisbooklet,pleasecontactHCLdirectly.

Smart® Products for Downhole use

1] Smart® Product Guide

1.1]PolymerChoice

1.2]Smart®TieChoice

1.3]Smart®ProtectorChoice

Technical

2] Dimensions and Weights

2.1]Smart®ProtectorDimensionsandWeights

2.2]Smart®TieDimensionsandWeights

2.3]Smart®BandDimensionsandWeights

Installation

3] Design Guidelines

3.1]Smart®TiePositioning

3.2]DownholePipeDiameterSuitability

3.3]UsingMultipleSmart®Protectors

3.4]SnaggingPrevention

4] Well Flushing

5] Fitting Tools

5.1]ManualInstallationToolTensions 5.2]PneumaticInstallationToolTensions

Performance

6] Tensile Strength

6.1]TensileSystemStrength–Introduction

6.2]Smart®TieSystemTensileStrength

6.3]Smart®BandSystemTensileStrength

7] Creep and Stress Relaxation

7.1]StressRelaxation

8] Axial Retention

8.1]BandingAxialRetention

8.2]BandingandSmart®ProtectorAssemblyAxialRetention

9] Impact Strength

9.1]Smart®ProtectorImpactStrength

9.2]Smart®BandImpactStrength

10] Abrasion

10.1]AbrasionComparison

10.2]Smart®ProtectorAbrasion

Material

11] Material Properties

12] Temperature Resistance and Flammability

13] Chemical Resistance 13.1]ChemicalResistanceandAgeing

13.2]CO2(CarbonDioxide)andH2S(HydrogenSulphide)

13.3]Permeability

13.4]GeneralChemicalResistance

14] Weathering

Quality

15] Quality


1 Smart® Product GuideThis section gives guidance when choosing the right Smart® product for the right application. All of the following factors should be taken into consideration:

r Well temperature

r Chemical resistance

r Weathering

r Toughness

r Cost

r Flammability

r Axial retention required

r Tensile strength & weight of cable

r Cable size

r Pipe OD and casing ID

If there is any doubt about the polymer choice and use of the product in a downhole or subsea application then trials should be carried out to ensure suitability.

For further guidance and advice contact HCL.

1.1] Polymer Choice

The following table gives a general comparison that helps to determine which polymer should be used.

The scoring from 1 to 10 gives a general indication of comparative performance between the most suitable and least suitable, 10 being the best result:

Characteristic Units PA66 PA12 PA11 PPS PEEKDetailed

Section No

Recommended for Downhole use 3 Short Term1 3 3 3 3 2

Recommended for Subsea use 3 Short Term1 3 3 3

High Temp33

High Temp313.1

Maximum Well Temperature2 °C (°F)

125(257)

100 (212)

105(221)

175(347)

250(482)

12

Sour (CO2) & Sweet (H2S) Gas Resistance

Scale 1-10

3 5 5 9 10 13

WeatheringUV Resistance

Years 1-10

7 10 10 6 4 14

Densityg/cm3

(oz/inch3)1.14

(0.66)1.01

(0.58)1.03

(0.60)1.25

(0.72)1.30

(0.75)4

ToughnessScale 1-10

8 9 10 6 7 9

Cost(Low to High)

Scale 1-10

2 3 4 6 10 N/A

Flammability UL94 V-2 HB V-2 V-0 V-0 12

1 Suitable for applications requiring limited life span, for where clamping is only required during installation or where the downhole pipe is concreted in place.2 Stated temperatures are based on the tensile half-life, e.g. elongation, of the material measured in a controlled environment. Other factors, e.g. the presence of chemicals, may significantly

reduce this value3 Recommended for high temperature subsea applications

Choose the right Smart® product for the right a

pplicatio

n

PA11

PPS

PEEK

PA66

PA12

?

1


1 Smart® Product Guide1.2] Smart® Tie Choice

Characteristic Units PA66 PA12 PA11 PPS PEEKDetailed

Section No

20mm ¾”

Axial Retention N3900 (400)

8803700 (380)

8302700 (280)

6102200 (230)

5002500 (260)

5608

Tensile Strength Nominal1N (kgf)

lbf5000 (510)

11004000 (410)

9003900 (400)

8805000 (510)

1100TBC 6

Nominal Length Options2 mm (inches)

450 (17.7), 600 (23.6), 750 (29.5) 3

Maximum Diameters3 mm (inches)

110 (4.3), 155 (6.2), 205 (8.05) 3

32mm 1¼”

Axial Retention N TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC 8

Tensile Strength Nominal1N (kgf)

lbfTBC TBC TBC TBC TBC 6

Nominal Length Options2 mm (inches)

550 (21.6), 850 (33.4) 3

Maximum Diameters3 mm (inches)

139 (5.45), 234 (9.2) 3

1 The tensile strength is the system tensile strength.2 Smart® Tie is available in different lengths – Length is nominal as it includes the initial feed end.3 This is the maximum diameter around a pipe without a Smart® Protector or cable for each size of Smart® Tie. The diameter will reduce when a cable or Smart® Protector is installed. Refer to section 3.2] Downhole Pipe Diameter Suitability for more information. – For 20mm ¾” Smart® Tie – 106mm (4.17”) is taken off the length to allow for fitting tool. – For 32mm 1¼” Smart® Tie – 115mm (4.53”) is taken off the length to allow for fitting tool.

1.3] Smart® Protector Choice

The following table gives measurements for each Smart® Protector to help in choosing the most suitable size for the cable selection.

SP Size Cable Recess 1 Cable Recess 2 Cable Recess 3

SP-100 1 x ¼” 1 x 1⁄8” 1 x 2mm

SP-200 1 x 11mm Square or round (nominal)

SP-300 2 x 11mm square or round (nominal) 2 x ¼”

SP-400-38201 x Flat ESP

38mm wide x 20mm height4

SP-400-52281 x Flat ESP

52mm wide x 20mm height4

SP-500-1721 1 x 17-21mm round

SP-500-3338 1 x 33-38mm round 4 The dimension for height will be reduced as the pipe diameter reduces due to the outer pipe surface encroaching into the cable recess.

Conclusionr As a general point the higher the temperature resistance the better the chemical resistancer In downhole applications where temperatures are higher than 125°C (257°F) for a considerable amount of time, PPS and PEEK should be

considered.r For offshore seawater applications PA12 and PA11 are the recommended choices giving long term resistance and exhibiting superior strength

and toughnessr Where cost is critical PA66 can be used for short term subsea applications but because PA66 is noticeably hygroscopic, tensions will reduce over

time in a wet environment.

2


2 Dimensions and Weights2.1] Smart® Protector Dimensions and Weights

2.1.1] Smart® Protector SP-100: Cable suitability: 1 x ¼” control line, 1 x 1⁄8” control line, 1 x 2mm Fibre Optic

Size MaterialWeight Density

g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

SP-100

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 14.1 0.50 1.14 0.66PA12 (Nylon 12) 12.8 0.45 1.03 0.60PA11 (Nylon 11) 12.8 0.45 1.03 0.60

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 15.5 0.55 1.25 0.72PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) 16.1 0.57 1.30 0.75

2.1.2] Smart® Protector SP-200: Cable suitability: 1 x 11mm square encapsulated line or 1 x 11mm dia round encapsulated line


g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

SP-200



2.1.3] Smart® Protector SP-300: Cable suitability: 1 or 2 x 11mm square or round encapsulated line and/or 1 or 2 x ¼” control lines


g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

SP-300



3



2.1.4] Smart® Protector SP-400-3820: Cable suitability: Flat ESP Cables up to a maximum of 38x20mm


g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

SP-400-3820



2.1.5] Smart® Protector SP-400-5228: Cable suitability: Flat ESP Cables up to a maximum of 52x28mm


g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

SP-400-5228



2.1.6] Smart® Protector SP-500-1721: Cable suitability: Round ESP Cables ranging from 17-21mm diameter


g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

SP-500-1721



4



2.1.7] Smart® Protector SP-500-3338: Cable suitability: Round ESP Cables ranging from 33-38mm diameter


g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

SP-500-3338


PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 89.0 3.14 1.25 0.72PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) TBC TBC 1.30 0.75

5


2 Dimensions and Weights2.2] Smart® Tie Dimensions and Weights

2.2.1] Dimensions Table

SizeNominal

Length (mm)Maximum Length (A) Band Width (B) Band Thickness (C) Head Width (D) Head Height (E)

mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch

20mm (¾”)450 470.0 18.50

20.0 0.79 3.6 0.14 35.0 1.38 12.0 0.47600 620.0 24.41750 770.0 30.31

32mm (1¼”)550 573.0 22.56

32.0 1.26 4.6 0.18 50.0 1.97 20.0 0.79850 873.0 34.37

B D

C

A

E

2.2.2] Weight and Density Table

SizeNominal

Length (mm)Material

Weight Density/Averageg oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

20mm (¾”)

450



600



750



32mm (1¼”)

550



850



6


2 Dimensions and Weights2.3] Smart® Band Dimensions and Weights

2.3.1] Band Dimensions

SizeMaximum Width (A) Maximum Thickness (B)

mm inch mm inch19mm (¾”) 19.2 0.76 3.6 0.1432mm (1¼”) 32.2 1.27 4.7 0.19

B

A

2.3.2] Band Weight and Density Table

Size Material No of Glass CordsWeight/Length Density Average

g/m oz/ft g/cm3 oz/inch3

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)11

70 0.75 1.23 0.71PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 71 0.77 1.25 0.72PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 72 0.77 1.26 0.73

32mm (1¼”)PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)

12149 1.61 1.20 0.69

PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 151 1.62 1.21 0.70

2.3.3] Hybrid Buckle Dimensions

SizeMaximum Height (A) Radius (B) Maximum Length (C) Maximum Width (D)mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch

19mm (¾”) 12.8 0.50 200 7.87 99.0 3.90 53.0 2.0932mm (1¼”) 16.8 0.66 300 11.81 135.5 5.33 76.8 3.02

D

A

C

B

2.3.4] Hybrid Buckle Weight and Density Table

Size MaterialWeight Density Average

g oz g/cm3 oz/inch3

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 36 1.27 1.20 0.70PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 39 1.38 1.30 0.75PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 39 1.38 1.30 0.75

32mm (1¼”)PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 95 3.35 1.28 0.74PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 96 3.39 1.29 0.75

7


3 Design Guidelines3.1] Smart® Tie Positioning

When specifying Smart® Protector in conjunction with Smart® Tie consideration must be given to the position of the Smart® Tie buckle in relation to the Smart® Protector. Refer to the illustration below and the table in 3.2 Downhole Pipe Diameter Suitability to ensure correct positioning. This will enable the optimum system performance to be achieved.

A

B

3.2] Downhole Pipe Diameter Suitability

When specifying Smart® Protector in conjunction with Smart® Tie, consideration must be given to the following:1. The pipe diameter onto which the Smart® Protector will be positioned.2. The type of fitting tool that will be utilized.

Note. The SM-FT-1000 Tool will require a greater tail length of strap through the assembled Smart® Tie to operate compared to the SM-FT-2000 & SM-FT-3000 Tools. See Table.

3.2.1] SM-FT-1000

Smart® ProtectorSmart® Tie

Maximum Diameter (A) Optimum Angle (B)Size

Lengthmm inches mm inches Deg

SP-10020mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø66 Ø2.60 180°600 23.62 Ø102 Ø4.02 105°750 29.53 Ø183 Ø7.20 65°

32mm (1¼”)550 21.65 TBC TBC TBC850 33.46 TBC TBC TBC

SP-20020mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø63 Ø2.48 180°600 23.62 Ø100 Ø3.94 115°750 29.53 Ø181 Ø7.13 75°


SP-30020mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø61 Ø2.40 180°600 23.62 Ø98 Ø3.86 120°750 29.53 Ø179 Ø7.05 85°


SP-400-382020mm (¾“)

450 17.72 N/A N/A N/A600 23.62 Ø96 Ø3.78 125°750 29.53 Ø177 Ø6.97 90°


SP-400-522820mm (¾“)

450 17.72 N/A N/A N/A600 23.62 Ø92 Ø3.62 145°750 29.53 Ø172 Ø6.77 95°


SP-500-172120mm (¾“)

450 17.72 N/A N/A N/A600 23.62 Ø97 Ø3.82 115°750 29.53 Ø177 Ø6.97 80°


Maximum pipe diameter.

See Table 3.2 Downhole Pipe Diameter Suitability.

Optimum position of Smart® Tie buckle from Smart® Protector.

See Table 3.2 Downhole Pipe Diameter Suitability.

Dimension B is suggested to ensure that the buckle and a sufficient quantity of strap is in contact with the pipe before the strap rises away tangentially to the Smart® Protector.

Note: As the pipe diameter reduces, dimension B will increase to maintain a sufficient contact condition.

8


3 Design Guidelines3.2] Downhole Pipe Diameter Suitability

3.2.2] SM-FT-2000 & SM-FT-3000

Smart® ProtectorSmart® Tie

Maximum Diameter (A) Optimum Angle (B)Size

Lengthmm inches mm inches Deg

SP-10020mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø86 Ø3.39 130°600 23.62 Ø123 Ø4.84 95°750 29.53 Ø209 Ø8.23 60°


SP-20020mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø84 Ø3.31 140°600 23.62 Ø111 Ø4.37 105°750 29.53 Ø208 Ø8.19 65°


SP-30020mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø82 Ø3.23 155°600 23.62 Ø119 Ø4.69 110°750 29.53 Ø206 Ø8.11 75°


SP-400-382020mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø80 Ø3.15 160°600 23.62 Ø117 Ø4.61 115°750 29.53 Ø204 Ø8.03 80°


SP-400-522820mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø76 Ø2.99 180°600 23.62 Ø113 Ø4.45 135°750 29.53 Ø199 Ø7.83 90°


SP-500-172120mm (¾“)

450 17.72 Ø81 Ø3.19 155°600 23.62 Ø118 Ø4.65 105°750 29.53 Ø205 Ø8.07 75°


3.3] Using Multiple Smart® Protectors

Multiple Smart® Protectors can be used on an application. If utilizing the same style of protector, it is advisable to butt the protectors together to prevent movement in application. If using dissimilar protectors, positioning should ensure that the protectors and the protected cables are adequately secured.

Position additional protectors anti-clockwise from the first unit to ensure sufficient quantity of strap is in contact with the pipe before the strap rises away tangentially to the Smart® Protector..

B

9


3 Design Guidelines3.4] Snagging Prevention

‘Cross Coupling’ Cable Protection When utilizing the Smart® Protector and Smart® Tie system to secure cable in a cross coupling arrangement, position of the Smart® Protector should be based on the following consideration:

1. The Smart® Protector should be positioned as close to the coupling as possible without causing the cable to deflect up over the coupling edge.

2. If the cable is stiff and less flexible the Smart® Protector will need to be positioned further away from the coupling to avoid excessive deflection.

‘Between Joint’ Cable Protection The number of Smart® Protector and Smart® Tie systems used to secure cable between joints should be based on the size and weight of the cable. Using engineering judgement the heavier the cable, the greater number of Smart® Protector and Smart® Tie systems will be required.

Over a 10m joint length based on a light fibre optic cable being secured, a minimum of 3 Smart® Protector and Smart® Tie systems are advised for cable retention.

‘Cross Coupling’ Cable Protection ‘Between Joint’ Cable Protection

The image on the left shows the effect of of a snagged ESP cable.

The use of the Smart® Protector and Smart® Tie system reduces the chances of snagging in downhole situations.

The shape of the protector assists in riding over any minor obstructions and the flexibility afforded to the positioning of the systems allow the strapped cable to be protected across the coupling and between the joints.

In the unlikely event of a serious collision or failure causing damage or breakage of the system. The polymer construction of the Smart® Protector and Smart® Tie has major advantages over metal strapping when trying to clear accident debris from the downhole environment.

Refer to Section 4, Well Flushing.

Cable Deflection

‘Cross Coupling’ Cable Protection

‘Between Joint’ Cable Protection

✘

3

310


4 Well FlushingIn extreme conditions it is possible that bands and clamps can be stripped off the downhole tube. This can have a detrimental effect on the well causing damage to pumps and associated equipment. Of particular concern is stainless strapping which is difficult to remove being non-magnetic. With this in mind Smart® Ties have been successfully used and are more easily flushed out having a density of just over 1 g/cm3.

The following photos show steel strap trapped in a downhole tube fig 4.1 and in a typical downhole catcher fig 4.2.

Fig 4.1 Fig 4.2

Density Tables The following table gives a comparison of densities of typical banding materials that are used. Polymer based banding systems have the advantage of densities that are close to water and therefore can be flushed out more easily should the need arise.

MaterialDensity

g/cm3 oz/inch3

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 1.14 0.66

PA12 (Nylon 12) 1.01 0.59

PA11 (Nylon 11) 1.03 0.60

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 1.25 0.72

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) 1.30 0.75

Carbon Steel 7.85 4.54

Stainless Steel 304 8.03 4.64

11


5 Fitting ToolsSmart® Tie tests conducted on 200mm diameter half-shells Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) tests conducted on 400mm diameter half-shells

F*

F*

F/2F/2

*F= System Force or Global Strap Tension

5.1] Manual Installation Tool Tensions

5.1.1] SM-FT-2000-19

Smart® Band 19mm & Smart® Tie 20mm – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-2000-19DIMENSIONS 370x285x55mmWEIGHT 0.75kgBOX QUANTITY 1Incorporating both tensioning and cutting mechanisms; this tool is fully corrosion resistant, lightweight, ergonomic and easy to use, ensuring that the 19mm (¾”) Smart® Band and the 20mm (¾”) Smart® Tie can be fitted quickly and efficiently.

Product Size Buckle Material Band MaterialMaximum System Force

(During Tightening)Minimum Retention Force

(After Tightening)N kgf lbf N kgf lbf

Smart® Tie 20mm (¾")

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 3000 306 674 1800 184 405PA12 (Nylon 12) PA12 (Nylon 12) 3000 306 674 1800 184 405PA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) 3000 306 674 1800 184 405

PPS PPS 2200 224 495 1000 102 225

Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾")

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 4500 459 1012 2000 204 450PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 4500 459 1012 2000 204 450PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 4500 459 1012 2000 204 450

5.1.2] SM-FT-2000-32

Smart® Band 32mm & Smart® Tie 32mm – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-2000-32DIMENSIONS TBCWEIGHT TBCBOX QUANTITY 1Incorporating both tensioning and cutting mechanisms; this tool is fully corrosion resistant, lightweight, ergonomic and easy to use, ensuring that the 32mm (1¼”) Smart® Band and the 32mm (1¼”) Smart® Tie can be fitted quickly and efficiently.




Smart® Tie 32mm (1¼")

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPA12 (Nylon 12) PA12 (Nylon 12) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC

PPS PPS TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPEEK PEEK TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC

Smart® Band Hybrid

32mm (1¼")

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBCPA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC TBC

This product is due for launch Summer 2015

12


5 Fitting Tools5.1] Manual Installation Tool Tensions

5.1.3] SM-FT-1000 with Torque Wrench

Smart® Band or Smart® Tie – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-1000-19, SM-FT-1000-20ST, SM-FT-1000-32 or SM-FT-3000-32STDIMENSIONS 410x255x135mmWEIGHT 2.75kgBOX QUANTITY 1Depending on setup, this fully corrosion resistant manual tool can accurately tension the 19mm (¾”) Smart® Band, 20mm (¾”) Smart® Tie, 32mm (1¼”) Smart® Band or 32mm (1¼”) Smart® Tie (with the use of a torque wrench), as well as trim the excess band following tightening.




Smart® Tie

20mm (¾")


PPS PPS 2400 245 540 1000 102 225

32mm (1¼”)



Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 6500 663 1461 3500 357 787

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 7000 714 1574 3500 357 787


32mm (1¼”)PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 14000 1428 3147 7000 714 1574


5.2] Pneumatic Installation Tool Tensions

5.2.1] SM-FT-3000-19 or 20ST

Smart® Band 19mm or Smart® Tie 20mm – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-3000-19 or SM-FT-3000-20STDIMENSIONS 530x240x130mmWEIGHT 6.40kgBOX QUANTITY 1HCL’s premium pneumatic tool is capable of fitting a Smart® Band or Smart® Tie strap in four-seconds flat, competing favourably with traditional titanium or nickel alloy systems.




Smart® Tie 20mm (¾")


PPS PPS 3000 306 674 1400 143 315

Smart® Band Hybrid

19mm (¾")

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 6000 612 1349 3500 357 787PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 7500 765 1686 5000 510 1124PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 7500 765 1686 5000 510 1124

Final Retention Force may be slightly lower on very small diameters. Final Retention Force will be significantly higher on very large diameters.

13


5 Fitting Tools5.2] Pneumatic Installation Tool Tensions

5.2.2] SM-FT-3000-32 or 32ST

Smart® Band 32mm or Smart® Tie 32mm – Tensioning & Cutting Tool

PART NUMBER SM-FT-3000-32 or SM-FT-3000-32STDIMENSIONS 600x255x130mmWEIGHT 7.50kgBOX QUANTITY 1HCL’s premium pneumatic tool is capable of fitting a Smart® Band strap in four-seconds flat, competing favourably with traditional titanium or nickel alloy systems, but with many other benefits including cost and retention.




Smart® Tie 32mm (1¼")



Smart® Band Hybrid

32mm (1¼”)PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 16500 1683 3709 9000 918 2023PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 16500 1683 3709 9000 918 2023

Final Retention Force may be slightly lower on very small diameters. Final Retention Force will be significantly higher on very large diameters.

14


6 Tensile Strength

15

6.1] System Tensile tests - Introduction

Tensile testing of Smart® Tie and Smart® Band is carried out in controlled conditions. A bespoke fixture comprising of two half shells is mounted onto a tensile test machine. The Smart® Tie and Smart® Band Products are fitted to the fixture and are tested and monitored to ascertain the tensile strength of the system. Stress/strain graphs are plotted.

Test Fixture: 2x Steel half-shells Test pre-load: 200N Test Speed: 5mm/min (10mm/min Effective circumferential speed) Specimen Length: As per ‘System Test Diameter and Circumference Table’ below Specimen Condition: 23°C at 50% RH

F*

F*

F/2F/2

*F= System Force or Global Strap Tension

6.1.1] System Test Diameter and Circumference Table

Test Test Circumference

mm inch mm inch

100 3.9 330 13.0

200 7.9 650 25.6

280 11.0 910 35.8

400 15.7 1300 51.2

600 23.6 1950 76.8

800 31.5 2600 102.4

6.1.2] General Notes

The Elastic Modulus (gradient of the curve) increases with the diameter. This is because the recorded strain includes the flexing of the Smart® Band buckle, which is proportionately higher for decreasing diameters.

Results shown are for test specimens at 23°C and 50% Relative Humidity. PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) specimens at a higher humidity would be expected to be less stiff (lower Elastic Modulus), have a lower strength and a higher strain; conversely, PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) specimens at a lower humidity would be expected to be stiffer (higher Elastic Modulus), have a higher strength and a lower strain.


6 Tensile Strength6.2] Smart® Tie System Tensile tests

6.2.1] Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) System Tensile tests

Line No Band Size MaterialTest Diameter System Yield Strength

Circumferential Yield Strain

mm N kgf lbf %

1

20mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)100 5250 536 1180 18.0

2 200 5030 513 1131 18.7

3PA12 (Nylon 12)

100 4273 436 959 9.7

4 200 4061 414 911 7.8

5PA11 (Nylon 11)

100 3920 400 881 14.8

6 200 4040 412 908 14.2

7PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide)

100 5302 541 1192 8.3

8 200 5039 514 1133 10.2

0 20 60 80 100400

2000

4000

6000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1 2

5

6

8

7

4

3

Note: Curves offset along x-axis in 5% intervals for clarity

6.2.2] Smart® Tie 32mm (1¼”) System Tensile tests

Line No Band Size MaterialTest Diameter System Yield Strength

Circumferential Yield Strain

mm N kgf lbf %

1

32mm (1¼”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)100 TBC TBC TBC TBC

2 200 TBC TBC TBC TBC

3PA12 (Nylon 12)

100 TBC TBC TBC TBC


5PA11 (Nylon 11)

100 TBC TBC TBC TBC


7PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide)

100 TBC TBC TBC TBC


16


6 Tensile Strength6.3] Smart® Band System Tensile Strength – Hybrid Buckle

6.3.1] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System Test – PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

Line No Band Size MaterialTest Diameter System Break Strength

Circumferential Break Strain

mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

200 11910 1215 2677 3.7

2 280 13190 1345 2965 2.7

3 400 11600 1183 2608 2.2

4 600 12720 1297 2859 2.0

5 800 11460 1169 2576 1.7Note: Strength is measured using Dry As Moulded components. Values will vary as the product conditions.

0 1 3 420

5000

15000

10000

Strain (%)

Forc

e (N

) 1

2

3

4

5

6.3.2] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System Test – PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)

200 12530 1278 2817 2.8

2 280 12990 1325 2920 2.0

3 400 12470 1272 2803 1.7

4 600 12950 1321 2911 1.5


0 1 320

5000

15000

10000

Forc

e (N

)

Strain (%)

1

2

3

4

5

17


6 Tensile Strength6.3] Smart® Band System Tensile Strength – Hybrid Buckle

6.3.3] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System Test – PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)



mm N kgf lbf %

1

19mm (¾”) PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)

200 10670 1088 2399 3.4

2 280 10610 1082 2385 2.3

3 400 11230 1145 2525 2.0

4 600 11790 1203 2650 1.8


0 1 3 420

8000

6000

4000

2000

14000

10000

12000

Strain (%)

Forc

e (N

)

1

2

3

4

5

18


7 Creep and Stress RelaxationThe phenomenon known as creep describes how materials strain (stretch/compress) when subjected to a constant stress (tensile/compressive force). Stress Relaxation, which views the same phenomena from a different stand point, describes how materials relieve stress when subjected to a constant strain. In simple terms:

Creep: The test specimen is held at a constant force and the deformation (increase/decrease in length) is measured over time.

Stress Relaxation: The test specimen is held in a constant position and the change in force (increase/decrease) is measured over time.

Smart® Band is made from a combination of engineering polymers, which possess strong creep resistant characteristics, in combination with glass fibre yarn to reduce the effects of creep to a minimum.

The chemical composition of PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) gives good creep resistant properties, as summed up by Arkema in their technical book “RILSAN® Polyamide 11 in oil and gas, page 6”

“The excellent properties of polyamides and in particular polyamide 11 are a result of the amide linkages in the chain which allow a strong interaction between the chains by hydrogen bonds. Low creep, high abrasion resistance, good resistance to fatigue and high

barrier properties are a direct result of these strong inter-chain interactions.”

7.1] Stress Relaxtion

This section concentrates on Stress Relaxation, which is generally more relevant in strapping applications. All tests were carried out at 18–20°C.

7.1.1] Stress Relaxation over time for Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) and Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) systems

Line No Product Band Size Band & Buckle MaterialStarting System

ForceTension after 1 Year Approx

Tension after 5 Years Approx

Tension after 25 Years Approx

N N N N

1

Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 2000 700 600 450

2 PA11 (Nylon 11) 1400 350 250 175

3 PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 1000 800 750 700

4

Smart® Band 19mm (¾”)

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 5000 4000 3900 3800

5 PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 5000 3600 3400 3300

6 PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 5000 3300 3100 2900

7.1.2] Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) System 7.1.3] Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Hybrid System

0 100 1000 10000 100000 1exp6 1exp7 1exp8 1exp90

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Log Time (s)

Forc

e (N

)

1 ye

ar

50 y

ears

5 ye

ars

10 y

ears

25 y

ears

3

12

0 100 1000 10000 100000 1exp6 1exp7 1exp8 1exp90

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Log Time (s)

Forc

e (N

)

1 ye

ar

50 y

ears

5 ye

ars

10 y

ears

25 y

ears

5

6

4

*Due to the hygroscopic nature of PA66 (Nylon 6.6.), the retention force would be less than shown if immersed in water.

19


8 Axial RetentionAxial retention is an important consideration when clamping cables to downhole pipes. The clamping retention of the cable must be large enough to cope with two aspects of the installation: 1. The weight of the cable 2. The expected resistance when snags and joint spacing’s etc. are encountered.Open well situations need very careful consideration as the forces encountered from snags may be much higher than a cased well installation.

8.1] Banding Axial Retention

The following jig setup on a Tensile Testing machine was used to measure the axial retention for Smart® Tie and Smart® Band products. The tests include a comparison with steel strap.

Test pre-load: 20NTest Speed: 10mm/minSpecimen Condition: 23°C at 50% RH

8.1.1] Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) and Smart® Band 19mm (¾”) Axial Retention

Line No

Banding Steel Tube Ø Steel Tube

Description

Axial Retention

Product Material mm inchSurface Finish

Max Force (N)

Total Movement

(mm)

1

Smart® Tie 20mm ¾”

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

120.5 4.74

Sand-blastedfinish. Grit

size FEPA F46 (370µm mean

diameter)

Axial loading applied to Smart® Tie head

3957 50.1

2 PA12 (Nylon 12) 3734 106.3

3 PA11 (Nylon 11) 2735 69.5

4PPS (Polyphenylene

Sulphide)2241 37.1

5PEEK

(Poly Ether Ether Ketone)

2569 26.7

6Metal Banding

19mm ¾”Stainless Steel Axial loading applied to Stainless Steel Buckle 3975 36.6

7

Smart® Band 19mm ¾”

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

200 7.87



diameter)

Axial loading applied to Smart® Band head

2684 34.0

8 PA12 (Nylon 12) 2756 24.5

9 PA11 (Nylon 11) 2246 20.6

NB. Axial Retention varies with the band tension and surface finish of the application.

0 20 40 80 100 120600

1000

2000

3000

6000

4000

Strain (mm)

Forc

e (N

)

6 1

3

4

52

0 4020 60 100800

1000

2000

3000

Strain (mm)

Forc

e (N

)

7

9

8

Note: Curves offset along x-axis in 10mm intervals for clarity

20


8 Axial Retention8.2] Banding and Smart® Protector Assembly Axial Retention

The following jig setup on a Tensile Testing machine was used to measure the axial retention for various strapping solutions when assembled with a Smart® Protector.

Test pre-load: 20NTest Speed: 10mm/minSpecimen Condition: 23°C at 50% RH

8.2.1] Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) with SP-100 Smart® Protector Axial Retention

Line No

Smart® Tie 20mm (¾“) Smart® Protector SP-100 Steel Tube Ø Steel TubeDescription

Axial Retention

Material mm inch Surface FinishMax Force

(N)Total Movement

(mm)

1 PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

120.5 4.74



diameter

Axial loading applied to SP-

100 with cables in assembly

with Smart® Tie

4901 71.0

2 PA12 (Nylon 12) PA12 (Nylon 12) 3310 84.2

3 PA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) 3775 103.8

4 PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) TBC TBC

5 PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) TBC TBC


0 604020 80 1201000

1000

2000

3000

5000

4000

Strain (mm)

Forc

e (N

) 2

3

1

21




Line No


Axial Retention


(N)Total Movement

(mm)

1 PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

120.5 4.74



diameter

Axial loading applied to

SP-200 with cables in

assembly with Smart® Tie

3882 54.6

2 PA12 (Nylon 12) PA12 (Nylon 12) 3932 119.6

3 PA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) 3819 105.2

4 PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 2274 31.5



0 604020 80 1201000

1000

2000

3000

4000

Strain (mm)

Forc

e (N

)

3

2

1

4


Line No


Axial Retention


(N)Total Movement

(mm)

1 PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

120.5 4.74



diameter


SP-300 with cables in

assembly with Smart® Tie

4472 67.6

2 PA12 (Nylon 12) PA12 (Nylon 12) TBC TBC

3 PA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) 3767 105.5




0 604020 80 1201000

1000

2000

3000

5000

4000

Strain (mm)

Forc

e (N

)

4

3

1

22



8.2.4] Smart® Tie 20mm (¾”) with SP-400-3820 Smart® Protector Axial Retention

Line No

Smart® Tie 20mm (¾“) Smart® Protector SP-400-3820 Steel Tube Ø Steel TubeDescription

Axial Retention


(N)Total Movement

(mm)

1 PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

120.5 4.74



diameter


SP-400-3820 with cables in assembly with

Smart® Tie

1620 35.7


3 PA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) 3665 99.9




0 604020 80 1201000

1000

2000

3000

4000

Strain (mm)

Forc

e (N

)

3

14


Line No


Axial Retention


(N)Total Movement

(mm)

1 PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

120.5 4.74



diameter



Smart® Tie

2719 40.4


3 PA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) 3560 102.6




0 604020 80 1201000

1000

2000

3000

4000

Strain (mm)

Forc

e (N

)

1

34

23




Line No


Axial Retention


(N)Total Movement

(mm)

1 PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

120.5 4.74



diameter



Smart® Tie

4645 71.9


3 PA11 (Nylon 11) PA11 (Nylon 11) 3555 104.3




0 604020 80 1201000

1000

2000

3000

5000

4000

Strain (mm)

Forc

e (N

)

28

26


Line No


Axial Retention


(N)Total Movement

(mm)

1 PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

120.5 4.74



diameter



Smart® Tie

TBC TBC






24


9 Impact StrengthImpact strength is of particular interest in the use of HCL Smart® products. Whether it is a downhole, subsea or a topside application there is often a chance that Smart® products will encounter considerable impact at times.

The following data is derived from various tests involving dropping a known weight from a known height.

The standard energy equation – Energy (Joules) = MGH is applied where: M = Mass Kg G = Gravity 9.81 m/s2 H = Height m

9.1] Smart® Protector Impact Strength

9.1.1] Rig-floor Impact Strength

The rig-floor durability of the SP-300 in PA66 material was testing using an impact rig setup as shown below. The maximum height and weight which the moulding survives indicated the sustainable impact energy level.

The impact testing was conducted using an impactor of a variable weight, dropping it from various heights. Runs progressively reduce both factors until the Smart® Protector survives the impact. Note that the test is conducted using purely the protector alone (to simulate rig-floor use) and therefore does not contain an insert such as an ESP cable that would give it more impact strength if in downhole use.

Drop Height (mm) Weight (kg) Impact Energy (J) Result

Test 1 4470 2.34 103 Failure - fractured

Test 2 3080 2.66 80.3 Slight bruising

Test 3 4080 2.66 106 Slight bruising

*The material maintained integrity after impacts of maximum possible energy from apparatus used 176Kg x 9.81 m/s2 x 2.91m = 5000 Joules (2 sig fig).

9.2] Smart® Band Impact Strength

The weight is adjusted accordingly to set the correct impact energy but the bottom impact area of the weight is always 100mm (4 inches) in diameter.

Size/Component Material Maximum Impact Energy Without Loss of Integrity or Tension J

19mm (¾”) BandPA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled)

5000+*

19mm (¾”) Buckle 5000+*

19mm (¾”) BandPA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled)

5000+*

19mm (¾”) Buckle 5000+*

*The material maintained integrity after impacts of maximum possible energy from apparatus used 176Kg x 9.81 m/s2 x 2.91m = 5000 Joules (2 sig fig).

25


10 AbrasionThe base engineering polymers used to create Smart® products have low friction and good abrasion resistant properties. In addition to this the shape of the Smart® Protector is such that it allows the protector to slide over points of conflict such as casing joints, The abraded surface is also thick enough to allow abrasion over thousands of feet against the downhole casing. In conditions where the downhole casing is lined the Smart® Protector is less likely to damage the lining in the same way that a steel product would. The overall effect gives superior abrasion and snagging protection to cables downhole, preventing catastrophic failure of the cable.

10.1] Abrasion Comparison

Smart® Band has been widely used in offshore applications where abrasion is a factor.The banding has been proven to withstand abrasive conditions and shock from foreign debris that are often evident near the shore line.

Description Standard

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

PA12 (Nylon 12)

PA11 (Nylon 11)

PA11GF (Nylon 11

Glass-filled)

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Mechanical Properties

Abrasion Resistance

The susceptibility to wear caused by abrasion. The figures shown are relative to Nylon 11, ‘2.8’ means 2.8 times more wear than Nylon 11.

NFT 46-102 2.8 1 1 2

10.2] Smart® Protector Abrasion

The following test rig was used to test the SP-300 in PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) for abrasion.The rig is designed to simulate abrasion experienced while running into a cased oilwell with 40ft joint spacings. The joint along the internal face of the casing string is ideally flush, but in the worst case could be ½” wide.The two images directly below show the hydraulic ram which applies the required side load to simulate well doglegs.

The abrasion test was conducted using the worst casing joint gap on the abrading wheel with a constant extreme load running against the moulded parts, as shown in the three images directly below. The wheel was run to simulate a determined number of casing feet and joints. Boiling water was also continuously flooded onto the abrading zone during the test.

Note: Water temperature was 100 °C. Linear abrasion speed was 60 ft/min (0.3m/sec

The results are shown in the table below:

Casing Distance ft No of Joints Side Loading ton Description Result

Test 1 38,400 960 2.5 SP-300, PA6.6 (Nylon 6.6.) Minor surface wear

Test 2 6,600 165 2.5SP-300, PA6.6 (Nylon 6.6.)

soaked in dieselMinor surface wear

Test rig with front cover removed Test rig setup

Hydraulic ram applies 2.5 tons sideload

against wheel.

½” 12.7mm

Extent of abrasion for Test 1

26


11 Material Properties

Description Standard Units

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA12 (Nylon 12) PA11 (Nylon 11) PPS (Polyphenylene

Sulphide)

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether

Ketone)Dry As

MouldedConditioned

(50% RH)Dry As

MouldedConditioned

(50% RH)Conditioned

(50% RH)

Physical Properties

Density Mass per Volume, also known as ‘Specific Gravity’. The units g/cm3 = g/ml ISO 1183g/cm3

(oz/inch3)1.14

(0.66)1.01

(0.58)1.03

(0.60)1.25

(0.72)1.30

(0.75)

Water Absorption at 23°C: The mass of water absorbed from the atmosphere as a % of the total mass:

24 hours at 50% RH - 24 hours after moulding. ISO 62 % 1.1 0.7 0.03 0.1

Equilibrium at 50% RH - When an equilibrium (constant quantity) is reached. ISO 62 % 2.4 1.5 0.9 0.05 0.1

Saturation (in water) - The maximum mass of water that can potentially be absorbed. ISO 62 % 8.5 1.6 1.9 0.05 0.25


Tensile: Material properties exhibited whilst under tension. A test specimen is held at both ends and loaded so that the specimen is stretched under tension.

Modulus A measure of the stiffness of a material during elastic (non-permanent) deformation. Tensile Modulus = Tensile Stress / Tensile Strain

= (Force / Area) / (Increase in Length / Original Length)ISO 527 MPa 3000 1400 1100 1450 1230 2300 4000

Strength at Yield The Stress (Force per Area) required to yield a test bar, i.e. to cause plastic (permanent) deformation

ISO 527 MPa 83 66 40 42 40 58 104

Strength at Break The Stress (Force per Area) required to break a test bar ISO 527 MPa 50 69 55 65-75

Elongation at Yield The % increase in length of a test bar at the Yield point, i.e. at the onset of plastic (permanent) deformation. Elongation = Strain x 100

ISO 527 % 4.5 25 12 6 8 7 5.0

Elongation at Break The % increase in length of a test bar at the break point, i.e. when the material fractures. Elongation = Strain x 100

ISO 527 % 25 105 >50 380 25 10-20

Flexural: Material properties exhibited whilst under flexure (bending). A test specimen is supported at both ends and a load applied at the mid-point of the specimen in order to cause 3-point bending.

Modulus A measure of the stiffness of a material during elastic (non-permanent) deformation. Flexural Modulus = Flexural Stress / Flexural Strain = {(3 x Force x Length) / (2 x Width x Height2)} /

{(6 x Deflection x Height) / (Length2)} = (Force x Length3) / (4 x Width x Height3 x Deflection)

ISO 178 MPa 2900 1350 1100 1100 2300 3900

Strength Also known as ‘Modulus of Rupture’ or ‘Bend Strength’. The Stress required to break a test bar through 3-point bending.

ISO 178 MPa 86 22 75 134

Impact Resistance: The relative susceptability to fracture under stresses applied at high speeds.

Charpy at +23°C (73°F)

The energy required to fracture a sample held in a 3-point bending configuration.

ISO 179 kJ/m2 No break >100 No break No break No break

Charpy at -30°C (-22°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 >100

Charpy at -55°C (-67°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 No break No break 80 No break

Charpy notched at +23°C (73°F)The energy required to fracture a notched sample held in a 3-point bending configuration.

ISO 179 kJ/m2 6.6 7 10 15 5.5

Charpy notched at -30°C (-22°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 5.3 6 12 8

Charpy notched at -55°C (-67°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 4.9

Electrical Properties

Dielectric Strength (step-by-step) 3.2mm

The voltage required to produce dielectric breakdown of the material, i.e. the maximum voltage the material can insulate per unit thickness.

DIN IEC 60243 kV/mm 20 30 13 15.1

Volume Resistivity 3.2mm The resistance to the flow of electric current through the body of a material. DIN IEC 60093 x1011 ohm-m 400 10 10 650 3.8

Surface Resistivity 3.2mm The resistance to the flow of electric current along the surface of a material. DIN IEC 60093 x1012 ohm 100 3000 >1,9

Comparative Tracking Index 3.0mm The voltage which causes tracking after 50 drops of 0.1% ammonium chloride solution have fallen on the material. The results of testing at 3 mm thickness are considered representative of the material's performance in any thickness. Tracking is an electrical breakdown on the surface of an insulating material. A large voltage difference gradually creates a conductive leakage path across the surface of the material by forming a carbonized track.

DIN IEC 60112 V 400-599 125 150

27

w w w . h c l f a s t e n e r s . c o m w w w . h c l f a s t e n e r s . c o m


PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) PA12 (Nylon 12) PA11 (Nylon 11) PPS (Polyphenylene

Sulphide)

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether

Ketone)Dry As

MouldedConditioned

(50% RH)Dry As

MouldedConditioned

(50% RH)Conditioned

(50% RH)

Physical Properties

Density Mass per Volume, also known as ‘Specific Gravity’. The units g/cm3 = g/ml ISO 1183g/cm3

(oz/inch3)1.14

(0.66)1.01

(0.58)1.03

(0.60)1.25

(0.72)1.30

(0.75)

Water Absorption at 23°C: The mass of water absorbed from the atmosphere as a % of the total mass:

24 hours at 50% RH - 24 hours after moulding. ISO 62 % 1.1 0.7 0.03 0.1

Equilibrium at 50% RH - When an equilibrium (constant quantity) is reached. ISO 62 % 2.4 1.5 0.9 0.05 0.1

Saturation (in water) - The maximum mass of water that can potentially be absorbed. ISO 62 % 8.5 1.6 1.9 0.05 0.25


Tensile: Material properties exhibited whilst under tension. A test specimen is held at both ends and loaded so that the specimen is stretched under tension.

Modulus A measure of the stiffness of a material during elastic (non-permanent) deformation. Tensile Modulus = Tensile Stress / Tensile Strain

= (Force / Area) / (Increase in Length / Original Length)ISO 527 MPa 3000 1400 1100 1450 1230 2300 4000

Strength at Yield The Stress (Force per Area) required to yield a test bar, i.e. to cause plastic (permanent) deformation

ISO 527 MPa 83 66 40 42 40 58 104

Strength at Break The Stress (Force per Area) required to break a test bar ISO 527 MPa 50 69 55 65-75

Elongation at Yield The % increase in length of a test bar at the Yield point, i.e. at the onset of plastic (permanent) deformation. Elongation = Strain x 100

ISO 527 % 4.5 25 12 6 8 7 5.0

Elongation at Break The % increase in length of a test bar at the break point, i.e. when the material fractures. Elongation = Strain x 100

ISO 527 % 25 105 >50 380 25 10-20

Flexural: Material properties exhibited whilst under flexure (bending). A test specimen is supported at both ends and a load applied at the mid-point of the specimen in order to cause 3-point bending.

Modulus A measure of the stiffness of a material during elastic (non-permanent) deformation. Flexural Modulus = Flexural Stress / Flexural Strain = {(3 x Force x Length) / (2 x Width x Height2)} /

{(6 x Deflection x Height) / (Length2)} = (Force x Length3) / (4 x Width x Height3 x Deflection)

ISO 178 MPa 2900 1350 1100 1100 2300 3900

Strength Also known as ‘Modulus of Rupture’ or ‘Bend Strength’. The Stress required to break a test bar through 3-point bending.

ISO 178 MPa 86 22 75 134

Impact Resistance: The relative susceptability to fracture under stresses applied at high speeds.

Charpy at +23°C (73°F)

The energy required to fracture a sample held in a 3-point bending configuration.

ISO 179 kJ/m2 No break >100 No break No break No break

Charpy at -30°C (-22°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 >100

Charpy at -55°C (-67°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 No break No break 80 No break

Charpy notched at +23°C (73°F)The energy required to fracture a notched sample held in a 3-point bending configuration.

ISO 179 kJ/m2 6.6 7 10 15 5.5

Charpy notched at -30°C (-22°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 5.3 6 12 8

Charpy notched at -55°C (-67°F) ISO 179 kJ/m2 4.9

Electrical Properties

Dielectric Strength (step-by-step) 3.2mm

The voltage required to produce dielectric breakdown of the material, i.e. the maximum voltage the material can insulate per unit thickness.

DIN IEC 60243 kV/mm 20 30 13 15.1

Volume Resistivity 3.2mm The resistance to the flow of electric current through the body of a material. DIN IEC 60093 x1011 ohm-m 400 10 10 650 3.8

Surface Resistivity 3.2mm The resistance to the flow of electric current along the surface of a material. DIN IEC 60093 x1012 ohm 100 3000 >1,9

Comparative Tracking Index 3.0mm The voltage which causes tracking after 50 drops of 0.1% ammonium chloride solution have fallen on the material. The results of testing at 3 mm thickness are considered representative of the material's performance in any thickness. Tracking is an electrical breakdown on the surface of an insulating material. A large voltage difference gradually creates a conductive leakage path across the surface of the material by forming a carbonized track.

DIN IEC 60112 V 400-599 125 150

11 Material Properties

28


12 Temperature Resistance and FlammabilityThe following information gives maximum and minimum temperature recommendations for the base polymers used in the production of the Smart® product range. It should be noted that as temperatures increase, mechanical properties generally reduce.

It is important that full well tests are carried out to ensure suitability for applications especially where raised temperatures are an issue. There may also be other chemicals in the vicinity that can adversely affect the performance of the polymers especially at higher temperatures and should be considered when specifying Smart® products. In aggressive high temperature environments it is recommended to select either flexible PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) or PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) as the base polymer.

The data on flammability gives UL94 ratings for the different polymers. With the introduction of flexible PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) and PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) the Smart® product range now boasts VO rated flammability.


PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)

PA12 (Nylon 12)

PA11 (Nylon 11) PPS

(Polyphenylene Sulphide)

PEEK (Poly Ether

Ether Ketone)Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Dry As Moulded

Temperature Recommendations

Working Temperature

General guidelines on permissable application temperatures

Minimum °C°C

(°F)-30

(-22)-40

(-40)-40

(-40)-60

(-76)

Maximum Continuous* °C

°C (°F)

125 (257)

100 (212)

105 (221)

175 (347)

250 (482)

Occasional Peaks °C°C

(°F)170

(338)150

(302)130

(266)200

(392)310

(590)

Thermal Properties

Melting PointThe temperature at which the Polymer melts, i.e. turns from a solid to a liquid

ISO 11357°C

(°F)260

(500)178

(352)189

(372)280

(536)343

(649)

Heat Deflection Temperature A measure of short-term heat

resistance. A test specimen is loaded in a 3-point bending configuration, then heated until a specified deflection is reached

1.82 MPa ISO 75°C

(°F)70

(158)45

(113)50

(122)103

(217)160

(320)

0.45 MPa ISO 75°C

(°F)200

(392)115

(239)145

(293)/

Vicat Softening Temperature

The temperature at which a flat-ended needle penetrates a test specimen to a depth of 1mm under a specified load

50N ISO 306°C

(°F)236

(457)154

(309)160

(320)225

(437)/

10N ISO 306°C

(°F)255

(491)166

(331)180

(356)270

(518)/

Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion

A measure of the change in size of an object as its temperature changes

2mm - Parallel, 23°C - 55°C

ISO 1135910-5 mm/mm/°C

1.1 1.2 8.5 8 4.95

2mm - Normal, 23°C - 55°C

ISO 1135910-5 mm/mm/°C

1.2 1.4 8.5 4.92

Flammability

Flame Resistance (0.75 - 3.0mm Thickness):

Flammability Ratings Defined: V-2 burning stops within 30 seconds on a vertical specimen; drips of flaming particles allowed.V-0 burning stops within 10 seconds on a vertical specimen; drips of particles allowed as long as they are not enflamed.

UL 94 Class V-2 HB V-2 V-0 V-0

*Stated temperatures are based on the tensile half-life, e.g. elongation, of the material measured in a controlled environment. Other factors, e.g. the presence of chemicals, may significantly reduce this value

29


13 Chemical ResistancePlease note that the Chemical resistance of PA12 (Nylon 12) is regarded as being virtually identical to PA11 (Nylon 11).

13.1] Chemical Resistance and Ageing

PA12 (Nylon 12) & PA11 (Nylon 11) Typically has very low degradation due to water and a whole variety of petrochemicals. Track records since PA11 (Nylon 11) were first introduced over 50 years ago, show extremely high resistance to a whole variety of offshore chemical environments.

13.1.2] Overview: compatibility between PA11 (Nylon 11) grades BESNO 13.1.1] Lifetime of Rilsan PA11(Nylon 11) in water (PH 7) P40 TLO, TL and TLX and different chemical classes

20 40 60 80 100 120 1401.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

Temperature (°C)

Tim

e (y

ears

)

40 years lifetime

120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Temperature (°C)

Tim

e (d

ays)

1 year

5 years

10 years

20 years

Water

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4

Water is the critical chemical medium for Polyamides (such as PA11). Deionised water (pH = 7) does not contain salts (such as Sodium Chloride), so the probability of chemical interaction between the water molecules and the amide groups is maximised. Salt water contains salts which do not interact with the Polyamide. The salts bind a certain amount of water by forming a shell of water molecules around each salt ion. The presence of salts therefore reduces the speed of the water absorption of the Polyamide.

13.1.3] Overview of Chemical Classes

Chemical Liquid Base Functions Compatibility Class

oxypropylated and/or oxyethylated alkylphenols “non ionic surfactants”

hydrocarbon, water/glycol demulsifier < water

ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers hydrocarbon demulsifier < water

glycol esters hydrocarbon demulsifier < water

fatty amines hydrocarbon, water, water/glycol corrosion inhibitor class 1

imidazoline derivatives hydrocarbon, water, water/glycol corrosion inhibitor class 1

sulphite derivatives water, water/glycol corrosion inhibitor class 2

bisulphite salts water oxygen scavenger class 2

quaternary ammonium salts, “quats”, ammonium salts

water, water/glycol biocides < water

aldehydes water, water/glycol biocides class 2

polyacrylateswater, water/glycol

paraffine inhibitors scale inhibitors

class 1

organic phosphonateswater, water/glycol

scale inhibitors corrosion inhibitors

class 3

organic sulfonateswater, water/glycol

scale inhibitors corrosion inhibitors

class 3

hydrochloric acid 15% water well stimulation class 4

hydrofluoric acid 15% water well stimulation class 4

“< water” means that the chemical is less aggressive than water.

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide)Is essentially unaffected by a broad class of chemicals at elevated temperatures and for prolonged periods of time. In general, the few classes of compounds that may cause some loss of mechanical properties include strong acids, oxidizing agents, and some amines.

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone)Is one of the industry’s most chemically resistant plastics and offers very high temperature continuous use performance. It is exceptionally resistant to aggressive chemicals such as organics, acids and bases.

30


13 Chemical Resistance13.2] CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) and H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide)

Acidic gases and Sour gas are often associated with upstream operations. This section deals with the resistance to CO2 acidic gas and H2S sour gas. The presence of these gases can create a hostile environment and have a detrimental effect on downhole hardware. The polymers selected for Smart® Protector and Smart® Tie have good resistance to these gases. The resistance increases in order of the polymer choice i.e. PA66 (Nylon 6.6.), PA12 (Nylon 12) & PA11 (Nylon 11), PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) and PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone); with PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) having the best resistance.

Although there is not as much data available for the resistance of PA66 to sour and sweet gas the general chemical resistance at room temperature to CO2 and H2S is classed as good.However where there are concerns about the concentration levels of these gases especially at higher temperatures then other polymer options for the Smart® range of products should be chosen.

PA12 (Nylon 12) & PA11 (Nylon 11)PA12 (Nylon 12) & PA11 (Nylon 11) shows good resistance to sour and sweet gas environments.The graphs below give the resistance of the polymers when in contact with CO2 in various guises.

140 130 120 110 100 90 80 701

10000

1000

100

10

100000

Temperature (°C)

Life

tim

e (D

ays)

20 YEARS

10 YEARS

5 YEARS

1 YEAR

pure water pH =7pH=5 CO2 liquidpH=4 CO2 gasph=4 CO2 liquid

140 130 120 110 100 90 80 701

10000

1000

100

10

100000

Temperature (°C)

Life

tim

e (D

ays)

20 YEARS

10 YEARS

5 YEARS

1 YEAR

pure water pH =7pH=4 CO2 liquidStrong organic acid

Note: Data taken from Arkema – “Rilsan Offshore Fluids and Compatibility Guide”

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60000

400

450

300

350

100

150

200

250

50

500

Time (Hours)

Elon

gati

on a

t B

reak

(%

)

Table comparing initial and aged mechanical properties

Elongated at break (%) Stress at rupture (Mpa) Stress at yield (Mpa) Elongation at yield (%) Tensile modulus (Gpa)

Aged sample 315 ± 38 46.7 ± 8,3 27.7 ± 0.5 42.4 ± 0.6 2.82 ± 0.02

Initial sample 359 ± 48 42.0 ± 3,0 – – 2.78 ± 0.008


31


13 Chemical Resistance13.2.1] NORSOK M-710 – Lifetimes

Specifically the NORSOK M-710 qualification requires that all sub- components of oilfield equipment must be approved to stated specifications. Specifically, materials are rigorously tested and approved based on numerous criteria such as Explosive Decompression Resistance (EDR), sour and sweet gas ageing, compression set tests, and material property tests.

PA12 (Nylon 12) & PA11 (Nylon 11) & PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) The following graph gives predicted lifetimes for PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) and PA11 (Nylon 11) against temperature:

PPSPA11

70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 2000

20

25

15

10

5

30

Temperature (°C)

Serv

ice

Life

(Ye

ars)

*Lifetime defined as tensile strength reducing by 50% for PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) and elongation reducing by 50% for PA11 (Nylon 11)Note: Data taken from Fortron “Protect Against Sour Gas Corrosive Conditions with Fortron® PPS”

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) has very good resistance to sour and sweet gases and is covered in section 13.2 and 13.3 where NORSOK M-710 and Permeability data is available.

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone)Tests have been performed to simulate sour and sweet gas environments. The following graphs show results from tests based on NORSOK M-710 but more aggressive. They show that PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) has robust performance in sour and sweet environments at concentrations of 20% H2S at 170°C (338°F). They therefore fulfil the NORSOK M-170 acceptance criteria for sour ageing.

Tensile strength of PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) Tensile elongation of PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) exposed at 170°C (338°F)(1) exposed at 170°C (338°F)(1)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 1000090

15.5

105

14.5

15.0

100

13.5

14.0

95

110

Exposure time (Hours)

Ten

sile

Str

engt

h (

Mp

a) Tensile Stren

gth (kp

si)

SweetSour

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 100000

25

20

15

10

5

30


Ten

sile

elo

nga

tion

(%

)

SweetSour

(1) Tested at 50 mm/min (2 in./min) (1) Tested at 50 mm/min (2 in./min)

32


13 Chemical ResistanceTensile modulus of PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) Tensile strength of PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) after high exposed at 170°C (338°F)(1) temperature ageing in sour environment(1)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 100003.0

700

4.5

600

650

4.0

500

450

550

3.5

5.0


Ten

sile

mod

ulus

(G

Pa)

Tensile m

odulus (kp

si)

SweetSour

0 200 400 600 800 100085

15.0

100

14.0

14.5

95

13.0

12.5

13.5

90

105


Ten

sile

str

engt

h (

MP

a) Tensile stren

gth (kp

si)

200°C (392°F)215°C (419°F)

(1) Tested at 50 mm/min (2 in./min) (1) 200°C samples tested at 5 mm/min (0.2 in./min),

Tensile elongation of PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) after Tensile modulus of PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) after

high temperature ageing in sour environment(1) high temperature ageing in sour environment(1)

0 200 400 600 800 10000

70

60

50

20

40

30

10

80


Ten

sile

elo

nga

tion

(%

)

200°C (392°F)215°C (419°F)

0 200 400 600 800 10003.0

700

4.5

600

650

4.0

500

450

550

3.5

5.0


Ten

sile

mod

ulus

(G

Pa)

Tensile m

odulus (kp

si)

200°C (392°F)215°C (419°F)

(1) 200°C samples tested at 5 mm/min (0.2 in./min), (1) 200°C samples tested at 5 mm/min (0.2 in./min), 215°C samples tested at 50 mm/min (2 in./min) 215°C samples tested at 50 mm/min (2 in./min)

Note: Data taken from Solvay – “Ketaspire® PEEK Design & Processing Guide”

33


13.3] Permeability

Permeability is an important factor to look when determining the chemical resistance.All Smart® polymers have good permeability properties that make them suitable for use in downhole applications.

PA12 (Nylon 12) & PA11 (Nylon 11)

P (bar)/f (bar) T (°C)Permeability cm3.cm/

cm3.s.bar 10-8Diffusion cm2/s 10-7 Solubility cm3/cm3.bar

CH4 96 99 3.8 7.3 0.0599 99 4.4 6.1 0.07103 78 2 2.8 0.0797 80 2 3.3 0.06101 61 0.8 2.6 0.03103 61 0.9 2.2 0.04102 41 0.4101 60 0.8 2.2 0.03

CO2 40 79 10 4.5 0.2239 80 9.4 4.7 0.239 60 4.5 1.9 0.2339 61 4.4 2.3 0.1941 41 1.5 0.9 0.16

H2S 100/47.5 80 67 7.6 0.88103/48 80 66 8.2 0.892/47 80 77 9.2 0.8441/33 80 43 4.2 1.0440/33 80 38 4.5 0.85


Fluid Conditions Permeation value/cm3.cm/cm2.s.barCH4 70°C, 100 bars 9x 10-9

CO2 70°C, 100 bars 50x10-9

H2O 70°C, 50 to 100 bars 2x10-6 to 7x10-6

H2S 70°C, 100 bars 1x5x10-7

Methanol 23°C, 1 bar 3.7x10-9


Fluid Permeation value/cm3.cm/cm2.s.bar70°C, 25 bar 70°C, 50 bar 70°C, 75 bar 70°C, 100 bar

CH4 0.53x10-7 1.4x10-7 1.9x10-7 1.8x10-7

CO2 2.3x10-7 5.8x10-7 7.8x10-7 7.8x10-7

H2O 3.6x10-6 6.5x10-6 3.4x10-6 1.9x10-6


PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide)

The PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) polymer is relatively impermeable to gases, fuels and other liquids compared to other materials. The combination of low permeability and high chemical resistance makes PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) an excellent material where a high gas barrier is needed.

The following bar graphs illustrate the superior performance of PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide).

CO2 Transmission Data (cc/sq.m./day) Fuel Permeability 60°C, 4 bar

0

2000

1500

1000

500

PPS PEEK

CO

2 (c

c/sq

.m/d

ay)

Testing Temperature 23°C 37°C 85°C

0

600

500

400

100

200

300

FAM A FAM A 35% Methanol Methanol

Per

mea

bili

ty C

oeff

icie

nt

– g

mm

/m2 /

day

PPS EVOH Nylon 12

Note: Sample thickness was 0.005 inches*Note: Data taken from Fortron “Protect Against Sour Gas Corrosive Conditions with Fortron® PPS”

13 Chemical Resistance

34


13 Chemical Resistance13

.4]

Gen

eral

Che

mic

al R

esis

tanc

e

All

poly

mer

s us

ed in

the

pro

duct

ion

of S

mar

t® T

ie a

nd S

mar

t® P

rote

ctor

com

pone

nts

are

spec

ialit

y po

lym

ers

that

exh

ibit

out

stan

ding

che

mic

al r

esis

tanc

e. S

peci

fica

lly t

hey

have

exc

elle

nt

resi

stan

ce t

o or

gani

c an

d in

orga

nic

subs

tanc

es a

nd a

re n

ot a

ffec

ted

by, n

or d

o th

ey a

ffec

t: lu

bric

atin

g oi

ls, g

reas

es, a

lipha

tic

and

arom

atic

hyd

roca

rbon

s in

clud

ing

conv

enti

onal

fue

ls.

How

ever

the

re a

re d

iffer

ence

s be

twee

n th

e po

lym

ers

whe

n lo

okin

g at

the

eff

ects

of

chem

ical

s on

the

ir p

rope

rtie

s th

at m

ean

that

cer

tain

pol

ymer

s ar

e m

ore

suit

able

tha

n ot

hers

in s

peci

fic

appl

icat

ions

.

The

follo

win

g Ch

emic

al r

esis

tanc

e ta

ble

help

s to

spe

cify

whi

ch p

olym

er is

mos

t su

itab

le f

or t

he d

esir

ed a

pplic

atio

n:

Chem

ical

Age

ntCo

ncer

trat

ion†

PA66

(Nyl

on 6

.6.)

Conc

entr

atio

n† P

A12

(Nyl

on 1

2)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PA1

1 (N

ylon

11)

Conc

entr

atio

n†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne S

ulph

ide)

Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

trat

ion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her K

eton

e)

Perf

orm

ance

20°C

(68°

F)40

°C (1

04°F

)60

°C (1

40°F

)90

°C (1

94°F

)Te

mp

°CPe

rfor

man

ceGe

nera

lTe

mp

°C

Perf

orm

ance

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

man

ce

Min

eral

Aci

ds

Boric

aci

d7%

24P

10%

Aqu

eous

20G

G

Carb

onic

aci

d10

%24

GG

G

Chlo

roac

etic

aci

d10

%24

P10

% P

ure

20P

GG

Chlo

rosu

lpho

nic

acid

10%

24P

PG

Chro

mic

aci

d -

Pota

ssiu

m c

hrom

ate

10%

24P

1% A

queo

us

10%

Aqu

eos

20L P

10%

PP

PP

30%

80G

G

Hydr

ochl

oric

aci

d2.

5%

5%

10%

23

77

25

G P P

1% A

queo

us

10%

Aqu

eous

20

20

L P

1%

10%

G G

L L

P P

P P

10%

10%

36%

23

80

G P P

37%

G G

Nitri

c ac

id10

%23

PAl

l Con

cent

ratio

ns20

P10

%P

PP

P10

%

40%

G P

<10

%

>10

%

>20

%

G L PPe

rchl

oric

aci

d10

%24

PG

Phos

phor

ic a

cid

5%

98P

10%

Aqu

eous

50%

Aqu

eous

20L P

5% 50%

G L

P P

G

>40

G

Sulp

hur d

ioxid

e10

0%38

P<

5%20

LL

PP

PG

G

Sulp

huric

aci

d1%

3%

10%

30%

23

P

Pure

2% A

queo

us

10%

Aqu

eous

36%

Aqu

eous

L P P P

1%

10%

G G

L L

L L

P P

10%

10%

20%

30%

23 80 180

180

G G G G

<10

%

>10

%

G P

Sulp

huro

us a

cid

10%

23P

LG

Min

eral

Sal

ts

Alum

iniu

m h

ydro

xide

10%

10%

23

52

L P

Sol

G

Alum

ina

sulp

hate

10%

10%

23

52

L P

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

GG

Satu

rate

dG

Aque

ous

(Sat

)G

Amm

oniu

m c

arbo

nate

10%

23L

Aque

ous

GG

Amm

oniu

m c

hlor

ide

10%

52P

10%

Aqu

eous

20G

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Amm

oniu

m h

ydro

xide

10%

100%

23

70

G**

P**

LSo

lG

Amm

oniu

m s

ulph

ate

100%

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

LAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Antim

ony

trich

lorid

e10

%24

PAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Bariu

m c

hlor

ide

10%

24

P

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

GG

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Bariu

m s

ulph

ate

10%

24G

Bariu

m S

ulph

ide

10%

24L

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Calc

ium

ars

enat

eCo

ncen

trate

d or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

G

Calc

ium

chl

orid

e 5%

60

P

10%

Aqu

eous

20%

Alc

ohol

20G P

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

GG

Satu

rate

d80

GAq

ueou

sG

Calc

ium

hyp

ochl

orite

Sat.

Sol.

35P

Aque

ous

PAq

ueou

sG

Calc

ium

thio

cyna

te50

%P

Copp

er c

hlor

ide

10%

24P

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Copp

er s

ulph

ate

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

GG

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Copp

er s

ulph

ite10

%24

P

Di-a

mm

oniu

m p

hosp

hate

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

L

Hydr

ogen

sul

phid

eSa

t. So

l.23

PAq

ueou

sL

Aque

ous

G

35


13 Chemical ResistanceCh

emic

al A

gent

Conc

ertr

atio

n†PA

66 (N

ylon

6.6

.)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PA1

2 (N

ylon

12)

Conc

entr

atio

n† P

A11

(Nyl

on 1

1)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne S

ulph

ide)

Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

trat

ion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her K

eton

e)

Perf

orm

ance

20°C

(68°

F)40

°C (1

04°F

)60

°C (1

40°F

)90

°C (1

94°F

)Te

mp

°CPe

rfor

man

ceGe

nera

lTe

mp

°C

Perf

orm

ance

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

man

ce

Mag

nesi

um c

hlor

ide

50%

GG

GG

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Pota

ssiu

m c

arbo

nate

20%

98

G

50%

GL

PP

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Pota

ssiu

m c

hlor

ide

90%

23G

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Pota

ssiu

m h

ydro

xide

30%

98L

Aque

ous

LAq

ueou

sG

Pota

ssiu

m n

itrat

e10

% A

queo

us20

GCo

ncen

trate

d or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

G*L*

PP

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Pota

ssiu

m s

ulph

ate

10%

Aqu

eous

20G

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

GG

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Pota

ssiu

m th

iocy

nate

Sat.

Sol.

P

Sodi

um c

arbo

nate

2%

35

G

10%

Aqu

eous

20G

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

LP

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Sodi

um c

hlor

ide

10%

23

G

All C

once

ntra

tions

20G

Satu

rate

d

10%

GG

GG

Aque

ous

G

Sodi

um h

ydro

xide

(C

aust

ic S

oda)

10%

70

P**

40%

Aqu

eous

20G

10%

23G

Aque

ous

G

Sodi

um n

itrat

e5%

24G

10%

Aqu

eous

20G

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Sodi

um s

ulph

ate

90%

24G

10%

Aqu

eous

20G

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Sodi

um s

ulph

ide

90%

24G

10%

Aqu

eous

20G

Conc

entra

ted

or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

LAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Sodi

um th

iosu

lpha

te10

% A

queo

us20

GAq

ueou

sG

G

Stan

nic

chlo

ride

10%

24P*

*

Stan

nic

sulp

hate

10%

24P

Tric

resy

l Pho

spha

te10

0%66

G

Tris

odic

pho

spha

teCo

ncen

trate

d or

boile

d so

lutio

ns

GG

GG

Zinc

chl

orid

e10

% A

queo

us20

LSa

tura

ted

GG

LP

Satu

rate

d80

GAq

ueou

sG

Min

eral

bas

es

Amm

onia

Sat.

Sol.

100%

-33

24

G G

10%

Aqu

eous

Gase

ous

All

Conc

entra

tions

20G

Conc

entra

ted

GG

GG

anhy

drou

s liq

uid

Pan

hydr

ous

liqui

dG

Amm

onia

sol

utio

n

10%

24

P

Liqu

id o

r gas

GG

Aque

ous

G

Pota

ssiu

m c

arbo

nate

50%

GL

PP

Sodi

um b

icar

bona

te50

%24

GAl

l Con

cent

ratio

ns20

G50

%G

LP

PAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Othe

r min

eral

bod

ies

Agric

ultu

ral s

pray

sol

utio

nG

G

Blea

ch

(sod

ium

hyp

ochl

orite

)5%

23L

LP

PP

5%80

LAq

ueou

sG

Brom

ine

100%

24P

All C

once

ntra

tions

20P

PP

liqui

d pu

reP

liqui

d pu

reP

Brom

ine

wat

er25

%23

G**

Carb

onat

ed w

ater

GG

GG

GG

Chlo

rine

100%

23P

Pure

20P

PP

PP

Gas

- dr

y

Gas

- w

et

Liqu

id -

pur

e

P P P

Gas

- dr

y

Gas

- w

et

Liqu

id -

pur

e

G P PCh

lorin

e w

ater

Sol.

Sat.

Sol.

23

23

L PCh

loro

x10

0%23

G

Fluo

rine

PP

PP

Dry

- pu

re

Wet

- p

ure

P P

Dry

- pu

re

Wet

- p

ure

P PHy

drog

enG

GG

GPu

reG

Pure

G

Hydr

ogen

per

oxid

e3%

5%

23

43

G P

2% A

queo

us

10%

Aqu

eous

36%

Aqu

eous

20P P P

GL

0.5%

30%

L L

0.50

%

30%

G G

Mer

cury

Pure

20G

GG

GG

GG

13.4

] G

ener

al C

hem

ical

Res

ista

nce

36



emic

al A

gent

Conc

ertr

atio

n†PA

66 (N

ylon

6.6

.)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PA1

2 (N

ylon

12)

Conc

entr

atio

n† P

A11

(Nyl

on 1

1)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne S

ulph

ide)

Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

trat

ion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her K

eton

e)

Perf

orm

ance

20°C

(68°

F)40

°C (1

04°F

)60

°C (1

40°F

)90

°C (1

94°F

)Te

mp

°CPe

rfor

man

ceGe

nera

lTe

mp

°C

Perf

orm

ance

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

man

ce

Ozon

e<

1pp

m G

aseo

us

Gase

ous

All

Conc

entra

tions

20G P

LP

PP

Wet

& D

ryP

Wet

& D

ryL

Oxyg

enG

GG

PG

G

Pota

ssiu

m p

erm

anga

nate

5%23

P1%

Aqu

eous

20P

5%P

PAq

ueou

sP

Aque

ous

G

Sea

wat

erG

GG

GG

G

Sulp

hur

Pure

20G

GG

Wat

er

Pure

20G

GG

GG

Dist

illed

LG

Orga

nic

base

s

Anilin

ePu

re20

LPu

reL

PP

PG

Diet

hano

lam

ine

20%

GG*

*G*

*L

Pyrid

ine

Pure

20G

Pure

LP

PP

Pure

LPu

reG

Urea

20%

Aqu

eous

20G

GG

LL

Aque

ous

G

Orga

nic

acid

s an

d an

hydr

ides

Acet

ic a

cid

5%23

P**

10%

Aqu

eous

40%

Aqu

eous

Pure

20P

LP

PP

100%

GPu

reG

Acet

ic a

nhyd

ride

Pure

20P

LP

PP

Pure

G

Benz

oic

acid

10%

23P

Pure

20L

GAq

ueou

s Sa

tura

ted

G

Buty

ric a

cid

10%

24P

Pure

20L

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Citri

c ac

id10

%24

PG

GL

PAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Form

ic a

cid

23P

10%

Aqu

eous

40%

Aqu

eous

85%

Aqu

eous

20P P P

GP

PP

Aque

ous

Pure

G G

Aque

ous

Pure

G L

Glyc

olic

aci

d70

%P

Aque

ous

G

Lact

ic a

cid

10%

35G

5% A

queo

us

50%

Aqu

eous

90%

Aqu

eous

20L P P

GG

GL

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Olei

c ac

idPu

re20

GG

GG

L

Oxal

ic a

cid

10%

Aqu

eous

20L

GG

LP

Aque

ous

(Sat

)G

Aque

ous

(Sat

)G

Picr

ic a

cid

LP

PP

Stea

ric a

cid

GG

GG

G

Tarta

ric a

cid

Pure

20G

GG

GL

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Uric

aci

dG

GG

L

Hydr

ocar

bons

Acet

ylene

GG

GG

G

Benz

ene

100%

23G

Pure

20G

GG*

*L

LPu

reL

G

Buta

nePu

re20

GG

GG

Gas

& Li

quid

GGa

s &

Liqu

idG

Cycl

ohex

ane

Pure

20G

GG

LPu

reG

Pure

G

Deca

line

Pure

20G

GG

GL

FORA

NE®

12

- Di

chlo

rodi

fluor

omet

hane

GG

G10

0%10

0G

FORA

NE®

22

GG

G

R-13

4a -

Tet

raflu

oroe

than

e10

0%10

0G

Hept

ane

Pure

20G

Pure

GPu

reG

Hexa

deca

ne10

%23

G**

Met

hane

GG

GPu

reG

Pure

G

Naph

thal

ene

Pure

20G

GG

GL

NUJO

L10

0%70

G

Prop

ane

Pure

20G

GG

GGa

s &

Liqu

idG

Gas

& Li

quid

G

Styr

ene

Pure

20G

GG*

*G

Tolu

ene

100%

50G

Pure

20G

GG*

*L

L80

LPu

reG

Xyle

ne10

0%G

Pure

20G

GG*

*L

L80

LPu

reG

Alco

hols

Benz

yl al

coho

lPu

re20

PL

PP

PPu

reG

Buta

nol

100%

50G

Pure

20G

GG

G80

GAq

ueou

sG

Etha

nol

100%

100%

23

50

G**

G**

Pure

20G

GG

G5%

80G

Pure

G

Ethy

lene

glyc

ol50

%23

GPu

reG

Pure

G

13.4

] G

ener

al C

hem

ical

Res

ista

nce

37



emic

al A

gent

Conc

ertr

atio

n†PA

66 (N

ylon

6.6

.)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PA1

2 (N

ylon

12)

Conc

entr

atio

n† P

A11

(Nyl

on 1

1)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne S

ulph

ide)

Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

trat

ion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her K

eton

e)

Perf

orm

ance

20°C

(68°

F)40

°C (1

04°F

)60

°C (1

40°F

)90

°C (1

94°F

)Te

mp

°CPe

rfor

man

ceGe

nera

lTe

mp

°C

Perf

orm

ance

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

man

ce

Glyc

erin

Pure

20G

GG

GAq

ueou

sG

Aque

ous

G

Glyc

olPu

re20

GG

GG

P12

0G

Aque

ous

G

Met

hano

l10

0%23

G**

GG

G60

LG

Met

hano

l (60

%)

55G

G

Met

hano

l (15

%)

60G

G

Alde

hyde

s an

d ke

tone

s

Acet

one

100%

100%

23

50

G G

Pure

20G

GG*

*L

P10

0%55

GPu

reG

Acet

alde

hyde

100%

52L

40%

Aqu

eous

20L

GL

PPu

reL

Pure

G

Form

alde

hyde

38%

23G

40%

Aqu

eous

PG

LP

Aque

ous

Pure

L G

Aque

ous

Pure

L GCy

cloh

exan

one

Pure

20G

GL

PPu

reG

Pure

G

Met

hyle

thylk

eton

e -

Buta

none

Pure

20G

GG

LP

100%

58G

Pure

L

Met

hylis

obut

ylket

one

100%

23G

GG

LP

Benz

alde

hyde

Pure

20P

GL

PAq

ueou

sL

Aque

ous

G

Chlo

rinat

ed s

olve

nts

AROC

LOR

1242

100%

23G

Pure

20G

Carb

on te

trach

lorid

e10

0%

100%

23

50

G G

PPu

reL

Pure

G

Dich

loro

etha

ne10

0%66

GPu

reL

Pure

G

Hexa

fluor

oiso

prop

anol

100%

23P

Met

hyl b

rom

ide

GP

Met

hyl c

hlor

ide

100%

23L

GP

Pure

LPu

reG

Met

hyl t

richl

orid

e10

0%23

G

Met

hyle

ne c

hlor

ide

100%

23L

Pure

LPu

reL

Tetra

fluor

opro

pane

L

Tric

hlor

oeth

ylene

LP

Pure

LPu

reG

Tric

hlor

oeth

ane

100%

72G

Pure

20G

LP

PP

100%

100

G

Perc

hlor

oeth

ylene

Pure

20P

LP

Pure

LPu

reG

Phen

ols

5%23

PP

PP

PAq

ueou

s (S

at)

GAq

ueou

s (S

at)

L

Vario

us o

rgan

ic b

odie

s

Anet

hol

G

Carb

on s

ulph

ide

G**

L*P

Pure

G

Dibr

omoe

than

e10

0%50

L

Dim

ethy

l for

mam

ide

Pure

20G

Pure

LPu

reG

Ethy

lene

oxid

eG

GL

P

Furfu

rol

Pure

20L

GG*

*L

P

Gluc

ose

GG

GG

Aque

ous

GAq

ueou

sG

Glyc

ol c

hlor

hydr

ine

PP

Nitro

met

hane

100%

23G

Pure

20G

2-Ni

tropr

opan

e10

0%72

G

Tetra

ethy

l lea

dG

LG

Salts

, est

ers,

eth

ers

Amyl

acet

ate

100%

98P

Pure

20G

GG

GL

Pure

GPu

reG

Buty

l ace

tate

Pure

20G

GG

GL

100%

80G

Pure

G

Diet

hyle

ne g

lycol

90%

24G

Dim

ethy

l eth

er

Diet

hyl e

ther

Pure

20G

100%

23G

Pure

G

Dioc

tyl p

hosp

hate

GG

GL

Dioc

tyl p

htha

late

GG

GPu

reG

Ethy

l ace

tate

100%

50G

Pure

20G

GG

G10

0%G

Pure

G

Fatty

aci

d es

ters

GG

GG

Met

hyl a

ceta

teG

GG

Pure

GPu

reG

Met

hyl s

ulph

ate

GL

Sulp

huric

eth

erG

Trib

utyl

phos

phat

eG

GG

LPu

reG

Tric

resy

l pho

spha

te10

0%66

GG

GG

LPu

reG

13.4

] G

ener

al C

hem

ical

Res

ista

nce

38



emic

al A

gent

Conc

ertr

atio

n†PA

66 (N

ylon

6.6

.)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PA1

2 (N

ylon

12)

Conc

entr

atio

n† P

A11

(Nyl

on 1

1)Co

ncen

trat

ion†

PPS

(Pol

yphe

nyle

ne S

ulph

ide)

Pe

rfor

man

ceCo

ncen

trat

ion†

PEEK

(P

oly

Ethe

r Et

her K

eton

e)

Perf

orm

ance

20°C

(68°

F)40

°C (1

04°F

)60

°C (1

40°F

)90

°C (1

94°F

)Te

mp

°CPe

rfor

man

ceGe

nera

lTe

mp

°C

Perf

orm

ance

Tem

p °C

Pe

rfor

man

ce

Mis

cella

neou

s pr

oduc

ts

Antif

reez

e10

0%10

4L

LG

Auto

mat

ic tr

ansm

issi

on fl

uid

GG

Beer

Com

mer

cial

Gra

de20

GG

GG

Brak

e Fl

uid

Com

mer

cial

Gra

de20

G80

GG

Cide

rG

GG

Coal

gas

GG

GG

Crud

e oi

lG

GG*

*G

G

Dete

rgen

t G

G

Dies

elCo

mm

erci

al G

rade

20G

80G

G

Frui

t jui

ceCo

mm

erci

al G

rade

20G

GG

GG

Gaso

hol

Grea

seG

GG

GG

G

Kero

sene

GG

G**

60G

G

Lano

lin s

uspe

nsio

n10

%35

G

2,4-

D Li

ndan

eG

Lins

eed

Cake

100%

82G

GG

GG

Milk

Com

mer

cial

Gra

de20

GG

GG

GG

G

Mot

or o

il80

GG

Mus

tard

GG

Naph

tha

100%

98G*

*G

GG*

*G

Oil

Com

mer

cial

Gra

de20

GG

GG

G60

GG

Oxyq

uino

lein

e (a

gric

ultu

ral s

pray

)G

Prem

ium

gra

de g

asol

ine

Com

mer

cial

Gra

de20

GG

GG*

*G

G

Regu

lar g

rade

gas

olin

eCo

mm

erci

al G

rade

20G

GG

G**

80G

G

Soap

Cle

anse

rG

Stea

rine

GG

G

Turp

entin

eG

GG*

*

Vine

gar

Com

mer

cial

Gra

de20

LG

G

Win

eCo

mm

erci

al G

rade

20G

GG

G

*Dis

colo

urat

ion

occu

rs. *

*Sw

ellin

g ac

tion

. G =

Goo

d. L

= L

imit

ed. P

= P

oor.

†100

% u

nles

s ot

herw

ise

stat

ed.

13.4

] G

ener

al C

hem

ical

Res

ista

nce

39


14 WeatheringWhen exposed to weathering, polymers have a natural tendency to photo-oxidise and depolymerise to their natural elemental forms. There are variations in natural weathering depending on the intensities of the following components:

1. Solar Radiation (UV)

2. Moisture

3. Heat

4. Pollutants e.g. ozone and acid rain

5. Salt Water

The combination of more than one of these factors can also lead to accelerated degradation and aging.

Weathering intensity varies widely around the world, and may also vary from year to year for a given location, depending on weather patterns. Weather in a subtropical climate, such as Florida, may have twice the effect on a polymer as a more northerly location. A drier climate, such as Arizona, may have increased UV radiation, but because of the lower humidity, the effects of weathering on a polymer will not be so severe. It is impossible to give a precise indication of the effects of weathering in a given location, but by using natural outdoor and accelerated tests, certain predictions can be made.

Photo courtesy of Groupe Courbis Location: Malaysia

The carbon black additive in Smart® Band and Smart® Tie products, acts as a very good UV stabiliser. Heat-stabilised grades, usually copper based, also provide further protection against photo-oxidative degradation by shutting down free radicals. This combination of inhibitors helps to give the polymers many years of life.

Estimated Polymer life expectancy when exposed to weathering

Materials all blackLife in Hot climates Life in Temperate Climates

YRS – Approx YRS – Approx

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) 10+ 15+

PA12 (Nylon 12) 15+ 20+

PA12GF (Nylon 12 Glass-filled) 15+ 20+

PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-filled) 15+ 20+

PA11 (Nylon 11) 15+ 20+

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) 10+ 15+

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) 5+ 8+

PA66 (Nylon 6.6.)Compared with other polymers, PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) naturally exhibits a high resistance to weathering and UV degradation, even in its neat state. The graphs below, show the reduction in Tensile strength and Elongation at break of PA66 (Nylon 6.6.), over a 2000 hour period in a weathering chamber. The accelerated weathering is achieved by wet and dry cycles and continuous UVA (320nm) exposure. The dry cycles last for 8 hours at 70°C, and the wet cycles for 4 hours.

40


14 WeatheringPA66 (Nylon 6.6.) – reduction in Tensile strength, due to accelerated PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) – reduction in Elongation at break, due to accelerated weathering weathering

0 500 1000 1500 20000

50

40

30

20

10

60

70

80

90

Time – Hours

Ten

sile

Str

engt

h (

MP

a)

Nylon 6.6. Natural

Nylon 6.6. Black

0 500 1000 1500 20000

100

80

60

40

20

120

140

160

180

Time – Hours

% E

lon

gati

on

Nylon 6.6. Natural

Nylon 6.6. Black

Conclusion

r The degradation caused by weathering, in both the black and natural PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) tends to reduce the Tensile strength and the Elongation at break of the material over time. This makes the polymer weaker and more brittle.

r The carbon black UV stabiliser gives a huge increase in weathering resistance to PA66 (Nylon 6.6.).r It is important to note that the sharp fall in Tensile strength and increase in Elongation at break of Black PA66 (Nylon 6.6.) from 0 - 500 hours,

is largely due to a conditioning effect (taking on moisture). However, the UV degradation that occurs in the natural material during this time is enough to annul the conditioning effect and to reduce the Elongation at break to almost zero.

PA12 (Nylon 12), PA11GF (Nylon 11 Glass-Filled) and PA11 (Nylon 11)The following data gives evidence that black PA11 (Nylon 11) is particularly resistant to degradation from the combined effect of the sun’s rays and rain water. Black extruded tubes, 6 inch diameter x 8mm wall thickness; were tested at the following outdoor sites:

Serquigny, France Moderate, moist climate. Typical of central Europe. Bandol, France Warm, moist climate. Typical of Mediterranean. Iguazu, Brazil Tropical climate with high sunlight irradiation. Pretoria, South Africa Hot, dry climate.

Standard Units Control 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year

Serquigny, FranceInherent Viscosity (IV) dl/g 1.42 1.54 1.55 1.64 1.66 1.62 1.63

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ISO 527 MPa 37 38.5 37.2 42 37 36.5 35

Elongation at break (E) ISO 527 % 357 329 338 347 291 309 316

Impact Test at -40°C (-40°F) DIN 73378 Pass/Fail Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass

Instantaneous Hoop Stress (σ) MPa 24.3 24.9 25.1 26.0 30.7 29.5 27.0

Bandol, FranceInherent Viscosity (IV) dl/g 1.42 1.64 1.55 1.65 1.59 - -

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ISO 527 MPa 37 35 37 39 39 37.5 37



Instantaneous Hoop Stress (σ) MPa 24.3 29.5 29.2 27.4 32 29 30

Iguazu, BrazilInherent Viscosity (IV) dl/g 1.42 1.63 1.65 1.66 1.72 1.62 1.57

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ISO 527 MPa 37 42 38 38 39 37.4 39



Instantaneous Hoop Stress (σ) MPa 24.3 28.4 25.6 26.0 31.5 33.0 29.7

Pretoria, South AfricaInherent Viscosity (IV) dl/g 1.42 1.56 1.66 1.83 1.67 1.62 -

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ISO 527 MPa 37 38.5 39 37 35 36 -

Elongation at break (E) ISO 527 % 357 343 365 335 344 346 -

Impact Test at -40°C (-40°F) DIN 73378 Pass/Fail Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass -

Instantaneous Hoop Stress (σ) MPa 24.3 27.4 23.5 32.6 32.0 27.0 -

41


14 Weathering

1Control 2 3 4 650

25

20

15

10

5

30

35

40

45

Exposure (years)

Ult

imat

e Te

nsi

le S

tren

gth

(M

Pa)

Serguigny, France

Bandol, France

Iguazu, Brazil

Pretoria, South Africa

1Control 2 3 4 65

0

200

150

100

50

250

300

350

400

Exposure (years)

Elon

gati

on a

t b

reak

(%

)

Serguigny, France

Bandol, France

Iguazu, Brazil

Pretoria, South Africa

Conclusion

r The degradation to black PA11 (Nylon 11) caused by weathering, can be seen to be minimal during the above tests. This gives great confidence that the life expectancy of PA11 (Nylon 11) is far longer than the exposure periods shown above.

PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide)Although weathering resistance information is not readily available for PPS (Polyphenylene Sulphide) it is generally considered suitable for outdoor applications as long as a carbon black UV inhibitor is used.

PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone)Tensile strength at break Tensile modulus

0 2000 4000 6000 80000

35

150

200

15

30

25

20

100

5

0

10

50

250


Ten

sile

str

engt

h a

t b

reak

(M

Pa) Ten

sile strength

at break (kp

si)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

0

3500

15

20

1500

3000

2500

2000

10

500

0

1000

5

25


Ten

sile

mod

ulus

(G

Pa)

Tensile m

odulus (kp

si)

Tensile elongation at break

0 2000 4000 6000 80000

17

2

1

18


Ten

sile

elo

nga

tion

at

bre

ak (

%)

Conclusion

r PEEK (Poly Ether Ether Ketone) is affected by simulated weathering. The primary effects are yellowing, loss of surface gloss, and a loss of ductility.

For applications that will be exposed to direct sunlight, it is recommended that parts made of the unfilled grades be painted or pigmented black.

42


15 QualityWithin HCL Fasteners Ltd we are committed to provide products and services which meet the customers’ specified contractual and project requirements and those of all applicable regulating authorities.

We are totally committed to setting and achieving quality standards that are capable of meeting, in all respects, the specified requirements and reasonable expectations of our customers, whilst working within the framework of statutory, regulatory and legal requirements.

In order to achieve this objective, it is the policy of HCL Fasteners to maintain an effective quality system based on the requirements of: BS EN ISO 9001-2008.

Goods Received InspectionHCL’s banding products are manufactured to the highest standard using the latest equipment and techniques. The injection-moulding and extrusion machines are computer controlled and the settings for each mould tool are recorded for maximum repeatability. Before a production run can begin, the first-off components must be checked and approved against their specification. The machines also have quality control capabilities where parameters, e.g. melt cushion, are given an acceptable tolerance range. If these parameters go out of tolerance, a quality flap automatically rejects the parts.

Injection Moulding & Extrusion ControlHCL’s banding products are made from polymers that are inspected on receipt from our suppliers, by the quality controller. The material is inspected for: a) Quality b) Type c) Satisfactory packaging

The Goods Inwards inspection information is logged and retained by the Quality Control Department. If the material passes this inspection satisfactorily, it is transferred to raw material stores.

Statistical Process ControlSPC data relating to each manufacturing batch is available to customers upon request. This data is entered into a computer for dimensional verification and weight checks. The SPC sample and a hard copy of the SPC data are stored for reference and product traceability.

First and Last off samples for each batch are tested using a calibrated Zwick Tensile testing machine, to ensure that they meet the required performance.

Routine Production ChecksProducts found to be outside specification are rejected, and the batch concerned isolated. Settings are adjusted until satisfactory yield is achieved and the suspect batch subject to 100% inspection.

Final InspectionAll products are given a final visual and physical inspection. During packaging, quality is confirmed by: a) An inspection ticket packed with the goods. b) A Quality Assurance label attached to the outside of the packaging.

If required, a certificate of conformity to HCL’s product specification can be issued.

Quality PolicyHCL is committed to the highest possible quality standards. Quality control systems are subject to review at appropriate intervals in consideration of the following: a) Changes in technology b) Changes to markets c) Changes in legislation d) External assessor’s reports e) Overall company facilities & policies

43

Visit www.hclfasteners.com to view our complete range of products.

©2015 HCL Fasteners. All Rights Reserved.

HCL – UK & Rest of the World Tel: +44 (0)1761 417714 Fax: +44 (0)1761 417710 Email: [email protected]

HCL – North America Tel: 281-717-1145 Fax: 281-717-1146 Email: [email protected]

Your attention is drawn to the following:

The statements, technical information and recommendations contained herein are believed to be accurate as of the date hereof. Since the

conditions and methods of use of the product and of the information referred to herein are beyond our control, HCL expressly disclaims

any and all liability as to any results obtained or arising from any use of the product or reliance on such information; NO WARRANTY OF

FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WARRANTY OR MERCHANTABILITY OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IS MADE

CONCERNING THE GOODS DESCRIBED OR THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN. The information provided herein relates only to the

specific product designated and may not be applicable when such product is used in combination with other materials or in any process.

The user should thoroughly test any application before commercialization. Nothing contained herein constitutes a license to practice under

any patent and it should not be construed as an inducement to infringe any patent and the user is advised to take appropriate steps to be

sure that any proposed use of the product will not result in patent infringement.

The information contained in this document is based on trials carried out in our internal laboratory and data selected from the literature,

but shall in no event be held to constitute or imply any warranty, undertaking, express or implied commitment from our part. Our formal

specifications define the limit of our commitment. No liability whatsoever can be accepted by HCL with regard to the handling, or use of

the product or products concerned which must in all cases be employed in accordance with all relevant laws and/or regulations in force in

the country or countries concerned.

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