saxelovnebo mecnierebata ziebani #2 (51), 2012 art science
TRANSCRIPT
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa
da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film
Georgian State University
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa
Ziebani
#2 (51), 2012
ART SCIENCE STUDIES#2 (51), 2012
gamomcemloba `kentavri~
Tbilisi _ 2012
UDC(uak) 7(051.2)
s-364
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (51), 2012
saredaqcio sabWo
Teo xatiaSviligiorgicqitiSvilidaviT janeliZe
literaturuli
redaqtori
mariam iaSvili
garekanis dizaini
levan dadiani
dakabadoneba
ekaterineoqropiriZe
gamomcemlobis
xelmZRvaneli
maka vasaZe
krebulisaTvis mowodebuli
masala uzrunvelyofili unda
iyos Sesabamisi samecniero
aparatiT. Tan unda axldes
monacemebi avtoris samecniero
kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul
da inglisur enebze, agreTve
naSromis inglisurenovani
reziume.
krebulis stamburi gamocema
egzavneba sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.
naSromebi mogvawodeT da
cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:
0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis
gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti,
II korpusi.
tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408
mob: +995 (95) 305 060
+995 (77) 288 750
E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
Art Science Studies #2 (51), 2012
Editorial GroupTEO KHATIASHVILIGIORGI TSKITISHVILIDAVIT JANELIDZE
Literary EditorMARIAM IASHVILI
Cover DesignLEVAN DADIANI
Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE
Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE
Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.
Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.
Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversitySecond Block
Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge
4
sarCevi
2 0 1 1 wlis s a m e c n i ero ko nf er e n c i i s
Ta v i sufali s e q c i i s m a s ale b i
natalia diRmelaSvili
cekvis swavlebis principebi,
rogorc Teatraluri pedagogikis
Semadgeneli nawili ........................................................................................11
nino sanadiraZe
kulturis sferos marTvis Taviseburebebi ...................................22
maia sigua
musikisa da dramis urTierTqmedebis modifikaciebi
musikalur TeatrSi ......................................................................................29
vladimer (lado) tatiSvili
si tyvis Za la _ ro gorc sa te le vi zio rek la mis erT-er Ti
mxat vrul-Semo qme de bi Ti sa Su a le ba .....................................................38
naira RvedaSvili
sainformacio uzrunvelyofa da
inovaciebis statistika ..............................................................................46
malxaz Rvinjilia
sasoflo turizmis Camoyalibebis socialur-ekonomikuri
aspeqtebi evropaSi .........................................................................................54
Teatrmcod n eo b a
mixeil kalandariSvili
dramatuli konfliqtis buneba .............................................................63
maia kiknaZe
axali Teatrebi
rusTavsa da axalcixeSi – 1967 weli ............................................74
Tamar quTaTelaZe
dro da speqtakli .........................................................................................83
k i no mcod n eo b a
daviT gujabiZe
„3d stereo“ teqnologiebi,
realoba da perspeqtivebi ........................................................................99
5
vaJa zubaSvili
reklama saqarTvelos televiziaSi: wanamZRvrebi da
satelevizio reklama
XX s-is 80-ian wlebSi ............................................................................109
x elov n e b aT mcod n eo b a
maia goSaZe
ambivalentobis jojoxeTSi ...................................................................129
doqtora ntTa
s a m e c n i ero stati e b i
paata iakaSvili
memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiTi principebis cenzuruli xasiaTis
gamovlena realobis interpretaciisas ..........................................139
maia lipartiani
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena ...................................................153
m a g i stra ntTa
s a m e c n i ero stati e b i
nato mdinaraZe
seriali televiziebSi ................................................................................171
evelina menTeSaSvili
eqstremaluri Jurnalistika da TviTprodiusingi
cxel wertilebSi .........................................................................................179
avtorTa Sesaxeb ............................................................................................188
6
CONTENTS
THE MATERIALS OF FREE SECTION OF THE SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE 2011NATALIA DIGMELASHVILIGuidelines For Teaching Dance As An Essential Part Of Drama Pedagogy .......................................................................192NINO SANADIRADZEUnderstanding Of Art Sector Management ....................................193MAIA SIGUAThe Modifications Of Music And Drama Interdependence In The European And American Opera Of The 2nd Half Of The 20th Century ......................................................................194VLADIMIR (LADO) TATISHVILIPower Of The Word In Tv Advertisement As One Of The Creative Lever .........................................................................194NAIRA GHVEDASHVILIInformation Assurance And Statistics Of Innovations ...................195MALKHAZ GVINJILIASocial And Economical Aspect Of Setting Rural Tourism In Europe ................................................................196
THEATRE STUDIESMIKHEIL KALANDARISHVILINature Of Drama Conflict ..............................................................197MAIA KIKNADZENew Theatre In Rustavi And Akhaltsikhe – 1967 ........................................................................198TAMAR QUTATELADZETime And Performance ..................................................................199
FILM STUDIESDAVIT GUJABIDZE“3d” Stereo-Technologies, A Reality And Prospects .................................................................................200VAJA ZUBASHVILICommercial On Tv Of Georgia: Leaders And TV Commercial ..............................................................................202
7
ART STUDIESMAIA GOSHADZEIn The Hell Of Ambivalenty ..........................................................203
UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAMPAATA IAKASHVILIThe Manifestation Of The Creative Principles Of Censorial Type For The Interpretation From The Side Of The Left-Wings On The Example Of The Art Film Of Reality “Khabarda” ........................204MAIA LIPARTIANIThe Language Of Body Movement And Mimic ............................205
UNIVERSITY’ MA PROGRAMEVELINA MENTESHASHVILIExtreme Journalistic And Producing Itself In The Hot Spots ............................................................................206NATO MDINARADZESoap Opera On TV .........................................................................207
8
9
2011 wlis samecniero konferenciis
Tavisufali seqciis masalebi
10
11
natalia diRmelaSvili,
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis kinosa da Teatris
saxelmwifo universiteti,
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.
cekvis swavlebis principebi,
rogorc Teatraluri pedagogikis
Semadgeneli nawili
... ar aris Teatri msaxiobebis gareSe
da ar aris msaxiobi skolis gareSe.
a. n. ostrovski
Cven gvainteresebs qarTuli Teatraluri skolis
Camoyalibebis da formirebis periodi, rogorc Teatris
msaxiobis pedagogiuri aRzrdis sistema. cnobilia, rom
Teatraluri pedagogika Sedgeba iseTi ganuyofeli
nawilebisagan, rogorebicaa: aRzrda, ganaTleba, swavleba,
skola. is imyofeba or sistemas - mecnierebasa da
xelovnebas Soris, Seiswavlis ra msaxiobis fsiqo-
fizikur aparats, mis sxeuls da samoZrao aqtiurobas,
rac miznad isaxavs `sxeulis aparatis gansaxierebas.
ganaTlebis, aRzrdisa da swavlebis TvalsazrisiT is
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli praqtikul moRvaweobasTan
da gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli dinamiurobiT!~1
Tavdapirvelad Teatraluri swavlebis saTaveSi
idga sacekvao ganaTleba. ase xdeboda TiTqmis 1888
wlamde, rodesac ruseTis saimperatoro Teatralur
saswavleblebSi gaiyo dramatuli da sabaleto klasebi.
Teatraluri ganaTlebis specializaciis warmoSobam
pirvelad wamoWra problema plastikuri ganaTlebis axali
sistemis SemuSavebisa, romelic pasuxobda dramatuli
1 Круглова, А.Г. «Сценическое движение. Педагогика телесного воспитания актёра». М., 2008, с. 39.
12
Teatris msaxiobis momzadebis amocanebs. misi Seqmnis
procesi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda Teatralur praqtikas.
`skolasa da Teatrs Soris ar unda iyos ufskruli.
momavali msaxiobis gadasvla TeatrSi aucilebelia
momzaddes TavisTavad, uSualod, mTeli saswavlo
procesis ganmavlobaSi~,1 _ werda cnobili pedagogi a.
b. nemirovski.
moswavleTa plastikuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba
xdeboda plastikis, `sabaleto varjiSebis~, farikaobis,
akrobatikisa da Jongliorobis gakveTilebze.
XIX saukuneSi, samsaxiobo skolis ganviTarebis
reformatori gaxda rusuli scenis udidesi ostati
m. s. SCepkini. `msaxiobi plastikuri mxatvaria da
Tavisi xelovnebisa da xelobis teqnikis Seswavlis
gareSe ver gaxdeba verc kargi mxatvari da miT umetes,
kargi xelosani~,2 _ werda rusuli nacionaluri
Teatris Semqmneli a. n. ostrovski. Tavis programaSi
`mosamzadebeli dramaturgiuli skola~ a. n. ostrovski
saubrobda skolisa da Teatris ganuyofel erTianobaze
da savaldebulod miaCnda cekvebi, rTuli pozebi
da Sejgufebebi, aseve pantomima. 1886 wels is wers:
`skolisa da teqnikis gareSe warmoudgenelia nebismieri
xelovneba... Teatraluri skola valdebulia Tavis
aRsazrdelebs specialobaSi, zogadsaganmanaTleblo da
damxmare sagnebSi misces codnis iseTi maragi, romelTa
saSualebiTac isini ar aRmoCndebian uZlurebi nebismier
sakiTxSi, romelic exeba specialobas~.3
msaxiobis ostatobis treningi, anu Semoqmedebis
fsiqo-fiziologiuri teqnika, Teatraluri pedagogikis
yuradRebis centrSi ukve XX saukunis dasawyisSi iyo. im
1 Немировский, Б. «Пластическая выразительность актёра», М., 1988, стр.17. 2 Островский, А.Н. «О театре», М.-Л.,1947, с.239. 3 Ленский, А.П. «Статьи. Письма. Записки.». М.-Л., 1935, с.669.
natalia diRmelaSvili
13
periodis dramatul TeatrebSi momuSave baletmaisterebi
artistebs sTxovdnen xalxuri da saistorio-yofiTi
cekvebis Sesrulebis teqnikuri xerxebisa da stilis
flobas, musikalurobas, ritmulobas, koordinacias,
emociurobas, fizikur gamZleobas, saerTo plastkiur
kulturas.
es ideebi aitaca, Secvala da ganaviTara k. s.
stanislavskim. misi ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna dramatuli
msaxiobis ganviTarebis Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic
safuZvlad daedo Teatralur pedagogikas. is ambobda,
rom yvela garegnuli scenuri SegrZnebebis elementebi
unda iyos araCveulebrivad momzadebuli, imisaTvis, rom
msaxiobis fizikuri aparati gaxdes moqnili, zusti,
naTeli da plastikuri. es SemuSavebuli, CvenTvis kargad
cnobili da qarTul Teatralur swavlebaSi aprobirebuli
`stanislavskis sistema~, romelsac is TviTon uwodebda
trenings da `wvrTnas~, iqca momavali dramis msaxiobebis
swavlebis safuZvlad. igi ambobda, rom sakuTari bunebis
SecnobiT, disciplinirebiT, niWis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba gaxde didi msaxiobi... rac ufro Rrmaa niWi, miT
metad eswrafvis da eZiebs gzebs sakuTari ostatobis
srulyofilebisaken. msaxiobi ver SeZlebs amas, Tu is
ugulebelyofs qcevaTa cxovrebiseul wesebs da adamianis
emociur reaqciebs.
stanislavskis Semdgom, Tavis SemoqmedebiT meTods,
romelic efuZneboda biomeqanikis kanonTa principebs,
amuSavebs v. e. meierholdi. es ukanaskneli Seiswavlis
moZraobaTa sxvadasxva formebs, iyenebs ra biomeqanikur
savarjiSoebs msaxiobis moZraobaTa dasaxvewad, maTgan
akrobatuli sizustisa da simsubuqis misaRwevad. mis
saxelosnoSi gadiodnen samsaxiobo trenaJs, romelic
maT saSualebas aZlevda sworad mignebuli moZraobiTa
da zusti intonaciiT gadmoecaT Sinagani samyaros
emociuri simarTle. meierholdi iyo pirvelTagani,
cekvis swavlebis principebi,
rogorc Teatraluri pedagogikis Semadgeneli nawili
14
vinc profesiul doneze gaiazra da gamoyo erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani problema, msaxiobis fsiqo-fiziologiur
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli. `...TeatrSi, principSi,
yvelas unda SeeZlos yvelaferi, xelovnebis am dargis
universalurobis gamo~.1
`sinTezuri~ Teatris Seqmnisaken aseve iswrafvis
a. tairovi, romelic did yuradRebas uTmobs msaxiobis
moZraobasa da plastikas. is nergavs `sinTezuri~
xelovnebis ideas. igive ideebs didi warmatebiT
axorcielebs k. marjaniSvili.
XX saukunis dasawyisidan saqarTvelos Teatralur
cxovrebaSi iwyeba mZafri polemika dramatuli Teatris
ganaxlebasTan da samsaxiobo skolis gaxsnasTan
dakavSirebiT. presaSi qveyndeba gamoxmaurebebi moskovis
TeatrebSi Catarebul reformebze, yvelgan SeiniSneba
plastikisa da cekvis Seswavlis aucilebloba. gadaudebel
amocanad dadga msaxiobTa ganaTlebis sakiTxi. yovelive
amis Sedegad 1911 wels lado mesxiSvilisa da valerian
gunias TaosnobiT daarsda dramatuli kursebi. presaSi ki
kvlav iTxovdnen dramatuli sazogadoebisagan saTeatro
skolis Seqmnas. 1913 wlis 22 dekembers Tbilisis
TeatrSi valerian SalikaSvilma dadga i. gedevaniSvilis
piesa „sinaTle~. es speqtakli iyo `sinTezuri Teatris~
Seqmnis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi.
1918 wels TbilisSi Seiqmna Teatraluri studia
giorgi jabadaris xelmZRvanelobiT. am kedlebidan
gamovidnen iseTi msaxiobebi, rogorebic iyvnen: uSangi
CxeiZe, veriko anjafariZe da Salva RambaSiZe, romelTac
ganapirobes Semdgomi qarTuli Teatris SemoqmedebiTi
saxe. 1920 wels qarTuli Teatris gamoCenili moRvaweebi
_ a. faRava, n. SiukaSvili, S, dadiani, m. qoreli Seecadnen
aRedginaT Tbilisis Teatraluri tradiciebi.
1 Морозова Г.В. «Биомеханика: наука и театральный миф» М., Изд-во ВТУ им. Б.В.Щукина, 2003, с.52.
natalia diRmelaSvili
15
qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebasTan erTad, SoTa
rusTavelis TeatrTan, a. faRavas xelmZRvanelobiT, 1922
wels daarsda saTeatro studia, sadac saxelmwifo doneze
daiwyes axali Taobis msaxiobebis momzadeba. cekvasa da
plastikas eTmoboda kviraSi 4 saaTi, sadac iswavleboda
sxvadasxva poziciebi, batmanebi, varjiSebi da Semdegi
cekvebi: valsi, mazurka, polonuri polonezi, menueti,
lekuri, espanuri, tirolisa, aRmosavluri, ukrainuli da
rusuli. plastikas aswavlida v. venderoviC-JRenti. calke
saaTebi iyo gamoyofili gimnastikaze da farikaobaze. am
studiis pirveli mercxlebi iyvnen: akaki xorava, vaso
goZiaSvili, pier kobaxiZe, sesilia TayaiSvili, maliko
mrevliSvili. plastikas maT valentina venderoviC-
JRenti aswavlida.
1922 wels saqarTveloSi dabrunda kote marjaniSvili,
romelmac dadga ori qarTuli pantomima, romelsac TviTon
daarqva `usityvo drama~. rogorc TviTon gansazRvravs,
pantomimaSi dadgenili moZraobebi ar arsebobs, isini
- msaxiobis Sinagani moqmedebis mixedviT yovel wuTs
icvlebian.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTul TeatrSi, jer kidev
20-ian wlebSi, ara erTi eqsperimenti ganxorcielda,
saidanac Cans, rom maSinac ki, zustad imave problemebis
gadaWris gzebs eZebdnen, razec axla vfiqrobT.
saqarTvelos Teatraluri xelovnebis istoriaSi sacekvao
xelovneba dramatuli msaxiobis swavlebis procesSi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. `Tu msaxiobis fizikuri
momzadebis xarisxi CamorCeba profesiul moTxovnebs, es,
pirvel rigSi, profesionaluri xarisxis dabali Sedegia,
scenaze moZraobis xerxebis arqonaa... maTi arasakmarisi
momzadebis SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad swori sarepeticio
muSaobisa, speqtaklSi SeuZlebelia swori sasceno
gamomsaxvelobiTi formis miRweva~.1
1 Кох И.Е. «Основы сценического движения». Л. Искусство, 1970, с.34
cekvis swavlebis principebi,
rogorc Teatraluri pedagogikis Semadgeneli nawili
16
ukve 30-ian wlebSi Teatralur studiaSi aswavlidnen
sasceno xelovnebis teqnikas, ritmikas, akrobatikas da
cekvas, Semdgom ukve, evropuli cekvebi iswavleboda calke
sagnad. swavla am studiaSi iyo orwliani da sakmaod
didi dro eTmoboda plastikis ganviTarebas. `xalxma ar
icis rogor gamoiyenos bunebiT dasaCuqrebuli fizikuri
monacemebi, –Ewerda k. s. stanislavski, _ scenaze naCvenebi
msaxiobis sxeuli unda iyos janmrTeli, lamazi da misi
moZraoba – plastikuri da harmoniuli~.1
1935 wlidan studiis xelmZRvanelad iniSneba a.
axmeteli. swavlis xangrZlivoba xdeba samwliani. 1939
wlidan ki daarsda Teatraluri instituti. misaRebi
gamocdebis pirvelad moTxovnebSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom
`defeqtianebi gamocdaze daSvebulni ar iqnebian~.2
institutSi, sxva sagnebTan erTad, iswavleboda plastikur
xelovnebaTa istoria, fizikuri aRzrda, ritmika, cekvebi,
qoreografia, grimi da farikaoba. 1939 wlis 1 seqtembers
Teatraluri institutis studentebs, momaval msaxiobebs,
a. faRavas xelmoweriT daurigda teqsti, sadac igi
wers msaxiobis fsiqoteqnikaze da misi SemoqmedebiTi
meTodebis Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs, rom studentebma swavlis
procesSi aucileblad unda gaigon `...Jesti da misi
roli, mTeli sxeulis monawileoba da misi mniSvneloba,
partniorTan urTierTobis gabma.~3 imave wlis brZanebaSi,
saidanac vgebulobT akaki xoravas reqtorad daniSvnis
Sesaxeb, weria, rom ritmikis kurss Seaswavlis valentina
venderoviC-JRenti, fizikur aRzrdas - konstantine
badriZe, qoreografias - irakli bagrationi. ukve 1943
wels, institutSi Tavisi warmatebuli moRvaweoba
daiwyo cekvis pedagogma valentina gamsaxurdiam,
1 Станисавский, К.С. Собр.соч. в 8 т.,том 3, М.,1955, с.32. 2 Jurnali `TeatrmcodneobiTi da kinomcodneobiTi Zie-
bani~, #3, 2005, gv.25. 3 iqve, gv. 29
natalia diRmelaSvili
17
romelsac dResac ki didi siTboTi ixseneben misi
yofili moswavleebi, cnobili msaxiobebi da reJisorebi.
1947 wels ki sasceno moZraobis kaTedraze muSaobdnen:
v. JRenti, v. gamsaxurdia, anatoli fedorovi, lazare
yazaiSvili, ekaterine kedia. 1949 wlis #129 brZanebidan
vigebT Zalian saintereso faqts, rom sasceno moZraobis
kaTedris gamgis movaleobis Sesruleba daevala dimitri
aleqsiZes, rac albaT ganapiroba iman, rom bavSvobaSi igi
warmatebiT swavlobda m. perinis sabaleto studiaSi da
iRebda monawileobas sabaleto gamosaSveb speqtaklebSi.
Semdgom, ukve sxvadasxva wels, institutSi aswavlidnen
daviT javriSvili, dimitri maWavariani, soloRaSvili,
lili gvaramaZe, jano bagrationi, givi odikaZe, iuri
zarecki da sxvebi; ritmikas - a. moti, miqelaZe, pavlova, n.
kandelaki, m. kaWarava; sasceno moZraobas da farikaobas -
S. aRsabaZe, o. dadiani, S. sxirtlaZe, n. ionaTamiSvili.
dRes universitetSi cekva iswavleba sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi. cekvis kursis damTavrebis Semdeg momavali
msaxiobi unda iyos momzadebuli dramatul TeatrSi
muSaobisaTvis, pasuxobdes reJisorisa da Tanamedrove
sasceno xelovnebis moTxovnebs, teqnikurad sworad
da gamomsaxvelad unda SeeZlos Seasrulos cekvebi
an sacekvao moZraobebi, romlebic SeiZleba Sexvdes
speqtaklebSi, aiTvisos ama Tu im epoqis stili, manera,
varcxniloba, kostiumis tareba, aqsesuarebis floba.
dRemde, cekvis swavlebis ganviTarebas, gakveTilebis
struqturas, Teoriuli da praqtikuli masalis sinTezs,
swavlebis meTodologias udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba
da warmoadgens msaxiobis ostatobis erT-erT Semadgenel
nawils.
aqedan gamomdinare, XX saukunis Sua wlebidan,
saswavlo - praqtikul gamocdilebasa da eqsperimentul
samuSaoebze dayrdnobiT, daiwyo msaxiobis sacekvao
ganaTlebis samecniero principebis SemuSavebis procesi.
cekvis swavlebis principebi,
rogorc Teatraluri pedagogikis Semadgeneli nawili
18
Tu Cveni amocanaa adamianis msaxiobad aRzrda, upirvelesad
mas unda gamovumuSavoT survilis, inteleqtisa da
qmedebis, anu moZraobis, marTvis SesaZlebloba, unari.
`momaval msaxiobs ver Seaswavli TamaSs, magram mas
SeuZlia iswavlos TamaSi! ar SeiZleba STabero niWi,
magram SeiZleba daexmaro niWis ganviTarebas, da mTavaria
studenti muSaobdes pedagogis xelmZRvanelobiT.~1
msaxiobis aRzrdaSi, garda sxeulisa, upirveles funqcias
tvini da misi gonebrivi ganviTareba asrulebs, raTa man
mis winaSe dasmuli amocanebi gaigos da Seasrulos. aseTi
mosazreba aqvT Tanamedrove Teatris bevr praqtikoss da
Teoretikoss. jer kidev J. dalkrozi aRniSnavda, rom
`Tu misaRwevi xdeba sxeulisa da sulis erToblioba,
xorcieldeba sicocxlis ZiriTadi principi _ azrovnebisa
da moqmedebis erTdrouloba da Tanmimdevruloba.~2
dro ar Cerdeba, amitom bunebrivia, rom swavlebis
meTodikac ganicdis cvlilebebs, xdeba plastikuri
aRzrdis da swavlebis meTodebis srulyofac. Zalian
sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT eJi marian grotovskis meTodi,
romelic cdilobda msaxiobisaTvis Cveuli ̀ daZabuloba~,
fsiqo-emociuri da fizikuri winaaRmdegobebi moexsna,
epova Tavisuflebis, dadebiTi ganwyobisa da sakuTari
faseulobebis SegrZneba. rodesac muSaobs kunTebis saerTo
jgufi, romelic monawileobas iRebs mocemul moZraobaSi
– iqmneba moZraobis siRaribis SegrZneba. xolo, cocxali
qmedeba sruldeba Cveuli, Tavisufali, avtomaturi
moZraobebiT, romelSic CarTulia mTeli sxeuli. fsiqo-
teqnika ibadeba praqtikaSi, gamocdilebiT. organizmi
TviTon gamomimuSavebs cxovrebaSi da speqtaklebSi
saWiro unarebs da isini xdebian Semdgom Semoqmedebis
qvecnobieri damxmareebi. samsaxiobo trenings moswavlis
1 Гиппиус, С.В.«Актёрский тренинг.Гимнастика чувств», изд.Прайм-Еврознак, 2006, с.275 2 Эмиль Жак Далькроз. «Ритм». М, 2008.
natalia diRmelaSvili
19
SemoqmedebiTi aparati mohyavs SemoqmedebiTi procesis
moTxovnebis SesabamisobaSi, srulyofs nervuli sistemis
plastiurobas da exmareba msaxiobs fsiqo-fizikuri
sxeulis daxvewaSi.
fsiqoTerapevtma maTias frederik aleqsanderma
SeimuSava sakuTari funqciuri meTodi, romelic
mdgomareobs sxeulis kunTebis Tavisufal daWimulobaSi
ise, rom moZraobebi iyos modunebuli. `moZraoba _
cxovrebaa, cxovreba ki warmoudgenelia moZraobis gareSe,
xolo adamianis saxe misi gamocdilebis Sedegia~,1 _
aRniSnavs germaneli fsiqoTerapevti moiSe feldenkraizi,
romlis meTodi gaTvlilia mizanmimarTuli, ekonomiuri
moZraobis Seswavlaze.
amas garda, Cven viciT iseTi sistemur-meToduri
midgomebi, rogorebicaa _ labanis, aStonis, pilatesas,
grexemis da sxvaTa sxeulTan muSaobis meTodebi.
dasavleTis Teatralur skolebSi aswavlian sabrZolo
xelovnebas: karate, uSu, tekvan-do, tai-Ci, iogas, da
a. S., plastikas, sadac Sedis pantomima, sakontaqto
improvizaciis meTodi, cekvas: klasika, jazi, moderni da
a.S., magram iseTi gaerTianebuli sagani, rogoricaa ̀ cekva~,
rogorc CvenTanaa miRebuli, romelSic Tavmoyrilia yvela
mimarTulebebi, rac saWiroa dramatuli TeatrisTvis _
iq ar aris.
sxvadasxva skolis gamocdilebisa da maTi
profesionaluri momzadebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven
SevecadeT srulgveyo da gagveTanamedrovebina sagani
`cekvis~ programa da saswavlo meTodika, radgan
es mimarTulia msaxiobis sxeulis Camoyalibebis,
ganviTarebisa da srulyofisaken, misi plastikuri
fantaziis aRzrdisa da moZraobis gamomsaxvelobisaken.
`msaxiobis sxeuli _ SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis iaraRia.
da, ramdenad ufro kargad da zustad iqneba awyobili
1 Feldenkrais Moshe.Awareness through mowement: helthexercises for personal growth. Lst Harper Collins pbk.ed.1990. - p.20
cekvis swavlebis principebi,
rogorc Teatraluri pedagogikis Semadgeneli nawili
20
es instrumenti, damokidebulia ara mxolod moswavleze,
aramed, Teatraluri skolis pedagogiur meTodikaze,
romliTac izrdeba msaxiobi.~1
studentebi, msaxiobis gare teqnikaze muSaobisas,
iZenen praqtikul codnas da misi gamoyenebis unars,
TviTgamoxatvis SesaZleblobebs plastikis saSualebiT,
aviTareben da srulyofen sakuTari moZraobebis
saSemsruleblo sizustes, anu meTodikas, scenuri
moednis aTvisebas, SemoqmedebiTad fiqrisa da qmedebis
unars. plastikis sagnebis pedagogebma gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda miaqcion mexsierebis, yuradRebis, nebisyofis,
siswrafis, koordinaciis, moxerxebulobis, fsiqo-
motoruli reaqciis, partniorTan urTierTmoqmedebis
ganviTarebas. stanislavski aRniSnavda, rom navarjiSebi
sxeulisTvis plastikuroba, moqniloba da sulieri
SegrZneba ganuyofelia.
vinaidan, samsaxiobo ostatobis swavlebaSi arsebiTi
mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanamedrove standartebis Sesabamisi
specialistebis aRzrdas, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
is problema, rom, Teatralur umaRles saswavleblebSi
cekvis swavlebis meTodologiebi naklebad Seswavlilia.
am sagans ki aqvs meToduri safuZveli, programuli
moTxovnebi, sakuTari miznebi da amocanebi. pedagog-
qoreografi, romelic aswavlis Teatralur umaRles
saswavlebelSi, farTo kvalifikaciis specialistia, man
unda icodes klasikuri, saxasiaTo, saistorio-yofiTi,
samejliso da Tanamedrove cekvebis swavlebis meTodika.
qarTul enaze ki am sferoSi meToduri da samecniero
naSromebis naklebobaa, rac ufro aRrmavebs am problemas.
zustad amisaTvis, Cven 30 welze metia vikvlevT da
yoveldRiur pedagogiur praqtikaSi vatarebT siaxleebs,
raTa Teoriisa da praqtikis meToduri Ziebani saerTo
1 Круглова, А.Г. «Сценическое движение. Педагогика телесного воспитания актёра». М, 2008, с.54.
natalia diRmelaSvili
21
koncefciamde miviyvanoT. erTaderTi saxelmZRvanelo -
e. vasilievas `cekva~, romelic arsebobs Teatraluri
umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis, iyo gamoSvebuli 1968
wels ruseTSi. am wignSi iyo ganxiluli marto klasikuri
cekvis moZraobebi, saistorio-yofiTi cekvebi da ramdenime
xalxuri cekva, romelic dRes ukve veRar pasuxobs
Tanamedrove aRzrdis moTxovnilebebs. unda aRvniSnoT,
rom bolo wlebSi sazRvargareT bevri saxelmZRvanelo
daibeWda sasceno moZraobis Tematikaze, magram arcerTi
_ cekvis swavlebaze, im saxiT, rogoric saWiroa dramis
msaxiobebisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni ZiriTadi amocanaa swavlebis
Tanamedrove formebis, meToduri literaturisa da
saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna, axali meTodikis danergva
saswavlo procesSi. Cven gvinda aRvzardoT Tanamedrove
msaxiobi da, zustad amitom, Cven gvWirdeba swavlebis
meTodikis axali saxelmZRvanelo, razec axla vmuSaob.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Э. Гугушвили. «Котэ Марджанишвили» М.,1979, с.263.• d. kobaxiZe `Teatraluri ganTiadis win~. gam-ba: •
`mwignobari~, Tb., 2010.
almanaxi „Teatri“, 1909, #7.•
Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1914, #17. •
gaz. „cnobis furceli“, 1905. •
Jurn. „faskunji~, 1909, #4.•
k. ninikaSvili `rusTavelis Teatri~, Tb., 1981. •
cekvis swavlebis principebi,
rogorc Teatraluri pedagogikis Semadgeneli nawili
22
nino sanadiraZe,
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis kinosa da Teatris
saxelmwifo universiteti,
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.
kulturis sferos marTvis
Taviseburebebi
kulturis sferoSi moRvawe organizaciebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli uwyebrivi daqvemdebarebiT
da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebiT gamoirCeva.
magaliTad, amgvar subieqtebad SeiZleba mogvevlinos
saxelmwifo, municipaluri, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi,
agreTve kerZo pirebic (SemdgomSi – kompaniebi, studiebi
da sxvadasxva iuridiuli erTeulebi).
kulturis sferos menejmentze saubrisas
gasaTvaliswineblia Semdegi garemoebebi: kulturis
sferos marTvis procesebi damokidebulia ara marto
socialur-kulturul konteqstze da socialur-
kulturul garemoze, aramed, Tavadac iZens socialur-
kulturul niSan-Tvisebebs. ufro metic – yoveli
iuridiuli Tu kerZo kompania droTa ganmavlobaSi
sul ufro mkafiod gvevlineba kulturis sferos
saqmianobis ganmsazRvreladac. kulturis sferoSi
moRvawe organizaciebis saqmianoba TanamSromlobisa
da urTierTgacvlis gareSe SeuZlebelia, ris gamoc
xdeba partnioroba sxvadasxva biznes struqturebTan
da gansxvavebuli tipis organizaciebTan - iqneba es
sponsorobis institutis ganviTareba, qvelmoqmedeba,
sazogadoebasTan urTierToba (PR) Tu sxva. amdenad, cxadi xdeba Semdegi - kulturis sferos marTvis sakiTxebis
gaanalizeba gansakuTrebul interess warmoadgens Semdeg
mizezTa gamo: uwinares yovlisa, kulturis sferos
marTvis arsSi zogadad menejmentis sruli speqtri
23
moiazreba. meore _ amgvari ganxilvis perspeqtivebi
mniSvnelovania kulturis sferos da saqmiani aqtivobis
sxva sferoebis urTierTTanamSromlobis SesaZleblobisa
da aucileblobis garkvevisaTvis. kulturis sferos
marTvis mTavari Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
miTiTebul sferoSi Semosavlebis miReba xdeba ara
sargeblis miRebis mizniT, aramed dainteresebuli
donorebis mozidvis xarjze – sponsoroba, patronaJi,
qvelmoqmedeba da sxva. kulturis sferos dagegmvas
umeteswilad centraluri adgili ukavia menejmentis
sistemaSi, imdenad, ramdenadac is winaswar gansazRvravs
konkretul periodSi gansaxorcielebeli saqmianobis
mimarTulebas da Sinaarss. ufro metic, dafinanseba,
materialuri da sxva msgavsi uzrunvelyofa
gamomdinareobs konkretuli gegmidan. dagegmili samuSaos
Sinaarsidan da misi uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobidan
gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvreba kompaniis
organizaciuli struqturis tipi, adamianuri resursebi,
prduqtebi, momxmarebelebi da sxva rac, Tavis mxriv,
gansazRvravs aRricxvisa da kontrolis meTodebs da
xasiaTs. mTlianad es erToblioba ki (miznebis gansazRvra
da maTi miRwevis gzebi) SeiZleba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT
warmovidginoT:
saqmianobis Sinaarsi;• dafinaseba da sxva uzrunvelyofa;• organizaciuli struqtura;• moTxovnebi personalis mimarT;• kadrebis SerCeva, ganawileba, waxaliseba;• aRricxvis, angariSgebisa da kontrolis sistema.•
kulturis sferos menejmentis specifikas, rogorc
wesi, `sulieri warmoebis~ Taviseburebebs ukavSireben.
amgvari saqmianobis ̀ produqtebi~ ara imdenad sagnobrivi
xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac azrovnebis fenomenebs (aRqmas,
gagebas, gancdas da sxv.) ukavSirdeba da uSualo
24
daTvlasa da Sejamebas ar eqvemdebareba. xSirad, maTi
warmoeba maT gamoyenebas emTxveva (speqtaklis, kinofilmis
Cveneba, koncertze daswreba, wignis kiTxva). ufro metic,
materialuri warmoebis produqtebisgan gansxvavebiT,
romlebic gamoyenebis procesSi cvdeba, kulturuli
faseulobebi gamoyenebisas sul ufro met Rirebulebas
iZens (mag., rac ufro metma adamianma waikiTxa esa Tu is
wigni, uyura speqtakls, films, mousmina koncerts – miT
ufro maRalia maTi socialuri mniSvneloba).
kulturis sferos arakomerciuli xasiaTi sulac
ar niSnavs, rom igi biznesisTvis mimzidveli ar
aris. dReisaTvis mTel msoflioSi arakomerciuli
(nonprofitable) seqtori – ekonomikis erT-erTi
yvelaze swrafad mzardi seqtoria. arakomerciuli
sferos, sajaroobidan da socialuri mniSvnelobidan
gamomdinare, mkveTrad gamoxatuli sareklamo potenciali
gaaCnia, rac, Tavis mxriv, donorebs mimzidveli imijis,
reputaciis, socialuri statusis formirebis da
ganvrcobis saSualebas aZlves. biznesisa da kulturis
urTierTTanamSromlobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da
gardaqmnisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis realizebis saSualebas
warmoadgens, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac SesaZlebelia
gamovyoT kulturisa da xelovnebis zegavlenis ramdenime
aspeqti Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze:
a) kulturis sferos uSualo gavlena ekonomikaze:
kulturis da xelovnebis sfero qmnis konkretul
samuSao adgilebs, aqvs sakuTari avtonomiuri gasaRebis
bazari, gaaCnia sainvesticio potenciali, uSualo wvlili
Seaqvs konkretuli regionis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi; -
kultura da xelovneba ganaTlebis, masmediis, turizmis,
garTobis industriis ganviTarebis ZiriTad wyaros
warmoadgens.
b) uSualo socialuri zegavlena: kultura da
nino sanadiraZe
25
xelovneba uzrunvelyofs socialurad mniSvnelovani
moRvaweobis sxvadasxva saxeebs, dasvenebis organizebas,
pozitiurad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cnobierebaze, xels
uwyobs pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis sulier ganviTarebas
da SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamovlenas;
g) iribi ekonomikuri zegavlena: kultura da xelovneba
socialurad momgebiani sferoa, imdenad, ramdenadac axdenen
sazogadoebis faseulobaTa, cnebaTa akumulirebasa da
translirebas, romlebic komerciuli da arakomerciuli
saqmianobis drosac gamoiyeneba. biznesisa da menejmentis
iseTi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis arseboba, rogoricaa,
reklama, sazogadoebasTan urTierToba - PR, personalTan
muSaoba, korporaciuli kulturisa da safirmo stilis
Camoyalibeba, warmoudgenelia socialur-kulturuli
moRvaweobis tradiciuli formebis gamoyenebis, kulturis
sferos seqtorTan TanamSromlobis gareSe;
d) iribi socialuri zegavlena: kultura da
xelovneba amdidrebs socialur garemos, ris Sedegadac
izrdeba kulturisa da xelovnebis roli socialur
komunikaciaSi, maT Soris, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, winamdebare statiis
mizans warmoadgens kulturis sferos ganviTarebis
dagegmvis TaviseburebaTa gamovlena. cnebaSi ̀ kulturis
sfero~ igulisxmeba sawarmoTa, dawesebulebaTa da
arakomerciul organizaciaTa erToblioba, romlebic,
oficialuri klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, ganekuTvneba
kulturisa da xelovnebis qmnilebebis, aramaterialuri
momsaxurebis mwarmoebel, saxalxo meurneobis
sxvadasxva seqtors. kulturis sferos ganviTarebis
dagegmva unda warmoadgendes miznobrivi orientaciisa
da aucilebeli Sedegebis miRwevis, kulturis
sferoSi moRvawe sxvadasxva subieqtis saqmianobis
efeqturobis amaRlebis, sazogadoebisTvis kulturis
kulturis sferos marTvis Taviseburebebi
26
sferos momsaxurebis miwodebis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebaTa erTobliobas.
kulturis sferos menejeri zedmiwevniT unda flobdes
komerciuli da arakomerciuli saqmianobis marketings,
erkveodes ekonomikasa da samarTalSi da flobdes
menejerisaTvis aucilebel sxva unar-Cvevebs, romelTa
gamoyenebiTac unda xdebodes strategiuli dagegmareba.
strategiuli dagegmarebis SemTxvevaSi misi zemoqmedeba
gare cvlilebebze orsaxovania: grZelvadiani zemoqmedeba
gulisxmobs strategiul gegmebs, moqmedeba xdeba gegmiuri
ciklis gareT, realuri drois reJimSiDda ganxorcieleba
aucilebelia eqvemdebarebodes erTian misias, romlis
miRweva SesaZlebeli xdeba taqtikuri amocanebis
gansazRvris dros. kulturis sferos strategiuli
dagegmareba unda xorcieldebodes kulturis yvela
qvedargisaTvis da sasurvelia gamoyenebuli iqnes Semdegi
kriteriumebi:
kulturis sferos saerTo-ekonomikuri • ganviTareba, rac ganapirobebs ekonomikuri pirobebis
formirebas, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, SeZlebs uzrunvelyos
kulturis sferoSi moRvawe subieqtTa momsaxurebis
bazris konkurentunarianoba da maRali safinanso-
ekonomikuri Sedgebi;
kulturis sferos dawesebulebebisa da • sawarmoebis teqnikuri aRWurvisaken mimarTuli inovaciuri
ganviTareba da yvela im samecniero miRwevaTa danergva
da gamoyeneba, romelic xels uwyobs efeqturobasa da
momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebas;
kulturis sferos Semadgeneli instituciebis • xelSewyoba Tanamedrove bazarTan da moTxovnebTan
mimarTebaSi, maTi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri parametrebis
Semcirebis mniSvnelovani tendenciebis gansazRvra
(msgavsi instituciebia: biblioTekebi, samecniero Tu sxva
kulturul-dasasvenebeli dawesebulebebi, kulturuli
nino sanadiraZe
27
memkvidreobis Zeglebi da sxva).
kulturis sferos dafinansebis, mxardaWerisa da
ganviTarebis msoflio gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom
arsebobs kulturis ekonomikis sami ZiriTadi tipi,
dafinansebis meqanizmis mixedviT: `romanuli~ tipi (mag.,
italiaSi, espaneTSi, safrangeTSi) – rodesac kultura
finansdeba centralizebulad, saxelmwifo saxsrebis
xarjze. italiaSi kulturuli aqciebis da xelovnebis
dafinansebis ganxorcielebis ufleba aqvT mxolod
samTavrobo organizaciebs an saxelmwifos ndobiT
aRWurvil kerZo pirebs.
`germanuli~ tipi, rac damaxasiaTebelia germaniis
federaciuli respublikisa da skandinaviis qveynebisaTvis.
am SemTxvevaSi centraluri xelisuflebis mier
xorcieldeba mxolod paternaluri mxardaWera, xolo
saxelmwifo dafinanseba, umeteswilad, adgilobrivi
biujetebidan da damoukidebeli struqturebidan Tu
fondebidan warmoebs.
`anglo-amerikuli~ tipi – saxelmwifo gvevlineba
garkveuli mimarTulebebis mxardamWerad, dafinanseba
ki xorcieldeba kerZo kapitalis mozidvis, maT Soris,
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis xarjze.
kulturis sferos marTvis Taviseburebebze
saubrisas aucilebelia aRiniSnos kulturis sferos
marketingis Taviseburebebic; zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi
ganapirobebs kulturis sferos, rogorc arakomerciuli
saqmianobis marketingis Taviseburebebs da komerciuli
sferoebis tradiciuli marketingisagan gansxvavebiT
sxvadasxva Sresgan Sedgeba. xSirad, arakomerciul
sferoSi, gadaxdisunarianobis mqone subieqti da uSualo
momxmarebeli erTi da imave pirebs ar warmoadgenen.
magaliTad, kulturis sferos tipur momxmareblebs
ganekuTvnebian sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmenturi
jgufebi - bavSvebi, mozardebi, socialurad daucveli
kulturis sferos marTvis Taviseburebebi
28
pirebi, unarSezRuduli da mzrunvelobas moklebuli
sazogadoeba, veteranebi da sxv. maTTan muSaoba, ukamaToa
rom aucilebelia, magram vin anazRaurebs maTTvis gaweuli
momsaxurebis safasurs? miRebuli produqtis (iqneba
es speqtakli, warmodgena, gamofena, koncerti Tu sxva)
safasuris nawils xSir SemTxvevaSi ixdis an mzrunveli/
mSobeli, mxolod erTeul SemTxvevebSi finansdeba
sabiujeto organizaciebisagan, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki msgavsi
tipis RonisZiebebis gamarTva saqvelmoqmedo fondebis,
donorebisa Tu sxvadasxva organizacebis patronaJiT
xorciledeba.
yvela zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare ki SegviZlia
davaskvnaT Semdegi – kulturis sferos bazris
Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb: Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
kulturis sferoSi, ori sxvadasxva tipis bazari
moqmedebs: momxmarebelTa bazari da donorTa bazari.
sakmaod Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu romelia maTgan
pirveladi: jer ganisazRvreba momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi
da Semdgom xdeba donorebis moZieba, Tu piriqiT –
momxmareblis `SeZena~ warmoebs im donorTa interesebis
uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic mzad arian gaiRon Tanxa am
jgufebTan garkveuli saqmianobis Catarebis sanacvlod.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
James Heilbrun • - The Economics of Art and culture, 2007.Iain Robertson - Understanding international art markets and • management, 2005.Derrick Chong - Art management, 2006.• Armstrong Gary – Marketing and art management, 2007.• Phillip Kotler – Marketing – introduction, 2007• .
nino sanadiraZe
29
maia sigua,
Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoria
musikis Teoriisa da kompoziciis fakulteti
sadoqtoro programa – musikis istoria.
I wlis doqtoranti. xelmZRvaneli: musikologiis
doqtori, asoc. prof. qeTevan bolaSvili
musikisa da dramis urTierTqmedebis
modifikaciebi musikalur TeatrSi
(XX saukunis II naxevris ramdenime
nawarmoebis magaliTze)
XX saukunis II naxevars evropuli da amerikuli
musikaluri kultura ukve Camoyalibebuli da
deklarirebuli avangardiT Sexvda. es iyo erT-erTi
yvelaze radikaluri, tradiciis uarmyofeli mimdinareoba,
romlis konteqstSic Rrma fesvebisa da tradiciebis
mqone operis Janris warmodgenac ki SeuZlebeli
unda yofiliyo. am periodSi `mTeli yuradReba
fundamentalistebisken iyo mimarTuli~.1 magram 1955
wels erT-erTma `fundamentalistma~ pier bulezma Jan-
lui baros Teatris speqtakl `oresteasTvis~ musika
Seqmna, xolo 1961 wels veneciis Teatro la Fenice-Si dadga darmStadtis skolis warmomadgenlis luiji nonos
opera Intolleranza 1960 (daumorCilebloba 1960), amgvarad avangardistuli `spilos Zvlis koSkic~ Signidan
gatyda.
ZiriTadma avangardistulma principebma am periodis
musikaze Tavisi kvali mainc datoves. `kompozitorTa
Taoba, romelmac analitikuri ormocdaaTianebi gamoiara,
standartul Janrebs jer isev eWviT uyurebda. igi
im axali musikalur-Teatraluri formebis gamoCenas
1 Griffiths P (1995). Modern Music and After: Directions Since 1945 Oxford University Press, p. 171.
30
eloda, romelic aRmocendeboda axali masalidan ufro
ukeT, vidre didi xnis manZilze milevadi tradiciebidan.
amitom, saopero Teatrebic da artistebic Tavs
itanjavdnen musikisa da Teatris axleburi erTianobis
gamogonebiT, sanam jon keijma _ gansakuTrebiT 50-ianebSi
tiudorisTvis dawerili safortepiano piesebiT _ ar
aCvena, rom araviTari `axali erTianoba~ saWiro ar iyo,
rom yovelgvari musika Tavisi bunebiT Teatraluria,
yovelgvari warmodgena (performance) _ drama~.1
qvemoT musikisa da dramis erTianobis WrilSi
SevexebiT am periodis ramdenime avtoris ramdenime
nawarmoebs. esenia: ianis qsenakisis `orestea~, luiji
nonos `promeTeo~, luCano berios `opera~ da `mefe
usmens~, robert eSlis `srulyofili cxovreba~, dierd
ligetis `diadi mkvdari~, jon keijis `evroperebi~, stiv
raixis `mRvime~. am nawarmoebebSi es sakiTxi aqtualuria
imdenad, ramdenadac gaCnda cneba `antiopera~; daiwera
opera `opera~; gaCnda opera vizualuri Teatraluri
elementis gareSe; operebi, romlebic scenaze dadgmisTvis
ar iyo gankuTvnili da a. S. faqtobrivad, erTiani
organizmi, romelic sami saukunis manZilze, ramdenime
krizisisa da reformis miuxedavad, musikisa da dramis
organul, ganuyofel Senadnobs warmoadgenda, Semadgenel
komponentebad daiSala. logikurad, es procesi imTaviTve
miuTiTebda, rom am Janrs momavali ar unda hqonoda, Tumca,
aseTi nimuSebi, romlebsac, Tu tradiciuli kriteriumebiT
mivudgebiT, sxvas verafers vuwodebT, Tu ara invalids
(arasrulfasovans), dRemde Tamamad atareben operis
statuss. daviwyoT Janris definiciiT.
sxvadasxva enciklopediasa Tu leqsikonSi opera
sxvadasxvagavarad ganimarteba, magram yvela maTganSi
cnebebi musika da drama _ yovelTvis erTmaneTTan
1 Griffiths P (1995). Modern Music and After: Directions Since 1945. Oxford University Press, p. 171.
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kavSirSia naxsenebi da es savsebiT bunebrivia, Tu operis
dabadebis ambavs gavixsenebT. es Janri sworedac musikisa
da dramis hibridia, magram Tanafardoba am or ZiriTad
komponents Soris yovelTvis Tanabari ar yofila. aman
araerTxel gamoiwvia operis krizisebi, romelTa mizezi
balansis musikis sasargeblod rRveva iyo.
Cvens gansaxilvel nawarmoebTa Soris ianis
qsenakisis `oresteaSi~, garkveulwilad, TiTqmis arc
araferi Secvlila, magram masSi veRar vxvdebiT scenur
qmedebas _ dramis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes komponents.
igives gameoreba SeiZleba ligetis operaze `diadi
mkvdari~. igi mTlianad Teatris da mis nairsaxeobaTa
wesebzea dafuZnebuli. libretoSi erTmaneTs farsi,
absurdis Teatri, tragikomikuri bufonada, balaganuri
da marionetuli warmodgenebi, flamanduri karnavalis
feradovneba erwymis Caplinis xelovnebas da sagazeTo
karikaturul stils. is, rac gelderodis piesas
axasiaTebs, zustad gaimeores ligetim da misma
libretistma mixael meSkem. `musikaluri movlenebi
piradapir mihyveba moqmedebas, xSirad momxdaris aSkara
ilustracias warmoadgens sacirko komizmis elferiT~.1
nawarmoebi interpretaciis mraval SesaZleblobas uSvebs,
amitomac, sxvadasxva Teatri sxvadasxvagvarad dgams mas:
rogorc `jadosnuri fleitis~ Tanamedrove perifrazas
(bolonia), realistur-siurrealistur farss beketis
stilSi (niurnbergi), iumoristul warmodgenas daRupvis
piras (hamburgi).
ligeti misTvis miuReblad miiCnevda vagner-
Straus-bergis tradicias da ambobda, rom undoda misi
idealebis _ mocartis, monteverdis, verdis tradicias
gayoloda. miuxedavad misi am survilisa, migvaCnia, rom
saerTo jamSi, nawarmoebSi wamyvani Teatraluri sawyisia
1 Савенко С (1987). Приключения в воображаемом пространстве. Замет-Савенко С (1987). Приключения в воображаемом пространстве. Замет-ки о творчестве Д. Лигети . в журн. СМ. № 6, с. 115-116.
musikisa da dramis urTierTqmedebis modifikaciebi musikalur TeatrSi
32
da Seucvleli safuZveli musikis mier saxeebisa da
xasiaTebis SeqmnisaTvis.
rogorc Cans, dramasTan mimarTebaSi musikaluri
sawyisis upiratesobis xazgasma gansaxilvel sxva
nawarmoebebSi erTgvar tendenciad yalibdeba da,
SesaZloa, saopero warsulis winaaRmdeg wasvlis erT-
erT saSualebadac moiazrebodes.
TavianTi Soreuli `winaprebisagan~ gansxvavebiT
beriom da nonom sruliad gansxvavebuli gzebi ipoves im
`axali erTianobis~ ZiebaSi, romelzec grifitsi werda.
`musikaluri procesi, romelic akontrolebs narativs~
_ ase ayalibebs berio Tavis mizans: musikis uzenaesobis
xelaxla damtkicebas glukisa da vagneris reformis
sapirispirod,1 amitom, `opera~ operaa, sadac avtori Tavs
aridebs Txrobas tradiciuli maneriT, magram gvaZlevs
ara erT, aramed sam paralelurad ganviTarebad siuJetur
xazs. esenia: miTi orfevsze monteverdis `orfeodan~,
niu-iorkis Open Theatre-is speqtakli Terminal da `titanikis~ daRupvis ambavi, amasTan, gamoyenebulia
savsebiT tradiciuli nomruli struqtura.
Tavis sxva opus-ebSi berio TandaTan cvlis da
arTulebs Tavis midgomas. `marTal ambavSi~ moyolilia
ara ambavi, aramed gamravlebuli SesaZlo ambebi; xolo
operaSi `mefe usmens~, avtorisave TqmiT, `nawarmoebi
TviTon mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor transformirdeba operad~2
(monteverdis zemoT citirebuli midgomis sapirispirod).
umberto ekosTan dialogSi berio SeniSnavs, rom igi
ramdenime doneze interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva da
maT Soris umartivesi _ operaa, iseve, rogorc mwerlis
cnobil romanSi3, romelic sabaziso doneze SeiZleba
1 Jacobson B. Opera’s Deconstructionist // http://www.metoprtafamily.org/operanews2 Jacobson B. Opera’s Deconstructionist // http://www.metoprtafamily.org/operanews3 igulisxmeba `vardis saxeli~.
maia sigua
33
aRqmuli iyos, rogorc deteqtivi.1 miuxedavad imisa, rom am
opus-Si uaryofilia Txrobis tradiciuli manera, berios
miaCnia, rom mis scenur moqmedebas, teqsts da musikas
aerTianebs is, rac maT ganacalkevebs kidevac: igi xSirad
epyroba am sam elements, rogorc sam damoukidebel arss.
`swored maTi urTierTobis permanentuli aramdgradobis
Sedegia maTi erTianobac. xandaxan moqmedebis mizezi
teqstia, xandaxan _ piriqiT; xandaxan musika teqstiTa
da moqmedebiTaa motivirebuli, xandaxan _ piriqiT~ _
ambobs kompozitori.2
nawarmoebis Seqmnis impulsi franc kafkac dRiuris
fragmenti3 da rolan bartis ese gaxda, romelSic avtori
ganasxvavebs gagonebas (hearing), rogorc fiziologiur
fenomensa da mosmenas (listening), rogorc fsiqologiur
aqts. operis dramaturgia mTavari personaJis, prosperos
mier gagonil da mosmenil movlenebs Soris konfliqts
emyareba, amitomac garegnulad srulyofili drama
ganviTarebis yvela etapiT beriosTan TiTqmis ar aris.
mosmenis, rogorc fenomenis Tematika, aqtualuria
luiji nonos `promeTeoSic~, magram, sxvagvarad.
`kompozitori fiqrobda operaze, an ufro zustad, Musica per dramatica-ze yovelgvari vizualuri da scenuri
aspeqtebis gareSe. erTi sityviT, drama aq _ musikaSia~.4
nawarmoebi, romelic calkeul wyaroebSi moxseniebulia,
rogorc opera, promeTeze miTis mraval sxvadasxva versias
warmoadgens. magram, radgan misi libreto ramdenime
avtoris teqstebisagan Sekruli kompilaciaa da masTan
nonos sruliad Taviseburi damokidebuleba aqvs: xSirad
saerTod gaugebaria Tu ra sityvebs warmoTqvamen
momRerlebi. Sesabamisad, araa dramac. `vizualuri
1 Jacobson B. ix.: iqve.2 ix.: iqve.3 ̀ ... me vzivar Cems oTaxSi _ binis yvelaze xmaurian nawilSi... mesmis
karis yoveli mijaxuneba...~ da a. S. ix.: Jacobson. B. 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Nono#1980s
musikisa da dramis urTierTqmedebis modifikaciebi musikalur TeatrSi
34
warmodgena nonos mier kategoriulad ikrZaleba, radgan
teqstic da gamosaxulebac misTvis erTi saerTo niSnis
qveS erTiandeba da upirispirdeba musikas, rogorc
fenomens~.1 gansxvavebiT italielebisagan, romelTac
memkvidreobiT miiRes garkveuli saopero normebi da
dogmebi da TavianTi gzac maTi uaryofiT, anda maTSi
cvlilebebis SetaniT ipoves, amerikelebi _ eSli, keiji
da raixi TamaSis wesebs TviTon igoneben.
70-ianebis bolos Seqmnili pirveli teleoperis
`srulyofili cxovrebis~ (Perfect Lives) avtori robert eSli iyenebs ganviTarebul, TiTqmis daxlarTul siuJetur
xazs, sadac erTi ZiriTadi ambis garSemo ramdenime
sxva patar-patara ambavic erTiandeba. aRsaniSnavia,
rom nawarmoebs aqvs formaluri modeli _ tibeturi
`wigni gardacvlilebze~.2 meore amerikeli, jon keiji
xazgasmiT ar cnobs warsulis moTxovnebs. metic, igi
am SemTxvevaSi motivirebuli iyo SekveTiT, dawera
`operis, rogorc aseTis gardauvali uaryofa~.3 keiji
damoukidebel erTeulebad aviTarebs musikas, teqstsa da
scenografias da SeniSnavs, rom es parametrebi arian
`damoukidebelni, magram Tanaarsni~.4 avtoris TqmiT, aseTi
midgomis safuZveli cirkis (amfiTeatris) koncefcia
gaxda. cirkis msgavsad `evroperebSic~ warmodgenis
yvela parametri erTi batonis, SemTxvevis (Chance) monaa. keijTan SemTxveva gansazRvravs TiTqmis yvelafers,
maT Soris dekoraciebis, kostiumebis, rekvizitis da
TamaSis (aqciis) SerCevis principsac. damoukideblobis,
magram Tanaarsebobis deklarirebiT keiji kategoriulad
1 Beyst S. Luigi Nono: Il Prometeo a revolutionary’s swansong // http://d-sites.net/english/nono.htm 2 Левин Л (1990). Американский оперний театр 1970-1980-х годов: про-блемы и решения. В сб. Музыкальный театр, события, проблемы. Мо-сква: Музыка, с. 270.3 Beyst S. ix. iqve. 4 iqve.
maia sigua
35
uaryofs vagneriseuli Gesamtkunstwerk-is ideas.`SemTxveviTi (Chance) operaciebis ganzogadebas
moaqvs musikis transformireba multimediur sinaTle
– bgeriT peizaJebad, anda, _ droiTi aspeqtis xazgasma
_ hefeningad qceva~.1 hefeningad, da ara Teatrad,
radganac aq saqme gvaqvs ara dadgmul dramasTan, aramed
realur movlenebTan, romlebic yovel jerze icvlebian.
dramaturgia mobiluria da ganumeorebeli, amitom, aq
SeuZlebelia vifiqroT musikisa da dramis tradiciul
kavSirze, rac beriosTan da nonosTanac ki, Znelad, magram
mainc SeiZleboda.
aseve SeuZlebelia am gagebiT msjeloba stiv raixis
`mRvimeze~, Tumca, keijisgan gansxvavebiT, raixi acxadebs,
rom man Seqmna musikaluri Teatris axali saxe. `1988
wels Sevqmeni `gansxvavebuli matareblebi~ da igi
iwyebs axal Teatralur mimarTulebas [...] veli, rom
es iqneba dasawyisi axali _ dokumenturi musikaluri
videoTeatris _ saxeobisa da es dasawyisi arcTu Soreul
momavalSia~ _ werda raixi 1988 wels.2
`mRvime~, Cveni azriT, beriosa da ligetisgan
gansxvavebiT, naTeli ilustraciaa imisa, Tu rogor
qmnis musika dramas, Tu dramaze am nawarmoebSi saerTod
SeiZleba laparaki. raixs, keijis msgavsad, xelTa aqvs
masala _ uamravi interviu erTsa da imave kiTxvebze
da maT organizebas musikaluri interesebis Sesabamisad
axdens. raixi ambobs: `aq ar aris rolebi, rom vinmem
Tqvas: es TamaSobs abraams, es ki ismaels. es bibliuri
personaJebi interviuerebis sityvebSi cxovroben~3
cxadia, vokalistebi da instrumentalistebi aseve
uzrunvelyofen dramatul elements, ramdenadac, umartives
doneze dramatul komponents Seicaven TviTon bibliuri
1 iqve.2 Schwarz Robert K. (1993). From Antiquity to the Future: The Cave Brings Musical Theatre into the XXI century // Hendon Music. Boosey and Hawkes. p. 193 iqve.
musikisa da dramis urTierTqmedebis modifikaciebi musikalur TeatrSi
36
moTxrobebi, magaliTad, abraamis ambavi, moTxrobili
ebraelebis, arabebisa da amerikelebis mier.1
amgvarad, Cveni azriT, am da sxva msgavsi nawarmoebebis
SemTxvevaSi ufro optimalurad gveCveneba ara termin
operis, aramed musikaluri Teatris gamoyeneba, radgan
musikaluri Teatri, farTo gagebiT, moicavs warmodgenis
yovelgvar saxes, rac musikisa da Teatris meSveobiT
xorcieldeba. masSi erTiandebian rogorc damoukidebeli,
Camoyalibebuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone Janrebi (rogoricaa
opera Tavisi yvela nairsaxeobiT), ise TavianTi arsiT
arastabiluri Janrebi: musikaluri performansi, hefeningi
da msgavsi sxva movlenebi2. erTi sityviT, musikaluri
Teatri isaa, rac yvela am Janrs miesadageba da Tavis
TavSic aerTianebs kidec. Zalze zogad doneze esaa
garkveul sivrceSi musikiTa da sityviT gadmocemuli an
gaTamaSebuli, dramaturgiuli ganviTarebis mqone ambavi.
misi moqniloba swored amaSia. musikaluri Teatri
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe uSvebs ori ZiriTadi
komponentis met-naklebad Semcveli axali formebis
generirebas.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, cxadi xdeba, rom qsenakisis
`oresteac~ da raixis `mRvimec~ opera ki araa, aramed
musikaluri Teatris nairsaxeobaa. pirveli _ sinTeturi
musikaluri tragedia, meore _ multimediuri musikaluri
performansi. musikalur Teatrs, kerZod, musikalur
hefenings warmoadgens jon keijis `evroperebic~. rac
Seexeba I nawilis I TavSi ganxilul sxva nawarmoebs,
ligetis `diadi mkvdari~ maT Soris erTaderTia,
romelsac operasTan tradiciuli gagebiT, kavSiri ase
Tu ise SenarCunebuli aqvs. magram, nawilobriv misi da
gansakuTrebiT beriosa da nonos sxva opus-ebis operad miCneva iseve Znelia, rogorc amis uaryofa.
1 iqve.2 rom araferi vTqvaT, musikalur Teatrze viwro gagebiT, miuziklze,
musikalur komediaze, da yovelgvar musikalur sanaxaobaze.
maia sigua
37
statia gvinda davasruloT citatiT Teodor
adornos `axali musikis filosofiidan~ _ `cneba
`Tanamedrove opera~ Tavis TavSi Seicavs gadaulaxav
winaaRmdegobas. operis idea im saxiT romlieTac aqamde
publikas siamovnebas aniWebda, SeuTavsebelia axali
musikis saSualebebTan. Teatraluri TvalsazrisiT ki,
axali musika iswrafvis mWidrod Seewyas egreT wodebul
eqsperimentul warmodgenebs~.
musikisa da dramis urTierTqmedebis modifikaciebi musikalur TeatrSi
38
vladimer (lado) tatiSvili, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universitetis doqqtoranti
xelmZRvaneli: prof. giorgi CarTolani
si tyvis Za la _ ro gorc sa te le vi zio
rek la mis erT-er Ti
mxat vrul-Semo qme de bi Ti sa Su a le ba
`pir ve lad iyo si tyuaÁ da si tyuaÁigi iyo RmrTi sa
Ta na da Rmer Ti iyo sityuaÁigi~, _ ase iwye ba io a nes sa-
xa re ba.
sa qar Tve los gada svlam sa baz ro eko no mi ka ze da mi s ma
Ca rTvam msof lio integ ra ci is pro ces Si gan sa kuT re bu li
aq tu a lu ro ba Se sZi na rek la mas (da zogadad _ rek la mi-
re bas), ro me lic iq mne ba, upir ve les yov li sa, mar ke tin gu-
li sib rZnis sa fuZ vel ze da warmo ad gens um niS vne lo va nes
in stru ments sa mar ke tin go prob le me bis mo gva re bi sas.
ge mov ne bi a ni rek la ma er Tgva ri sib rZne caa da si-
tyvaT Se moq me de bac. igi advilad ipyrobs ada mi a nis guls.
kar gad mo fiq re bu li ide is sa rek la mo for ma un da gamo-
ir Ce o des sti li Ta da si u Je tiT. mxo lod am Se mTxve-
vaSi mi iR we va gansakuT re bu li efe q ti da momxma reb lis
waruS le li STa beW di le ba.
rek la mi re bis prob le me bi ga Su qe bu lia ucxo e li av-
to re bis mi er, ma ga li Tad, am mxriv sa in te re soa d. di u po-
nis na Sro mi ̀ rek la ma~, ag reT ve l. xromo vis _ ̀ sa rek la mo
Semo qme de ba~, k. xop kin sis _ `Ce mi cxov re ba rek la ma Sia~,
s. tiva ris ̀ rekla mis jan saRi az ri~ da mra va li sxva. da-
sa xe le bul Sro meb Si gan xi lu lia bren dis rek la mi re bas-
Tan da kav Si re bu li mra va li sa ki Txi: sa u ba ria sa rek la mo
ide is, bren de bis na ir sa xe o bis, ma Ti Ri re bu le bis, sa in ter-
ne to rek la mis, sa tele vi zio rek la mis, beW du ri rek la mis,
sa re k la mo sa a gen to e bi sa da sxva am tipis mniS vne lo va ni
39
sa ki Txis Se sa xeb (ma Ti mosazrebe bi cal ke Ta vad iq ne ba
warmo dge ni li Cvens sa di ser ta cio na Srom Si). am je rad ki
yu ra dRe bas gavamaxvilebT sa te le vi zio rek la mis erT-
erT mxat vrul-Semo qme de biT saSualeba ze, ro me lic ama
Tu im bren dis si tyvi er rek la mi re bas ukav Sir de ba.
mxat vrul-Semo qme de bi Ti Tval saz ri siT mo rge bu lad
ga for me bu li satelevi zio rek la ma em sa xu re ba kar gi
pro duq ci is re a li za ci as xan grZli vi peri o dis gan mav-
lo ba Si.
kre ati u li kon cef ci is da mu Sa ve bi sas me tad mniS vne-
lo va nia for mi sa da Sina ar sis ur Ti er Tmi mar Te bis sa ki-
Txi: yu ra dRe ba un da ga max vil des ara mxo lod ima ze, Tu
`ras~ am bo ben, ara med ima zec _ Tu `ro gor~ gamo xa ta ven
sa Tqmels. am ori kom po nen tis har mo ni u li Se xa me ba uda-
vod gana pi ro bebs sa bren do produqciis war ma te bul re-
a li za ci as.
sa te levi zio rek la mi re bi sa Tvis ar ar se bobs ga rkve-
u li for mu le bi. yo ve li axa li rek la ma un da gamo ir Ce-
o des in di vi du a lu ro biT, Se saZ le be lia, axasiaTebdes iu-
mo ric.
mo mxma re be li ir Cevs ara sa qo nels, ara med bren debs.
ro ca esa Tu is bren di sis te ma tu rad Se e sa ba me ba sa rek-
la mo da pi re bebs, kav Si ri kli en teb sa da bren debs So ris
mWid roa da sa i me doc. al baT mi giq cevi aT yu ra dRe ba, rom
mo mxma reb le bi yi du lo ben ara man qa nas, ara med `to i o tas~,
`me rse dess~, `opels~; isi ni iZe nen ara jin ss, ara med `le-
viss~, `lis~, `za ras~; sva men ara li mo naTs, ara med `ko ka-
ko las~, `pef sis~, `fan tas~; Wa men ara So ko lads, ara med
`sni kerss~, `marss~, `barambos~; da di an ara ma Ra zi a Si, ara-
med `gud vil Si~, `po pul sa~ da `ji mart Si~...
kar gi re k la ma un da iyos li de ri sxva rek la ma Ta So-
ris. ga xsov deT, rom iyide ba ara sa qo ne li, ara med – rek-
la mis Se de gad gamo wve u li emo cia-STabeWdile ba.
Semo qme de bi Ti gada wyve ti le bis mi sa Re bad au ci le be-
40
lia kre a ti u li standarte bi sa da ori en ti re bis cod na:
1. ro go ri rek la maa kre a ti u li; 2. ra saxis kre a ti u li
rek la maa STa mbeW da vi; 3. ro gor mi vi RoT kre a ti u li rek-
la ma da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia, rom rek la mi sa Tvis kre a ti u lo ba sa Su-
a le baa da ara mi za ni, Tum ca ne bis mi er kre a ti ul rek la-
mas, rom elic zus tad as ru lebs Ta vis fun qci as, sa kmaod
di di San si aqvs war ma te bi sa Tvis. igi Se sam Cne vi caa da
dasamaxsovrebelic.
mxat vrul-Semo qme de bi Ti Tval saz ri siT gemovnebiT
ga for me bu li rek la ma bren dis re a li za ci i sa Tvis mamo-
Zra ve be li Za laa.
ro gor `Se vfu ToT si tyvi e rad~ STa mbeW da vi for miT
axa li bren di? _ es sakiTxi me tad sa in te re sod gve sa xe-
ba da Cve ni sta ti ac sa rek la mo teq stis gamonaT qvam Ta
Se rCe va sa da ana lizs iT va lis wi nebs.
`si tyva~ STa beW di le bis gamo mwve vi erT-er Ti yve la ze
Zli e ri saSu a le baa. gamo rCe u l efeq tur ze moq me de ba sac
swo red igi ax dens mo mxma re bel ze. es un da ax sov des
sa te le vi zio rek la mis Se mqmnels da eca dos _ ga az re-
bu lad gamo i ye nos enis si tyvi e ri ma ra gi dan sa rek la mo
gamo naT qva me bisa Tvis Se sa fe ri si leq si ku ri er Te u le bi.
Se iZ le ba iT qvas, rom rek la ma _ es aris si tyva Ta Se-
jib ri, pa eq ro ba: ro me li ajo bebs, romeli uf ro mo er ge ba
mo ce mul Se mTxve vas.
rek la mis spe ci a list ma un da ico des, rom `si tyvis
Za la~ mxo lod ima Si ki ar mdgo ma re obs, Tu ram de nad
bevrs ityvi ama Tu im sa rek la mo produqcias Tan da-
kavSi re biT, ara med uf ro mniS vne lo va nia _ ro gor Se Zleb
la ko nu rad da yovlis mom cve lad warmo a Ci no brend is
upi ra te so ba. yve la fe ri ki `ide as~ ukavSir de ba. kar-
gad mo fiq re bu li `idea~ da gemo vne biT `frTa Sesxmuli
si tyve bi~ produqtis da de bi Ti Tvi se be bis warmo sa Ce nad
uk ve Za li an bevrs niS navs. aqe dan mxo lod er Ti na bi jia
vladimer (lado) tatiSvili
41
brend is war ma te biT re a li za ci a mde.
sa te le vi zio rek la mi sa Tvis kar gad Se rCe u li teq sti
fo nad un da mihyvebodes vizualur efeqts, ra Ta axa li
pro duq ci is mxa re e bi kar gad aRiq vas mo mxma re bel ma. si-
tyvi er ma in for ma ci am, upir ve les yov li sa, un da da a in te-
re sos da da a je ros ma yu re be li bren dis upi ra te so ba Si.
Cve ni az riT, sa te le vi zio rek la mis pir ve li ve ab zac Si
yu radRe ba un da gamax vi ldes bren dis ara or di na ru lo bis
Se sa xeb: riT gamo ir Ce va is Ta vi si winamor be de bi sa gan da
ra axa li da ma te bi Ti Tvi se ba axa si a Tebs mas.
gan sakuT re biT aR vni SnavT Sem degs: teq sti ise un da
da i we ros da ga i mar Tos sin taq sur-sti lis ti ku ri Tval-
saz ri siT, rom ga sa ge bi da mi saw vdo mi iyos absolu tu-
rad yve la sa Tvis: ar aris sa Wi ro iS vi a Ti lin gvis ti ku ri
xer xe bis Zieba _ na Tqva mi unda ga i gos ne bis mi er ma mo-
mxma re bel ma.
yu ra dRe ba un da mi eq ces ima sac, rom ama Tu im bren-
dis si tyvi e ri reklamirebi sas ar un da ga me or des kon-
ku rent Ta sa re k la mo gamo naT qva me bi dan ar cer Ti sit yva,
ma gram, Tu kon ku ren te bis mi er yve la Se saZ lo da de bi Ti
`sityvieri Se fuT va~ amo wu ru lia, aseT Se mTxve veb Si Se-
iZ le ba iT qvas Za li an mokled da lakoniurad, mag., axa li
kbi lis pas ta..., an kidev: kbi lis pas ta axa li efeq tiT da
sxva.
vfiq robT, rom sa rek la mo teq sti mo kled un da mo u-
Txrob des mo mxma re bels bren dis upi ra te so bis Se sa xeb _
ra aris mniS vne lo va ni si ax le da ro gor un da mo ix ma ros
is myid vel ma.
teq stis Se dge ni sas gada mwyve ti mniS vne lo ba aqvs ima-
sac, rom gaTvaliswinebul iq nes, Tu vis Tvis aris gzav ni-
li gan kuT vni li. ma ga li Tad, Tu pro duq cia bav Sv Ta kve bas
warmo ad gens, um jo be sia mi vmar ToT de debs:
de de bo, ga xsov deT...; de de bo, nu da ga vi wyde baT...; de de-
bo, yu ra dRe ba mi aq ci eT...; de de bo, ga iT va lis wi neT...; de de-
si tyvis Za la _ ro gorc sa te le vi zio
rek la mis erT-er Ti mxat vrul-Semo qme de bi Ti sa Su a le ba
42
bo, mxo lod Tqven Tvis da mra va li sxva.
teq stis Se dge nis garda, bu neb ri via, xSir Se mTxve va Si
sa Wi roa sa rek la mo saTa u ris warmo dge nac. bren dis sa-
rek la mo da sa Ta u re bi sas, upir ve les yov li sa, un da ga viT-
va lis wi noT, Tu ra sa xiT mi va wo doT axa li in for ma cia
mo mxma re bels ama Tu im sa qon lis Se sa xeb. si tyvi e ri
Se tyo bi ne ba au ci leb lad un da Se i cav des si ax les da
imavdroulad iyos ara or di na ru li.
yve la fe ri, rac axa lia, ada mi ans am xne vebs, aRuZ ravs
in te ress da avsebs xalisiT. ma ga li Tad, sa Wi roa suf ris
wiT eli Rvi nis rek la mi re ba. aseT SemTxveva Si yu ra dRe ba
un da ga max vil des mis fer ze, Se dge ni lo ba sa da efeqt ze.
Se saZ le be li sa rek la mo gamo naT qva me bi Se iZ le ba Sem deg-
na i ri iyos:
yur Znis kler tis gan da mza de bu li suf ris wi Te li
Rvin o _ ener gia, xalisi, si co cxlis eleq si ri;
an ki dev: axa li teq no lo gi iT da mza de bu li suf ris
wi Te li Rvi no _ ka xu ri yur Znis ma gi u ri Za la, si jan sa Re,
Se u da re be li ge mo da sxva.
cno bi lia, rom cqriala Rvinis da sam za deb lad ma sa la
un da gamo mu Sav des ama Tu im ra i o nis sa u ke Te so yur Znis
ji Sis gan. aseT Se mTxve veb Si yur Zni dan sitkbos iRe ben
mTe li mtev ne bis gamo wnex viT. es met-na kle bad un da ais-
axos sarekla mo wi na da de ba Si, mag.:
TeT ri cqriala Rvino _ yur Znis sit kbo; an ki dev:
TeT ri Sam pa nu ri _ sauke Te so yur Znis ji Sis ma gi u ri Za-
la; sxva SemTxvevaSi: TeT ri Sampanuri _ siy va ru li viT
tkbi li da da maT ro be li da a. S.
vTqvaT, sa Wi roa bav Sv Ta kve bis ro me li me axa li pro-
duq tis rek la mi re ba. aseT Se mTxve va Si yu ra dRe ba un da
ga max vi ldes ima ze, Tu ram de nad sa Wi roa bavSvis or ga-
niz mi sa Tvis is Se mad ge ne li kom po nen te bi, ro mel Ta ga nac
damzadebulia axa li bren di, ma ga li Tad, fa fa, rom lis sa-
xel wo de baa `bu bu~:
vladimer (lado) tatiSvili
43
bu bu _ Svri is fqvi lis sa oc re ba da kal ci u mis Za la
er Tad _ 6 Tvi dan yve la bav Svis Tvis sa Wi ro da sa sar-
geb lo;
an ki dev: bu bu _ wi wi bu ras da vaS lis ma gi u ri Za la
er Tad _ ga ran ti re bu li jan mrTe lo ba, ener gia, ma Ra li
he mog lo bi ni _ 3 Tvi dan yve la bav Svi sa Tvis saWiro da
sa sar geb lo;
sxva Se mTxve va Si: bu bu _ xor blis fqvi li da io do va-
ni ka li u mi ba na nis efeqtiT _ jan mrTe lo bis for mu la _
5 Tvi dan yve la bav Svi sa Tvis sa Wi ro da sasar geb lo;
an ki dev: bu bu _ ma na nis bur Ru li da 12 vi ta mi nis ja-
dos nu ri Za la er Tad _ jan mrTe lo ba, ener gia, xa li si _
3 Tvi dan yve la bav Svis Tvis sa Wi ro da sasargeblo da
mra va li sxva.
rek la mi re bi sas xSi rad mi vmar TavT xol me me -2 pi ris
for mebs mrav lo biT ricxv Si, mag.:
mxo lod er Txel ga u sin jeT ge mo; mi irT viT da isi a-
mov neT; da tkbiT axa li ne ta re biT; da tkbiT si co cxlis
na ir fe rov ne biT; ga la maz diT da iya viT yovelTvis efeq-
tu ri; amo i ca niT bu ne bis sa i dum lo; Ca ic viT da ia reT
mTe li dRe; mo ix se niT da Rli lo ba da ga i xan grZli veT
si co cxle; maq si ma lu rad gamo i ye neT Tqve ni ener gia da
a. S.
zogjer ab straq tu li sa xe le bi da mo u ki deb ladac
kargad warmoaCenen produqciis Tvisebebs, mag.: si co cxle
da bed ni e re ba; sur vi li da SesaZlebloba; si xa li se da
jan mrTe lo ba; si la ma ze da siy va ru li da sxv.
Za li an mo sa xer xe be lia agreTve pi ro bi Ti da mo ki de-
bu li wi na da de be bis gamo ye ne ba, mag.: Tu gin daT si la ma ze
da efeq ti..., Tu gin daT jan mrTel o ba da ener gia..., Tu
da i Ra leT da da sve ne ba gWir de baT..., Tu gin daT, kvlav
daubrundeT axal gaz rdo bas da a. S.
se man ti ku rad msgav si si tyve biT um did re si qa rTu li
enis leq si ki dan sabrendo rek la mi re bi sa Tvis un da Se var-
si tyvis Za la _ ro gorc sa te le vi zio
rek la mis erT-er Ti mxat vrul-Semo qme de bi Ti sa Su a le ba
44
Ci oT im ti pis si no ni me bi, rom le bic yvela ze efeq tu rad
gamo xa taven sa re a li za cio pro duq ci is da de biT mxa re ebs,
maga li Tad: 1. la ma zi, mSve ni e ri, mo xde ni li, unak lo, STa-
mbeW da vi, efeq tu ri, mi mzid ve li, mo mxib la vi; 2. gamo-
rCe u li, iS vi a Ti, gan sa kuT re bu li, ori gi na lu ri, Ta vi se bu ri,
ara or di na ru li; 3. nai rgva ri, na ir fe ro va ni, mra val mxri vi,
mravalfe ro va ni, sxva das xvag va ri, sxva das xva na i ri; 4. yov-
lis mom cve li, amomwuravi; 5. ga sa o ca ri, gan mac vif re be li,
sa kvir ve li; 6. ma gi u ri, ja dos nu ri, mo ma ja do e be li; 7.
jan mrTe lo ba, si jan sa Re; 8. siy va ru li, trfo ba, ltol-
va; 9. sta bi lu ro ba, sa i me do o ba, ga ran tia; 10. yo vel Tvis
sa sur ve li, yo vel Tvis saocne bo, yo vel Tvis mi sa Re bi; 11.
Se u da re be li, ganu me o re be li, er Tad er Ti...
vfiq robT, si tyvi e ri rek la mi re bis erT-er Ti efeq tu-
ri saxe o baa Se da re bis mxat vru li xer xi, rom lis sa Su a-
le bi Tac sa Tqmels uf ro me ti emo cia da damajereb lo ba
eni We ba, ma ga li Tad: 1. mze sa viT na Te li; 2. mze sa viT Tbi li;
3. zRva sa viT idu ma li da mi mzid ve li; 4. wya ro sa viT gri-
li; 5. Sa qa ri viT tkbi li; 6. si yva ru li viT Se mpa ra vi; 7.
siy va ru li viT Tav bru dam xve vi da sxv.
sa rek la mo gamo naT qva me bad Se iZ le ba gamo vi ye noT ag-
reT ve er Tma neT Tan aso ci a ci u rad da kav Si re bu li si tyve bi,
rom le bic aZ li e re ben gamo sa xa ta vi az ris mniS vne lo bas: 1.
efeq ti _ war ma te ba _ aRi a re ba; 2. up re ten zio _ sa da _
yvelasaTvis mi sa Re bi; 3. ener gia _ si co cxlis sur vi li
_ bed ni e re ba; 4. axalgazrdo ba _ Za la _ siy va ru li; 5.
ganax le bu li _ ar na xu li _ da xve wi li; 6. amo uc no bi _
sa in te re so _ da u vi wya ri da a. S.
zo gi pro duq ci i sa Tvis ki an to ni mu ri wyvi le bi uf ro
mi sa Re bia, mag.: 1. yve la mo ix mars _ ma Ra lic da da ba lic,
msu qa nic da ga mxda ric; 2. yo vel Tvis sasurveli _ da-
rSic da av dar Sic; 3. zam Tar-za fxul sa nat re li; 4. da-
tkbiT diliTac da sa Ra mo sac da mra va li sxva.
vladimer (lado) tatiSvili
45
ze moT qmu li sqe ma tu rad Sem deg sa xes mi i Rebs:
sareklamo sinonimebi zemoqmedeba brendis
SefuTva Sedarebebi efeqti warmatebuli
sityvieri asociaciebi STabeWdileba realizacia
komponentebiT antonimebi
rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, sareklamo sityvieri
informaciisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs: 1.
teqstis semantikas (romelSic met-naklebad unda iyos
argumentirebuli sarealizacio produqtis dadebiTi
mxareebi); 2. am semantikis formobriv gamosaxulebas
(maSasadame, Sinaarsis mxatvrulad, brendisaTvis
morgebulad warmodgenas); 3. myidvelis darwmunebas (rom
misTvis swored es produqciaa saWiro); 4. aqtualurobas
(ramdenad sasurvelia brendi sazogadoebisaTvis da zogadad
rogoria moTxovnileba mocemuli saxis produqciaze);
5. yvelasaTvis misawvdomobas _ rogorc gagebinebis, ise
Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT. mimaCnia, rom mexuTe punqti
reklamis Semqmnelma SeZlebisdagvarad unda gaiTvaliswinos
yvela saxis informaciis miwodebisas, radganac, Tu myidveli
ver gaigebs _ ras eubnebian, ver iyidis da produqciis
realizaciis xarisxic momentalurad daecema.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, didi Zala aqvs sityvas. mas
ZaluZs adamianis gaxarebac, gabednierebac, brendis yidvis
survilis gamowvevac. nu dagaviwydebaT, rom `gvelsa
xvreliT amoiyvans ena tkbilad moubari~ (rusTaveli).
siyvaruliT miwodebuli informacia yvelaze didi
reklamaa. es kargad unda icodes rogorc brendis ideis
avtorma, ise reklamis Semqmnelma.
gamoyenebuli literatura:•
l. diuponi, `reklama _ 1001 rCeva~, minski, 2008.•
d. ogilvi, `sareklamo ezos saidumloebani~, • www.koob.rus. tivari, `reklamis jansaRi azri~, sankt-peterburgi, 2003.•
k. xopkinsi, `Cemi cxovreba reklamaSia~, gamomcemloba `eksmo~ •
2008.
l. xromovi, `sareklamo Semoqmedeba~,• www.koob.ru
idea
si tyvis Za la _ ro gorc sa te le vi zio
rek la mis erT-er Ti mxat vrul-Semo qme de bi Ti sa Su a le ba
46
naira RvedaSvili,
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
asocirebuli profesori
sainformacio uzrunvelyofa da
inovaciebis statistika
menejmentis sistemis sainformacio uzrunvelyofa
_ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi uzrunvelmyofi funqciaa,
romlis xarisxic warmoadgens misaRebi gadawyvetilebis
dasabuTebulobisa da sistemis funqcionirebis
efeqturobis ganmsazRvrel faqtors. dinamikaSi
sainformacio uzrunvelyofa rogorc procesi Sedis
komunikaciis cnebaSi.
komunikacia _ es aris informaciis gacvla, romlis
safuZvelzec xelmZRvaneloba Rebulobs efeqturi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisTvis aucilebel informacias
da miaqvs miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi firmis muSakebamde.
komunikacia _ es aris rTuli procesi, romelic Sedgeba
urTierTdakavSirebuli nabijebisgan. TiToeuli am
nabijebisgan Zalzed saWiroa imisTvis, raTa gaxados
Cveni azrebi gasagebi sxva pirisTvis. TiToeuli nabiji _
es aris punqti, romelSic, Tuki Cven viqnebiT daudevrebi
da ar vifiqrebT imaze, Tu ras vakeTebT, azri SesaZloa
dakargul iqnas.
gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom xelmZRvanelebi
(menejerebi) TavianTi samuSao drois 50-90%-s xarjaven
komunikaciaze. miuxedavad, imisa, rom komunikacia
veeberTela rols asrulebs organizaciis warmatebiT
muSaobaSi, menejerTa did umravlesobas is miaCnia mTavar
dabrkolebad efeqtianobis miRwevis gzaze. gamokvlevebma
uCvena, rom aseTi Sexeduleba aqvT amerikeli menejerebis
73%-s, ingliseli menejerebis 63%-s da iaponeli
47
menejerebis 85%-s.1 amgvari Sexedulebis safuZvelia is
faqti, rom organizaciaSi problemaTa warmoqmnis mTavari
mizezia swored araracionaluri komunikacia.
sainformacio Zalaufleba dafuZnebulia imaze, rom
sainformacio nakadebis koordinacia da komunikaciuri
qselis kontroli saSualebas aZlevs adamians da adamianTa
jgufs zegavlena iqonios sxvebze. xelmZRvaneli amiT
aris dakavebuli, raTa moaxdinos Tavisi rolis realizeba
pirTa Soris urTierTobebSi, sainformacio gacvlasa da
marTvis funqciebSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi.
informaciis gacvla warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze ufro
rTul problemas ierarqiis nebismier doneze.
informaciis gacvlis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT
oTxi sabazo elementi:
1. gamgzavni _ piri, romelic axdens ideis generirebas,
an krebs informacias da gadascems mas.
2. Setyobineba _ sakuTriv informacia, kodirebuli
simboloebis daxmarebiT.
3. arxi _ informaciis gadacemis saSualeba.
4. mimRebi _ piri, romlisTvisac gankuTvnilia
informacia da romelic axdens mis interpretirebas.
informaciis gacvlisas gamgzavni da mimRebi gadian
ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebul etaps. maTi amocanaa
_ Seadginon Setyobineba da gamoiyenon arxi misi
gadacemisTvis iseTnairad, rom orive mxarem gaigos da
gaiziaros sawyisi idea. es Znelia, vinaidan TiToeuli
etapi warmoadens imavdroulad wertils, romelSic azri
SesaZloa damaxinjebul iqnas an sruliad daikargos.
aRniSnuli urTierTdakavSirebuli etapebi Semdegia:
1. ideis dabadeba.
2. kodireba da arxis arCeva.
3. gadacema.
4. dekodireba.
1 g. SublaZe, b. mRebriSvili, f. wowkolauri.,,menejmentis
safuZvlebi.’’Tb. 2008. gv.81.
48
SeiZleba gamovyoT informaciis Semdegi
klasifikacia:
obieqtis mixedviT _ saqonlis xarisxis 1)
maCveneblebi, misi resurstevadoba, bazris infrastruqturis,
warmoebis saorganizacio-teqnikuri donis, koleqtivis
socialuri ganviTarebis, garemos dacvis parametrebi da
sxva;
menejmentis sistemis qvesistemisadmi 2)
kuTvnilebis mixedviT _ informacia miznobrivi
qvesistemis mixedviT, sistemis samecniero Tanxlebis
mixedviT, sistemis garemos mixedviT, uzrunvelmyofi,
marTavdi da mmarTveli qvesistemebis mixedviT;
gadacemis formis mixedviT _ verbaluri 3)
(sityvieri) da araverbaluri informacia;
droSi cvalebadobis mixedviT _ pirobiTad-4)
mudmivi da pirobiTad-cvalebadi (araxangrZlivi);
gadacemis xerxis mixedviT _ saTanamgzavro, 5)
eleqtronuli, satelefono, werilobiTi da sxva;
gadacemis reJimis mixedviT _ 6)
arareglamentirebul vadebSi, SekiTxvis mixedviT da
iZulebiTad gansazRvrul vadebSi;
daniSnulebis mixedviT _ ekonomikuri, 7)
teqnikuri, socialuri, saorganizacio da sxva;
obieqtis sasicocxlo ciklis stadiebis 8)
mixedviT _ strategiuli marketingis stadiis mixedviT,
samecniero-kvleviTi da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro
samuSaoebis stadiis mixedviT, warmoebis saorganizacio-
teqnologiuri momzadebis stadiis mixedviT da a. S.;
marTvis obieqtis subieqtisadmi mimarTebis 9)
mixedviT _ firmasa da garemos Soris, firmis SigniT
vertikalisa da horizontalis gayolebaze qvedanayofebs
Soris, xelmZRvanelsa da Semsruleblebs Soris,
araformaluri komunikaciebi.
informaciis klasifikaciis idea gamoiyeneba misi
naira RvedaSvili
49
kodirebisas.
rac Seexeba ZiriTad moTxovnebs informaciis
xarisxisadmi Semdegia:
_ Tavisdrouloba;
_ utyuaroba (gansazRvruli albaTobiT);
_ sakmarisoba;
_ saimedooba (riskis gansazRvruli xarisxiT);
_ informaciis sistemis kompleqsuroba (saqonlis
xarisxisa da resurstevadobis mixedviT, pirobebis
mixedviT, firmisa da konkurentebis saqonelTa
sasicocxlo ciklis stadiebis mixedviT da a. S.);
_ misamarTebianoba;
_ informaciis samarTlebrivi koreqtuloba;
_ gamoyenebis mravaljeradoba;
_ Sekrebis, damuSavebisa da gadacemis maRali
xarisxi;
_ kodirebis SesaZlebloba;
_ informaciis aqtualuroba.
saerTaSoriso standartebi mecnierebisa da
inovaciebis statistikaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovania. igi
wamyvani saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rekomendaciaTa
kompleqsia mecnierebisa da inovaciaTa statistikis
sferoSi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen maTi sistemuri
aRweris meTodologias sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi
da aRiarebuli arian saerTaSoriso statistikaSi
standartebis saxiT. mecnierebis statistikis
standartizciisa da maCvenebelTa aRricxvis praqtikaSi
erovnuli gansxvavebebis likvidaciis aucilebloba
Tavdapirvelad warmoiqmna mrewvelobrivad ganviTarebuli
qveynebis msoflio meurneobis integraciis, ekonomikuri
da samecniero-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis
procesSi. samecniero kvlevebsa da SemuSavebebze maT
mier gamoyofili resursebis swrafma zrdam moiTxova
samuSaoebis gaSla Sesabamisi informaciis Sekrebasa da
sainformacio uzrunvelyofa da inovaciebis statistika
50
analizSi.
inovaciebis danergvis aucileblobas stimuls
aZlevs konkurentuli brZola da bazris mTeli
rigi sxva moTxovnebi. maTi gamoyenebis mniSvneloba
ganpirobebulia, agreTve, demografiuli, ekonomikuri
da socialuri xasiaTis cvlilebebiT, momxmarebelTa
cvalebadi moTxovniT, cvlilebebiT Tanamedrove adamianis
fsiqologiaSi da sxv.
inovaciuri programebis SemuSavebisasa SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes pirveli rigis inovaciis SerCevis
Semdegi principebi:
mniSvnelobis principi;• vakuumis Sevsebis principi;• maCveneblis moxsnis principi;• kapitaldabandebaTa minimumis principi;• ekologiurobis principi.•
mecnierebisa da inovaciaTa statistikaSi axali
saerTaSoriso standartebis Seqmnasa da ukve arsebulebis
dazustebaSi aqtiur rols TamaSobs evrostati
_ evrokavSiris statistikuri samsaxuri. 1969 w.
evrostatis mier SemuSavebul iqna pirveli redaqcia
nomenklaturisa samecniero biujetebisa da programebis
analizisa da SeTanadebisTvis (dResdReobiT moqmedebs
1992 w. redaqcia), romelic warmoadgens safuZvels
monacemebis SekrebisTvis sabiujeto asignebebis Sesaxeb
samecniero kvlevebsa da SemuSavebaze socialur-
ekonomikuri miznebiT evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi,
maTi ganzogadebisa da yovelwliuri moxsenebebis
momzadebisTvis mecnierebis saxelmwifo dafinansebis
Taobaze evrokavSirSi.
klasifikacia asaxavs globalur amocanebs, romelTa
gadasawyvetadac gamoiyofa saxelmwifo asignebani
saecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro
samuSaoebze; igi ganicdis cvlilebebs evrokavSiris wevri
naira RvedaSvili
51
qveynebis saxelmwifo samecniero-teqnikuri politikis
miznebis transformaciis mixedviT. evrostatis mier
momzadebulia agreTve saxelmZRvanelos proeqti
mecnierebisa da inovaciaTa statistikis regionul
aspeqtebSi.
iuneskos statistikis ganyofileba axorcielebs
statistikuri monacemebis sistematiur Sekrebas, analizsa
da gamoqveynebas mecnierebisa da teqnikis Sesaxeb.
reformirebis es zogadi marTulebebi mdgomareobs
SemdegSi:
statistikuri maCveneblebis, angariSgebis • formaTa da aucilebeli monacemebis miRebis sxva
wyaroebisa da meTodebis ganviTarebis kompleqsuri da
SeTanxmebuli gadaxedvis Catarebis mimarTulebaTa da
etapebis dasabuTeba;
statistikuri informaciis Camoyalibebis • Tavisdroulobis, sisrulisa da saxelmwifo organoebisa
da saerTaSoriso organizaciebisTvis wardgenis
operatiulobis uzrunvelyofa dakvirvebis progresuli
meTodebisa da monacemebis Sekrebis, gadacemisa da
damuSavebis Tanamedrove sainformacio-teqnologiur
saSualebaTa danergvis gziT;
analitikurobis amaRleba da informaciis • xarisxis gaumjobeseba SemuSavebadi saangariSo
maCveneblebis wris gafarToebis, gareTa sainformacio
sistemebTan urTierTmoqmedebis xarjze;
sxvadasxva doneze momxmarebelTa yvela • kategoriis efeqturi uzrunvelyofa statistikuri
informaciiT monacemTa xelmisawvdomobisa da maTi
dacvis Sexamebisas;
regionuli donis rolis amaRleba statistikis • reformirebis msvlelobisas.
statistikur maCvenebelTa sistema, romlebic
axasiaTeben samrewvelo sawarmoebis sainovacio saqmianobas
sainformacio uzrunvelyofa da inovaciebis statistika
52
(ZiriTadi maCveneblebi), igeba Semdegi ganyofilebebis
mixedviT:
sawarmoebis sainovacio aqtiuroba. 1.
informaciis wyaroebi inovaciebis Sesaxeb. 2.
sainovacio saqmianobis miznebi. 3.
xarjebi teqnologiur inovaciebze. 4.
kvlevebi da SemuSavebebi. 5.
erToblivi proeqtebis raodenoba kvlevebisa da 6.
SemuSavebebis SesrulebaSi.
teqnologiuri gacvla. 7.
produqtis, proces-inovaciebis konkurentunarianebis 8.
SenarCunebisa da gazrdis meTodebi.
sainovacio saqmianobis Sedegebi. 9.
faqtorebi, romlebic xels uSlis inovaciebs.10.
80-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi evropuli qveynebis
specialistebi mividnen daskvnamde biznesis ganviTarebisTvis
daxmarebis centralizaciis aucileblobis Sesaxeb
ara mxolod calkeuli qveynebis farglebSi, aramed
mTlianobaSi evropis. miuTiTebdnen, rom SedarebiT
patara firmebs ar gaaCniaT aucilebeli informacia,
aqedan gamomdinare ar SeuZliaT akontrolebdnen bazris
cvlilebebs. evropuli sainformacio centrebis winaSe
svamdnen amocanas rom daxmarebodnen mcire da saSualo
firmebs mieRoT maqsimumi upiratesobebisa saerTo
bazridan. Seiqmna evropuli sainformacio centri (eic,
ЕИЦ) da misi ganyofilebebs qseli, romelic 1995 w.
moicavda 21 jgufs did britaneTSi da 210 jgufs evropis
sxva qveynebSi, romlebic erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli iyvnen
eleqtronuli qseliT. eic dafinansebis 25%-s Rebulobs
evropuli kavSirisgan, xolo misi fondebis 75%-s
Seadgenen sxva sponsorebis saxsrebi da damoukideblad
gamomuSavebuli saxsrebi.
ukanasknel wlebSi nebismieri saqmianobis
uzrunvelyofis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes teqnikur
naira RvedaSvili
53
saSualebad iqca kompleqsuri satranslacio
kompiuteruli eleqtronuli sainformacio qseli
`intrneti~ (internet). saerTaSoriso kompiuteruli qseli imdenad swrafad
viTardeba, rom misi momxmareblebis da informaciuli
resursebis ricxvi praqtikulad ormagdeba.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis informirebulobam iseT
dones miaRwia, rom ukve Znelic kia warmovidginoT
adamianis saqmianobis romelime sfero, sadac sxvadasxva
intensivobiT ar gamoiyenebodes sainformacio
teqnologiebi. internetis qseli saSualebas gvaZlevs
gavzardoT kavSiris operatiuloba da xarisxi, Seamciros
komunikaciis xarjebi, gaizardos geografiuli sazRvrebi
da momxmarebelTa raodenoba. `interneti~ yalibdeba
rogorc TviTorganizebadi sistema, centralizebuli
marTvis gareSe, ganviTarebis gegmebisa da misi Semadgeneli
rgolebis sqemis gareSe. ̀ interneti~ _ kvleviTi procesis
umniSvnelovanesi instrumentia, es aris ̀ msoflio obobas
qselis~ gverdebi, reklamis, marketingis, sainformacio
uzrunvelyofis, operatiuli marTvis instrumenti.
`interneti~ _ momavlis yvelaze ufro iafi da tevadi
sainformacio teqnologiaa. dasavleTSi `interneti~
binebSi _ Cveulebrivi suraTia, xolo organizaciebs
ki mis gareSe ukve aRar SeuZliaT saqmeebisTvis Tavis
garTmeva.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Р.А.Фатхудинов,Инновационный менеджмент, М.2000.• n. RvedaSvili. `menejmenti socialur-kulturuli •
servisisa da turizmis sferoSi,~ Tb. 2009.
g. SublaZe, b. mRebriSvili, f. wowkolauri. `menejmentis •
safuZvlebi.~ Tb. 2008.
sainformacio uzrunvelyofa da inovaciebis statistika
54
malxaz Rvinjilia,
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti,
kulturuli turizmis menejmentis
mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, sruli profesori
sasoflo turizmis Camoyalibebis
socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
evropaSi
(XX saukunis 50-iani wlebi)
sasoflo anu soflis turizmi, evropaSi gasuli
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda. am periodSi ekologiis
problema mraval hiperurbanizebul garemoSi Seiqmna.
msxvili qalaqebis mosaxleobaSi gaizarda moTxovnileba
velur garemoSi, sufTa haerze, bunebriv simyudroveSi
dasvenebasa da kvebis naturaluri produqtebis miRebaze.
turizmis aRniSnulma mimarTulebam swrafi tempiT
daiwyo aRmasvla. Tu sawyis etapze mocemuli produqtiT
mxolod Sida turistebis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas
uzrunvelyofda, SemdgomSi saerTaSoriso turizmis
nakadebic CaerTo procesSi. aRniSnuli mimarTulebis
pionerebad iqcnen avstria, italia, safrangeTi, fineTi,
litva, poloneTi.
dasavleT evropaSi sasoflo turizmze bumi
trialebda. avstria, romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi
samTo-saTxilamuro kurortebiT, aqtiurad debda
investiciebs sasoflo da ekologiuri turizmis
ganviTarebaSi. SemdgomSi avstria namdvil turistul
meqad iqca ucxoeli turistebisaTvis. avstriis gacnobis
msurvelTa raodenoba matulobda. gansakuTrebiT
turistebs izidavda istoriuli avstriuli sofeli
mwvaneSi Cafluli saxliTa da qoxiT, aseve sameurneo
55
infrastruqturiT. stumrisaTvis aq warmodgenili iyo
keTilmowyobili oTaxi, romelSic sasoflo yofis
SegrZnebis msurvelTaTvis saZile matrasi TiviT iyo
gatenili, aseve adgilobrivi tradiciuli kerZebi
(sakuTari xeliT damzadebuli, ekologiurad sufTa
produqtebisagan). yovelives momxibvlelobas aniWebda
sofluri yofis idiliebi: mamlis yivili, qaTmebis kakani,
namjisa da aduRebuli rZis surneli. imaTTvis, visac ar
uyvars usaqmod jdoma, SemoTavazebuli iyo sasoflo saqme,
romelic Tavad turprogramaSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
turizmis aRniSnuli mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT
popularuli gaxda bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis. qalaqSi
gazrdil bavSvs, romelic cxovelebs mxolod zooparkSi
xedavda, aswavlidnen maT movlas, aseve cxenze jdomas.
xSirad erTi kviriT mosuli turistebi TiTqmis mTeli
Tve rCebodnen aRniSnul sofelSi.
avstriaSi soflis turizmis ganviTarebas
gansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas aniWeben, vinaidan amJamad
marto am mimarTulebiT Semosavlebma daaxloebiT erTi
miliardi evro moutana qveyanas.
marTalia safrangeTi modis samyaros centria, magram
aRsaniSnavia tradiciuli ekonomikis mimarTuleba
agraruli meurneoba. jer kidev gasuli saukunis 60-
anebis bolos safrangeTSi Seiqmna `sasoflo adgilebis
turizmis~ asociacia, romelic koordinacias uwevda
sasoflo turizms erovnuli masStabiT. 80-iani wlebis
bolos ki 8 mln frangi (saerTo damsvenebelTa 1/4)
upiratesobas aniWebda sasoflo dasaxlebebSi dasvenebas.
1987 wels am TvalsazrisiT 9,2 mln frangi da 5,2 mln
ucxoeli (m.S. 27 % germaneli, 25 % ingliseli, 25 %
belgieli, 24 % holandieli da 9 % sxva erovnebis
warmomadgeneli) isvenebda.
soflis turizmma moicva safrangeTis faqtobrivad
yvela departamenti (sasoflo adgilebi safrangeTis
56
teritoriis 80 % Seadgens), Tumca saerTo turizmidan
miRebul SemosavlebSi misma wilma sul raRac 10
% Seadgina. miuxedavad amisa, sasoflo turizmis
ganviTarebasTan erTad sasoflo dasaxlebebis samewarmeo
aqtivobebi gaizarda, kerZod ki gaizarda uZravi qonebis
yidva-gayidva.
safrangeTSi sasoflo turizmis problemebi
ganixileboda ara marto mTeli qveynis masStabiT,
aramed calkeuli raionebis mixedviTac. ase, mag., krezis
departamentSi zafxulis periodSi Seiqmna soflis
mosaxleobis damatebiTi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi.
am departamentSi dasvenebis yvelaze popularul
adgilebs warmoadgenda bunebrivi wyalsatevebis
napirebi. adgilobrivi xelisufleba stimulirebas
uwevda mimdebare zonebSi msubuqi kotejuri tipis
saxlebis mSeneblobas. aseve xelovnuri plaJebis
Seqmnas, romelSiac zafxulSi organizebas ukeTebdnen
dResaswaulebs, meTevzeTa Sejibrebebs, mravalferovan
RonisZiebebs bavSvebisaTvis. sasoflo dasaxlebebSi
damsvenebelTaTvis saqmianobis ZiriTad sferos qveiTi,
sawyalosno da sacxenosno seirnobebi warmoadgenda.
sasoflo turizmma stimuli misca tradiciuli
sakurorto adgilebis SemogarenSi axali turistuli
marSrutebis Seqmnas. ase, mag., vandeis sanapiroze
turizmis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebulobas warmoadgenda
axali mimdebare teritoriebis CarTva rekreaciul
mimarTulebebSi, ramac uzrunvelyo am raionebSi bunebisa
da kulturis Zeglebis reabilitacia.
turistebi bunebrivia isveneben konkretul dasaxlebul
punqtebSi, amitomac soflis turizmis ganviTarebisTvisac
calkeuli proeqtebis Seqmna TiToeul soflamde iqna
dayvanili. erT-erT aseT sofelSi 1 100 ha. farTobze
ganTavsebul iqna golfis sami moedani, sami sastumro,
1050 kerZo saxli da balneologiuri sanatoriumi.
malxaz Rvinjilia
57
soflis turizmis gansakuTrebulobas qmnida is
faqti, rom turistebi prioritetulad irCevdnen iseT
sasoflo dasaxlebebs, romlebSiac SenarCunebuli iyo
siZvelisa da TviTmyofadobis elementebi.
safrangeTSi sasoflo turizmis arsi mdgomareobda
arsebul doneze teritoriis aTvisebulobis xarisxis
SenarCunebaSi. marTalia SesaZlebeli iyo xelisuflebas
uzrunvelyo parizSi gaqceuli samuSaos maZiebeli
yofili fermerebis dabruneba, Tumca maT sxva gza airCies:
Seucvales sasoflo dasaxlebul punqtebs funqcia.
qveyanas ukve ar SeeZlo SeenarCunebina gansaxlebis
mocemuli sistema, amitomac xeli Seuwyo sasoflo
turizmis mimarTulebis ganviTarebas. kviprosSi bunebrivi turizmi sakmaod popularobiT
sargeblobda. kviprosis turistuli organizaciis
kvlevebis Sedegad gamovlinda Semdegi, rom sul ufro
meti raodenobis mosaxleoba upiratesobas aniWebs
bunebasTan maqsimalurad miaxloebul dasvenebas.
turistul nakadebSi 60% swored bunebaSi dasvenebas
iTxovda. popularuli gaxda qveiTi gadaadgilebis bilikebi
troodosis mTebsa da akamasis naxevarkunZulze.
turistuli bazris samomxmareblo moTxovnilebebis
marketologiurma kvlevam cxadyo, rom agroturizmis
mimarTuleba aq sakmaod popularuli gaxdeboda. amJamad
kviprosSi arsebobs ramdenime turistuli saagento,
romlebic specializebulia kviprosis soflebSi
turebis realizaciaze, sadac turistebs sTavazoben
`soflis cxovrebis naWers~, acnoben ra kviprosis
erovnul samzareulos da adgilobriv tradiciebsa da
wes- Cveulebebs. kviprosis turistuli organizaciis monacemebiT
kviprosSi stumrebs elodeba 60 turistuli obieqti,
ganTavsebuli kunZulis 29 sofelSi, 500 oTaxiT.
gasul wels agroturizmis mimarTulebiT daisvena
sasoflo turizmis Camoyalibebis
socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi evropaSi
58
9 180 adamianma; maT Soris 33,6 % germanelebi, 21,3 %
britanelebi, 16, 8 % danielebi, 7,7 % avstralielebi, 6,
36 % frangebi, 4 % libanelebi, 3,6 % belgielebi, 1,6 %
ebraelebi da 1,4 % sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi.
rac Seexeba italias, is warmoadgens liders evropaSi
agraruli turizmis mimarTulebiT, vinaidan 1999 wels
arsebul 10 000 meurneobaSi am tipis momsaxurebam
350 mln aSS dolaris mogeba moutana. Tavdapirvelad
italiis xelisufleba miiCnevda, rom turistebis
ganTavseba iqneboda araprofiluri fermerebisaTvis,
Tumca mcire investiciebis safuZvelze gaamyarebda maT
finansur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas. dRes turistul
produqtze arsebulma moTxovnilebis maRalma donem
TviT agroturizmis koncefcia Secvala, vinaidan calkeul
dasaxlebul punqtebSi igi ukve ZiriTad Semosavlis
wyarod gadaiqca. ZiriTadad turizmis es mimarTuleba ganviTarebulia
CrdiloeT da centralur italiaSi, amasTan liderebad
gvevlineba toskana da trentino _ samxreT tiroli.
swored am or mxareSia koncentrirebuli mTeli qveynis
agroturistuli sawarmoebis naxevarze meti da swored
amitom am sferos turistuli nakadebis naxevarze
meti aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT midis. toskana _ es
aris florenciis, pizis, sienisa da mravali naklebad
cnobili, Tumca gansakuTrebiT saintereso Suasaukuneebis
qalaqebi da monastrebi. trentino _ samxreT tiroli
erT-erTi umsxvilesi samTo-saTxilamuro kurortebis
mxarea evropaSi. ase, rom agroturizmis warmatebuli
ganviTareba aq SesaZlebeli gaxda, upirveles yovlisa
ukve didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli da kargad
ganviTarebuli turistuli infrastruqturisa da
adgilebis maRali `cnobadobis~ gamo. am or faqtors
emateba peizaJebis mravalferovneba, istoriul-
kulturuli da bunebrivi RirsSesaniSnaobebis siuxve,
malxaz Rvinjilia
59
kargi Rvinoebi da maRalxarisxiani adgilobrivi
samzareulo, romlebic gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs am
`warmatebis formulaSi~. unda aRiniSnos aseve isic, rom
am sferoSi turistebis mier gamoyenebuli satransporto
saSualebaa piradi avtomobili, amitom yvela regionSi
srulad araa SesaZlebeli sasoflo turizmis am doneze
ganviTareba.Tumca aramarto am tipis momsaxurebaze moTxovnilebis
arsebobam misca biZgi evropaSi soflis turizmis
ganviTarebas. dRes italiis magaliTze evrokavSiri
xedavs aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis soflis meurneobis
gadarCenis samaSvelo rgols.
fineTSi, CrdiloeT kareliaSi, sadac mravladaa tyeebi
tbebiT, gasuli saukunis Sua periodSi dRis wesrigSi
dadga soflis turizmis ganviTareba. amisaTvis aRniSnul
landSaftebSi Caidga mcire simZlavris kotejebi (2-dan
8 adgilamde). saxlebi aRWurvili iyo safasuris
Sesabamisad. ZiriTadad isini Sedgeboda misaRebisa da
ramdenime saZineblisagan.
kotejebSi warmodgenili iyo cxeli da civi
wyalmomarageba, eleqtrogamaTbobeli, macivari,
mikrotalRuri Rumeli, yavadani. kotejebis umravlesobas
hqonda buxari da sauna. turistebs qiriT sTavazoben navebs,
TevzsaWer aRWurvilobas, saTxilamuro mowyobilobebs.
yvelaferi es uzrunvelyofda sakmaod komfortul
pirobebSi ganmartoebas, imavdroulad tbasa da tyeSi
dasvenebas.
turizmis es mimarTuleba warmoadgens kargad
organizebul industrias da momsaxurebas sTavazobs,
rogorc finelebs, aseve ucxoel turistebs. sasoflo turizmis ganviTareba warmoadgens sasoflo
sameurneo warmoebisaTvis Sida investiciebis wyaros
sasoflo adgilebSi. sasoflo turizmidan miRebuli
Semosavali damatebiTi wyaroa ZiriTad saqmianobasTan
sasoflo turizmis Camoyalibebis
socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi evropaSi
60
mimarTebaSi, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia
igi ZiriTadic gaxdes.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Грец О.П.Малый туристический бизнес в сельской • местности: обоснование предпосылок . в книге Культура. народов Причерноморья. - 1999. - №10. - С.167-170 .Кузьменко Ю.Туризм: экологический, зеленый или • сельский? киев.2009.www.ruraltourism.com.u• awww.un-wto.or• g
malxaz Rvinjilia
61
Teatrmcodneoba
62
63
mixeil kalandariSvili
dramatuli konfliqtis buneba
mZafri konfliqtis arseboba da aucilebloba
warmoadgens dramis bunebis ZiriTad Taviseburebas,
romelic ara mxolod moiTxovs interesebis Sejaxebas,
aramed mTlianad ganisazRvreba dapirispirebuli
mxareebis brZoliT, radgan masSi dgindeba piesis ideur-
Sinaarsobrivi erToba. konfliqts win uswrebs k o l i
z i a, romelic hegelis azriT, `moqmedebis winapirobaa~,
– anu, is adgili dramaSi, rodesac gmiri Tavisufalia
arCevanSi da jer ar miuRia saboloo gadawyvetileba
_ Sevides Tu ara konfliqtSi. aseTi adgili kargad
Cans `hamletis~ magaliTze: vgulisxmobT tragediis
gmiris Sexvedras mamis aCrdilTan, sadac jer kidev
rCeba Teoriuli SesaZlebloba nawarmoebis sxvagvarad
gagrZelebisa.
es aris koliziis `viwro~ gageba, romelic ar exeba
ufro farTo da mniSvnelovan etapebs dramatuli
konfliqtis momzadebis TvalsazrisiT. koliziebis
sxvagvar definicias da gansazRvras gvTavazobs igive
hegeli, rodesac gvixatavs suraTs, romelSic kargad
Cans konfliqtis niadagis Seqmnis gadamwyveti mizez-
Sedegobrivi faqtorebi.
pirvelia – koliziebi dakavSirebuli gmiris
fizikur mdgomareobasTan: avadmyofobasTan, epidemiebTan,
sisustesTan, Tundac droebiT amneziasTan da a. S. marTalia,
hegeli ar urCevs xelovanebs aseTi xasiaTis koliziebiT
gatacebas, radgan ar Tvlis, rom maT safuZvelze SeiZleba
WeSmariti xelovnebis nimuSi warmoiSvas. magram Cven
xom viciT – xelovnebaSi, literaturaSi da dramaSic
aseTi magaliTebi namdvilad moiZebneba da am SemTxvevaSi
hegels SeiZleba bolomde ar vendoT. gavixsenoT Tundac,
64
T. manis `jadosnuri mTa~, al. diumas `qali kameliebiT~,
a. kamius `Wiri~, e. remarkis `sami megobari~... es sia
SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes.
koliziebis meore tips warmoadgenen iseTi koliziebi,
romlebic gmiris bunebriv TvisebebTan arian kavSirSi
– otelo mavria, xolo danarCeni personaJebi ara;
Seiloki – ebraelia, sxvebi ki ara. aq aseve Sedis uamravi
kolizia, romelic ukavSirdeba araTanaswor socialur
mdgomareobas, klasebis da fenebis dapirispirebas da
a.S. hegeli samarTlianad Tvlis, rom zustad aseTi
koliziebis niadagze SeiZleba udidesi socialuri
xasiaTis konfliqtebi warmoiSva da Zalebis Sejaxebis
farTo mniSvnelobis suraTi miviRoT.
koliziebis mesame tips warmoadgenen vnebasTan
dakavSirebuli koliziebi. Tu davfiqrdebiT magaliTebze,
SesaZloa vaRiaroT, rom otelo or kolizias iTavsebs
– igi mavria da amave dros eWvianic.
koliziis gadazrda konfliqtSi SeuZlebelia
peripetiis gareSe, radgan dramis mTavari gmiris
cxovrebaSi unda moxdes mdgomareobis iseTi radikaluri
cvlileba, rom man SeZlos daupirispirdes sxva Zalebs,
anda, Tundac mTel samyaros. Tumca, sanam es moxdeba,
dramam unda gaiaros garkveuli gza, romelic mowmobs
moqmedebis daZabvaze, mis ganviTarebaze
a R m a v a l i x a z i T – aq dramis TeoriaSi
gamonaklisi ar moiZebneba. konfliqtis momwifeba rTuli
da mravalmxrivi procesia, romlis dros dramaturgi
Tanmimdevrulad Zabavs situacias, garemo atmosferos,
aaxloebs kvanZis Sekvris moments peripetiis dadgomis
drosTan – rac mkiTxvels, an mayurebels aniSnebs didi
brZolis da winaaRmdegobis gardauvalobas.
rasakvirvelia, yvela dramatuli mwerali
individualurad da Taviseburad Slis moqmedebis
ganviTarebis saerTo suraTs, magram igi ver gaeqceva
mixeil kalandariSvili
65
dramis Teoriis kanonzomierebebs, romlebic moqmedeben
am SemTxvevaSi. gaazrebulad, Tu gauazreblad, piesis
avtori, mainc miiyvans kvanZis Sekvras peripetiamde, Tavis
dramas ki – k u l m i n a c i a m d e da miaRwevs
dramatuli daZabulobis umaRles wertils, saidanac
gamoCndeba ara mxolod Zalebis saerTo ganlageba, aramed
is winaaRmdegobrivi dramatuli situacia, romlis
aucilebeli elementia – k o n f l i q t i.
didi xnis manZilze sabWoTa xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi
miRebuli iyo mcdari Sexeduleba TiTqos da dramatuli
konfliqti SeiZleba mxolod s o c i a l u r i xasiaTis
iyos. cnobil Teoretikoss da mecniers vl. saxnovski
– pankeevs Zalisxmeva dasWirda, rom uaryos es cru
debuleba da daamtkicos, rom socialuri konfliqtis
garda arsebobs agreTve a s o c i a l u r i
(anu antisocialuri konfliqti), romlis gavrcelebis
sfero xelovnebaSi sakmaod farToa: `konfliqtis
yvela mamoZravebeli sawyisebi, wers v. saxnovski-pankeevi,
Tavs iyrian adamianSi da mxolod adamianSi. magram
amis miuxedavad dramatuli konfliqti yovelTvis ar
aris socialuri xasiaTis. Cven ar SegviZlia vuwodoT
socialuri meterlinkis `brmebis~ an ioneskos `qaCali
momRerlis~ konfliqts. dramas yovelTvis ara aqvs
kavSiri socialur urTierTobebTan~.1
amitomac sruliad usafuZvlod gamoiyureba
nebismieri mcdeloba socialuri konfliqtis cnebis
gadaqcevis usazRvro da erTaderT realobad. es raRaciT
mogvagonebs `socialisturi realizmis~ doqtrinas,
romelsac, zogjer ironiulad uwodebdnen `realizms
sazRvrebis gareSe~.
da marTlac, asocialuri (antisocialuri) konfliqtis
gamovlinebis magaliTebi xelovnebaSi mravlad moiZebneba:
gvxvdeba iseT nawarmoebebSi, sadac adamiani warmodgenilia,
1 Сахновский-Панкеев Вл. Драма. Л.,1969, с.47
dramatuli konfliqtis buneba
66
rogorc sufTa biologiuri arseba, romelic emorCileba
mxolod instiqtebs, qvecnobier Sinagan impulsebs da amis
Sedegad cxovels emsgavseba. adamianis aseT saxes xSirad
vxvdebiT naturalistur, modernistul, siurealistur
literaturul Tu dramaturgiul TxzulebebSi.
simbolisturi mimarTulebis farglebSic Cven isev
asocialuri konfliqtis tyveobaSi vrCebiT, radgan
simbolistebi uaryofdnen adamianis moRvaweobis
socialur sferos, maT nawarmoebSi realuri yofis
asaxva mTlianad gamoiricxeboda, piesebi ki agebuli iyo
mudmivi koliziebis da konfliqtebis niadagze.
Zvel berZnul TeatrSi asocialuri konfliqtis
arseboba sruliad warmoudgeneli iyo – `qoros
xma~ tragediaSi faqtobrivad sazogadoebrivi azris
gamoxatvis funqcias iRebda Tavis Tavze. magram ukve
romauli periodis xelovnebaSi, iseT JanrSi, rogoricaa
farsi, gvxdeba gmirebi, romlebic mxolod instinqtebis
dakmayofilebaze fiqroben, _ e. i. konfliqtic aq
asocialuri xasiaTisaa; am epoqaSi komediis gmirebic
ki cxovroben gamogonil samyaroSi, romelSic erTaderT
realobas warmoadgens mxolod sasiyvarulo vneba.
saboloo jamSi socialuri konfliqti yovelTvis
asaxavs cxovrebiseul konfliqts, romelic warmoiSoba
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis niadagze, xolo
asocialuri konfliqti amgvar problematikas saerTod
gamoricxavs. principuli uaryofa sazogadoebrivi
da socialuri cxovrebis gveZleva simbolistebTan,
viaC. ivanovis Teatralur koncefciaSi (`sobornoe
deistvo~); s. fSibiSevskis `axali dramis~ koncefciaSi,
sadac yvelaferi xdeba mxolod gmiris sulSi da gmirs
amoZraveben instinqtebi da misTvis sruliad gaugebari
`bneli Zalebi~.
1902 wels a. strindbergi aqveynebs Tavis piesas
`sizmrebis TamaSi~, romelSic modernistuli dramis
mixeil kalandariSvili
67
koncefcias eZleva mniSvnelovani gadaazreba. am dramatul
nawarmoebSi saxezea xilvebis da ocnebebis nakadi,
romelic aranair logikas aRar eqvemdebareba. dramis
winasityvaobaSi strindbergi wers imis Sesaxeb Tu ras
niSnavs es axali koncefcia. konkretulad – adgils
da dros araviTari mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. sinamdvilis
mqral fonze warmosaxva gvixatavs sul axal da axal
naqargebs – es mogonebebis, gancdebis, ocnebebis narevia,
Tavisufali fantaziis da improvizaciis nayofi.
amgvarma koncefciam mogvianebiT Tavisi dasabuTeba
hpova froidis moZRvrebaSi da ganviTarda froidistuli
dramis saxiT. ra bunebisaa konfliqti aseT dramebSi?
rogori mamoZravebeli Zalebi ganapiroben mas? sanam
am SekiTxvebze pasuxs gavcemdeT moviyvandi kidev erT
mniSvnelovan mosazrebas, romelic gagviadvilebs sakiTxis
gaazrebas: `yuradReba seqsualuri sawyisebis mimarT,
maSinac, rodesac igi nakarnaxevia froidis naSromebis
SeswavliT, ar xdis xelovnebis nawarmoebs ueWvelad
froidistuls... dramaSi SeiZleba iyos Zalian bevri seqsi,
magram mas froidizmTan araferi akavSirebdes. da, piriqiT,
drama, romelSic seqsualuri motivebi meore planzea,
SesaZlebelia froidistuli iyos, Tu mis safuZvels
Seadgens konfliqti cnobieris da qvecnobieris Soris,
rodesac misi gmirebi sruliad moklebuli arian
nebelobas da emorCilebian qvecnobieris alogikur
impulsebs~.1
maSasadame, froidis mier nebelobis uaryofa TviT
dramis safuZvels ewinaaRmdegeba, romelsac rCeba
dramatulis gamomxatveli mxolod erTi mxare –
konfliqti _ `fiqrebSi Cavardnil~ cnobierisa da
mmarTvel qvecnobieris Soris, romelic adamians aRiqvams
rogorc asocialur biologiur arsebas.
froidizmis gavlena SeigrZnoba i. o nilis, a. mileris,
1 Сахновский-Панкеев, Вл. Драма. Л.,1969, с.55-59.
dramatuli konfliqtis buneba
68
t. uiliamsis, e. olbis SemoqmedebaSi, Tumca Tu gvinda
davasaxeloT froidistuli dramis klasikuri nimuSebi,
maSin gverds ver auvliT `tramvai-survils~ da `katas
gaxurebul Tunuqis saxuravze~. am piesebSi gmirebis
gadayvana zneobriobis sazRvrebis gareT ganpirobebulia
mxolod erTi dramatuli koliziis ganmsazRvreli ZaliT
– es aris fsiqo-seqsualuri xasiaTis kolizia, romelic
amomwuravad xsnis nawarmoebis forma-Sinaarsobriv arss.
dramatuli konfliqtis erT-erT Taviseburebas
warmoadgens misi garegnuli da Sinagani xasiaTi – mas
SeuZlia aRniSnos gmiris konfliqti sakuTar TavTan da
amave dros Seqmnas socialuri Tu zneobrivi ideebis
brZolis STambeWdavi suraTi. am konteqstSi kargi
magaliTia `hamleti~, romelSic konfliqtis es orive
mxare naTlad ikiTxeba – TiTqmis yvela gmirs emCneva
Sinagani winaaRmdegoba sakuTar TavTan, (TviT klavdiusis
da hertrudas CaTvliT) da amave dros, es udidesi
protestia klavdiusis samyaros winaaRmdeg. sapirispiro
magaliTia dezdemonas xasiaTi, romelSic aranairi Sinagani
Relva samwuxarod ar Cans.
konfliqtis evolucia grZeldeba avangardistul
dramaSi (anu `absurdis~ an paradoqsis TeatrSi) da
surealizmSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven gvaqvs saqme
asocialuri xasiaTis konfliqtTan. magram aqac
gamonaklisi arsebobs: `es moxda ioneskos dramaSi
`martorqebi~, romlis gmirma gadawyvita SeewinaaRmdegos
martorqad gadaqcevis process. Seiqmna konfliqti
pirovnebis da sazogadoebis Soris, romelic gardaiqmna
brbod~.1
absurdis Teatris sxva nawarmoebSi aseTi tipis
konfliqti, sadac gveZleva, miniSneba mainc, socialuri
motivis arsebobis Sesaxeb, ar moiZebneba. laki da
poco s. beketis `godos molodinSi~ asaxaven garkveul
1 Сахновский-Панкеев Вл. Драма. Л.,1969, с.60.
mixeil kalandariSvili
69
winaaRmdegobas, magram misi moxsna sruliad SeuZlebelia,
radgan laki sikvdilamde aTrevs bargs, xolo poco
bolo dRemde maTraxiT scems mas.
Tanamedrove xelovneba saerTod xdeba sul ufro da
ufro – a n t i s o c i a l u r i _ es magistraluri
tendencia naTlad Cans iseT mimarTulebebSi, rogoricaa
naturalizmi, simbolizmi, modernizmi, surealizmi,
postmodernizmi.
ase rom asocialuri konfliqtis sfero sul
ufro farTovdeba da moicavs Tanamedrove xelovnebis
mniSvnelovan sivrces. xolo socialuri problematika
da sazogadoebrivi interesebi TandaTan kargaven
mniSvnelobas da Tu pouloben asaxvas – mxolod
primitiuli xasiaTis serialebSi, sadac damajereblobis
xarisxi sakmaod dabalia. unda vTqvaT, rom realizmma,
rogorc XIX s. wamyvanma mimarTulebam XX da XXI ss.
dakarga Tavis poziciebi. gamonakliss am SemTxvevaSi marto
brextis `epikuri Teatris~ principuli socialuri
tendenciuroba warmoadgens.
surealizmis manifestSi andre bretoni wers: ̀ mxolod
warmosaxvaSi SemiZlia warmovidgino is, rac SeiZleba
moxdes da es sakmarisia, rom nawilobriv mainc davujero
warmosaxvas da ar meSinodes, rom movtyuvdebi.
mokalaTdiT romelime kuTxeSi, sadac Tqveni azri
SeZlebs yuradRebis koncentrirebas Tavis Tavze.
moiTxoveT mogitanon saweri mowyobiloba. modundiT da
moeSviT, rogorc SegiZliaT... daiviwyeT Tqveni genialoba
da niWi... uTxariT Tqven Tavs, rom literatura – yvelaze
sevdiani gzaa, romelmac, SesaZlebelia sadRac migiyvanos.
daiwyeT Cqari wera, yovelgvari winaswar dagegmili Temis
gareSe – wereT imdenad Cqara, rom ver daimaxsovroT da
ar gadaikiTxoT naweri~.1
1 Бретон А. Манифест сюрреализма. См. сб. Программные выступления мастеров литературы ХХ века. М.,1986, с. 41-59.
dramatuli konfliqtis buneba
70
warmosaxvis amgvari fetiSizacia, rasakvirvelia,
metyvelebs imaze, rom nebismieri konfliqti surealistur
nawarmoebSi mTlianad gamoricxavs socilur
motivacias.
Tavis programul werils bretoni agrZelebs
Semdegnairad: `surealistur saxeebTan saqme iseTivea,
rogorc saxeebTan, romlebsac qmnis opiumis momxmarebeli,
romlebsac adamiani ki ar iZaxebs, – ara _ isini TviTon
modian masTan TviTneburad da despoturad~.1
sikvdilis Tema aaxloebs surealizms simbolizmTan
da absurdis TeatrTanac – `surealizmi dagexmarebaT
sikvdilis wvdomaSi, romelic saidumlo sazogadoebas
warmoadgens~, _ ambobs bretoni. magram aq sasurvelia
gavixsenoT absurdis Teatris warmomadgenlebic (beketi,
ionesko), romelTa gmirebi arseboben sisocxlisa da
sikvdils zRvarze: maT iseve eSiniaT cxovrebis, rogorc
sikvdilis: isini sCadian uCveulo saqcielebs, laparakoben
daumTavrebeli frazebiT... adamianis cxovreba absurdulia,
radgan igi momakvdavia.
Tavis radikalur pozicias xelovnebis mimarT
salvador dali gamoxatavs programul werilSi
`standartis poezia~, sadac igi adidebs teqnikuri
progresis jadosnur miRwevebs: `rogor gveZaxis
es samyaro, _ CaviZiroT ucnobi sagnebis okeaneSi:
vercxlisferi manqanis saburavi... sigaretis gamabruebeli
gemo, tuCis pomadis feris kolofebSi... sanam fexsacmeli
gvemsaxureba – Cven vatarebT mas. daZveldeba da sxvenze
avagdebT. ratom igives ar viTxovT xelovnebisagan? Tu
igi daZvelda – avagdoT sxvenze~.2
sinamdvileSi dramatulis koncefcia yvelaze pirdapir
da uSualo formaSi aisaxeba xelovnebis nawarmoebSi da,
1 Бретон А. Манифест сюрреализма. См. сб. Программные выступления мастеров литературы ХХ века. М.,1986, с. 64. 2 Дали С. Там же, с.250-251.
mixeil kalandariSvili
71
pirvel rigSi, vlindeba konfliqtSi, radgan konfliqtebiT
savse situaciebi da xasiaTebi qmnian dramis niadags,
gansazRvraven mis arss, mTel zneobriv mniSvnelobas.
amitom dramis erTaderT WeSmarit sagnad unda miviCnioT
realuri cxovrebiseuli moqmedeba, romelsac Tavisi
specifikuroba axasiaTebs. igi warmoiSoba, rogorc
pirovnebis, gmiris, nebis gamoxatvis Sedegi da Tavis
ganxorcielebis gzaze win araerTi dabrkoleba xvdeba:
sxva gmirebis sapasuxo moqmedeba iwvevs konfliqtur
dapirispirebas da brZolas, romlis gareSe dramis
arseboba SeuZlebelia.
hegeli wers: `sityvis xelovnebis gansakuTrebul
saxeobebs Soris dramatuli poezia aerTianebs Tavis
TavSi eposis obieqturobas lirikis subeqturobasTan...
da asaxavs Caketil moqmedebas, [...] rogorc moqmedebas
realurs, romelic warmoiSoba xasiaTis ganviTarebis
sferodan, rogorc moqmedeba gansazRvruli miznebis
substanciuri bunebiT, individebiT da koliziebiT~.1
moyvanili ganmarteba dramis saxasiaTo niSnebs
gviCvenebs erTobliobaSi, rogorc maTi dinamikuri da
dialeqtikuri mTlianoba, rac gvaZlevs saSualebas
ganvixiloT drama nebismieri mimdinareobis da stilis
sazRvrebSi. miT ufro, rom Tanamedrove Teatris
ganviTarebis mTavari tendencia gamoikveTeba xelovnebis
da Semoqmedebis maqsimaluri Tavisuflebis miRwevaSi.
Teatraluri koncefcia, romelic ganisazRvreba ufro
gamomsaxvelobiTi formebis ZiebiT, vidre tradiciebis
mimarT erTgulebiT, pozitiuri aRmoCnda rogorc
realisturi, aseve antirealisturi xelovnebisaTvis.
e. bentlis mixedviT `siuJeti exmareba dramaturgs
koliziebis da Sejaxebebis SeqmnaSi. dramaturgi
moqmedebs ise, rogorc vTqvaT, gadareuli policieli,
romelic imis magivrad, rom aaridos quCaSi manqanebi
1 Гегель. Собр. соч., т. 14, М., с. 329.
dramatuli konfliqtis buneba
72
erTmaneTs, piriqiT _ ajaxebs maT. Sejaxeba iwvevs
mayurebelSi cnobismoyvareobis zrdas; Sejaxebebis
Sesabamisi ganlagebiT SeiZleba miRweuli iyos daZabuli
molodinis efeqti mayurebelTa darbazSi~.1
es magaliTi saxumaro da ironiul formaSia mocemuli,
magram masSi kargad ikiTxeba koliziis da dramatuli
konfliqtis roli – ZiriTadi daniSnuleba dramisa da
Teatris cxovrebaSi. meterlinkis statikur da umoqmedo,
umoZrao TeatrSic ki, kolizia da dramatuli konfliqti
ar kargavs Tavis gadamwyvet rols. aq ubralod maTi
danaxva xdeba sxva xerxebis meSveobiT, romlebic saerTo
statikur fonzec – adamianis uZlurobis Temas xsnian
mudmivi, gadaulaxavi konfliqtis fonze.
konfliqtis bunebas kargad grZnobdnen romantikosebi,
pirvel rigSi ki, romantizmis manifestis avtori _
viqtor hiugo, romelmac konfliqtis mniSvneloba
aiyvana warmoudgenel simaRleze: `ra aris drama, Tu ara
yoveldRiuri winaaRmdegoba – yovelwamieri brZola or
mowinaaRmdege sawyiss Soris, romlebic dausruleblad
ekamaTebian erTmaneTs _ adamianis dabadebidan mis
saflavamde~, _ didebuli azria, miT ufro, Tu gavixsenebT
hiugos personaJebs; kvazimodos, romelic Zalian
maxinjia da imave dros keTili. miuxedavad xelovnebis
ganviTarebis saerTo suraTis araadekvaturi aRqmisa,
hiugom, mainc SeZlo dramatuli konfliqtis rolis
gazrda iseT grandiozul masStabSi, rom yovelive es
iqca adamianis bunebis aRqmis saSualebad: magaliTisTvis
gavixsenoT Tundac `kaci romelic icinis~. romantizmis
Tema – saxelmZRvanelos momavali nawilis sagania. amJamad,
misi xseneba xdeba mxolod dramatuli konfliqtis
ganxilvis farglebSi.
maSasadame, dramatuli konfliqti Teatraluri
xelovnebis ganuyreli nawilia; obieqturad moTxovnadi
1 Бентли Э. Жизнь драмы. М., 2004, с. 51.
mixeil kalandariSvili
73
da aucilebeli elementi, romlis gareSe arc erTi
vizualuri xelovnebis saxeoba, skola, stili Tu
mimarTuleba, ver ganaxorcielebs Tavis mTavar
daniSnulebas – asaxos adamianis cxovreba, rogorc
winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gza, romlis gamoxatvaSi
monawileobas Rebulobs yvela arsebuli xerxi. suraTi,
romelic gveZleva dramaSi, Teatralur warmodgenaSi,
kinematografiul an satelevizio filmSi, aRbeWdavs
am gzis mniSvnelovan etapebs dramatuli elementebis
sruli SemadgenlobiT – peripetiebiT, amocnobebiT,
kompoziciuri Tu struqturuli ganlagebis saSualebiT
da agebis specifikuri principebis daxmarebiT.
dramatuli elementebis saerTo CamonaTvalSi
kolizias da konfliqts ukaviaT gadamwyveti poziciebi.
marTalia, maT gareSec SeiZleba Seiqmnas sasiyvarulo
leqsi, novela an idiliuri xasiaTis pastoraluri
Canaxati, magram ara drama, romlis mTavari daniSnulebaa
– aRbeWdos s i n a m d v i l i s u d i d e s i
w i n a a R m d e g o b e b i.
dramaturgiis nimuSSi SesaZloa vixiloT
realisturi an antirealisturi garemo; socialuri Tu
asocialuri cxovrebis suraTi, faqtebis pirdapiri an
iribi asaxva, fantastikuri da ucnauri surealisturi
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis saSualebebi, magram kolizia
da konfliqti nebismier SemTxvevaSi daikaveben masSi
Tavis Seucvlel adgils, radgan maT gareSe xelovneba
airCevs s i c a r i e l e s.
dramatuli konfliqtis buneba
74
maia kiknaZe
axali Teatrebi
rusTavsa da axalcixeSi
(1967 weli)
XX s-is 60-iani wlebis qarTul TeatrSi
umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo 1967 wels, rusTavsa da
axalcixeSi axali Teatrebis Camoyalibeba. rusTavis Teatri
Seiqmna marjaniSvilis TeatrSi momxdari konfliqtis
safuZvelze, xolo mesxeTis Teatri, sazogadoebisaTvis
sruliad ucnobma axalgazrda msaxiobTa jgufma Seqmna,
romelTac sadiplomo namuSevari axalcixeSi daicves.
saxelmwifo komisia cnobili mecnieris, fsiqologis r.
naTaZis TavmjdomareobiT, axalcixeSi Cavida da adgilze
moxda Teatraluri institutis kursdamTavrebulTa
msaxiobad kurTxeva.
rusTavSi, Teatris pirveli speqtakli iyo edmon
rostanis ̀ sirano de berJeraki~, axalcixeSi oTar CxeiZis
`Tedore~. am ori sruliad gansxvavebuli piesis TviT
dadgmis faqti, Teatrebis pirveli ganacxadi, garkveviT
migvaniSnebda sarepertuaro politikis aqcentebze
_ 60-ian wlebSi momxdar cvlilebebze, pirovnebis
Tavisuflebisa da erovnul-patriotuli ideebis
gamoxatvis tendenciebze.
1967 wlis ianvarSi, kulturis saministros brZanebis
safuZvelze (brZaneba 1966 wlis dekemberSi daiwera) aRdga
axalcixeSi qarTuli Teatri. maSindeli xelmZRvanelis,
reJisor nana demetraSvilis daJinebuli TxovniT, Teatrs
ara axalcixis, aramed mesxeTis Teatri ewoda. `Tavidan
ar moewonaT Cemi winadadeba, _ igonebs q-ni nana, _ magram
gadis dro... ase ori-sami weliwadi da meZaxis erT-erTi
maRalCinosani TavisTan, miCvenebs somxebis mier daweril
saprotesto arzas (xels awers 120 kacze meti), sadac
75
naTqvamia: axalcixeSi qarTvelebs Tu aqvT Tavisi Teatri,
maSin Cvenc unda gagvixsnaT somxurenovani Teatri ise,
rogorc cxinvalSi da soxumSiao!.. SeSinebuli Cinosani
davawynare. Tqven SegiZliaT somxebs argumentirebuli
pasuxi gasceT. marTalia, axalcixeSi 70% somexia, magram
mesxeTis Teatri mxolod axalcixis Teatri ki ar aris,
aramed mTlianad – mesxeTis... sadac ricxobrivad meti
qarTveli cxovrobs, vidre somexi – meTqi...~1
nana demetraSvili, romelic manamde giorgi
erisTavis sax. goris TeatrSi muSaobda, 1967 wlis 21
aprils Teatraluri institutis studentebTan erTad
Tbilisidan mesxeTisaken gaemgzavra. maT gahyva reJisor-
pedagogebis jgufi: al. miqelaZe da n. gaCava, reJisor-
damdgmeli d. ciskariSvili. Teatris xelmZRvanelobas
(direqtori mixeil meZmariaSvili), kargad esmoda yvela
is sirTule, rac axali Teatris Seqmnas Tan axlavs. dass
Teatris Sesaferisi Senobac ki ar daxvda. marTalia,
msaxiobebi, Semoqmede biTad gamoucdelni iyvnen, magram
maTSi arsebobda axalgazrduli energia, daucxromeli
Jini, swrafva siaxlis Ziebisaken. Teatris mTavarma
reJisorma nana demetraSvilma, mxatvarebTan Tamaz
xuciSvilTan, farnaoz lapiaSvilTan, kompozitor oTar
TaqTaqiSvi lTan erTad premierisaTvis daiwyo mzadeba.
dasadgmelad oTar CxeiZis piesa airCies. `Tedores~
warmodgenam 1967 wlis 23 seqtembers, warmatebiT
Caiara. warmodgenis Semdeg, msaxiobebs institutis
diplomebi gadaecaT. speqtakls didi gamoxmaureba
mohyva, es dRe gacilebiT sazeimo iyo, vidre Cveulebrivi
premiera. qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba mesxeTis miwaze
did politikur movlenad iqca. maSindelma kulturis
ministrma, kompozitorma oTar TaqTaqiSvilma am dResTan
dakavSirebiT aRniSna: `Teatris dabadeba, mniSvnelovani
faqtia xalxTa kulturul cxovrebaSi, miT ufro
1 Jurn. `Cveni mwerloba~. 2010, #8.
76
mniSvnelovani da sagulisxmoa, rodesac is xdeba mesxeTis
miwaze, qarTveli xalxis saamayo mxareSi. dae, es Teatri
iqces kulturis mniSvnelovan kerad, xalxTa zneobrivi
wrTobisa da aRzrdis saukeTeso saSualebad~.1
mesxeTis Teatris pirvelive speqtaklis warmatebam,
stimuli misca axalbeda koleqtivs. gansxvavebiT rusTavis
Teatris msaxiobebi sagan, romlebsac axali Teatris Seqmnis
procesSi garkveuli Semoqme debiTi biografia gaaCndaT,
mesxeTis Teatris msaxiobebi SemoqmedebiT karieraSi
pirvel nabijebs dgamdnen, amdenad TavianTi artistuli
biografiisaTvis oTar CxeiZis piesaSi gamosvla garkveuli
eqsperi mentic ki iyo. speqtaklSi unda gamovleniliyo
axalgazrdebis SemoqmedebiTi pozicia da moqalaqeobrivi
simwife. istoriul-patriotul Temaze Seqmnil piesas
ara marto warsulis SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba unda
hqonoda, aramed TanamedroveobisaTvis axlobeli unda
gamxdariyo. istoriuli warsulis amsaxveli faqtebi,
mRvdeli Tedores tragikuli istoria, kerZod osmalebis
mier 1609 wlis ivnisSi mRvdeli Tedores Sepyroba
da misi sikvdiliT dasja samSoblosaTvis daRupuli
gmirebis pativiscemis gamoxatulebad iqca. oTar
CxeiZis mier sainteresod mofiqrebuli kolorituli
xasiaTebisa da movlenebis monacvleoba qmnida dramatul
kolizias, romelic TandaTan aZlierebda mayure-
belTa interess gmiris bedisadmi. Tedores gonivruli
Canafiqri (mters gza-kvali auria da mefe luarsab
II-s adgilsamyofeli damala) da misi ganxorcielebis
gzebi dramaturgiu lad erTgvari monosistemiT aris
gaazrebuli, sadac yvelaferi Tedores bedis irgvliv
trialebs. Tamaz gamyreliZis Tedores Zlieri, gonieri
moqmedeba, samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba gulgrils ar
tovebda mayurebels. konfliqtur situacias amZafrebda
Tedoresa da manglelis (a. qadagiSvili) Sepirispireba.
1 m. gogolaSvili `mesxetis Teatri~, Tb, 1976, gv. 34.
maia kiknaZe
77
speqtaklSi mniSvnelovani funqcia hqonda miniWebuli
zaza iluriZis macnes, is mxolod ambis momtani ki ar
iyo, aramed moqmedebis aqtiuri monawilec, mas SeeZlo
Tavisi rTuli Sinagani winaaRmdegobis Zlevaca da xalxis
aRelvebac. scenaze iqmneboda dramatuli peripetiebiT
aRsavse situaciebi, sadac gmirTa yoveli sityva, emocia
da azri samSoblos siyvarulis uzenaesobis ideis
gamosaxvas emsaxureboda. qalTa (g. patariZe, g. xviCia, m.
foTolaSvili, l. TevzaZe, l. suluaSvili, m. TuSiSvili,
T. CerqeziSvili) da vaJTa (o. awyureli, e. gogiZe, g.
koxreiZe, n. mwariaSvili, o. rexviaSvili, f. arRuliani,
v. nikolaiSvili, o. yuraSvili, T. CerqeziSvili) qoros
modelSi gadawyvetili mraval funqciuri qoro (mag.
qalTa qoro xan dedabrebs warmoadgenda, xan asulebs,
xanac dedebs), esTeturad mSvenier sanaxaobas qmnida.
Tbilisidan mesxeTSi wasulma axalgazrda
msaxiobebma patrio tuli saqme iTaves. isini gaaerTiana
nana demetraSvilis maRalma moqalaqeobrivma, erovnulma
Segnebam da Teatrisadmi usazRvro siyvarulma. maT
`Tedores~ dadgmiT daiwyes axali SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba.
am speqtakliT xSirad dadiodnen mesxeTis raionebSi
(aspinZa, adigeni da sxva), 1969 wels sagastrolod iyvnen
TbilisSi. yvelgan sixaruliT xvdebodnen axalgazrda
enTuziastebs da maT xelovnebas, upirvelesad ki oTar
CxeiZis `Tedores~, romelmac xalxis patriotuli idea
da Teatris moqalaqeobrivi pozicia gamoxata. ramdenime
kviraSi `Tedores~ sxva mniSvne lovani speqtaklebic
daemata (p. kakabaZe _ `yvaryvare TuTaberi, `kolmeurnes
qorwineba~ da al. CxaiZis `sibrZne sikvdilisa~).
pirvelive sezonSi Teatrma 11 speqtakli SesTavaza
mayurebels, sul 186 warmodgena iTamaSes.
sul sxva viTareba iyo rusTavis Teatris
Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi. 1967 wels marjaniSvilis
Teatris dass gamoeyo msaxiobTa TanamoazreTa jgufi
axali Teatrebi rusTavsa da axalcixeSi
78
giga lorTqifaniZis meTaurobiT. marjaniSvilis Teatris
niWierma SemoqmedebiTma Zalebma axali Teatris warmateba
ganapiroba. giga lorTqifaniZe werda: `TanamoazreTa
jgufi! swored es iyo gadamwyveti, rom Cven SevikribeT
erTmorwmune SemoqmedTa kavSirad. Cveni Teatri arsebiTad
maSin daibada, roca marjaniSvilelTa dasis axalgazrda
Taobam igrZno Teatris cxovrebaSi principuli
cvlilebebis aucilebloba... ufrosma Taobam mxari ar
dagviWira da Cven wamovediT Teatridan~1.
axali Teatris Seqmna, Tundac TanamoazreTa wreSi,
Teatris Seqmnis sawyis etapze rTul winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitom winaswar
Zneli iqneboda imis ganWvreta Tu rogor moaxerxebda
axali dasi marjaniSvilis TeatrSi miRweuli warmatebebis
fonze, maTi moRvaweoba axal Teatralur sivrcesa da
garemoSi ar gafermkrTalebuliyo. magram, sabednierod
yvelaferi kargad daiwyo. 1967 wlis 30 noembris
premieram warmatebiT Caiara. edmon rostanis heroikuli
komedia ̀ sirano de berJeraki~ rusTavis Teatris scenaze
warmatebuli aRmoCnda. giga lorTqifaniZis reJisura,
mxatvar mamia malazonias mier Seqmnili dekoracia,
kompozitor biZina kvernaZis musika, msaxiobTa (sirano
– oTar meRvineTuxucesi, roqsana – qeTevan kiknaZe, de
giSi – kote Toloraia, le-bre – nodar mgalobli Svili,
ragno – rezo xobua, kristian de nevileti – malxaz
gorgi laZe) maRali saSemsruleblo done, erT mTlian
kompozicias qmnida.
`sirano de berJeraki~, pirvelad 1892 wlis 28
dekembers warmoadgines parizis sen-martenis TeatrSi
koklen ufrosis monawileobiT. Tavad avtoric gamodioda
masiur scenebSi muSketeris kostiumSi gamowyobili.
speqtakli parizSi maSin daidga, roca viqtor hiugos
1 v. qarTveliSvili – inteleqtualurisa da romantikulis zRvarze.
Tb., 2006, gv. 227.
maia kiknaZe
79
romantikuli Teatri ukve aRar arsebobda. naturalizmis
da sxvadasxva Wreli mimdinareobis fonze siranos
dadgma iyo aRorZineba romantikuli Teatrisa, ris
Sesaxebac antuani Tavis dRiurebSi aRniSnavda: ̀ davbrundi,
romantizmis TeatrSio~. sinamdvileSi arsebuli poetis
savinien sirano de berJerakis (1619-1655) Tavgadasavali,
maSin gaxda xalxisaTvis popularuli, roca rostanis
niWierma kalamma mas xotba Seasxa da ukvdaveba SesZina.
sirano SesaniSnavi poeti, mecnieri, saocari pirovneba,
mebrZolis sulis adamiania. mas uyvars mSvenieri roqsana,
magram Tavisi didi cxviris gamo, Tavis Tavs misTvis
Seuferebel satrfod miiCnevs. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki,
sakuTar nakls - `blagvi gonebis patronTa gasagebad~
`mWermetyvelebis, oxunjobis~ sababad aqcevs. poeturi
romantika da mebrZoli suliskveTeba siranos keTilSobil
raindad warmoaCens. mas ar SeuZlia pirferoba da
mliqvneloba `qudis moxda da kudis qicini~ ama soflis
ZlierTa mimarT, arc gaCumeba SeuZlia, sindisze xelis aReba
`zneobrivad var mokazmulio~ _ ambobda TviTon, amitom
pirvelive gamosvlaze Teatr burgundiis otelSi, man
karis poets, cnobil mwerals ̀ sasiqadulo mamuliSvils~,
romelmac uflebaayril frangebs ZalauflebiT gamaZRari
kacis kmayofileba amcno, antuan baros axali piesis
`qlorizas~ warmodgena CauSala da uniWo msaxiobs
monflers `muzis SeuracxyofisaTvis~ risxva daatexa
Tavs. mTavari gmiris ironiuli damokidebuleba yalbi
Teatralurobis, butaforiulobis da cru paTetikis
mimarT rusTavelTa speqtaklis damdgmelTa pozicias
gamoxatavda.
keTilSobili raindis, romantikuli gmiris ocnebasa
da uxeS realobas Soris konfliqtis siRrmiseuli
Sreebi maRali ostatobiT iyo gadmocemuli oTar
meRvineTuxucesis mier. misi warmoTqmuli mTavari sityva,
roca is le-bres mimarTavs, speqtaklis ZiriTad ideas
axali Teatrebi rusTavsa da axalcixeSi
80
gamoxatavda. sazogadoebaSi, sadac sikeTe da mSveniereba
ucnaurad aRiqmeba, sadac fiqri da ocneba dakveTiT
SeiZleba, pirovnebis Tavisufleba moCvenebiTia, xolo
WeSmariti xelovani daufasebeli:
`ar SemiZlia
dakveTiT fiqri, ocneba... kmara!..
suli Tavisuflebas iTxovs
adamianiT iwyeba dro da
epoqa! kaci – ai mTavari!
suyvelaferSi, yvelgan da mudam
is unda iyo, rac xar namdvilad;.
ara zogadad adamiani,
aramed Seni saxli gerqvas:
qriste, esqile, lukreciusi,
demosTene Tu de berJeraki!~1
speqtaklis mTavari xazi _ Sepirispireba or
gansxvavebul msoflmxedve lobas Soris _ siranosa da
gvardieli de giSisa – amaRlebulsa da damdablebuls
Soris _ mkveTradaa gavlebuli. sirano ver itans
farisevlebs, ibrZvis maT winaaRmdeg, rasac ewireba kidec
finalur scenaSi, daSniT xelSi, rogorc ̀ WeSmarit poets~
(Tavad ase ambobs) surs maxvili Casces borotebas da
gangmiros.
`es Seni – sicruev! Sen – pirferobav~
Senc sakadrisi miiRe, Suro!
Senc – angarebav! Senc – didkacuro,
gabRenZilo, gaumaZRaro!2
amaRlebuli idealebisaTvis brZolaSi, farisevelTa
dapirispire baSi kacTmoyvare sirano kvdeba. Tumca
Tavs damarcxebulad ar scnobs _ `me momkles le bre,
maSasadame ver damamarcxes, es imas niSnavs, rom me davrCi
gamarjvebuli~.
1 e. rostani sirano de berJeraki, Tb, 1970, gv. 83.
2 iqve, gv. 184.
maia kiknaZe
81
`sirano de berJerakis~ warmodgena Taviseburi
manifesti iyo erT muStad Sekruli dasisa, romelsac
gamocdili reJisoris xeli ostaturad marTavda. sicruesa
da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli romantikuli
gmiris pozicia, Teatris pozicias niSnavda. es iyo
Teatris didi gamarjveba, misi savizito baraTi. moskovSi
gastrolebis dros myofi rusTavis Teatris warmateba,
misi mxatvruli principebi, maRali profesiuli done
zustad gamoxata ruseTis sax. artistma maria knebelma,
romelic `de berJerakis~ warmodgenaze ambobda: `isev da
isev speqtaklis ansambluroba, msaxiobTa individualobis
reliefuroba, sityvis Jestis moZraobis harmoniuloba.
mayurebeli grZnobs, rom scenaze msaxiobebi fiqrs ki ar
TamaSoben, aramed fiqroben~. yvelaze Zlieri STabeWdileba,
romlis tyveobasac ver davaRwev Tavs, aris sirano – o.
meRvineTuxucesi, maRali poeturi zeaweuloba, rainduli
suli, plastika da aseve Zlieri nebisyofis mamakacisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sceniuri lirizmi~.1
rusTavis Teatris speqtaklebi e. rostanis `sirano
de berJeraki~, v. korostilovis, `asi wlis Semdeg~,
`firosmani~ im periodSi Seiqmna, roca rusTavelis
TeatrSi gmirul-romentikuli Teatris irgvliv atexili
kamaTi damTavrebuli iyo. rusTavis Teatris speqtaklebis
romantikulma stilma axali sicocxle SeiZina, romlis
stilsac akaki vasaZem `Sefaruli romantika~ uwoda.
rusTavis Teatris SeqmniT Taviseburad ganmeorda
marjaniSvilis Teatris Seqmnis istoria, roca msaxiobTa
erTi jgufi, konfliqtis niadagze gamoeyo rusTavelis
Teatrs da 1928 wels quTaisSi, kote marjaniSvilis
xelmZRvanelobiT axali Teatri Seiqmna. gavida TiTqmis
40 weli da imave marjaniSvilis TeatrSi konfliqtis
Sedegad wamosulma TanamoazreTa jgufma rusTavSi
Camoayalibes axali Teatri. Teatris istoriis es
1 giga lorTqifaniZe, Tb, 1987, gv. 412.
axali Teatrebi rusTavsa da axalcixeSi
82
paralelebi SemTxveviTi ar aris, axalgazrdebs TavianTi
gansxvavebuli poziciebi da saTqmeli hqondaT. isini
momzadebulebi Sexvdnen axal cxovrebas.
rusTavisa da mesxeTis Teatrebis Seqmna qarTuli
Teatris istoriaSi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo. orive
Teatri sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiTi potenciisa iyo, magram
orivem sazogadoebis farTo rezonansi gamoiwvia. orive
Teatrma dasawyisSive mebrZoli xelovnebis gza airCia.
maia kiknaZe
83
Tamar quTaTelaZe
dro da speqtakli
absurdis Teatrma, komunisturi reJimis mamebis
mier evropuli dramaturgiisa da masSi gacxadebuli
Tavisufali, kritikuli azrovnebis akrZalvis gamo,
TiTqmis oTxi aTeuli wliT „daagviana“ saqarTveloSi.
postkomunisturi epoqis qarTuli Teatri ki 20 welze
metia eswrafvis gaiazros adamianis yofis absurdulobis
problema.
Tanamedrove qarTul TeatrSi umTavresad dgamen ara
absurdis Teatraluri esTetikis wminda erTgulebiT
gamorCeul speqtaklebs, aramed mis Tavisufal gaazrebas.
damdgmelebis mizania gaacnobieron qarTul sinamdvileSi
Seqmnili situacia rogorc globaluri procesebis
organuli nawili da is mojadovebuli karuseli,
romelic qveyanaSi permanentulad da TiTqmis ucvlelad
meordeba. ukanasknel wlebSi ganxorcielebuli ramdenime
warmatebuli speqtaklisa Tu scenuri saxis Tundac
zogadi analizic naTels hfens qarTul TeatrSi mimdinare
84
procesebs, samsaxiobo metyvelebis katastroful dones,
qveyanaSi arsebul situacias, qarTuli sazogadoebis
mentalobaSi SesamCnev cvlilebebsa da prioritetebs.
axali aTaswleulis dasawyisis erTgvar ,,niusad~
iqca d. mRebriSvilis mier samefo ubnis Teatris scenaze
ganxorcielebuli i. misimas `Cemi megobari hitleri~
(2004). piesis Targmani gaumarTavi, teqsti dasaxvewia,
magram garkveuli RirsebebiT gamorCeul speqtaklSi
Seiqmna ori mniSvnelovani scenuri saxe, – nato murvaniZis
hitleri da revaz TavarTqilaZis krupi.
qali msaxiobis mier am eqscentriuli `moRvawis~
sasceno gansxeulebis aqti TavisTavad iwvevs did
cnobiswadils, miT ufro rom msaxiobi scenaze qmnis
marTlac originalur mxatvrul saxes.
speqtaklSi n. murvaniZe hgavs da arca hgavs XX
saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis faSizmis belads. scenaze
iqmneba revoluciuri eiforiiT mojadovebuli da
finansuri mafiis nebayoflobiT ,,mZevlad~ qceuli
fsevdorevolucioneris ganzogadebuli saxe. msaxiobi
mxolod zogadi StrixebiT xatavs adolf hitleris
garegnobas, _ mis tradiciul Tmis varcxnilobas, dgomas,
xasiaTs. n. murvaniZis scenur gmirSi erTmaneTs erwymis
politikur avanscenaze nebismieri xerxiT darCenis
vneba da sikvdilis aCrdilis dauTrgunavi SiSi. scenur
niRabSi msubuqad ikveTeba msaxiobis qaluri sawyisic,
rac gamokveTs movlenis saxifaTo arss da revoluciuri
karuselebis epoqaSi arqetipis genderul wonasworobasac
ar gamoricxavs.
n. murvaniZis hitleris TiTqmis monaTesave personaJia
foladisfer grZel labadaSi gaxveuli r. TavarTqilaZis
krupi. igi xmel-xmeli, politikuri avanscenisgan mimaluli
da fardis miRma ganTavsebuli savarZlidan mimdinare
biznes-politikuri procesebisa Tu Tavad politikuri
biznesis mSvidi, Tavdajerebuli mayurebelia. TiTqmis
Tamar quTaTelaZe
85
saukunis asakis didi avtoritetis mqone krupi, Semparavi
sarkazmiT, cinikuri RimiliT, teqstualur masalaSi
uxvad gaJRerebuli qveteqstebiTa da gamyinavi xmiT,
scenaze warmosaxavs finansur mogebebze orientirebul,
samyaros politikuri TamaSebis erTpirovnul liders.
r. TavarTqilaZis krupic postindustriuli epoqis
adekvaturi niRabia.
ameli notomis ,,mtris
niRabi~ (2007), robert
sturuas mier rusTavelis
Teatris mcire scenaze
ganxorcielebuli ukanaskneli
wlebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
dadgma iyo. speqtakls
aqtiurad stumrobda TiTqmis
samive Taobis mayurebeli.
axalgazrdoba ki mravalgzis
eswreboda warmodgenas
da tkbeboda msaxiobTa
uzado TamaSiT... amdenad
mniSvnelovnia ,,mtris niRbis~
kavSiris gaazrebac drosTan mimarTebaSi. rogorc Cans, am
speqtaklSic gacxadda mesame aTaswleulis sawyisi wlebis
Strixebi da qarTuli sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi.
dadgmaSi asaxulia klaustorfobiiT sneuli kacis,
Sesabamisad ki, eris TviTgamorkvevis procesisaTvis
gamiznuli aqti. klaustorfobia, rogorc daxuruli
sivrcis SiSi, sikvdilis, mtris, sxvisi da ucxo Tvalis
SiSicaa. igi speqtaklSi gankiTxvis, sakuTari arasasurveli
saxis Secnobisa da umweobis aRiarebis gancdasTan,
Tavisuflebisaken ugono miswrafebasTan asocirdeba.
scenaze arian orni, – adamiani da misi qvecnobieri,
erTmaneTTan maradiuli omiT Sebmuli mteri. speqtaklis
dro da speqtakli
86
orive mTavari gmiri tanatyorcnili, Savgvremani
axalgazrdaa. isini msaxiobTa samoqmedo sivrced moniSnuli
derefnis ori sapirispiro mxridan evlinebian darbazs da
Tvals ver acileben erTmaneTs. orives klasikuri muqi
samosi mosavs da xelSi samgzavro sakvoiaJi ukaviaT.
moqmedeba aeroportSi viTardeba. warmatebuli biznesmeni
b. zanguris Jeromi, saqmiani vizitiT miemgzavreba,
magram frena gadaido. kacma mosacdelSi wignis kiTxva
gadawyvita, magram moulodnelad mas ucnobi gaecno da
aiZula moesmina Semzaravi aRsareba.
TamaSis JiniT Sepyrobilma fortunam oTxi wlis
umwifar yrmas, mSoblebis saZinebelSi saxrCobelaze
dakiduli maTi gvamebi daaxvedra. Tavazardacemulma
biWma uneburad `asoze~ itaca xeli da dasaWurisebuli
kacis gausaZlisi Sinagani tkivilebiT daiklakna. am wuTs,
umweo bavSvis naz sxeulSi sikvdili Casaxlda. cxovrebis
avanscenaze misi udidebulesoba, yovlisdamangreveli
stresi damkvidrda da travmirebuli instiqtebis
axalgazrdaSi umarTavi borotmoqmedi aaRorZina.
g. svaniZis teqstori, b. zanguris Jeromis Sinagani
monologis personificirebuli saxe, `mtris niRabia~.
igi daJinebiT uTvalTvalebs, yvelgan Tan sdevs msxverpls,
aiZulebs gaacnobieros sakuTari warsuli da `mterze~
SurisZiebisken mouwodebs. b. zanguris Jeromi gaurbis
TviTSecnobis rituals. misi mizania xelovnurad
moikveTos qvecnobieridan aRorZinebuli tkivili da Tavi
daaRwios ̀ ucxos~ diqtats.Mmougerielebeli ucnobisagan
gabezrebuli da wyobidan gamosuli b. zanguris
scenuri gmiri, yelSi swvdeba g. svaniZis teqstors
da orTabrZolaSi `gamarjvebuls~ SvebiT aRmoxdeba:
`Tavisufali var!~, mterTan Zaladobivi meTodebiT
angariSsworebis mosurne ki Tavadve aResruleba.
msaxiobebiPerovnuli problemis siRmiseuli wvdomiT
qmnian personaJebis qvetestis qveteqstTa saxier qmedebebs.
Tamar quTaTelaZe
87
maTi TamaSis xerxebi uxvadaa gajerebuli principuli
ekleqtizmiT, amaRlebuli da ukiduresad damiwebuli,
TiTqmis uxamsobis zRvramde misuli epizodebiT,
romlebsac samoedno Teatris esTetikaSi gawafulebi,
histrionTa galanturobiT warmogvidgenen.
qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebis analizisas, qarTuli
Teatris moRvaweebisaTvis Seqspiri TiTqmis mSobliur
dramaturgad iqca. mas XIX saukunidan aqtiurad
mimarTavdnen qarTuli Teatris moRvaweebi. Seqspiruli
dramaturgiis qarTul scenaze realizebas ilia WavWavaZem
Cauyara safuZveli (1859). rogorc irkveva, qarTuli
TeatrisaTvis ara marto elisabediseuli Teatris
programa `totaluri Teatraluri enis~ Taobaze
aRmoCnda organuli, aramed masSi asaxuli problemebi
da xasiaTebic.
Seqspiris dramaturgiidan qarTul scenaze
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad idgmeboda misi `sisxliani
tragediebi~, sadac Zalauflebis pyrobis JiniT gaxelebuli
adamianis Sinagani samyaros kvleva, xelisuflebis
mitacebis Semdeg adamianis sruli degradacia da qveynis
marTvis uunarobiT ganviTarebuli apokalifsuri
movlenebi iazreboda. qarTuli inteligencia cdilobda
gaeazra savarZlis pyrobis azartiT gankacebuli,
agresiuli lideris cxovrebis wesi, misi aRmasvlisa
da dacemis suraTi, revoluciebis Sedegad mravalgzis
ganmeorebuli karuseli.
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, daviT doiaSvilma Seqspiris
`makbeTi~ (2009) ganaxorciela Tbilisis musikisa da
dramis TeatrSi. speqtaklma warmatebuli gastrolebi
gamarTa sazRvargareTis mraval qveyanaSi. dadgma araerTi
prestiJuli premiiTac aRiniSna rogorc CvenSi, ise
ucxoeTSi da mas genialuri piesis `axali wakiTxva...
misi axleburi, Zalian Tavisufali gaazreba~1 uwodes.
1 Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 2010, #4.
dro da speqtakli
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speqtakli absurdis Teatris esTetikiT iqna
dadgmuli. warmodgenas iwyeben, warmarTaven da kvlav
Tavidan iwyeben TiTqmis Tineijeruli asakis jadoqrebi.
swored avsulebi gvevlinebian samyaros faruli, magram
realuri mmarTvelebi.
warmodgenis dasawyisSi, galanturad gamowyobili
`sameuli~ xelis gadabanis proceduriTaa dakavebuli.
rogorc irkveva, maT winamorbedi sisxliani intriga es
wuTia daasrules da wamieri pauziT mowyenilebi, umal
morigi garTobisaTvis emzadebian. jadoqrebis axali
saseiro gegmis dasaxva – aRsrulebis molodini didxans
ar gastans. maTi msxverpli SesaZloa gaxdes nebismieri,
Tundac yvelaze keTilSobili, mravali RirsebiT
gamorCeuli.
`samTa kavSiri~ Tavadac
didi xalisiT erTveba
Canafiqris realizaciis
procesSi, mokvdavTa
cxovrebis wesSi. ,,es
jadoqrebi gasaocar
transformacias ganicdian.
isini xan mekareebad
gvevlinebian, xan ledi makdufad~.1 maTTvis cxovreba
Teatria, adamiani – marioneti, romelsac sakuTari
ganwyobis Sesatyvisad marTaven, aknineben, dascinian, rom
Tvali miadevnon adamianis umweobis, dacemis, gadagvarebis
masStabs.
speqtaklSi Zalauflebis mflobeli dunkanisa da
makbeTis sxeulebi, identurad deformirebuli, koWli da
kuziania. xelisufalTa erTnairad ybamoRrecili, ugrZnobi,
TeTrad SefeTqili, cxedrebs mimsgavsebuli saxeebi
ganamxelen sakuTar sindisTan mravalmxriv kompromiss,
maradiul RirebulebaTa srul kriziss. ama qveynis
1 Jurn. ,,Teatri da cxovreba~, 2010, #4.
Tamar quTaTelaZe
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ZlierTa Sinagan samyaroSi aSlili, gaucnobierebeli
da mougeriebeli SfoTi, maT umZafrebT dauokebel,
sadomazoxistur vnebas adamianTa wamebis, samyaros
xelyofis aqtiT tkbobisken.
,,dankani, romelic ZiriTadad keTili moxuci
jentlmeni aris xolme, namdvil tiranad mogvevlina.
Tavis mxedarTmTavrebsa da ojaxis wevrebs, rogorc
moeprianeboda ise eqceoda... dankani a. begaliSvilis
SesrulebiT – es aris codvili moxuci, sastiki tirani
da jambazi... igi midis makbeTis sasaxleSi gamokveTili
surviliT – dawves ledisTan~,1 – ase exmaureboda
sazRvargareTuli kritika d. doiaSvilis speqtakls.
makbeTis degradacia damkvidrebuli reJimis,
arajansaRi saxelisuflebo vertikalis logikuri
Sedegia. reJisori T. gogriWianis makbeTisa da ledis
saxiT (dadgmaSi ledi makbetis saxes ganasaxierebs ori
msaxiobi – n. kalatoziSvili da b. gogoriSvili), scenaze
qmnis axalgazrda, lamazi da aqtiuri Seyvarebulebis
portrets. grandiozuli gegmebis realizebis mizani
maT uneburad iTrevs mkvlelobaTa seriaSi. kompromisi
sabediswero, misgan Tavdaxsna ki SeuZlebeli xdeba.
Tanamedrove iaponeli dramaturgis koki mitanis piesis
`sicilis akademiis~ safuZvelze Seqmnil speqtaklSi
`Jolo~ (marjaniSvilis Teatri, 2010), reJisori l.
1 Jurn. ,,Teatri da cxovreba~ 2010. #4,
dro da speqtakli
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wulaZe ganixilavs xelovanisa da saxelmwifos
urTierTobis problemas. piesis moqmedeba gasuli saukunis
40-ian wlebSi, faSizmis zeobis Jams mimdinareobs, omi
ki momgebiani fonia qveyanaSi samTavrobo interesebis
damcavi xelovnebiseuli produqciis dasamkvidreblad.
pirquSi Savi garemo, magida, skamebi, wiTeli lentebiT
uxvad moniSnuli dawunebuli literaturiT savse
Taroebi ganamxelen n. murvaniZis cenzor neos pedantur
xasiaTs. Teatraluri xelovneba misTvis sruliad
ucnobi sferoa da agresiuli qalis pozicia xistia, –
,,yvela piesa unda aikrZalos... iaponias garTobis dro
ara aqvs, omia~. Tavdajerebuli da cinikuri neos azri
xelovnebaze mkafiod asaxavs samTavrobo poziciasac.
eqstremalur situaciaSi myofi nika kuWavas dramaturgi
cubaki, movalea SeZlos sakuTari profesionalizmis dacva
da moipovos Tavisi komediis dadgmis ufleba rom Teatri
gadaarCinos daxurvisagan. garda amisa, cubaks ebraleba
xelovnebiT tkbobis sixaruls uCvevi, TiTqmis mamakacurad
gauxeSebuli qali da mzadaa nebismieri kompromisisTvis.
dramaturgi sakuTar movaleobad miiCnevs zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos xelisuflebis warmomadgenelze, gaaRviZos
masSi maradiul RirebulebaTa damcveli da energiulad
ibrZvis gamarjvebisTvis. nika kuWavas cubakma kidev
erTxel unda daamtkicos marad dapirispirebul mxareebs
Soris vin aris Zlieri da aRasrulos xelovnebis funqcia,
– iRvawos qveynis umwvavesi problemebis pozitiurad
gadawyvetis Sedegebis moZiebisTvis.
n. murvaniZis cenzoris mkacr imijs Tanmimdevrulad
angrevs sakuTar niWsa da xelovnebis saswaulmoqmed
ZalaSi darwmunebuli n. kuWavas komediografi. erT
cenzurul Casworebas mosdevs meore, mesame da sxva. n.
murvaniZis cenzori wyobidan gamohyavs dramaturgis
mSvid, Tvinier xasiaTs. nel-nela n. murvaniZis neos
gaoceba interesSi, orTabrZolaSi, urTierTpativiscemaSi
gadaizrdeba da xisti cenzori momxiblav, emociur qalad
Tamar quTaTelaZe
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gardaiqmneba. masSic iRviZebs Teatrisadmi siyvaruli da
TamaSis survili. speqtaklma asaxa xlovanis xvedri
Tanamedrove realobaSi, sadac waiSala zRvari omsa da
mSvidobas Soris.
laSa buRaZis dramaturgias kritikosebi
araerTgvarovnad afaseben, Tumca erTxmad aRiareben mas
yvelaze `dadgmad~ dramaturgad. l. buRaZis piesebma
qarTul Teatrs Semata axali Taobis msoflgancda,
maTi Tvalsawieridan aRqmuli warsuli da realoba,
yvela SesaZlo meTodiT brZola sicocxlisa da
TviTdamkvidrebisTvis. dokumentalizmis principiT
agebul piesebSi, avtori uswrafesad exmianeba axal
sinamdvileSi warmoqmnil cvlilebebs. mis dramaturgias
axasiaTebs absurduli sinamdvilis ganCxrekis wadili,
warsulis maxinj gadmonaSTebTan brZolis survili,
Tanamedrove adamianis daucvelobis, misi apaTiisa Tu
depresiisadmi ganmkicxavi paTosi, aqtivobisadmi mowodeba.
avtori agresiuli, Tamami da kritikulia.
mimdinare wlis gazafxulze l. buRaZis ,,panTeoni’’,
TiTqmis erTdroulad daidga dedaqalaqis or TeatrSi.
Tavdapirvelad speqtakli ganaxorciela d. xvTisiaSvilma
axmetelis TeatrSi, xolo ramdenime dReSi igi dadga g.
iaSvilmac Tbilisis musikisa da dramis TeatrSi. orive
speqtakli radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. Tu
d. xvTisiaSvilis warmodgenaSi moqmedeba dramaturgiuli
teqstis Sesabamisad komunisturi epoqis finalur fazaSi
mimdinareobs, g. iaSvilis speqtaklis moqmedeba XXI
saukunis saqarTveloSia gadmotanili.Ggansxvavebulia
msaxiobTa mier Seqmnili scenuri saxeebic. rogorc
warmodgenebidan irkveva, drois distanciis miuxedavad,
qarTuli sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesi arsebiTad ar
Secvlila.
diskomfortiT Zalagaclili qarTuli
sazogadoebisaTvis `panTeonizmi~, saxelovani moRvawis
`statusi~, misi partnioroba Tu nebismieri xerxiT
dro da speqtakli
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xelisufalTa winaSe Tavis
warmoCena, komfortuli
cxovrebisaTvis omis
simbolod iqca.
d. xvTisiaSvilis
speqtaklSi, arierscenis
siRrmidan moCans
sazogado moRvaweebis
biustebiT gadatvirTuli
mTawmindis panTeoni
(scenografia aivengo
WeliZis), iqve hkidia
Sav halstuxiani
komunisturi epoqis beladis, – v. i. leninis fotosuraTi.
scenis orive mxares ganTavsebul sawolebze komunisturi
reJimis moRvaweebi, – kompozitori da maTematikosi
elian aRsasruls.
m. mazavriSvilis konstantine ungiaZe, mTeli
warmodgenis manZilze agoniaSi myofic Txzavs sanukvar
simfoniebs da umweo xeliT diriJorobs kidec. misgan
gansxvavebiT v. ciciloSvilis viqtor anCabaZe, sityvauxvi
da energiuli adamiania. igi axalgazrda, moklekabian
eqTans yovel xelsayrel wuTs vnebianad uTaTunebs
xels barZayebze da srulebiTac ar apirebs sikvdils.
misi meuRlisaTvis ki mecnieri `viki~ jer kidev maSin
gardaicvala, opoziciis mitingze gamosvlisas mTavroba
rom gaanawyena.
moRvaweTa biografiis ramdenme Strixic naTels
hfens komunisturi reJimisadmi maTi erTgulebis
moCvenebiT xasiaTs. Tu v. ciciloSvilis viqtor anCabaZe
TanaugrZnobs erovnul moZraobas, m. mazavriSvilis
konstantine ungiaZesac SeuTxzavs mTavrobisaTvis
maamebluri simfonia `mcire miwa~, xolo revoluciurad
ganwyobilTaTvis `SoSiebi~. moRvaweTa lavirebis
Tamar quTaTelaZe
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politika maTive meore naxevrebisTvisac ar aris ucxo.
`vinc pirveli mokvdeba, is daikrZaleba panTeonSi~
_ aseTia prezidentis gadawyvetileba da saxelovani
moRvaweebis `Tanamecxedreni~ xelovnurad aCqareben
meuRleTa gamgzavrebas maradiul sasufevelSi. meqalTane
viqtor anCabaZis gaavebuli coli warmatebiT axerxebs
panTeonis vakantur adgilze miuCinos bina sayvarel
`vikis~ da T. beJuaSvilis zeinab ungiaZes niSnismogebiT
uTavazebs energiul mujluguns. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tamar
beJuaSvilis mier Seqmnili `saTno~ zeinab ungiaZis
niRabic ar gaxlavT uzado. qvrivobis maZiebeli qalbatoni
srul mzaobaSia sargeblis mizniT, Setevaze gadavides
nebismier mamakacTan.
scenas uxvad stumroben saqarTvelos komunisturi
warsulis `erTguli~ Cinovnikebi. TaigulCabRujuli
medroveebi, iaffasiani gvirgvinebiT, yalbi intonaciebiT
gaJRerebuli saxotbo leqsebiTa Tu vrceli tiradebiT
naTels hfenen karierizmis sindromiT daavadebuli
sazogadoebis vnebas.
msaxiob j. jafariZis Temuri, scenaze qmnis erovnuli
moZraobis warmomadgenlis koloritul figuras. axovani,
WuWyiani, TmagaburZgnuli, siRatakisagan daTrgunuli
mamakaci, SeSinebuli iSorebs da gaurbis T. beJuaSvilis
zeinab ungiaZes. misi saxiT reJisori warmoaCens
mxolod piradi keTildReobis mosawyobad garjili
fsevdopolitikosebis niRabs.
d. xvTisiaSvilis speqtaklSi T. beJuaSvilis zeinab
ungiaZe mxolod uneburad
aJRerebs mis xasiaTSi
mTvlemare ambiciur
Strixs. am mxriv, g.
iaSvilis `panTeonSi~
(musikisa da dramis
Teatri), nino gomarTeli
dro da speqtakli
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qmnis ̀ gaaznaurebuli mdabios~ portrets. am pragmatuli
qalbatonisTvis ukve mouTmeneli gamxdara sulTmobrZavi
moRvawis partnioroba.
cisia metrevelis mier gansaxierebuli kompozitoris
provincieli naTesavi eliso ungiaZe, uswrafesad
axerxebs safuZvlianad aiTvisos axali epoqis TamaSis
wesebi. speqtaklis miwuruls igi gvevlineba sarfiani
kavalris mflobel, Tanamedrove cekvebSi `ganswavlul~
inglisurad ametyvelebul, modurad gadapranWul
vampirad, romelic Tavisi pragmatuli azrovnebiT
zeinab ungiaZesac ganacvifrebs. msaxiobTa duetis mier
ostaturad gansaxierebuli scena ,,mTawmindis panTeonSi’’
da maTi kritikuli Sefasebebi moRvaweTa saflavebis
daTvalierebisas, mkafiod asaxavs rogorc qarTuli
sazogadoebis damokidebulebas `panTeonis binadrebze~,
ise `panTeonizmis~ problemas.
moRvaweTa meuRleebis gaxSirebuli vizitebi
xelisuflebis msaxurTa warmomadgenlebTan, msaxiobTa
TamaSis xazgasmiT paTetikuri metyveleba, warmoaCens
im makiavelistur garemos, adamians danaSaulisken
rom ubiZgebs. speqtaklSi Seqmnili Cinovnikebisa da
Jurnalistebis epizoduri saxeebi (g. yvelaSvilis
ministri nodar muxiguli, s. yifianis qalbatoni
valeria, a.zambaxaZis sako da nanuli, a. javaxiSvilis
manju), sakuTari personis TviTreklamirebebis xarjze
karieris mowyobaSi gaxelebul-gawafuli XXI saukunis
agresiuli axalgazrdobaa.
Tbilisis samefo ubnis TeatrSi nika TavaZis mier
ganxorcielebul slavomir mroJekis `striptizSi~
(2012), scenazea pirveli da meore mamakaci, realurad
ki erTi pirovnebis suli da sxeuli. amitomac hgvanan
isini erTmaneTs. orive maRalia, gamxdari, acviaT
erTnairi Savi Sarvlebi, Savi fexsacmelebi, zoliani
qveda sacvlebi. ucnobia maTi saxelebi, gvarebi da arc
profesia konkretdeba, rac tradiciulia absurdis dramis,
Tamar quTaTelaZe
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anu antidramisaTvis. postindustriulma civilizaciam
Seqmna mxolod individi, romelic verasdros SeZlebs
gaxdes pirovneba. kargad marTul, stabiluri qaosis
samyaroSi maT sakuTari nebis, TviTrealizebis ,,Sansi’’
ar gaaCniaT.
scenaze mimdinareobs
`striptizi~, inteleqtualis
sulieri da fizikuri
gaSiSvlebis procesi. d. TavaZis
mier Seqmnili saTvaliani
mamakacis garkveuli bzari
xmasa da JestSi, qmnis SiSiT
daTrgunuli, Seuracxyofili
inteleqtualis saxes.
analitikuri azrovnebisken
midrekili antigmiri, eswrafis gaaanalizos momxdari.
misi dRe Cveulebrivad daiwyo, miiswrafoda
samsaxurisken da uecrad, gaurkveveli formis, aromatis,
sinaTlis, masis, konturis, mineralebis, elementebisa
da sxva Semadgenlobis energetikulma velma, anu misma
udidebulesoba drom, is daatyveva. d. TavaZis pirveli
acnobierebs rom is, vinc Seipyro igi, arc Tavisuflebis
uflebas miscems, amitomac mis erTaderT SesaZleblobad
rCeba SeinarCunos simSvide da gaarkvios ratom dairRva
udanaSaulo kacis cxovrebiseuli sazrisi. es d. TavaZis
mamakacis Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinare dialogia, romlis
sxeulebrivi sawyisi p. inauris scenuri gmiris saxiT,
TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis momxrea.
d. TavaZis scenuri saxe eswrafvis uCvenos
inteleqtuali, romelsac uWirs gadawyvetilebis
miReba, – surs Tu ara gaaRwios mikrosatusaRodan
totalur satusaRoSi?!. karebi Riaa da is ar gadis,
rac misi Tavisuflebis, garkveulwilad ki protestis
maniSnebelicaa. Tumca, kari maleve iketeba da
`Tavisuflebis~ mopovebis Sansic qreba.
dro da speqtakli
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scenur sivrceSi mravalgzis aRmocenebuli
yovlisSemZle ZalauflebiT aRWurvili didi
avtoritetis mqone uxilavi ucnobis `muSti~, romelic
samyaros an reJimis mmarTvelis nebad warmogvidgeba,
ZaladobiT datyvevebul adamians marionetad gadaaqcevs
da mis mierve Seqmnili realobiT erToba da tkbeba. igi
daSinebiT aRwevs scenur gmirTa fsiqologiis ngrevas,
maTze zemoqmedebas, aSiSvlebs TviTgadarCenis mizniT
adamianis kompromisisken midrekis unars.
moZalade `xelis~ agresiuli neba, tyveebs
Tanmimdevrulad arTmevs fexsacmels, qamars, kostums,
Sarvals. igi TavSesafridan gaixmobs p. inauris scenur
gmirs, romelic protestis niSnad didxans akakunebs
karebze da wiTelpomadawasmulsa da daTrgunuls
abrunebs scenze. misi xilviT SeZrwunebuli d. TavaZis
pirveli mamakaci iZulebulia aRasrulos damamcirebeli
rituali, bodiSi moixados sakuTari mizandasaxuli
cxovrebis wesisTvis da gaxdes Tvinieri, umizno, rac
inteleqtualisaTvis TviTmkvlelobis tolfasia.
amrigad, XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleulis dedaqalaqis
Teatrebis scenebze warmodgenili ramdenime speqtaklis
monaxazic naTels hfens im faqts, rom Teatrebi eswrafvian
uswrafesad gamoexmauron qveyanaSi ganviTarebul
movlenebs, asaxon umwvavesi problemebi da sazogadoebis
ganwyoba, romelic mravalmxrivi reformebis miuxedavad,
realuri da efeqturi gardaqmnebis molodinSia.
Tamar quTaTelaZe
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kinomcodneoba
98
99
daviT gujabiZe
„3d stereo“ teqnologiebi, realoba da
perspeqtivebi
1947 wels eizenSteini Tavis statiaSi „stereokinos
Sesaxeb“ werda: „eWvi imis mimarT, rom xvalindeli dRe
stereokinos ekuTvnis, iseTive gulubryvilobaa, rogorc
eWvi - gaTendeba Tu ara xvalindeli dRe saerTod ...“1
eizenSteini Tavis mosazrebas Semdegi mosazrebebiT
amtkicebda: „stereokino iZleva samganzomilebian sivrcis
srul iluzias gamosaxulebaSi. amasTan es iluzia imdenad
srulad damajerebelia, rom araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs,
iseve, rogorc ar iwvevs eWvs Cveulebriv kinematografSi
moZraobis realuroba. sivrcis iluzia erT SemTxvevaSi
da moZraobis iluzia meore SemTxvevaSi - savsebiT
bunebrivia maTTvisac ki, vinc SesaniSnavad icis, rom mis
Tvalwin erT SemTxvevaSi moZraobis daSlili calkeuli
uZrav fazebis mimdevrobaa, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi -
erTidaigive sagnis Cveulebrivi organzomilebiani ori
gamosaxulebis eSmakurad organizebuli kombinacia, oRond
- gadaRebuli sinqronulad da odnav wanacvlebuli
xedvis kuTxiT... da arcerT sxva xelovnebaSi - misi
mTeli istoriis manZilze - ar arsebobs sxva magaliTi
imisa, Tu rogori srulyofili dinamikiT, da amave dros,
realuri moZraobis procesSi - gardaiqmneba moculoba
sivrced, sivrce - moculobad, da orive erwymis erTmaneTs
erTdroulobaSi TanaarsebobiT“.2
is, rasac eizenSteini „eSmakurad organizebul
kombinacias“ uwodebda, realurad ori fotokameriT
(kino, video) sinqronulad gadaRebuli gamosaxulebebis
erTobliobaa, romelic erTdroulad unda iqnas aRqmuli
1 http://kinoru.ucoz.ru/publ/s_m_ehjzenshtejn_1947g_o_stereokino/3-1-0-5042 http://kinoru.ucoz.ru/publ/s_m_ehjzenshtejn_1947g_o_stereokino/3-1-0-504
100
TvalebiT. adamianis mier garemos binokularuli
aRqmis unaris gamo, TiToeuli Tvalisagan miRebuli
vizualuri informacia tvinSi moculobiT komponents
iZens da sivrceSi ganfenilad aRiqmeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi
organzomilebian sibrtyeze samganzomilebiani sivrcis
iluziis Seqmnis tradiciuli meTodebi - xazovani da
tonaluri perspeqtivis meTodebi, optikuri da dinamiuri
perspeqtiva absoluturad icvlian xasiaTs da gadaRebisas
specialur gaTvlebs unda daemorCilon.
stereokinematografis, iseve rogorc stereofotog-
rafiis principi martivia: mayureblis TiToeulma Tvalma
unda aRiqvas gamosaxuleba, romelsac igi dainaxavda,
gadamRebi aparatis adgilas rom mdgariyo. marjvena
da marcxena Tvalis mier danaxuli kompoziciebi
erTmaneTisagan mcired gansxvavdeba, magram swored es
gansxvaveba, da adamianis tvinis mier orive TvaliT
mowodebuli informaciis Sejereba qmnis moculobis
da suraTis siRrmis efeqts. stereofotografia jer
kidev dagerotipis periodSi gaCnda da fotografiis
mTeli istoriis manZilze ama Tu im teqnikuri dizainiT
farTod gavrcelebuli sistema iyo. mraval ojaxSi
dRemde inaxeba bebiebisa da babuebis naqoni stereoskopebi
- specialuri saTvale da stereowyvilad gadaRebuli
suraTebis nakrebi, romlebzec sxvadasxva peizaJebi, Tu
Janruli scenebia aRbeWdili.
rac Seexeba fotokamerebs, isinic mravali modifikaciiT
iwarmoeboda. gavrcelebuli iyo e. w. stereomisadgmelebi
obieqtivze, romelic trdiciul fotokadrs or kadrad
- stereowyvilad yofda. aseTi aparatebiT umeteswilad
ferad slaidebs iRebdnen da stereoslaidoskopebiT
uyurebdnen.
kinematografis istorias Tu gadavxedavT, aRmovaCenT,
rom stereokinos pirveli patentebi jer kidev 1893
wels yofila gacemuli (gamomgoneblebi JorJ demeni
daviT gujabiZe
101
da uiliam friz-grini), anu kinematografis oficialuri
dabadebamde 2 wliT adre.
kinos ganviTarebasTan erTad, stereokinos
mimarT interesic izrdeboda, Tumca es mcdelobebi
eqsperimentaluri Sesrulebis dones ar gascilebia.
stereokino danadgarebi an metad rTuli teqnikuri
mowyobilobebi iyo, romelic TiToeuli mayureblis
savarZlis win idgmeboda (amerikuli sistema Teleview),
anda saWiro xdeboda specialuri rastruli ekrani
(mag. moskovis kinoTeatrSi „moskva“ 1941 wels
damontaJebuli semion ivanovis gamogoneba). orive es
sistema usaTvalo mayurebelze iyo gaTvlili, magram
mouxerxebeli da Zviri gamodga da gaimarjva SedarebiT
iafma saTvalianma sistemebma, romlebSic mayurebeli
sxvadasxva feris filtrebiani, an polarizebuli
saTvaleebiT uyurebda ekrans, romelzec sinqronulad
midioda ori gamosaxuleba.
asea Tu ise, ukve 1930-ian wlebSi gadaRebuli iqna
srulmetraJiani stereoskopuli mxatvruli filmebi.
yvelaze Zveli stereofilmi, romlis Sesaxebac cnobebi
moipoveba - „niagaras CanCqeri“ aSS-Si gadauRiaT 1914
wels.
1952 wlamde 48 sxvadasxva Janris moculobiTi
filmia dafiqsirebuli stereofilmebis siaSi.1 ra
ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos, saerTaSoriso
kinomonacemTa bazis mixedviT, erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli
sabWoTa mxatvruli feradi stereofilmi saqarTveloSi
Seqmnila.2 diax, 1946 wels Tbilisis kinostudiaSi orad-
ori mxatvruli filmia gadaRebuli - mixel Wiaurelis
„fici“ da aleqsandre andrievskis „robinzon kruzo“ -
qronometraJiT 85 wuTi. rolebSi - pavel kadoCnikovi
(robinzon kruzo), iuri lubimovi (paraskeva), da vinme
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_3D_films_pre-20052 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038888/
„3d stereo“ teqnologiebi, realoba da perspeqtivebi
102
e. sanikiZe, romelsac robinzon kruzos dedis roli
Seusrulebia. robinzonis mamis rolSi saqarTvelos
ssr damsaxurebuli artisti a. smiranini gadauRiaT,
prodiuserebidan erT-erTi qarTvelia (filmis
direqtorebi) sergei tomski da viqtor cirgilaZe, xmis
operatorebidanac erT-erTi - d. lomiZea, grimiori -
z. vaxtangiSvili. danarCenebi - araqarTuli gvarebia;
mwarmoebeli studiebi - „stereokino“ da Tbilisis
kinostudia. amave saitze miTiTebulia, rom filmi rusul
da qarTulenovan variantebad yofila gadaRebuli, iseve
rogorc, magaliTad, „qeTo da kote“; agreTve aRniSnulia,
rom filmi ferad firze (sovkolor) yofila gadaRebuli,
Tumca, internetSi ganTavsebuli versia Sav-TeTria da
imdb-ze ganTavsebuli es bolo ori cnoba realobas
albaT ar Seesabameba. filmi gadaRebulia semion ivanovis
dapatentebuli sistemiT „Стерео 35-19“, risTvisac
specialuri perforaciis 35 mm-iani kinofiris Seqmna
gaxda saWiro.
stereokinos mxatvruli SesaZleblobebiT mravali
cnobili adamiani iyo dainteresebuli (mag. daviT
kakabaZe), da ufro metia kinos istoriisaTvis ucnobi
gamomgoneblebi, romelTa naSromebic ver Caewera
drois moTxovnebSi da usaxelod Caikargnen sapatento
biuroebis arqivebSi. kidev ufro metia isini, vinc
sapatento biuromdec ver miaRwia, magram TiToeuli
aseTi mcire nabiji TiTo patara agurs sdebs xolme
saerTo progresSi.
stereokinos teqnikur progresSi qarTvelebsac
migviZRvis Turme garkveuli wvlili: 1939 wels qarTuli
kinoqronika socializmis aRmSeneblobis siuJetebs
Soris aseT informaciasac inaxavs: diqtoris mxne xma
optimisturad gvamcnobs, rom qarTvelma inJinerma vinme
xatiaSvilma Seqmna feradi stereoskopuli kinoaparatis
modeli da mis dasamzadeblad mTavrobam gadawyvetileba
daviT gujabiZe
103
miiRo. kadrSi es inJineri xatiaSvili erTob ucnaurad
gadakeTebul didi zomis pavilionis kameris irgvliv
fusfusebs da gadaRebis dasawyebad emzadeba. marTalia,
xatiSvilis mier Seqmnili stereokinematografiuli
sistemis Sesaxeb dRes aravis araferi axsovs, magram,
es siuJeti arsebobs da am sistemis Seqmnis mcdeloba
dafiqsirebulia istoriaSi. Cven vcadeT mogveZiebina
informacia rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ssrk (amJamad
ruseTis) sapatento biuroebSi xatiaSvilis eqsperimentis
Sesaxeb, magram jer-jerobiT Cveni mcdeloba uSedegoa da
mkiTxvels vTxovT gamogvexmauros, Tuki raime informacia
gaaCnia am Temis irgvliv.
bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi kinematografSi
SemoqmedebiTi procesi teqnologiebis progresTan isea
dakavSirebuli, rogorc arasdros. advili SesamCnevia
paralelebi kinoxelovnebis ganviTarebis dRevandel
mdgomareobasa da magaliTad, ferad kinofirze gadasvlis
etapTan, roca dagrovili teqnikuri progresi nel-nela
axal SemoqmedebiT saSualebad gadaiqceoda. erTi mxriv,
sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba iyos, radgan kinematografi
teqnologiuri xelovnebaa, magram Tuki adre TiToeuli
kadris suraTis SeTxzva uSualod gadasaReb moedanze
xdeboda, dRes - samuSao drois gansakuTrebuli
gaZvirebis gamo, mza Sablonebis teqnikur kompilaciasTan
ufro xSirad gvaqvs saqme. amgvari filmebis damdgmeli
operatoris xelovnebis funqcia gamosaxulebis Seqmnis
industriamde mivida, amitomac, ekranze gamosuli nebismieri
filmi teqnologiurad gamarTulia, originaluri
mxatvruli saxis Seqmna ki - iSviaTobad iqca.
yvela kinoteqnologias, rogorc wesi, erTgvari
„sainkubacio“ periodi aqvs, roca igi jer atraqcionis
saxiT gadis aprobirebas, Semdeg ki ukve mxatvruli saxis
Seqmnis saSualebad gardaiqmneba. axlac asea - sanam
xelovnebad sabolood Camoyalibdeba, „3d“ stereokinoc jerjerobiT atraqcionia, Tumca qarTvelma mayurebelma
„3d stereo“ teqnologiebi, realoba da perspeqtivebi
104
ukve naxa sul mcire 2 filmi, romelTa magaliTzec
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „3d“-m e. w. „atraqcionuli
sainkubacio periodi“ ukve gaiara da Tavis sakuTar gzas
xelovnebaSi eZiebs. vim vendersis „pina“ da skorsezes
„hugo“ imiT gansxvavdeba aqamde Cvens mier nanaxi sxva
analogiuri filmebisagan (magaliTad, „avatari“), rom
avtorebi teqnologiis demonstrirebis funqciiT ar
kmayofildebian. am filmebSi „3d“ teqnikuri atraqcioni ki raa, aramed mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis saSualeba.
stereokinos ganviTarebaSi ramdenime „talRas“ aqvs
adgili. 1940-ian wlebSi miRweuli progresi meore
msoflio omma daamuxruWa. meore msoflio omis Semdeg
sabWoTa kavSirSi da aSS-Si mravali teqnologiuri
eqsperimenti Sedga stereokinos teqnikuri srulyofis
mimarTulebiT, zogi maTgani - erTob warmatebulic.
zemoxsenebulma „robinzon kruzom“ didi STabeWdileba
moaxdina aramarto rigiT kinomayurebelze, aramed „TviT“
stalinzec (romelic, rogorc cnobilia, kinematografs
kargad icnobda da afasebda), ris gamoc filmis reJisori da
teqnikuri Semsruleblebi stalinuri premiis laureatebi
gaxdnen, xolo kvleviTi saqmianobisaTvis stereokinos
mimarTulebiT seriozuli Tanxebi gamoiyo.1
sabWoTa kavSiris did qalaqebSi gaixsna
stereokinoTeatrebi, maT Soris TbilisSic - saxalxo
meurneobis miRwevaTa gamofenis pavilionSi, Semdeg ki
- kinoTeatri „nakaduli“ - amJamindel uznaZis quCaze,
#2-Si.
1952-55 wlebs amerikuli stereokinos „oqros epoqad“
moixsenieben. am dros msoflioSi 50-ze meti stereofilmi
iqna gadaRebuli. ganviTarda polarizaciuli filtrebiT
gadaRebuli feradi stereokinos teqnologiebi. amdenad,
teqnikur SejibrSi, ferad firTan SedarebiT, stereokinom
ufro mimzidveli gamosaxuleba SesTavaza mayurebels.
1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJruLJuGmAA&feature=related
daviT gujabiZe
105
TiTqos sabolood iwyeboda gamarjvebuli axali
teqnologiis epoqa, TviT alfred hiCkokma gadaiRo
feradi stereofilmi „daurekeT mkvlels nomerze „m“
(Dial M for Murder, 1954), Tumca swored igi aRmoCnda
erTaderTi marTlac gamorCeuli reJisori, romelmac
am teqnologias mimarTa. 70 mm-ian firze gadaRebuli
farToekraniani da farToformatiani kinogamosaxulebis
teqnologiebis konkurencias 50-iani wlebis stereokinom
ver gauZlo da ganviTarebis da 1960-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi moculobiTi kino mayureblis gareSe darCa.
stereokinos mimarT mayureblis interesis Semcirebas
zogjer im uxerxulobas abraleben, rasac filmis yurebisas
saTvalis moxmarebis aucilebloba qmnis, am mosazrebas
aqvs realuri safuZveli, radgan rogorc feradi, ise
polarizaciuli filtrebiani saTvaleebi mxedvelobis
defeqtis mqone mayurebels mZlavr diskomforts uqmnis,
saubroben epilefsiisadmi midrekili mayureblisaTvis
Setevis amaRlebuli riskis Sesaxebac, magram, realurad,
saTvaleebisadmi protesti albaT ufro iman gamoiwvia,
rom mayureblebi kinoatraqcionis nacvlad xelovnebas
moiTxovdnen.
1960-ian wlebSi stereokinos ganviTareba ZiriTadad
ukve arsebuli teqnologiebis daxvewisken iyo mimarTuli,
magram axal atraqcionebis mimarT masobrivi mayureblis
interesi mainc ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi didi progresisaTvis.
mxolod 1980-ian wlebSi kanadaSi Seqmnilma sistemam
„IMAX“ danerga seriozuli safuZvlebi axali
„naxtomisaTvis“. im dros okeanis gamoRma, sabWoTa kavSirSi
sakmaod did raodenobiT iwarmoeboda stereofilmebi,
romlebic gaqiravebaSi monovariantebadac gamodioda
da mayureblis did raodenobasac izidavda. es filmebi
qarTveli mayureblisTvisac nacnobia, stereokinos
ucxouri nimuSebisagan gansxvavebiT. ufrosi Taobis
kinomayurebels dResac axsovs popularuli deteqtivi
„3d stereo“ teqnologiebi, realoba da perspeqtivebi
106
„idumali beri“ (reJ. a. kolcati) („Таинственный монах“ 1968), sabavSvo filmi-zRapari „oqros parmaRze
isxdnen“ („На золотом крыльце сидели“ 1986), (reJ. b. ricariovi) da sxv. sabWoTa warmoebis stereoskopuli
kinokamera КСШРТ “Стерео-70” da misi sabaziso
saproeqcio sistema imdenad maRalxarisxovani gamodga,
rom 1991 wels moskovis kinoteqnikis samecniero-
kvleviTi institutis sistemam „Стерео-70“ „oskari“
moipova teqnikuri inovaciisaTvis.
cnobilia, rom gamocdilebis gasaziareblad „IMAX“-
is TanamSromlebi moskovis kinoteqnikis institutSi
Cavidnen da sabWoTa sistemiT sacdeli rgolic gadaiRes.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „IMAX“ -ma Tavi mouyara yvela met-
naklebad warmatebul stereo da vizualuri efeqtebis
nimuSebs da maTi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakuTari
teqnologia Seqmna. dReisaTvis es aris kompleqsuri
sistema, romelic iZleva „3d“ stereo gadaRebis,
damuSavebis da proeqciis saSualebas, da amasTanave, yvela
aspeqtis - dadebiTi, uaryofiTi da nulovani paralaqsis
gaTvlis saSualebas, rac uzrunvelyofs moculobiTi
gamosaxulebis ganTavsebas „ekranis win“, „ekranis miRma“
da „ekranze“.
swored paralaqsis xasiaTi gansazRvravs „3d“ gamosaxulebis moculobis xarisxs. xedvis kuTxis
wanacvleba, romelic stereowyvilis mier Seqmnil
siRrmis efeqts iZleva, erTob faqizi gasaTvlelia, raTa
gadaRebulma gamosaxulebam proeqciisas mayurebeli
ar „daaelmos“. magaliTad, arsebobs erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli teqnikuri wuni, romelic kameris win
ganTavsebul sakadro CarCoTi „gaWril“ sagans proeqciisas
ekranis „miRma“ sivrceSi „gadaisvris“. sxva uamravi
aseTi teqnologiuri uxerxuloba arsebobs, ris gamoc
cnobili reJisorebi Tavs aridebdnen „3d stereos“. Tanamedrove cifruli teqnologiebma mniSvnelovani
daviT gujabiZe
107
siaxle Semoitanes „3d stereokinos“ warmoebaSi. cifruli
proeqtorebi, gamosaxulebis konvertorebi da gadaRebis
teqnologiebi lamis yoveldRiurad umjobesdeba,
martivdeba, da iafdeba. Tumca ZiriTad problemad
stereowyvilis sabaziso gaTvlebis formulebis SemuSaveba
rCeba. mayurebelTa da kinomoyvarulTa interesic,
moculobiTi kinogamosaxulebis mimarT ganuwyvetlad
izrdeba. miuxedavad teqnologiuri sirTuleebisa, mTel
msoflioSi stereofilmebis warmoeba yovelwliurad
izrdeba, geometriuli progresiiT matulobs „3d stereo“ mauwyeblobis telearxebis raodenoba; videomrewveloba ki,
moyvarulTaTvis ukve amzadebs specialur videokamerebs,
romlebic martivad gadasaRebi amocanebisaTvis savsebiT
misaReb xarisxs uzrunvelyofen. erTgvari istoriuli
analogiisaTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT jorj istmenis
mier gamoSvebuli martivi fotokamera, romelic
fotomoyvaruls avalebda mxolod TiTi daeWira kameris
saketisaTvis, danarCens ki (kameridan firis amoReba, firis
gamJRavneba, suraTebis dabeWdva da kameris axali firiT
damuxtva) - firma „kodaki“ uzrunvelyofda Tavisi
servisis qseliT. „kodakis“ samoyvarulo fotokamerebi
maRali xarisxis mxatvruli fotos gadaRebaze ar
iyo gaTvlili, samagierod - am aparatebma fotografia
masobriv gatacebad aqcia da mravali SemdgomSi cnobili
fotografis pirvel kamerad mogvevlina.
rac Seexeba qarTul „3d“ filmwarmoebas, jerjerobiT
adgilobriv enTuziastebs inJineri xatiaSvilisgan
gansxvavebiT, Zalze uWirT finansuri mxardaWeris
mopoveba; arada, Cvenc gvyavs aseTebi, sakmaod seriozuli
SedegebiT. sul cota xnis win, gamomgonebelma zaza
lomiZem daapatenta stereogamosaxulebis bazebis
gaTvlis da Seqmnis originaluri sistema, romlis
Rirsebebi mayureblebma ukve Seafasa sagazafxulo
gamofenaze „eqspo-jorjia 2012“.
„3d stereo“ teqnologiebi, realoba da perspeqtivebi
108
stereokino dReisaTvis ganviTarebis iseT etapzea, rom
nebismierma SeiZleba mosinjos Tavisi SesaZleblobebi
vizualuri xelovnebis am inovaciur sferoSi. aparaturac
gacilebiT xelmisawvdomia da eqsperimentebis Catarebac
ar moiTxovs did danaxarjebs. seriozulad safiqrebelia
am mimarTulebiT kadrebis aRzrdis sakiTxic. stereokino
- es ukve aRaraa xvalindeli dRe, es - dRevandeli
dRea, romelic qarTulma kinowarmoebam unda miiRos,
Tuki mas realuri progresi surs. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
aucileblobad gveCveneba, rom Teatrisa da kinos
universitetTan Seiqmnas inovaciuri videoteqnologiebis
samecniero-kvleviTi laboratoria, SeZenili iqnas
saTanado aparatura da saswavlo programebSi Setanili
iqnas moculobiTi gamosaxulebis agebis principebi.
daviT gujabiZe
109
vaJa zubaSvili
reklama saqarTvelos televiziaSi:
wanamZRvrebi da satelevizio reklama
XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
frangi filosofosi da kulturologi Jan bodriari
reklamis evoluciis ganxilvisas aRniSnavs, rom `pirvel
etapze reklama mxolod informacias avrcelebda, Semdeg
gadavida darwmunebaze, Semdeg - SeumCnevel STagonebaze~.1
axlandeli mizani ki moTxovnilebebis marTvaa, aniWebs
ra produqts azrs, faseulobas da ayalibebs moxmarebis
ideologias. reklama yovelTvis ireklavda da ireklavs
im sazogadoebriv ekonomikur formacias, romelSiac is
yalibdeba da viTardeba. qarTuli satelevizio reklamis
wanamZRvrebis ganxilva, bunebrivia, sabWoTa realobis
fonze mogviwevs.
sabWoTa kavSirSi kargad esmodaT reklamis mniSvneloba
da Tvlidnen, rom reklama iaraRia da mas SeuZlia rogorc
sargeblobis, ise zianis motanac, mTavaria, ra mizans
emsaxureba. Sesabamisad, reklamas ganixilavdnen, erTi
mxriv, rogorc politikuri da ekonomikuri brZolis
iaraRs klasobrivi uTanasworobis samyaroSi; meore
mxriv, reklamas aniWebdnen axal, „socialistur funqcias“,
partiisa da xelisuflebis politikis cxovrebaSi
gatarebisaTvis. ideurad reklamis roli da funqcia
sworad iyo aRqmuli da Sefasebuli. iTvleboda, rom
socialisturi reklama, saxelmwifos xelSi arsebuli
warmoebis nawarmis propagandirebiT, saxelmwifos
xazis gamtarebelia da xels uwyobs saerTo saxalxo
keTildReobas, amitom, reklama sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi
ver iqneba da ver iqceva motyuebis saSualebad. erT-
1 Жан Бодрийяр, «Система вещей» (fb2) гл.III Реклама. рекламный императив и индикатив http://lib.rus.ec/b/138233/read
110
erTi mTavari, rasac reklamisgan moiTxoven, simarTlea.
rac mTavaria, socialisturi sazogadoeba
Tavisufali unda yofiliyo moxmarebis burJuaziuli
stereotipebisagan da kerZo mesakuTruli fsiqologiisgan.
siuxves da materialur keTildReobas sabWoTa adamiani
nivTebis monad ar unda eqcia. kargad esmodaT ra
reklamis aRmzrdelobiTi roli, mas ar unda moexdina
gavlena sabWoTa adamianis zneobaze. vladimer leninma
mkveTrad gamoyo reklamisa da propagandis politikuri
mniSvneloba komunisturi aRmSeneblobis, rogorc
axali ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, axali sazogadoebis
Semoqmedis, sazogadoebrivi Sromis axleburad gagebis
saqmeSi da statiaSi `didi wamowyeba~ mouwoda presas
kapitalisturi reklamis gamocdilebis socialistur
niadagze gamoyenebisaken: `SexedeT burJuazias, ra
brwyinvaled SeuZlia imis reklamireba, rac mas sWirdeba...~1
sareklamo saqmianobis sruliad akrZalva praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia, sazogadoebaSi, nebismier socialur-
ekonomikur pirobebSi arsebobs moTxovna reklamaze.
sabWoTa saxelmwifom lamis revoluciis gamarjvebisTanave
gamoaqveyna dekreti sareklamo saqmianobis regulirebis
(SezRudvis) Sesaxeb (8[21].11.1917); reklamis gamoqveynebis
ufleba mxolod mTavrobasa da adgilobriv sabWoebs
miecaT. saxalxo komisariatma dekretiT uzrunvelyo
safosto-satelegrafo centrebSi sareklamo
gancxadebebis organizebuli miReba beWdviT gamocemebSi
gansaTavseblad. reklamam dakarga konkretuli brendis
da bazarze saqonlis win wawevis funqcia da mxolod
saqonelze informirebis saSualebad darCa. komerciuli
reklama saxelmwifos mkacri kontrolis qveS moeqca.
sabWoTa reklamis Seswavlisas avtorTa umravlesoba
met yuradRebas revoluciamdel ruseTis reklamaze
1 В.И. Ленин «Великий почин», полн.собр. сoч. т.39.с.25. http://leninism.su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=640:veliki-pochin&catid=78:tom-39&Itemid=53
vaJa zubaSvili
111
amaxvilebs; zogierTi avtoris azriT, sabWoTa kavSirSi
reklama saerTod ar arsebobda (i. roJkovi), umravlesoba
ki aRiarebs, rom arsebobda da mas, ZiriTadad, kritikulad
afasebs (o. feofanovi, v.estafievi, e.romati).
ra Tqma unda, reklama gamoxatavs bazars da Tavisi
arsiT bazris anarekls warmoadgens, sabWoTa kavSirSi
ki bazari ar iyo, warmoeba saxelmwifo regulirebas
eqvemdebareboda. reklamis erT-erTi mTavari funqcia ki
bazris stimulirebis funqciaa, rasac adgili ver eqneboda
gegmiur warmoebaSi. rogorc reklamis mkvlevarTa erTi
nawili aRniSnavs (a. feofanovi, v. estafievi), `axalma
ekonomikurma politikam~ (НЭП) didi biZgi misca
sabWoTa savaWro reklamis gamococxlebas, magram es
periodi didxans ar gagrZelebula. 30-ian wlebSi reklama
kvlav SeizRuda. industrializaciis programam, romelic
ZiriTadad mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebas gulisxmobda,
Seamcira msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis wili. isedac
mwir bazarze pirveladi moxmarebis saqonlis deficitic
ki Seiqmna. aseT pirobebSi, bunebrivia, reklamas veranairi
funqcia ver eqneboda.
samamulo (meore msoflio) omis Semdgom periodSic
reklamis mimarT midgoma ucvleli rCeboda -
`kapitalisturi sazogadoebis tipuri atributi~; amis
miuxedavad, aRiarebuli iyo misi aucilebloba rogorc
saSinao, ise sagareo vaWrobaSi. profesori i. roJkovi,
zogadad, sabWoTa reklamas miTad miiCnevs, aseve, miTad
miiCnevs sagareo vaWrobis reklamasac, saerTod aqarwylebs
mas da propagandas uwodebs.1 magram sabWoTa reklama
arsebobda, mravalferovani saSualebebiTac vrceldeboda,
Tumca, saganmanaTleblo, sainformacio da formalur
fasadur funqcias ufro asrulebda, vidre marketinguls.
1 А.П. Грицук. История отечественной рекламы. Советский период. Учебное пособие для очно-заочного и заочного обучения. - М.: МГУ пе-чати, 2004. ст. 7 http://www.vipstudent.ru/index.php?q=lib&r=17&id=1194518630&p=0
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am periodis sabWoTa reklama ZiriTadad plakatis saxiT
iyo warmodgenili da xSirad maRalmxatvruli da
kreatiulic iyo.
sabWoTa reklamis Taviseburebas warmoadgenda misi
ideologizacia da propagandis nawilad gadaqceva.
saWiro iyo eCvenebinaT, rom ̀ rkinis fardis~ miRma qveyana
viTardeba da gansxvavebuli ideologiis miuxedavad, Tavisi
cxovrebis wesiT dasavlur samyaros ar Camouvardeba.
reklama ar iyo da ver iqneboda konkurenciis instrumenti,
radganac xSir SemTxvevaSi reklamas ukeTebda imas,
rac deficituri iyo da risi SeZenac Tavisuflad ar
SeiZleboda; magaliTad, turistuli saagento ̀ sputnikis~
sagzurebs dasasvenebel saxlebsa da sanatoriumebSi.
es wminda wylis propagandas warmoadgenda, radganac
dasasvenebeli da samogzauro sagzurebi deficituri iyo
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis mTel periodSi.
50-ian wlebSi mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils ar
SeeZlo SeeZina arsebuli saqoneli misi siZviris gamo.
amitom obieqturi moTxovna reklamaze arc arsebobda.
praqtikulad ar iyo reklama sabWoTa masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebSic. miuxedavad amisa, 1957 wels
praRaSi socialisturi qveynebis reklamis muSakTa
saerTaSoriso konferencia gaimarTa, sadac dasaxes savaWro
reklamis ZiriTadi amocanebi: socialisturi savaWro
reklama mowodebulia – aRzardos adamianTa gemovneba,
ganuviTaros maT moTxovnilebebi da Camouyalibos
moTxovna saqonelze, rac miscems stimuls da ganaviTarebs
axali da ukeTesi saqonlis warmoebas. aqve daaskvnes,
rom yvelaze masobrivi da savaWro sawarmoebisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi aris reklama maRaziis fanjrebsa da Sida
sivrcis vitrinebSi. Sesabamisad, sareklamo saqmianobis
aqcenti maRaziebis interieris da eqsterieris dizainze
iyo gadatanili.
60-70-ian wlebamde sabWoTa reklama ZiriTadad
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plakatis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. mkvlevarTa
umetesoba sabWoTa reklamasTan SedarebiT upiratesobas
revoluciamdel rusul sareklamo plakats aniWebs; es
asec SeiZleba iyos, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT politikur,
socialur da kulturul garemoebebs. dabali xarisxis
qaRaldisa da poligrafiis, moSlili ekonomikis pirobebSi,
revoluciamdeli reklamis Camtkbari da daxvewili
stili revoluciurma aRmafrenam da agitaciam Secvala.
am periodis reklamis aRmavloba vladimer maiakovskis
ukavSirdeba, romelmac Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad
brZola gamoucxada kancelariul, mosawyen saoqmo stils.
am gundma Tavis Tavs `reklam-konstruqtorebi~ Searqva.
konstruqtivizmi, 20-iani wlebis sabWoTa xelovnebis
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, kargad moergo beWdur grafikasa
da plakats, Tavisi ekonomikuri formiT, racionaluri
da sada gamomsaxvelobiT. am periodis sareklamo
plakatisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agresiuli da ̀ mimwoli~
personaJebis frontaluri an profiluri gamosaxuleba,
feris SezRuduli palitra (ZiriTadad Savi da wiTeli
ferebis Sexameba), msxvili Srifti da didi Zaxilis
niSnebi.
plakatis gmirebi mimzidvelad, xSirad msubuqi
iumoriT iyvnen gamosaxuli, maTi atributebi sabWoTa
sazogadoebis socialur kuTvnilebas gamoxatavda:
«Галоши Резинотреста», mxiaruli, SeiZleba iTqvas,
aJitirebuli glexi qali, romelsac marcxena xeli
mkerdze aqvs midebuli, marjvenaTi ki `kaloSi~
(ase moixseniebdnen rezinis fexsacmels, romelsac
iyenebdnen ZiriTadi fexsacmlis dasacavad talaxisa da
sisvelisgan) gaSlil mklavSi upyria da SvebiT (rom is
masTan aris) da netarebiT Sehyurebs; plakati Zalian
dinamikuria gadamdebi eqspresiiT; an, donis Tambaqos
saxelmwifo fabrikis papirosis reklama «Наша Марка»; plakatze gamosaxulia im periodis sociumis jgufuri
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portreti. giganturi kolofis gavliT mwkrivSi midian:
wiTelarmieli, muSa, mosamsaxure kaci da qali, romelic
meryeobs, SeiZinos Tu ara papirosi. kaci TiTqos
gaocebulia misi meryeobiT, ukan momavali glexi ki
kolofs uwvdis da gasinjvas sTavazobs. glexs ejaxeba
`nepmeni~ qali, romelsac eCqareba am papirosis SeZena,
qals ki malviT mihyveba `nepmeni~ kaci. mTeli reklama
ideologiuri konkurenciiT aris gamsWvaluli da
upiratesobas muSaTa da glexTa saxelmwifos sawarmos
produqts aniWebs, romelsac TviT konkurentebic ki
moixmaren.
kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani: am periodis reklama
xSirad Sua saukuneebis moZaxuris instituts gvaxsenebs;
teqstebi Tu personaJebi kiviliT gvamcnoben sareklamo
Setyobinebas. magaliTad, leningradis saxelmwifo
gamomcemloba ЛЕНГИЗ-is reklama: grafikaSi Casmulia
qalis foto profilSi (maiakovskis megobari lilia
briki), romelsac xmis gasaZliereblad pirTan xelis
mtevani aqvs mitanili da kivis - `wignebi codnis yvela
dargSi“! grafikulad warwera, wignebi, qalis bageebidan
maxvili kuTxiT iSleba da rupors mogvagonebs.
zogadad, am periodis reklama Zalian dinamikuri da
aqtiuria. sareklamo plakatis ZiriTadi foni cxovrebis
stilia, industriuli aRmSeneblobis, amweebis, qarxnebis,
saamqroebis da sakvamurebis siluetebi, orTqlmavlebi
da TviTmfrinavebi. saxelmwifo sawarmoebis produqcia
naturalisturi da Selamazebuli iyo, es tendencia
sabWoTa reklamam bolomde SeinarCuna.1 nepis periodis
damTavrebasTan erTad konkurenciac ispoba da reklamac
30-iani wlebidan naklebad aqtiuri da mSvidi xdeba,
Tumc, garkveuli aRfrTovanebis paTosi mainc igrZnoba.
samamulo omis Semdgomi periodi da 50-ani wlebic
gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli ar iyo, Tu ar CavTvliT, rom
1 http://www.savok.org/reklama/
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am dros daibada pirveli sabWoTa sareklamo kinorgoli
`momRerali simindi~. rgoli simindis, rogorc Zvirfasi
sakvebi produqtis popularizacias axdens. amboben, nikita
xruSCovis piradi miTiTebiT Seiqmna (cnobilia xruSCovis
gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba simindis mimarT; misi
mmarTvelobis periodSi is ZiriTad sasoflo sameurneo
kulturad iqca da gavrcelda sruliad sabWoTa kavSiris
masStabiT, yvela minimalurad Sesafer klimatur zonaSi).
rgoli 2:03 wuTi grZeldeba da operetis JanrSia
gadawyvetili. samzareuloSi Tavdajerebuli energiuli
mzareuli Semodis da simReriT aqtiurad uwevs
propagandas jansaR sakvebs. am dros yvela kari iReba,
Semodian simindis taroebi, simindis konservis qilebi
da adgils ikaveben produqtis Taroze. gaocebuli
mzareuli mimarTavs, `moicadeT, nu iCqarebT~! da ekiTxeba:
– `saidan xarT?
taroebi:
- yubanidan!
- Cven azerbaijanSi, samxreTis Tbil qveyanaSi
vizrdebiT!
- yazaxeTis yamiridan!
mzareuli:
- gasagebia, da ra gsurT?
taroebi:
- Cven gvinda movxvdeT meniuSi!
mzareuli:
- mapatieT, magram menius ar Sevcvli!
maSin simindi Tavis mravalferovan menius
warmoadgens:
- salaTebi, fafebi, pudingebi, tortebi, sauzmec da
garniric!
mzareuli:
- ra kerZebia, pirdapir saocreba! yoveldRe
movamzadeb!
qali siamovnebiT, bednieri RimiliT miirTmevs
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taros.
mzareuli askvnis: da me Tqven daufaravad getyviT - es
kerZebi iolad, Zalisxmevis gareSe, nebismier diasaxliss
gamouva yoveldRe~!
rgolSi didaqtikuri paTosic SeigrZnoba da
mTlianobaSi myar komunikaciur koncefciazea agebuli.
qvecnobier doneze apelirebs erT-erT mTavar faseulobaze
– janmrTelobaze; funqciurad – produqtis (simindis)
sargeblianobaze; socialurad – jansaRi `kulturuli~
fenis wevrobaze; sulierad – ukidegano sabWoTa kavSiris
moZme xalxebisa da teritoriebis ganviTarebaSi Cadebuli
investiciaa; mentalurad, misi momxmareblis janmrTelobis
gaZlierebaa iolad mosaxmari iafi produqtiT.
siuJetur peripetiaSi Tavdajerebuli mzareulis
gadarwmuneba siminds Zaladobrivi gziT (SeWriT)
mouxda, seriozuli damarwmunebeli argumentebiT
(mravalferovani kerZebis TvalsaCino demonstrirebiT)
SeZlo skeptikosi mzareulis gadarwmuneba. vizualuri
gadawyveta - didi, Tavdajerebuli mzareuli da animaciuri
bavSvuri simindis taroebi, im droisaTvis Zalian
popularuli musikaluri Janri - opereta, xels uwyobs
Soreuli mxareebidan mosuli bavSvuri simindebisadmi
loialuri damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas. es sruliad
Tanamedrove reklamaa Janruli gadawyvetiT, dramaturgiiT,
gamomsaxvelobiT (animaciasTan kombinacia), montaJiT1.
es periodi, aseve, ukavSirdeba msoflioSi pirveli
reaqtiuli samgzavro TviTmfrinavebiT masobrivi
aviagadazidvebis dawyebas, ramac informaciuli
mxardaWera moiTxova da ukve 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
gaCnda cnobili sabWoTa slogani – «Летайте самолётами Аэрофлота!». am periodidan sabWoTa sareklamo cxovreba
SedarebiT cocxldeba. yalibdeba sauwyebo da saxelmwifo
1 (http://propagandahistory.ru/69/Reklamnye-roliki-v-Sovetskom-Soyuze--CHast-I
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sareklamo organizaciebi rogorc centraluri, ise
respublikuri: Главкоопторгреклама, Союзторгреклама, Союзреклама, romlebSic Sedioda respublikuri da
saolqo sareklamo filmebis sawarmoo-SemoqmedebiTi
da gaqiravebis sawarmoebi (Союзрекламфильм da a.S.). 1964 wels sagareo vaWrobis saministrosTan yalibdeba
umsxvilesi saxelmwifo sareklamo gaerTianeba
Внешторгреклама, romelsac profesori roJkovi
miTs uwodebs da Tvlis, rom es mxolod propaganda
iyo.1 es organizacia aqtiurad monawileobs reklamis
saerTaSoriso konkursebsa da festivalebSi da mravali
maRali donis jildoc aqvs miRebuli (160 jildo).
am droisTvis radio da telereklama pirvel nabijebs
dgamda. sareklamo gancxadebebis ganyofilebaSi erTi
redaqtori muSaobda. saqarTvelos televiziaSic, aseve,
erTi asrulebda am samuSaos. mogvianebiT, centraluri
televiziis meore arxiT ramdenime yovelTviuri
sareklamo gadacema gadioda; maT Soris «Больше хорошых товаров», romelsac kombinati Телепрессторгреклама amzadebda. wamyvanebi warmoadgendnen nimuSebs, acnobdnen
axal saqonels, maRaziasa da momsaxurebas, Txrobas ki
fotoilustraciebiT an nimuSebis demonstrirebiT
amdidrebdnen.
70-iani wlebidan SedarebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndnen ukrainisa da belorusiis radio da
televizia. sareklamo gadacemebs sistematuri xasiaTi
hqonda da, magaliTad, lvovis televizia Tanamedrove
teqnologiebsac iyenebda sareklamo mimarTvebSi.
televiziebis garda, reklamis warmoeba ukve mravali
kinostudiis gegmebSi iyo CarTuli. 80-ian wlebisTvis
situacia icvleba, sabazro ekonomikis Camoyalibebis
procesi acocxlebs interess reklamis mimarT, sabWoTa
bazarze ucxouri kompaniebi iwyeben Semosvlas. imave
1 Грицук А.П. «История отечественной рекламы» ст.- 7; www.vipstudent.ru
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periodidan sabWoTa bazarze ukve Semosulia italiuri
fiati, Semodian sxva ucxouri firmebic: pepsi-kola,
malboro, mak donaldsi, soiuz apolloni (romelic
sabWoTa Tambaqos mrewvelobisa da Philip Morris-is erToblivi nawarmi iyo). am firmebis produqcia mTeli
sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT vrceldeboda, deficituri
iyo da reklama arc sWirdeboda.
am periodSi TbilisSic arsebobda saxelmwifo
sareklamo organizaciebi: vaWrobreklama, romelic
ZiriTadad savaWro obieqtebs aformebda da cekavSiris
koopreklama, romelic restornebs da cekavSiris sxva
obieqtebs aformebda. es iyo ZiriTadad interierebis da
eqsterierebis gaformeba da neonis reklamebi (magaliTad,
`dalieT qarTuli Rvino!~ – vagzlis moedanze). aseve, iyo
qarTuli Cais, Rvinis da ludis reklama gmirTa moedanze,
e. w. TerTmetsarTuliansa mis gagrZelebaze arsebuli
saxlis saxuravze. dRemdea SemorCenili qarTuli Cais
reklama gmirTa moednis kompleqsSi, yofili soflis
meurneobis saministros (saqabreSumis) Senobis Tavze.
`sabWoeTSi yvelaferi moqceuli iyo umkacresi
partiuli cenzuris qveS da saxelmwifos mier mkacrad
kontroldeboda... 1921 wlidan - saqarTveloSi
komunistebis SemoWridan, vidre 1991 wlamde -
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde, saqarTveloSi reklamaze
saubars azri ara aqvs“, - aRniSnavs ilia feraZe wignSi
`reklamis istoria~.1 am mosazrebas nawilobriv SeiZleba
daveTanxmoT, radganac saqarTveloSi sareklamo kulturis
ganviTarebisTvis arsebobda wanamZRvrebi, rogorc gare
reklamis saxiT, aseve, satelevizio eTerSi.
am periodis satelevizio programebs Tu gadavxedavT,
vnaxavT, rom TiTqmis yoveldRe eTerSi gadis
`gancxadebebi~ (feradi televiziiT); rubrikis eTerSi
1 ilia feraZe, „marketinguli komunikaciebi: `reklamis istoria~, wig-
ni I, Tbilisi 2010; gv. 297
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gasvlis dro, dRe da saaTi arastabiluria da sistemur
kanonzomierebas ar eqvemdebareba, zogjer yoveldRea I
da II arxis saRamos eTerSi, an mxolod II arxis eTerSi
Cndeba. eTerSi gasvlis dro ki meryeobs 16:45-19:55 saaTs
Soris. garda amisa, programaSia gadacemebi, romlebic
SemecnebiT-informaciuli CarCoTia SemosazRvruli,
SinaarsiT ki propagandistuli da aSkara reklamaa.
`axali wignebi~ - es gadacema pirvelad 1958 wels
Cndeba saqarTvelos televiziiT1. `alo, es auqcionia?~,
`moda gvTavazobs~ da sxv. sistematuria gadacema
`dRes Tbilisis kinoTeatrebis ekranebze~, romelic
eTerSi gadis yoveldRe (iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda),
diliT 09:45-11:10 da saRamos 16:45-17:15 saaTs Soris.
gadacema `kinoafiSa~ arasistematurad, dilis (11:30)
da dRis (13:30) eTerSi; „Teatraluri afiSa“ saRamos
eTerSi (19:30-21:20 SualedSi), TveSi erTxel an orjer
arasistematurad. aseve, programaSi SeiZleba miTiTebuli
iyos sareklamo filmi (`lebarde~, 17:25-31.01).2 reklama
da, maT Soris, pirdapiri satelevizio reklama sustad,
magram mainc iyo warmodgenili teleekranze. pirdapiri
reklama saqarTvelos televiziaSi 80-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan Cndeba. saqarTvelos televiziis kinoarqivSi
axlaxan mivakvlieT da Seswavlis procesSia aT erTeulze
(15 dasaxelebis rgoli) meti masalis baraTi, romelzec
miTiTebulia, rom es aris reklama. maT Soris: ̀ bavSvTa kveba~,
`kuznecovis WurWeli~, `pianino `iveria~, `gamoTvliTi
centri~, modebis saloni `irida~, `kosmetikuri fabrika~.
baraTebi usistemod aris gabneuli rubrikebsa da JanrebSi
da maTi moZieba mxolod TiToeuli baraTis SemowmebiT
SeiZleba. samwuxarod, SeiZleba gamovlenili iyos baraTi,
magram miTiTebul nomerze masala ar aRmoCndes. ase ar
aRmoCnda ansambl `iveriis~, pianino `iveriis~, `bavSvTa
1„laparakobs Tbilisi~, # 30 (41), 1958.2„laparakobs da uCvenebs Tbilisi“, #4 (1535), 26.01-01.02. 1987.
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kvebis~ da sxva reklamebi.
saqarTvelos televiziis kinoarqivSi, aseve,
aRmoCenilia `estoneTis reklamfilmis~ (1986) erTad
akinZuli 30-mde socialuri reklama sagzao moZraobis
wesebze, mravali gonebamaxviluri mignebiT siuJetur
gadawyvetasa da gamomsaxvelobiT rigSi. fsiqologiuri
zemoqmedebis gasaZliereblad xSirad mimarTaven gamosaxvis
sxvadasxva montaJur xerxs da multiplikacias; zusti
da lakonuria teqstebi, gansakuTrebiT zustia yvela
slogani.
socialuri da komerciuli reklamis elementebis
SerwymiT aris gadawyvetili saxelmwifo dazRvevis
reklama; igi agebulia e. w. paradoqsul-Sokuri meTodiT,
rodesac cxovrebiseul scenebSi Tavs iCens problema,
diskomforti, romlis mogvarebac mxolod SeTavazebuli
produqtiT, am SemTxvevaSi - momsaxurebiT, xdeba
SesaZlebeli. siuJetSi CarTulia firmis warmomadgeneli,
romelic uSualod warmoadgens produqts/momsaxurebas.
erT-erTi pirveli videoreklama saqarTvelos
televiziis arqivSi, romelic uSualod gadacemaSia
CarTuli rogorc reklama, centraluri televiziis 1987
wlis centralur saaxalwlo programaSia warmodgenili
- ualkoholo koqteili `veCerni~. Canaweri arasrulia
(84 wuTi) da orjer iWreba koqteilis reklamiT (me-
17-e da me-60-e wuTebze), Wris feradovani tixari -
`saaxalwlo reklama~, rusul enaze (НОВОГОДНЯЯ/РЕКЛАМА/НОВОГОДНЯЯ), romelic ferad zolebze
Tanmimdevrulad iSleba feradi SriftiT. Sav fonze,
kadris zeda marjvena kuTxidan, langarze dadebuli
naturmorti Semofrindeba, aTinaTebiT gasxivosnebuli,
girliandebdayrili sasmelis boTli da bokali.
naturmorti brunavs, fiqsirdeba warwera `veCerni~
axlo xedze, kvlav grZeldeba brunva da axla ukve
saxuravis SefuTvaze (Sampanuri Rvinoebis stiliT)
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maxvildeba yuradReba. saxuravi ixsneba, boTlidan
sasmelis Sxefebis nakadi amodis; suraTs kadris zeda
mxridan efareba warwera Sav fonze, feradi SriftiT -
КОКТЕИЛЬ ВЕЧЕРНИЙ БЕЗАЛКОГОЛЬНЫЙ (koqteili
„veCerni“ ualkoholo). kvlav grZeldeba procesi, axla
ukve bokalSi isxmeba SuSxuna siTxe, romelsac boTlze
datanili etiketis suraTi faravs warweriT – ̀ veCerni~;
etiketi adgils uTmobs bokals, romelic vardisferi
SuSxuna siTxiT ivseba; am fonze kvlav meordeba warwera
- КОКТЕИЛЬ ВЕЧЕРНИЙ БЕЗАЛКОГОЛЬНЫЙ; warwera Wiqis avsebamde rCeba da roca siTxe Wiqidan gadmodis,
suraTi adis kadris zeda kidisaken da ukve zeimis
wamyvani agrZelebs programas.
zemoT ganxiluli `momRerali simindisagan~
gansxvavebiT, aq Znelia raime sareklamo koncefciasa da
unikalur savaWro winadadebaze saubari. sareklamo rgoli
46 wamis ganmavlobaSi produqtis mxolod dizainsa da
dasaxelebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, maJorul, SeiZleba
iTqvas, SemTxveviT morgebul musikalur fonze da
mxolod am saSualebiT cdilobs mimzidveli gaxados
produqti da gaaCinos masze moTxovna. Tavisi SinaarsiT
reklama martivad aris gadawyvetili, teqstisa da
sloganis gareSe; unikaluri savaWro winadadeba mxolod
mis ualkoholobaSia (rac ruseTis momxmareblisaTvis
mimzidvels ver gaxdida mocemul produqts). ekranze
46 wamis ganmavlobaSi araferi xdeba imaze meti, rac
pirvelsave wamebSi iyo gasagebi.
rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSne, sabWoTa reklamis
ararsebobis da ufunqciobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi
produqciis deficiti iyo (deficiti, mogexsenebaT,
yvelaze kargi reklamaa da misi xelovnurad Seqmna
marketinguli strategiis arsenalSic Sedis).
peterburgeli reJisori-dokumentalisti ioseb
traxtengerci, romelsac mravali sabWoTa reklama aqvs
reklama saqarTvelos televiziaSi: wanamZRvrebi
da satelevizio reklama XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
122
gadaRebuli, afisha.ru-saTvis micemul interviuSi kiTxvaze: - „Tqven xom iseT saqonels ukeTebdiT reklamas, romlis
SeZenac xSirad SeuZlebeli iyo?~, - aRniSnavs: rom
magaliTad, fotoaparati Ломо-компакт Cawolili iyo
maRaziebSi; vidre reklama ar gavakeTeT, misiT aravin
dainteresebula, warmodgena ar hqondaT mis Rirsebebze,
reklamis Semdeg ki srulad gasaRda.1 80-ian wlebSi
saqarTveloSic gadaitvirTa maRaziebi musikaluri
instrumentebis sawarmoo gaerTianebis produqciiT
(pianinoebi – `saiubileo~, `gorda~, `iveria~), romelic
manamde deficituri iyo. am periodSi yvelaze popularuli
gaxldaT Cexuri pianino ̀ PETROF~. Tbilisis musikaluri
instrumentebis sawarmomac gamouSva pianino `iveria~
imave stilSi. gazrdili moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad
gaizarda produqciis warmoebis moculobac, ramac
imoqmeda xarisxze. produqcia ver asrulebda pirdapir
samomxmareblo daniSnulebas da, bunebrivia, „Cawva“. gaCaRda
sareklamo kampania – stadionebze, quCebSi gamoifina
orenovani (qarTuli da rusuli) sareklamo firniSebi
da plakatebi - `qarTuli pianino `iveria~. Catarda
aqcia-latarea - yovel mease myidvels SeuZlia urigod
SeiZinos avtomobili `gaz 24~. rogorc ukve aRvniSne,
sareklamo rgolic gadauRiaT, romelic, samwuxarod,
dakargulia.
1986 wels saqarTvelos televiziis eTerSi
rubrikiT – `xarisxi da prioriteti~ gavida siuJeti
musikaluri sawarmoo gaerTianebis problemebze.
siuJetSi CarTulia specialistebis komentarebi (musikis
pedagogi, instrumentis amwyobi, maRaziis warmomadgeneli-
saqonelmcodne), romlebic erTxmad aRiareben, rom
instrumenti ar varga da mozards SeiZleba musikaluri
1 Фестиваль советской рекламы Поющая кукуруза и стеклянные пуго-вицы. 30 августа 2011. Интервью-Настя Принцева http://www.afisha.ru/article/soviet-commercials/
vaJa zubaSvili
123
smena gadaugvaros. saqonelmcodne ki ambobs, rom aqciis
miuxedavad, am xnis (vada ucnobia) manZilze sul 76
pianino gaiyida.
`perestroikis~ procesSi, Tavisufali mewarmeobis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, reklama komerciuli xdeba da
saqarTvelos televiziaSic ukve uSualod programebis
SigniT inacvlebs. 1988 wels, gadacema ̀ saRamo mSvidobisa~
erTxel iWreba videoreklamiT. kooperatiuli modebis
salon ̀ iridas~ 28 wm. xangrZlivobis rgoli Cveulebrivi
informaciuli reklamaa. vizualur nawilSi yvelaze
„originaluria“ Weris sarkeSi areklili qalis fexis
terfebis msxvili xedidan panoramiT gadasvla saerTo
xedze - axalgazrda qali darbazis centrSi dgas, mkerdze,
rogorc Cans, sademonstracio nimuSebi aqvs orive xeliT
Caxutebuli da procesis dawyebas elodeba. kadrs
miRma teqsts kiTxulobs qalis xma - modebis saloni
`irida~ gTavazobT gogonebisaTvis TeTr perangebs da Sav
qvedaboloebs, biWebisaTvis - mokle Sarvlebs. cxaddeba
misamarTi da teqsti mTavrdeba mowodebiT - „gTxovT
gvewvioT!“
am dros kadrSi grZeli panorama salonis sxva nimuSebs
aTvalierebs. Semdeg kadrSi ki qali gaSlil nimuSebs
aCvenebs saSualo xedze. daskvniT kadrSi operatori
kvlav gamoirCeva „kreativiT“ - Cqari miaxloeba ukusvlis
efeqtiT acimcimebul kadrs 90 gradusiT gadaxris. es
aris Cveulebrivi sareklamo gancxadeba moZravi xedviTi
rigiT, romelic ilustraciis daniSnulebasac ver
asrulebs, cudi gamosaxulebis, spontanurad gadaRebuli
kadris uSinaarsobisa da kameris umizno moZraobis
gamo.
reklamaSi nacionaluri motivis Setanis mcdeloba
Cans daumontaJebel uxmo masalaSi (16 mm Seqcevad S/T
kinofirze) kondicioner `БК-1500~-is reklamisaTvis.
TxrobiTi siuJeti luarsab TaTqariZis motivebzea
reklama saqarTvelos televiziaSi: wanamZRvrebi
da satelevizio reklama XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
124
agebuli. gaReRil Coxa-axaluxiani luarsabi Tanamedrove
qalaqSi dadis, cxela. SadrevanSi wyali ar modis.
maRali saxlebiT gaognebuli luarsabi cdilobs
sarTulebs bolomde aayolos mzera da kefaze quds
imagrebs. am siarulSi gadaawydeba maRazias, romlis
vitrinazec axalgazrda qali gancxadebas amagrebs:
“iyideba kondicioneri ̀ БК-1500~ - ganvadebiT~. luarsabi
maRaziaSia da konsultanti acnobs kondicioneris
sikeTeebs. luarsabi gaocebulia da sTxovs gamouweros.
midis salarosTan da ixdis fuls.
luarsabi taxtzea wamowolili, taxtis boloSi
kondicioneri dgas gaurkvevel sadgarze, darejani
Raribul (Rvino, mwvanili, puri) sufras awyobs. luarsabi
didi yanwiT grZel sadRegrZelos warmoTqvams da svams.
rogorc Cans, darejani da luarsabi davoben da ver
iyofen kondicioners; erT- erT kadrSi luarsabi taxtze
zis da kondicioneri aqvs CabRujuli. sxva kadrSi
luarsabs bedniers sZinavs. masalaSi aris personaJebis
msxvili samontaJo xedebi, produqtis - kondicioneris
sareklamo plakati da taxtze dadebuli mxolod
kondicioneris ramdenime axlo xedi. masalidan Cans, rom
siuJeti zedmetad aris gavrcobili grZeli kadrebiT. ar
Cans produqtis moxmarebis forma. es siuJeti Znelad
miesadageba sareklamo rgolis agebis romelime wess an
meTods.
80-iani wlebis bolos Cndeba feradi sareklamo
rgolebi, sadac sareklamo teqnologiebis gaazrebis,
misTvis komunikaciuri funqciebis miniWebis mcdeloba
Cans. uxmo sareklamo rgoli - wignis maRazia ̀ megobroba~
- gadaRebulia imdroindeli sainformacio siuJetis
stilSi, reportaJulad, xeliT, raime damatebiTi gadamRebi
teqnikis gareSe. xalxiT gadavsebuli wignis maRazia,
sxvadasxva asakobrivi da socialuri jgufebi (misabaZi
magaliTi), mravalferovani literatura, cnobili da
vaJa zubaSvili
125
popularuli mxatvrebis tiloebis reproduqciebi
(asortimenti), kategoriebis mixedviT ganawileba (ioli
Zebna interesis sferos mixedviT ).
amave periodis kidev erTi sareklamo rgoli -
akumuliatorisTvis saWiro siTxe `avtoimpulsi~:
avtoprofilaqtoriumis saerTo xedi, wina planze Zveli
akumuliatorebi awyvia. Semdeg kadrSi `avtoimpulsis~
siTxis WurWeli Cans, Zravidan amoRebul akumuliatorze
Semodgmuli. xelosani xsnis avtomobilis Zravis saxuravs.
xsnis Tavsaxurebs akumuliatoris blokebs da asxams
siTxes WurWlidan ̀ avtoimpulsi~. Zravi amuSavdeba, kvlav
msxvil xedze vxedavT WurWels `avtoimpulsi~. reklama
dokumentur JanrSia gadawyvetili, Cans problema da misi
gadawyvetis saSualeba, gaswavlis, rogor unda moixmaro
produqti.
momsaxurebis sferos, samkurnalo–diagnostikuri da
plastikuri qirurgiis centris reklamebSi (3 rgoli)
gamoyenebulia warmomadgenlis da specialistis mier
momsaxurebis da diagnostikur-samkurnalo teqnologiebis
demonstrireba.
gazeT `laparakobs da uCvenebs Tbilisis~ 1987 wlis
nomrebSi gamoqveynebuli saqarTvelosa da centraluri
televiziebis pirveli da meore arxebis programebis
SeswavliT, Sevecade damedgina pirdapiri reklamis
eTerSi gasvlis dinamika. pirdapiri reklama gadaicemoda
saqarTvelos televiziis pirveli da sakavSiro televiziis
meore arxiT (romelic 1987 wlis 4 ianvridan ukve
SeuzRudavad vrceldeboda saqarTvelos televiziis me-6
da 28-decimetruli arxebiT mxolod Tbilissa da mis
SemogarenSi). programa SevarCie principiT: 1987 wlis
pirveli oTxi Tve srulad; momdevno Tveebi - maisi -
Sua ori kvira; ivnisi-oqtomberi – pirveli da bolo
kvira. Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom reklamis gadacemis dRe
da saaTi usistemoa. saqarTvelos televiziiT reklama
reklama saqarTvelos televiziaSi: wanamZRvrebi
da satelevizio reklama XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
126
gadaicema 17:15-19:50 sT. intervalSi, xolo centraluri
televiziis II arxiT - 15:10-20:50 sT. intervalSi.
reklamis gadacemis intensivoba praqtikulad Tanabaria
Sesadarebel periodSi: 1987 w. ianvari-aprilis CaTvliT
orive arxiT reklama gadaica 12-12-jer. momdevno TveebSi,
maisi-oqtomberi (Sedarebul periodebSi), saqarTvelos
televiziiT reklama gadaica 6-jer, sakavSiro televiziis
II - arxiT – 8-jer.
Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom sabWoTa kavSirSi SeeZloT saTanado reklamis keTeba,
Tu amas ideologia moiTxovda (magaliTad, sagareo
savaWro reklama); gegmiuri warmoebis da samomxmareblo
saqonlis deficitis pirobebSi reklamaze moTxovna ar
iyo, magram amis miuxedavad, reklama sustad, magram mainc
viTardeboda. saqarTveloSi pirdapiri satelevizio
reklama 80-ian wlebSi gaCnda, Tumc, dasawyisSi is
saerTod ar atarebda marketingul-komunikaciur niSnebs,
es elementebi mxolod 1989 wlidan iwyebs Casaxvas.
gamoyenebuli masala:
„laparakobs da uCvenebs Tbilisi“;
№3 (14)-№52 (63) 1958 w;
№1 (64)-№3 (66) 1959 w;
№8 (1122) 1979 w;
№2 (1533)-№17(1548); №19(1550)- №20(1551); №23
(1554); №25 (1556); №27 (1558); №29 (1560); №31
(1562); №34 (1565); №36 (1567); №3 9(1570); №42
(1573) 1987 w.
statia momzadebulia ssm `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~
arqivis masalebze dayrdnobiT.
vaJa zubaSvili
127
xelovnebaTmcodneoba
128
129
maia goSaZe
ambivalentobis jojoxeTSi
gamoCenili norvegieli mxatvari edvard munki Zalzed
ucnauri, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse pirovneba iyo, romlis
sulieri mdgomareobis sauke Teso amsaxvelad misive
Semoqmedeba iqca. munkis naxatebi aRsavsea tanjvis, SiSisa
da fataluri gamouvalobis gancdiT. munkis aRqmiT samyaro
sastiki qaosia, adamiani _ ngrevis impulsiT Sepyrobili,
nebismieri urTierToba urTierTdamorCilebisa da
urTierTdaTrgunvisken mswrafi.
momxibvleli mamakaci, mravali qalis trfobis sagani,
axalgazrdoba Sive aRiarebuli mxatvari _ edvard munki,
misive TqmiT, arasodes yofila bednieri. moklebuli
iyo sicocxliT tkbobisa da sixarulis gancdis unars.
SiSi, SfoTi, undobloba da gaRizianeba misi mudmivi
Tanamgzavrni iyvnen. Tu ar ginda bedisweris dakrulze
icekvo, Tavi unda moikla, _ ambobda munki. bediswerad
ki misTvis misive xasiaTi iqca. gardacvalebis Semdeg
gamoqvey nebuli mxatvris memuarebi, misi piradi mimowera
im kacis aRsareba iyo, romelmac mTeli cxovreba sulier
jojoxeTSi gaatara.
mravalricxovan avtoportrets Soris erT-erTze,
miqelanjelos msgav sad, munkma sakuTari Tavi swored
jojoxeTSi myofi warmoaCina. sxeuli cecxlSi ewvoda,
saxe ki tkivilisagan hqonda aRreuli.
sulieri simSvide arasodes Rirsebia. avad gaxdomis
paranoialuri SiSiT Sepyrobili, Rame xSirad iRviZebda
Termometrze dasaxedad. sawolze dakidebuli
Termometris maCvenebeli Tu 22 gradusze qveviT iwevda,
sas wrafod aZlierebda gaTbobas.
munki adreul asakSive aRmoCnda sikvdilisa da
avadmyofobis TviTmxil veli. xuTi wlis iyo, rodesac
dedamisi _ axalgazrda, momxibvleli qali, Wleqisgan
130
gardaicvala. ramdenime weliwadSi Wleqma misi
dac imsxverpla. munkis erT-erTi da, bavSvobidanve
melanqoliisken midrekili gogona, Wkuidan SeiSala da
suliT daavadebulTa saavadmyofoSi gardaicvala. ojaxis
ufrosi, isedac pirquSi adamiani, sabolood religiur
asketizmSi gadavarda. SvilebTan daaxloeba verasodes
SeZlo.
munkis ojaxSi martoobisa da daTrgunulobis
atmosfero sufevda, ramac bevrad gansazRvra rogorc
misi pirovnebis, aseve Semoqmedebis Tavi sebureba.
munkis naxatebSi sxvadasxva variaciiT xSirad
meordeba momakvdavTan axloblebis ganSorebis Tema.
araerTi suraTi avtobiografiuli xasiaTisaa da misi
ojaxis wevrebs warmoaCens. tiloze, `avadmyofi gogona~,
mxatvris da da deida arian gamosaxulni. TiTqos
fataluri warmomavlobis burusSi vxedavT loginze
wamomjdar gogonas, mSvidi ganwirulobis ieriT. iqve
sawolze mgloviared Tavdaxrili qali zis. suraTi
sayvarel adamianTan ganSorebis im gancdiTaa aRsavse,
romelic Tavadac Zalze naadrevad ewvia suraTis
avtors.
aseve avtobiografiuli xasiaTis suraTze _
`momakvdavis oTaxi~ _ kvlavac garinduli sasowarkveTis
atmosfero sufevs. SeZrwunebisagan gaxevebuli ojaxis
wevrebi momakvdavis oTaxSi imyofebian. saxiT mxolod
erTi adamiani _ mxatvris ufrosi da Cans. saerTo
dardis miuxedavad, ojaxis arc erTi wevri ar iyureba
erTmaneTisaken, urTierTgamijnulni, Tavis TavSi Caketilni
arian. sikvdilis winaSe adamianTa erTobac uZluria
da ver moaqvs Sveba. adamiani martosuli rCeba Zlieri
gancdis pirispir.
suraTze _ `fanjarasTan Ramis perangSi mdgari
gogona~ _ kvlav mxatv ris da aris warmoCenili
_ sifrifana, TiTqos gamWvirvale sxeuliT. fanja-
maia goSaZe
131
rasTan misul gogonas winaSe moTeTro-monacrisfro
sivrcea gadaSlili, TiTqos amorfuli uperspeqtivobis
gamomxatveli. gogonas SiSvel fexebTan, erTmaneTis
gaswvriv vxedavT iatakze uZravad sworad ganlagebul
or baliSs, romlebic samaris filebs ufro mogvagonebs.
adamiani, munkis aRqmiT, gamoRviZebasac ki ver aswrebs, rom
samudamod gansasvenebelSi gaeSureba.
baliSi munkis warmosaxvaSi sikvdilTan asocirdeba.
uZiloba xSirad awuxebda. gamoRviZebisas ki loginSi
verasodes Cerdeboda, oTaxSi wrials iwyebda. uZravad
wola sikvdils axsenebda.
ucxo oTaxSi Sesvlisas Zalzed frTxilobda,
akvirdeboda oTaxi `boroti~ xom ar aris an kubos xom
ar waagavs formiT.
Teatrsa da operaSi iSviaTad dadioda, radgan
Cabnelebul darbazSi uZravad erT adgilas jdoma
Trgunavda. mayurebelTa darbazSi yovelTvis dagvianebiT
Sedioda, warmodgenis dasasrulamde ki gamorboda.
SfoTisken midrekils xSirad tanjavda Wkuidan
SeSlis SiSic. erTaderTxel mkurnalobda fsiqiatriul
saavadmyofoSi, magram sigiJe, misi TqmiT, muSaobam, xatvis
udidesma survilma daaZlevina.
saavadmyofodan gamosulma munkma kidev erTi
avtoportreti daxata _ sigaretis kvamlSi gaxveuli,
gadaRlili, datanjuli, magram Tavis mizanswrafvaSi
Seudrekeli adamianisa. aweul xelSi anTebuli sigareti
sanTe liviT uWiravs.
rwmena arasodes unaTebda cxovrebas. RmerTi Tu
arsebobs kidec, adami anebi sulac ar adardebso, _ ambobda
munki. nihilizmma samyarosTan sulismieri Tanazia rebis
SeuZleblobis gancda gauRviva. Tavad samyaro adamianisgan
gaucxo ebul, mtrul arsad iqca misTvis.
munkis Semoqmedebis Sedevrad aRiarebul suraTze
`yvirili~ swored samyaros winaSe SeZrwunebaa
ambivalentobis jojoxeTSi
132
gamoxatuli. Sua xidze gaSeSebul kacs TiTqos ZarRvebSi
sisxli gaeyina. yurebze xelebi aqvs afarebuli, Tvalebi
cariel xvrelebad eqca. suraTis ukana xedze miwis,
zRvisa da cis mrisxaned gam Tlianebul, yovliswamlekav
stiqias vxedavT.
munki Tavisi naxatis personaJiviT sizmarSi xSirad
xedavda rogor lamobs daiyviros, ganimuxtos mtanjveli
SfoTisagan, magram amaod, parali zebuli xmasac ver
iRebs.
cxadSi ki mxatvari yovelmxriv gaurboda esoden
mtrul gare samyaros. saxli galavaniT hqonda
Semoraguli. galavans gars ertya rkinis mavTulebi.
saxls, cixe-simagres rom waagavda, jaWvze mudmivad
dabmisgan gaavebuli ZaRlebi icavdnen. ZaRlebs patroni
sZuldaT, patrons ki _ ZaRlebi. Cemi ZaRlebi Tu ar
daabi, SegWameno, _ ambobda munki. mis naxatze gamosaxuli
cxo ve lebic sastiki mtaceblebi arian.
magram yvelaze didi mtacebeli misTvis qali iyo.
qalebi amqveynad kacis sicocxlis gasamwareblad arseboben,
_ ambobda igi. qali wurbelasaviT mogekroba, miaqvs dro,
energia, sayvarel saqmes gaSorebs. daojaxebuli kaci, misi
TqmiT, ifiteba, loyebi ucvivdeba, Tvalebi SuSiseburi
uxdeba, vampiruli bunebis qali ki energiiT ivseba da
ifurCqnebao.
munkis cxovrebaSi qalebi mravlad iyvnen. arc erT
maTgans ar ixsenebda gaRizianebis gareSe. jer kidev
adreul axalgazrdobaSi, mitovebuli sayvar lis mier
nasrolma tyviam samudamod daumaxinja xeli. am SemTxvevam
kidev ufro ganamtkica misi qalTmoZuleoba.
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs swrafad da
moulodnelad wyvetda. erTxel sayvarelTan erTad
matarebliT mgzavrobisas, gaCerebaze gaufrTxileblad
Cavida. gaurkveveli mizeziT mitovebul qals mgzavrobis
gagrZeleba martos mouwia. munki ki ambobda, _ mTavaria
maia goSaZe
133
Tavs droze uSvelo da kritikul moment Si sayvarels
xelidan gausxlteo. rogorc ki igrZnobda qalis gavlenis
qveS moqcevis saSiSroebas, maSinve Tavs gaqceviT Sveloda.
xSirad sxva qalaqebsa an sxva qveynebSi garboda.
munkis erT-erTi sayvareli, fridrix nicSes da
_ elisabed nicSe iyo. munkis daxasiaTebiT es qali
namdvil afTrad warmogvidgeba. nicSeseuli gamonaTqvami
ki qalTan wasvlisas xelSi maTraxis daWeris saWiroebis
Sesaxeb, misi azriT germaneli filosofosis dis bunebas
saocrad miesada geboda.
tiloze _ `vampiri~, munkma qali saSineli,
frTebgaSlili monstris saxiT warmoaCina. SiSveli
qalis miwaSi fesvgadgmul-Cakiruli kidurebi obobas
qsels mogvagonebs. saxe sastiki sfinqsiviT Seuvali
aqvs. frTebgaS lili urCxulis garSemo erTi mamakacis
ConCxsa da sxvaTa daSlili neStis nawilebs vxedavT.
bunebrivia, rom munki arasodes daqorwinebula.
berlinSi mogzauro bisas cnobili Svedi mwerali, masaviT
qalTmoZule avgust strindbergi gaicno. munkisgan
gansxvavebiT, strindbergma samjer iqorwina. samjerve
uiRb lod. mTeli cxovreba sasurvel qalebTan omebSi
gaatara da Tavisi Semoq medebac sqesTa Soris brZolis
Temas miuZRvna.
or did skandinaviel xelovans bevri saerTo
aRmoaCnda, _ maT Soris, gemovnebac. orive erTdroulad
gatacebuli iyo poloneli poetis coliT, romlis
saxlSic xSirad xvdebodnen erTmaneTs. magram sabolood
qali, kidev erTma Seyvarebulma mamakacma, rusma Tavadma,
eWvianobis niadagze mokla. munki ixsenebda, rom am
qalis portretis Seqmnisas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mtaceb luri magnetizmis gamoxatva scada. munkisa da
strindbergis Taviseburi megobroba da mravalwliani
mimowera am, orivesTvis metad uiRblo, sasiyva rulo
istoriiT daiwyo.
ambivalentobis jojoxeTSi
134
strindbergi imxanad xatviT iyo gatacebuli. uzomod
pativmoyvares, norvegieli mxatvris gacnobisas masTan
gajibrebis survili gauCnda. qedmaRlurad ganucxada, rom
munkis winaSe udidesi skandinavieli mxatvaria. munkma
ironiulad miugo, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi strindbergis
winaSe udidesi skandi navieli mwerali dgas.
munkma strindbergis portretis xatva gacnobisTanave
daiwyo. erT-erT seansze mwerlis gamosaxuleba Caxatul
CarCoSi Casva, romlis marjvena mxaresac SiSveli qalis
silueti amSvenebda, rogorc didi Svedi mwerlis
mtanjveli vnebis simbolo.
mxatvarTan momdevno seansze misulma strindbergma
pistoleti amoiRo, gverdiT daido da metad araorazrovani
simkacriT gaafrTxila munki, rom portreti yovelgvari
uceremonio miniSnebebis gareSe daesrulebina.
munki misTvis uCveulo loialurobiT gamoirCeoda
monaTesave sulis mqone strindbergis mimarT. kargi
urTierToba hqonda nicSesTan, ibsenTan, hamsunTan. saerTod,
munki ufro momTmeni iyo pirquSi xasiaTis adamianebTan.
saSinlad aRizianebdnen laRi da mxiaruli pirovnebebi.
Tavad metad konfliqturi iyo. gansxvavebul azrs
ver itanda. erTxel megobarTan, mxatvar karstenTan,
wakamaTebisas ganrisxebulma dambaCidan esrola da sul
mcirediT aacdina tyvia. am SemTxvevis gamo xSirad
sinanuls gamoTqvamda. SemTxveviT gadarCenil karstens
Tavis usayvarles megobrad miiCnevda.
munki avadmyofurad gaorebuli pirovneba iyo. rac
ufro Zlier surda rame, miT ufro Zlier undoda
sawinaaRmdegoc. xalxsac gaurboda da marto obisganac
itanjeboda. uyvarda naTesavebi, magram urTierToba
ar hqonda maT Tan. gansakuTrebiT ufros das aqebda,
SesaniSnavi adamiania, magram danaxvis Tanave nervebs
miSliso. axloblebis ambebs munki maTi mezoblebisgan
igebda. mosvenebas kargavda, Tuki romelime maTgani avad
xdeboda. naTesavebs mudmivad exmareboda finansurad,
maia goSaZe
135
guluxvad asaCuqrebda, maTi cxovrebiT interesde boda,
magram maTTan yovelgvar urTierTobas, darekvasac ki
eride boda.
martoobisagan datanjuli xSirad dadioda sadgurze.
ambobda _ sad guri erTaderTia, sadac adamiani isvenebs,
SeuZlia xalxSi iyos, maTTan uSualo urTierTobis
damyarebis gareSec.
veraferi ver ixsnis adamians martoobisagan _
gvamcnoben munkis naxa tebi. nebismieri urTierToba kraxiT
mTavrdeba. suraTze `ferfli~, yofil Seyvarebulebs
vxedavT. sasiyvarulo vnebaTaRelvis Cacxrobis Semdeg,
kidev ufro gamofitulni, miusafarni da sasowarkveTilni
rCebian Semzaravi sicarielis pirispir.
`qristianiis bohema~ _ magidasTan Semomsxdar,
sigaretis kvamlSi gaxveul, namTvralev adamianebs
warmoaCens. TiToeuli maTgani erTmaneTisgan pirquSi
SeuvalobiTaa gamijnuli. moqeifeTa zurgs ukan landebs
vxedavT. munkiseul personaJs aCrdiliviT Tan dahyveba
bneli oreuli da Sinagani gaxleCilobis jojoxeTSi
agdebs.
`qristianiis quCa~ _ gaSlil gamzirze zurgidan
danaxuli adamianebi miseirnoben. umeteswilad qalebi
arian _ gaSlili qolgebiT xelSi. TiToeu li maTgani
qolgaSi isevea gamomwyvdeuli, rogorc sakuTari naWuWis
satusa RoSi.
benebrivia, rom maqs reinhardtma Tavis erT-erT yvelaze
pirquSad aRiarebul speqtakls, ibsenis `moCvenebanis~
dadgmis scenografad munki moiwvia, scenuri atmosferos
wamyvani leitmotivis, _ fatalurobis winaSe mzardi
uZlurebis gancdis erT-erT saxier gamomxatvelad
munkiseuli scenografia iqca; moqmedebis adgili _
sastumro oTaxi gamyinavi moJamu lobis STabeWdilebas
axdenda. oTaxis fanjridan nacrisferi cis peizaJi
moCanda, romlis uimedo Rrublianobas oTaxis nacrisferi
kedlebi exmia nebodnen. sakmaod did, magram naxevrad cariel
ambivalentobis jojoxeTSi
136
oTaxs, _ sxvadasxva kuTxeSi kanti-kuntad ganlagebuli
aveji arasimyudrovis iers aniWebda. oTaxis interieri
martosul adamianTa usixarulo Tanaarsebobis amreklav
sacxov riss warmoaCenda, sadac TiTqos arasodes aravin
icinis da romlis dam Trgunvel siCumeSi abezari
uwyvetobiT ismoda gamodarebis uperspeqtivobis
SegrZnebis gamomwvevi qarisa da wvimis xma.
munkma didxans icocxla. oTxmoc wels mitanebuli
mxatvari moulod nelad gardaicvala gulis
ukmarisobisagan. mSvid ZilSi umtkivneulod ganis vena.
sikvdili, romlis SiSi mTeli cxovreba tanjavda, ise
ewvia, verc ki gaigo.
gardacvalebis win kidev erTi avtoportreti Seqmna,
`saaTsa da sawols Soris mdgari kaci~. suraTis avtori
oTaxSi uZravad, brZanebis momlodine jariskaciviT
dgas. suraTis erT mxares kedlis mTel sigrZeze saaTs
vxedavT, meore mxares ki _ logins. maT Soris morCilad
mdgari kacisTvis gankuTv nili sasicocxlo dro saocari
siswrafiT iwureba da sikvdilisken miaqanebs.
martosuli mxatvari suraTebs Tavis Svilebad
moixseniebda. dedis alerss Zalze naadrevad mowyvetili
mxatvrisTvis samyaro im dedinacvlad iqca, romelic
verasdros miiRo ndobiTa da sixaruliT, siy va ruli
misTvis danakargis gancdisagan ganuyofeli aRmoCnda.
munkis naxa tebSi gardatexil-areklili misi gancdebi
aRsavsea im zogadadamianur satkivarTan Tanazia-
rebiT, romlis gamoxatvac edvard munkma swored Tavis
SemoqmedebaSi SesZlo.
gamoyenebuli literatura:.
Стенерсен Р. Эдвард Мунк. М., 1972.• Баб Юлиус, Макс Реингардт, М., 1913.• Театр ХХ века. М., • 2002.
maia goSaZe
137
* naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.
statiis stili daculia.
doqtorantTa
samecniero statiebi*
138
139
paata iakaSvili,
kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti
xelmZRvaneli _ prof. giorgi gvaxaria
memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiTi principebis
cenzuruli xasiaTis gamovlena
realobis interpretaciisas
(saxiobiTi filmis `xabardas~ magaliTze)
20-iani wlebis bolos da 30-ianis damdegs komunisturi
reJimi aZlierebs negatiuri xasiaTis politikur da
ideologiur zemoqmedebas tradiciuli Rirebulebebis
winaaRdeg, romlis sabolood uaryofa misi erT-erTi
umTavresi mizani iyo. yvelaferi keTdeboda am miznis
Sesasruleblad. Zveli Tbilisis ngreva am zemoqmedebis
erT-erTi magaliTi iyo.
1929 wlis 24 ianvars gazeTSi ̀ muSa~ vinme s. mamulia
akritikebs geronti qiqoZis aseTi saxis patriotul
gamonaTqvams:
g. qiqoZe wers: `gadaWarbebul patriotobaSi nu
CamomarTmevT, Tu vityvi, rom rogorc evrazias Zveli
materikis Suaguli uWiravs, ise saqarTvelos Suaguli
uWiravs mudmiv WaRara da mudmiv axalgazrda tfilisis
kedlebs da axali qveynis talRebi exeTqebian rogorc
okeanis moqceva da mimoqceva~.
`moq. qiqoZes ar esmis da an ar unda gaigos, rom
Zveli tfilisi, didi xania, rac rom daangries axali
qveynis talRebma da axla Cven gvaqvs axali tfilisi
muSebis tfilisi~.
upasuxebs geronti qiqoZes es viRac mamulia.
ubedureba is iyo, rom mis sityvebs ara imdenad simboluri
mniSvneloba hqonda, ramdenadac faqtis konstatacias
warmoadgenda.
mixel Wiaurelis mier 1931 wels gadaRebuli filmi
140
`xabarda~ qarTul kinoSi agrZelebs `kulturuli
revoluciis~ Temas da im dros formirebad `socialuri
realizmis~ principebis yvelaze naTeli gamomxatvelia.
cxadia amis gamo masSi, erovnuli Rirebulebebis mimarT
kidev ufro nihilisturi damokidebuleba igrZnoba.
sityva `xabarda~ qarTulad `gzidan Camomecales~
niSnavs. es gza, filmis avtorebis azriT ̀ axal cxovrebas~
unda miscemoda, rac mmarTveli komunisturi reJimis
direqtivis mixedviT Zvelis uaryofiT unda momxdariyo.
scenaris avtorma s. tretiakovma da reJisorma m.
Wiaurelma srulad ganaxorcieles es miTiTeba da Seqmnes
qarTuli kinos istoriaSi yvelaze provokaciuli filmi,
romelic maSinac da axlac erovnuli Rirsebis mqone
adamianebis aRSfoTebas iwvevs. erTi SexedviT films
aseTi reaqcia ar unda gamoewvia, radgan SeiZleba gegonos,
rom gaugebrobaze agebuli komediaa: taZari, romlis
dacvasac filmis patriotulad ganwyobili personaJebi
cdiloben, rogorc bolos irkveva, kulturul-istoriul
Rirebulebebs ar warmoadgens. es ki bunebrivia siZveleTa
damcvelebs sasacilo mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, magram filmis
xasiaTi, misi azrobrivi mizandasaxuleba _ miTumetes,
am yvelafers im istoriuli periodis TvalsazrisiT
Tu SexedavT, romelSiac is aris gadaRebuli _ aseTi
daskvnis safuZvels sulac ar iZleva.
daviwyoT iqedan, rom 1921 wlidan dawyebuli
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva saqarTveloSi saSiSi
gaxda da mas adamianebis sicocxle ewireboda. movixmob
gaxmaurebul magaliTs: `xabardas~ ekranze gamosvlidan
eqvsi wlis Semdeg, metexis taZris da cixis dacvis
mcdelobisaTvis, romelsac komunistebi dangrevas
upirebdnen, daapatimres da daxvrites mxatvari dimitri
SevardnaZe. aris bevri sxva naklebad cnobili faqti,
msgavsi patriotuli qmedebis aRkveTisa, amitom, im
adamianebis parodireba, romlebic Tavisi sicocxlis
paata iakaSvili
141
fasad qarTul kulturas farad efarebodnen uzneoba
iyo da aris...
`xabardas~ siuJeti s. tretiakovma da m. Wiaurelma
aseT ambavze aages: Tbilisis erT Zvel ubanSi dazianebuli
da gamousadegari nagebobebis, saxlebisa da eklesiis
dangrevas msxverpli mohyva. aman daaCqara xelisuflebis
gadawyvetileba, rom es ubani Zveli Senobebisagan
gawmindon da mSromelTaTvis axali saxlebi aagon
(komunistTa populisturi politikis tipiuri nimuSi).
am gadawyvetilebis momxreebs siZveleTa gansakuTrebiT
ki eklesiis damcvelni upirispirdebian.
aseTia filmSi konfliqtis mizezi. maSin saqarTveloSi
eklesiebs mxolod Senobis siZvelisa da uvargisobis
gamo ar angrevdnen. es antireligiuri kompaniis nawili
iyo, magram filmis avtorma mxareTa Soris dapirispireba
religiuridan socialur sferoSi gadaitanes, raTa
momgebian poziciaSi aRmoCeniliyvnen; aqcentebis
gadaadgilebis Sedegad gamodioda, rom aTeistebi ki ar
Zaladobdnen morwmuneebze da eklesiebs ki ar ungrevdnen
maT, aramed avariuli nagebobebi unda daeSalaT da maT
adgilze muSebisaTvis axali da kargi sacxovrebeli
saxlebi aegoT... cxadia aseTi humanuri da socialurad
gamarTlebuli ideis winaaRmdeg gamosuli Zalebi,
ukiduresad konservatorebi, yovlad bneli reaqcias
warmomadgenlebi unda yofiliyvnen. ase nawildebian
siuJetis logikis mixedviT personaJebi.
kargebi isini arian vinc angrevs, cudebi ki vinc am
ngrevas ewinaaRmdegeba... am ukanasknelebs miekuTvnebian
filmis mTavari gmirebi diomide da luarsabi. aq kidev
erT dramaturgiul xerxTan gvaqvs saqme: ekranuli
drois umetesi nawili eklesiis damcvelTa liderebis
parodirebas eZRvneba, maSin roca filmis `dadebiTi~
personaJebi komkavSirel-komunisti `damangrevelebi~
gakvriT arian naCvenebi. maSasadame, am ori Zalis
memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiTi principebis
cenzuruli xasiaTis gamovlena realobis interpretaciisas
142
Sepirispirebas da Sefasebas mayurebeli ver axdens. masze
STabeWdleba satiris im qar-cecxlma unda moaxdinos,
romelSiac gaxveulan `uaryofiTi~ personaJebi diomide
da luarsabi. filmis avtorebi maT groteskul portrets
sagangebod Zerwaven: diomide Casuqebuli, loyebRaJRaJa,
Ripiani, Savwvera kacia. mas kargi cxovrebisaTvis gemos
gamgebi, amasTan uaRresad ambiciuri adamianis saxe aqvs.
mxrebze mantia mousxams, rogorc XX saukunis mxatvrebs,
zogadad xelovanT e. w. `Tavisufali profesiis~
artistuli bunebis mqone adamianebs. filmis msvlelobisas
ki es mantia sul ufro asocirdeba msajulis mantiasTan.
amiTi miniSnebaa gakeTebuli, rom diomides pretenzia aqvs
msajulobisa, raTa gansajos Tu ra aris eris kulturuli
memkvidreoba da ra ara. amasTan, is saocrad energiuli da
Seupovari adamiania. diomide eklesiis gadarCenas maSinac
jiutad cdilobs, roca gairkva, rom es ybadaRebuli
nageboba ar aris qarTuli kulturis Zegli da ruseTis
imperatoris aleqsandre III dros auSenebiaT. diomides
monumenturi figura, misi brZolis heroika, metyveli
paTetikuri manerebi, maqsimalurad aris gamoyenebuli
filmis avtorebis mier personaJis ironizirebisaTvis,
raTa diskreditirebul iqnas misi pozicia. magram, s.
tretiakovs da m. Wiaurels es ar akmayofilebda da isini
satiris maxvils diomides momxreebisakenac mimarTaven:
eklesiis kedlis qvas diomide gulSi Caikravs da
damangrevelTa mimarT risxviT aRvsili mantiis frialiT
quCaSi mihqris. iq ki usaqmurad myofi misi momxreebi
xeebs mihyrdnobian da TavianTi simZimiT gadauzneqiaT
kidec. usaqmurTa brbo gaqceul diomides gamoedevneba.
eklesiis damcvelTa am aRelvebuli masis ironizirebis
mizniT avtorebi aRelvebuli zRvis kadrebs gviCveneben,
aRtkinebuli usaqmurebis Sedareba bunebis stiqiasTan
mayurebelTa Rimils unda iwvevdes, xolo Semdeg
kadrebSi, maTi sabolood gaSarJebis mizniT, diomide da
paata iakaSvili
143
misi mxardamWerebi, dafdafebiT xelSi, saqveynod gangaSis
amtexebad warmogvidgines.
siZveleTa Tavgamodebuli damcvelebi mxardaWerisaTvis
uryev avtoritets luarsabs mimarTaven `mxolod is
gaigebs, mxolod is~. aseTia maTi rwmena. am uryevi
avtoritetis mqone kacis saxls savizito baraTis
Sinaarsis mqone, marmarilos dafa amSvenebs:
`filatelistebis sazogadoebis wevri.
qarTuli arqeologiuri sazogadoebis wevri.
damcvelTa kolegiis wevri.
cxovelebis mfarvelTa sazogadoebis wevri.
vegetarianelTa sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris
moadgile.
qveynis istoriuli Zeglebis damcvelTa sazogadoebis
Tavmjdomare.
luarsabi~.
luarsabis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis aRniSvnasac
avtorebi parodiis kanonebis gamoyenebiT cdiloben.
maqsimalurad xazgasmulia is, rom yvela sazogadoebis
wevri sinamdvileSi arafris gamkeTebeli ar aris, da
sinamdvileSi es kaci ras warmoadgens aravin icis, Tumca
mis garSemo SemoqmedebiTi da teqnikuri inteligencia
Semokerebula, raki mas erovnuli kulturis did moamaged
miiCneven, oRond ra damsaxurebisaTvis gaugebaria, magram
moqandake mainc Zerwavs mis biusts. amiT filmis avtorebi
ironiul miniSnebas akeTeben imis Taobaze, rom Tavad
luarsabia `kulturuli memkvidreoba~.
komikuria am kinogmiris wardgoma Tayvanismcemlebis
winaSe: roca es ukanaskneli mis sastumro oTaxSi aRmoCndnen.
xedaven luarsabis skulpturul gamosaxulebas. TviTon
is ki oTaxSi ar aris, mxolod Tejirze gadakidebuli
misi Sarvali Cans... Tayvanismcemlebi dabneulebi
dganan, am dros Sarvali nel-nela Cacurdeba Tejiris
meore mxares da cota xanSi Tejiridan gamodis ukve
memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiTi principebis
cenzuruli xasiaTis gamovlena realobis interpretaciisas
144
SarvalCacmuli luarsabi da napoleonis pozaSi dgeba,
misi naxviT gabednierebuli Tayvanismcemlebis winaSe...
sul ufro gesliani xdeba satira: luarsabi erovnul-
kulturuli memkvidreobis mcveli da Tavad kulturuli
memkvidreoba, Tavisi xangrZlivi memkvidreobis aRsaniSnav
iubileze fiqrobs. am dros luarsabi avad xdeba.
cnobil eqimTa konsiliumi eris siamayis gadarCenas
cdilobs. luarsabs hgonia, rom kvdeba da naxulobs
sizmars, rom is mokvda... da sakuTar dasaflavebas
Tavad xelmZRvanelobs... dasaflavebis scenaSi mixeil
Wiaureli im qarTul tradiciasac gadaswvda, erisTavis
wmidaTawmida rom aris da aq is sabolood kargavs
zomierebis grZnobas: luarsabis TayvanismcemelTa Soris
atydeba dava, Tu sad unda dakrZalon is, mTawmindis
panTeonSi Tu sxvagan. am scenaSi m. Wiaurelma diomide
da misi momxreebi Suasaukuneebis qarTvel raindTa
saWurvliT aRWurva. amis wyalobiT daCaCanakebuli
inteligencia, romelsac iaraRi ausxams, erT da imave
dros ubadrukic aris da sasaciloc. maTi es sabrZolo
SemarTeba gamoiwvia survilma TavianTi beladi wminda
miwaze dakrZalon mTawmindaze, iveriis oqros Rrubelze
davdgaT misi kubo~, aseTia maTi moTxovna. amis gamgone
luarsabi, romelic kubodan gadmoscqeris mis aRiarebis
am scenas, bednieri iRimeba.
luarsabis mTawmindaze dakrZalvis momxreebma
gaimarjves, axla cekviT miiwevs panTeonisaken, cekvaven
Carlstons. cekviT svlas diriJorobs Tavad luarsabi.
am dros gamoCndeba diriJabli, is reJisors axali
socialisturi wyobisa da mis mier damkvidrebuli
cxovrebis wesis simbolod aqvs gaazrebuli. mocekvave-
motiralebi amas sworad aRiqvamen: `maTi diriJabli~,
aRmoxdebaT maT da miuRebeli reJimis teqnikur miRwevaTa
am gansaxierebis, moulodneli gamoCeniT Tavzardacemulni
kubos daagdeben da iqedan kisristexiT mirbian. am dros
paata iakaSvili
145
sizmari mTavrdeba da pirSi TermometrgaCxril luarsabs
eRviZeba.
luarsabi da diomide erTad ganagrZoben brZolas
eklesiis gadasarCenad, isini midian `arxeoluxTan~
(warwera rusuladaa Sesrulebuli, rogorc filmis
sxva danarCeni warwerebi) am ucnauri saxelis mqone
moxeles, filmis avtorTa dacinvis sagnad rom qceula,
Cans warsulis realiebis dacva evaleba. is maT Txovnas
aseT rezolucias adebs: `eklesia, rogorc Zegli
aRdgenili unda iqnes~. luarsabi da diomide gamarjvebas
zeimoben, magram amaod. eklesias angreven da vxedavT
axali raionis makets. warsulis damcvelTa beladebi
marcxdebian. miuxedavad amisa, luarsabs moRvaweobis
ormoci wlisaTvis iubiles uxdian da didi damsaxurebis
niSnad Tavze rusTavelis quds axuraven.
mixeil Wiaureli uniWo adamiani ar yofila.
piriqiT, is mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebuli iyo,
magram `xabardas~ niWierad Seqmnil nawarmoebs ver
uwodeb. saqme arc imaSia, rom kinoSi axali mosuli
gaxldaT, es filmi misi debiuti namdvilad ar yofila,
mis mesame reJisorul namuSevars warmoadgenda, mizezi
sxva rameSia. yvelaferi rac am filmisaTvis gaakeTa
m. Wiaurelma: s.tretiakovTan erTad dawerili scenari,
masSi aRZruli problema da gamoyenebuli mxatvruli
xerxebi, komikur situaciaTa gaTamaSeba, satira, groteski,
karikatura, sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda srulyofili mxatvrul
nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad. warumateblobas koniuqturuli
xasiaTis filmebis principebidan gamomdinare ramdenime
tradiciulad qceul mizezi hqonda: pirveli es ukiduresi
tendenciurobaa da saTqmelis motanisas sworxazovnoba,
filmSi dadebiTi personaJebi mxolod muSa da teqnikosi
arian, proletariatis warmomadgenlebi, inteligencia
ki uaryofiTad aris naCvenebi, arc erTi qarTveli
inteligenti dadebiT gmirad ar aris gamoyvanili. ase
memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiTi principebis
cenzuruli xasiaTis gamovlena realobis interpretaciisas
146
calsaxad personaJebis kargebad da cudebad dayofam
filmis avtorTa klasobrivi cnobierebis primitiuli
xasiaTi warmoaCina.
mixel Wiaureli Tavis uaryofiT damokidebulebas
patriotulad ganwyobili inteligenciis mimarT ar
malavda da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi filmis ̀ xabardas~
gadaRebis Semdeg, im tipis inteligentebze, romlebic
ase gaSarJebulad gviCvena Tavis suraTSi da romelTa
bedic Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi ase gansazRvra: `Tu
momaval xuTwledSic dgas sakiTxi klasis likvidaciisa
(igulisxmeba inteligencia _ e. o.) aq ueWvelad
ivaraudeba is elementebi, romlebic arian `xabardaSi~ am
klass aqvs raRacnairi gankerZoeba muSaTa klasisagan~1.
ucnauri logikaa, reJisori Tavis filmSi
tendenciurad warmoaCens patriotulad ganwyobil
qarTul inteligencias. Semdeg Tavis mosazrebas azogadebs
socialuri TvalsazrisiT da brals sdebs inteligencias
muSaTa klasis mimarT gankerZoebul damokidebulebaSi,
rac ssrk-Si saxelmwifo Ralatis donis danaSaulad
iTvleboda. koniuqturuli miznebiT gamowveuli msgavsi
am provokaciuli qmedebisa, saqarTveloSi arsebuli
koloniur-komunisturi reJimis, stalinur periodSic
Zneli sapovnia...
m. Wiaureli pativs ar scemda patriotulad
ganwyobil inteligencias da dasaRupavad imetebda mas,
amiT Tavis negatiur damokidebulebas gamoxatavda.
aqedan momdinareobs meore mizezic; qarTuli sulieri
Rirebulebisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba. filmSi
aseTi epizodia: moCans qalaqis Zveli ubani _ aivani,
saxlebi. erT-erT aivanze erovnul tansacmelSi Cacmuli
araseqsualuri garegnobis qarTveli qali dgas, am
epizodSi kadris sivrce SezRudulia, iqmneba STabeWdileba,
1 okujava e. `mixel Wiaureli _ xelovanisa da drois urTierT- `mixel Wiaureli _ xelovanisa da drois urTierT-
kavSiri mixeil Wiaurelis SemoqmedebaSi~, qarTvel kinoreJisorebi,
narkvevebis krebuli, nawili II, 2007 w. gv. 79
paata iakaSvili
147
rom SezRudulia is garemo, sadac tradiciuli da
konservatiuli Rirebulebebia Tavmoyrili. ase xedavs
am garemos reJisori da am epizodis xasiaTi yovelive
erovnulisadmi – romlis centraluri figurac
erovnul samosSi gamowyobili qarTveli qalia _ iseTive
nihlisturia, rogorc imave 1931 wels vinme narouSvilis
leqsi aseve qarTvel qalze:
`kidev meSCani... `qarTveli qali~
Sav-Tma xuWuWa, qarTvelosani,
`qarTuli~ miwis rogorc wunkali
dingiT mTxreli da misi mgosani.~1
diax, aris raRac saerTo mixeil Wiaurelis ̀ xabardas~
zemoT moyvanil epizodisa da f. narouSvilis `poetur~
ubadrukobas Soris.
rac Seexeba filmis im epizodebs, sadac axali saxlebis
mSeneblobaa naCvenebi, kadris sivrce farTovdeba. cxadia,
amaSi Cans axlisadmi reJisoris damokidebuleba.
m. Wiaureli yovelgvari obieqturi motivis gareSe,
satiris maxviliT musravs qarTul inteligencias da
yvelafer imas, rac faseulia qarTuli kulturisaTvis.
man arc SoTa rusTaveli daindo da arc mTawmindis
panTeoni. arada, arc qarTvel inteligentebs miuciaT
Tavisi ukiduresi retrogradobiT vinmesTvis sababi
aseTi satiruli komediis Seqmnisa da arc qarTuli
sulieri Rirebulebebi iyo Tavisi arsiT antihumanuri
da antisocialuri movlena, swored amitom ver Seasrula
dasaxuli amocana filmSi mTawmindis panTeonisaken
Carlstonis cekviT svlis epizodma.
20-iani wlebis bolos da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
qarTul xelovnebasa da literaturaSi cekvas
dramaturgiuli funqcia mieniWa, is personaJis sulier
ganwyobas, an mis cvlas gviCvenebs, an kidev reJisoris
damokidebulebis gamoxatulebas ambavTan mimarTebaSi
1 narouSvilis f., politikuri poetis deklaracia, 1931 w. gv. 27
memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiTi principebis
cenzuruli xasiaTis gamovlena realobis interpretaciisas
148
da am yvelafris gamo kinoSi ramdenjerme gamoiyenes
sxvadasxva Janris filmebSi. ase magaliTad: nikoloz
Sengelaias `elisoSi~. jer adamianuri Tanadgomis
gamovlenas vxedavT `cekviT Senebis~ epizodSi, Semdeg ki
sulierad dacemuli xalxis `cekviT gadarCenis~ scenebs
gviCvenebs reJisori. kote miqaberiZisY`Cem bebiaSi~
biurokratis ojaxis pirmoTne da mdabiuri moralis
`cekviT mxilebis~ mowme vxdebiT. xolo, mixeil gelovanis
`namdvil kavkasielSi~ obivatelis ̀ egzotikuri~ xasiaTis
bodvebis `cekviT parodirebas~.
amitom, gasakviri ar unda yofiliyo, rom avtoriseuli
saTqmelis cekviT gamoxatvis mxatvrulma xerxma da
misTvis damaxasiaTebelma simbolurma mniSvnelobam
mixeil Wiaurelis yuradReba miiqcia da masac mounda
Tavis filmSi am mxatvruli xerxis gamoyeneba. oRond saqme
isaa Tu rogori azris gamosaxatavad gamoiyena man is?
zemoxsenebuli filmebidan pirvelSi avtorTa
pozicia gasagebi da misaRebi iyo, radgan ers sakuTar
TavSi sasicocxlo Zalis povnisa da moraluri
amaRlebisaken mouwodebda. mayurebelSi optimistur
ganwyobas warmoSobda... xolo, meore da mesame filmebSi
sazogadoebis mankieri mxareebi iyo mxilebuli da
parodirebuli.
mixeil Wiaurels ki sxva mizani hqonda: is cekviT
masxrad igdebda sazogadoebis saukeTeso nawils, eris
inteleqtualur potencials, warmoaCenda maT rogorc
uilajos, daCaCanakebuls, pativmoyvares, pretenziuls,
mSiSaras, Tavzardacemuls, gaqceuls, waqceuls. xolo
epizodSi gamoyenebuli cekva sulac ar emsaxureba xalxis
sulier amaRlebas, piriqiT, ufro sulier dakninebas
uwyobs xels.
roca `xabardaSi~ Carlstonis cekvas uyureb,
gebadeba azri, rom m. Wiaurelma naxa `Cemi bebia~,
masze STabeWdileba moaxdina iq naCvenebma Carlstonis
paata iakaSvili
149
cekvam da Tavadac Seqmna Tavis filmSi analogiuri
xasiaTis scena. oRond, saqme isaa, rom kote miqaberiZis
suraTSi cekvas dramaturgiuli datvirTva aqvs. mixeil
Wiaurelis filmSi ki ara... Sesabamisad, ̀ xabardaSi~ cekva
aranair emociur zemoqmedebas mayurebelze ar axdens da
mxatvruli TvalsazrisTac namdvili uniWobaa...
aq unda aRiniSnos erTi metad yuradsaRebi garemoeba:
m. Wiaurels da misi scenaris avtors s. tretakovs (Tavad
memarcxeneTa erT-erT ideologs) imave mizeziT mouvidaT
SemoqmedebiTi marcxi, riTac aseTi ram memarcxeneTa
umetesobas emarTeboda. warumateblobis mizezi isaa, rom
maT ver SesZles mocemuli ideologiuri dakveTisaTvis
saTanado mxatvruli forma moeZebnaT. Sesabamisad
imZlavra politikurma koniuqturam da saTqmeli imdenad
pirdapir iTqva, rom politikuri satira (risi Seqmnac
m. Wiaurels surda) misTvis aucilebeli Janruli
kanoniT ver ganxorcielda. Sesabamisad mxatvrulad ver
ganazogada da plakaturi formiT gamoxatul politikur
braldebad iqca. amis dadasturebaa luarsabis sizmris
is epizodebi, sadac gamoCndebian vatikanisa da e. w.
`yviTeli internacionalis~ warmomadgenlebi, xolo erTa
liga (romlis wevradac filmis gadaRebis wels, ssrk
jer kidev miRebuli ar iyo) samgloviaro gvirgvins
agzavnis. es yvelaferi ki im drois kriteriumebiT Tu
vimsjelebT, qarTuli inteligenciis kontrrevoluciur
ganwyobaze gakeTebuli araorazrovani miniSnebaa...
filmis azrobrivma mizandasaxulobam, bevrad
gansazRvra suraTis saxviTi gaazreba. amitom, is rasac
qmnidnen filmis mxatvrebi lado gudiaSvili da daviT
kakabaZe, gardatexilia reJisoris xedvis prizmaSi. es
xedva ki gulisxmobda yvelaferi imis ironizirebas,
rac filmis mxatvrebisTvis miRebuli iyo. amitom,
maTi pozicia pirveladi saxiT ar aris gamovlenili,
radgan logikuria, rom Zveli Tbilisis realobis iseTi
memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiTi principebis
cenzuruli xasiaTis gamovlena realobis interpretaciisas
150
mcodnisaTvis, rogoric lado gudiaSvili gaxldaT da
Zveli Tbilisis arqiteqturis iseTi qomagisaTvis, daviT
kakabaZe rom iyo, Sinaganad miuRebeli unda yofiliyo is
satirul-groteskuli xedva Zveli Tbilisisa da misi
damcvelebisa mixeil Wiaurels, rom hqonda.
`xabarda~ arc samsaxiobo SesrulebiT gamoirCeva;
rogorc mxatvrebi SeboWa reJisoris poziciam, aseve
imoqmeda msaxiobebzec. isini mocemuli sqemis CarCoebSi
moeqcnen s. zavrievis _ diomide da p. Wyonias luarsabi,
iseve rogorc S. asaTianis _ muSa da s. vaCnaZis _
teqnikosi. saagitacio plakatze gamosaxul `uaryofiTi~
da `dadebiTi~ tipebis zedapirul kinematografiul
xorcSesxmas warmoadgenen da ara fsiqologiuri da
socialuri safuZvlis mqone kinosaxeebs. es imitom, rom
aseTi iyo reJisoris mier mocemuli amocana, romelmac
msaxiobs personaJTa xasiaTis gaxsnisa da ganviTarebis
saSualeba ar misca. maT mxolod plakatis gacocxlebuli
gamosaxulebis funqcia daakisra da meti araferi...
miuxedavad m. Wiaurelis mcdelobisa mmarTveli
reJimis guli moego da is ideologiuri direqtivebi
Seesrulebina, rasac partia memarcxeneebs avalebda, Sedegi
srulad sapirispiro aRmoCnda: partiuli da komkavSiruli
presa daufaravad uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT Sexvda
films da `xabarda~ mZafrad iqna gakritikebuli.
1931 wlis 17 ivlisis gazeT ̀ axalgazrda komunistSi~
daibeWda recenzia saTauriT `saxkinmrewvis `axali~
nawarmoebi. politikuri pamfleti “xabarda”, gTavazobT
ramdenime citatas am werilidan: `filmis dawyebisTanave
afrTxileben mayurebels _ iqonieT darbaisluri
moTmineba suraTis dasrulebamde da Wkuaze ar SeiryaT
mosalodneli sanaxaobiT~. gafrTxileba samarTliania
da swori, radgan zogierTi kadris aTvisebis dros
mayurebeli ufro met wvalebas ganicdis _ vidre amas
ganicdidnen saberZneTis istoriaSi cnobili Txebi,
paata iakaSvili
151
rodesac maT ZaldatanebiT bulbulis rolSi gamosvlas
avalebdnen. ̀ xabarda~ ki pirvel rigSi kbilebCamtvreuli
oxunjobaa, romelic alag-alag banalurobamde daiyvaneba.
burJuaziul-meSCanuri inteligenciis gaSarJebis
mxriv suraTi ver aRwevs mizans. gzadagza meqanikurad
Camatebulia momentebi socialuri mSeneblobidan. metad
datvirTulia zRaprebis istoriiT. mTavari moqmedeba
`igulisxmeba~ ekrans miRma, aklia originaluri mTlianoba
da politikuri sinamdvile.
faqtebis `gaucxoeblad~ Cveneba suraTs mTlianad
ukargavs mxatvrul damajereblobas, ris gamoc
namdvili politikuri pamfletis nacvlad xelovnurad
gatakimasxaravebul SarJebs vRebulobT, romelTa
socialuri fesvi sruliad ar igrZnoba.
zemo naTqvamidan ar gamomdinareobs, TiTqos saWiro ar
iyo inteligenciis garkveuli nawilis gaSarJeba, romlis
mudmiv sazrunav sagans ca-firuz xmeleT-zurmuxtovan
saqarTveloze _ fiqri da godeba Seadgens, romelTac
yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvites mSromelTa masebis
saqmeebTan da romelnic `dRes guSindelze uaresad da
xvalindelze ukeT arian~ _ saWiroa sworad amgvarad da
am sistemis: inteligenciis magari gamaTraxeba, saWiroa
maTi gaSarJeba yoveli mxriv, radgan isini TviTon gasul
drois SarJebi arian dRevandel cxovrebisaTvis _ da
swored samwuxaro is aris, rom suraTma ver SeZlo amis
gakeTeba. suraTSi sruliad ar Cans brZolis is namdvili
saxe, romelic axal cxovrebas gaumarTa, burJuaziul
da menSevikur saqarTvelos ideologiur xlarTebSi
moqceulma inteligenciam.
reJisors kargad unda esmodes is elementaruli,
magram, Zalze saWiro ambavi, _ rom eklesiis da saerTod
Zveli yofa-cxovrebis narCenebis aRmofxvra iseTi ura
politikiT ar warmoebs, rogorc eg ̀ xabardaSia~ naCvenebi.
aq gansakuTrebuli gonebamaxviloba da zomiereba iyo
memarcxeneTa SemoqmedebiTi principebis
cenzuruli xasiaTis gamovlena realobis interpretaciisas
152
saWiro.~
uaRresad saWiroa es werili, kritikosis damokidebuleba
sarecenzio filmisadmi, misi toni da pozicia aSkaras
xdis, imas rom is oficialuri presis warmomadgenelia
da patriotuli Sexedulebebisa da sxva mizeziT
mmarTveli reJimisadmi araloialuri inteligenciis
mimarT uaryofiTadaa ganwyobili. is agreTve Zvelis
ngrevisa da axlis Senebis momxrea. ase, rom mxars uWers
reJisoris pozicias, magram recenzenti kategoriulad
winaaRmdegia imisa Tu rogor akeTebs amas m. Wiaureli.
mas aRizianebs reJisoris ukiduresad tendenciuri
midgoma sakiTxisadmi, rac inteligenciis guliswyromas
gamoiwvevda da mmarTveli reJimis politikis mimarT
mtrulad ganawyobda. amitomaa rom cdilobs, satiris
maxvili, filmis avtorisaken warmarTos, raTa am gziT
m. Wiaurelis namoqmedaris Sedegi SeZlebisdagvarad
gaaneitralos, SeZlebisdagvarad uvneblad aqcios... ukve
aqedan Cans Tu ra safrTxe Seuqmna oficialur politikas
sakiTxisadmi Tavisi zRvargadasuli qveSevrdomuli
midgomiT m. Wiaurelma.
paata iakaSvili
153
maia lipartiani,
dramis reJisuris mimarTulebis doqtoranti
xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. giorgi margvelaSvili,
prof. vasil kiknaZe
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena
adamiani baZavs bunebas: cekva da moZraoba
damaxasiaTebelia mTeli samyarosaTvis. graciozulad
tankenaroben mcenareebi – ixrebian mzisken, ritmulad
dahyvebian qaris qrolvas. frinvelebi pozebisa da
moZraobis enaze saubroben – frTebis gaSliTa da
xaTquniT xan agresias gamoxataven da xan saqorwino
cekvas asruleben. cxovelebis cekvebic maT Zalasa da
siyvarulis unarze miuTiTeben. moZraoba Zalis mosakrebad,
sulieri srulyofilebisaTvis aRviZebs energias –
sicocxlisa da sikvdilisaTvis. nebismieri ritualuri
fizikuri moqmedebis mizania cnobierebis mokreba da
mizanmimarTulad warmarTva. Zvel droSi mocekvaveebi,
TavianTi saidumlo JestebiTa da moZraobebiT, sasuliero
pirebs uTanabrdebodnen. ezoTeruli moZRvrebebi
cxadyofen, rom TiToeuli adamiani mikrokosmia –
samyaros makrokosmis miniaturuli anarekli. cekva – aris
saSualeba misi energiis stimulirebisa da mimarTvisa
ara gare samyarosaken, aramed – Sinaganisken, cnobierebis
Rrma Sreebisaken.
cekva aris urTierTobis erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
forma. is ganpirobebulia adamianis sxeuliT an
modelirebulia specifikuri sagnebiT (tansacmliT,
niRbebiT, morTulobebiT), romelTac garkveuli mniSvneloba
gaaCniaT. arasityvieri ena aris sivrcobriv-droiTi
ganfenilobisa, radgan sxvadasxva niSnebi warmodgebian
erTianobaSi da maTi mniSvneloba ganpirobebulia
garkveul drois SualedSi SeTanxmebul komponentTa
154
erTianobiT.1 kacobriobis ganviTarebis adreul stadiebze,
moZraobebi da Jestebi savaraudod iyo is ena, romliTac
urTierTobdnen ara marto ucxosTan, aramed – erTmaneTTan
da, amas garda, cekvas gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeboda
identifikaciis da imitaciis ganviTarebaSi.2
cekva, romladac aris gardaqmnili fsiqikuri cxovreba,
yoveli adamianisaTvis individualuria, sxvadasxvaa -
rogorc jer aRmouCeneli materiki. meore mxriv, moZraoba
yovelTvis saxezea da misi aRwera SeiZleba rogorc
Signidan, ise - garedan. da es qmnis subieqturobis Tavidan
aridebis saSualebas. „cekva – xelovnebis erTaderTi
dargia, sadac adamiani Tavad aris instrumenti“ (raxel
farnhageni).
sagangebo simbolur mniSvnelobebs iZens Tanamedrove
fsiqologiur gamokvlevebSi dafiqsirebuli sxeulis ena
– Tu ramdenad miesadageba igi qoreografiul Jestebsa
da mimikebs xalxur, klasikursa da Tanamedrove sacekvao
SemoqmedebaSi.
es Tema sagangebo msjelobis sagani jer ar gamxdara
– TumcaRa sxeulis enam, romelic dRes fsiqologiis
gamokvlevebis sagnad aris qceuli, sruliad
gansakuTrebuli asaxva SeiZleba hpovos qoreografiaSi.
is, rac aqamde arqetipuli, simboluri gaazrebiT
aRiqmeboda, dRevandeli fsiqologiuri gamokvlevebisa
da mravaljeradi cdis safuZvelze, saSualebas iZleva
dainergos qoreografiaSi Teoriul da praqtikul
codnasTan SesabamisobiT.
Jestebisa da sxeulis moZraobis formiT adamians
mokle droSi gacilebiT meti informaciis gadacema
xelewifeba, vidre raime sxva saSualebiT. moqmedebis
mRelvareba am dros SeiZleba iyos iluzoruli, formiT
imitaciuri, magram Sinaarsi aRiqmeba, rogorc WeSmariti
1 Мартинес Э.Л. Внесловесный язык Культуры. - 1986. с.352 Noack A. On a Jungian approach to dance movement therapy // Dance Movement Therapy: Theory and Practice. London & N.-Y., 1992, с.191
maia lipartiani
155
da realuri. xelovnebidan xdeba dabruneba realuri
cxovrebisaken.
adamiani odiTgan cekvis meoxebiT amyarebda kavSirs
bunebasa da zenaar ZalebTan – keTil da borot sulebTan,
aSinebda borot sulebs da daxmarebas Txovda keTilT:
amindis regulirebaSi, sayofacxovrebo saqmianobaSi,
mkurnalobaSi. emociuri agzneba imdenad didia, rom
cekvis yvela monawiles erTdroulad SeiZleba daewyoT
halucinaciebi. samxedro Temaze arsebuli cekvebi
xSirad did warmatebas aRwevinebdnen mocekvaves realur
brZolaSi. rogorc nicSes uTqvams: „me mxolod im
RvTaebas verwmunebodi, romelsac cekva ecodineboda“.
samagaliTod, dasawyisidanve movixmobT friad
sagulisxmo magaliTs: fsiqologiis uaxlesi dargi
– neirolingvisturi programireba gvTavazobs
mimikuri da mxedvelobiTi gamomsaxvelobis utyuar
diagnostikur maCvenebels – maTs gamokvlevebsa da
dakvirvebebSi, vizualuri gaxsenebisas, Tanamosaubris
Tvalebis moZraoba fiqsirdeba marcxniv da zeviTken;
konstruirebisas (ararsebulis mogonebis Jams) Tvalebi
iyurebian maRlisken marjvniv. rodesac adamiani jer
aRapyrobs Tvalebs maRla da marjvniv, mere meyseulad
qvemoT da marcxniv – masSi qvebudanobaa Cabudebuli –
man jer Caifiqra is, rac arasodes momxdara da Semdeg
gadawyvita misi realobad gasaReba.
NLP-is Tund es mciredi unikaluri migneba sruliad
axlebur warmodgenas qmnis adamianuri urTierTobebis
tradiciul orientirebSi, rac xelovnebis sxvadasxva
asparezze da, maT Soris, baletisa Tu sacekvao arenaze –
araverbaluri komunikaciis sruliad axal interpretaciis
warmoSobis winapirobaa!
da Tu jerovans mivuzRavT mkvlevars, romelmac
sxeulis moZraobis, Jestisa da mimikis ena sayovelTao
ganxilvisa da analizis saqmed aqcia – kinesikis sferoSi
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena
156
bestselerad aRiarebuli naSromis, „sxeulis moZraobis
enis“ avtors, alan pizs, sruliad axleburi warmodgena
Segveqmneba sxeulis im qceviT metyvelebaze, romelic
korelaciaSi modian qoreografiuli simboloebis
enasTan. `bodi lengvij“ – 70-ian wlebSi pirvelad
daiwyo seriozuli Seswavla alan pizma. 1
sxeulis enis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
misi gamovlinebani gamowveulia adamianis qvecnobieri
impulsebiT da radgan am impulsebis gayalbeba
SeuZlebelia, SegviZlia maT mivendoT metad, vidre
urTierTobis verbalur saSualebas. albaT SemTxveviT
ar uTqvams cnobil amerikel mocekvaves, marta grems:
„sxeuli arasodes ar ityueba!“ 2
pirovnebis sakuTar sxeulTan damokidebulebis
piziseuli parametrebis ganxilvamde, Tavdapirvelad
samyaros mimarT adamianis damokidebulebis miseuli
xedva gaviziaroT.
alan pizis mixedviT adamianis garemoSi TviTaRqmis
umTavresi msazRvrelia zonaluri sivrce. adamianis
sivrcobrivi teritoriis sazRvrebi TiTqmis erTnairia,
eTnikuri da geografiuli kuTvnilebis miuxedavad. isini
iyofian 4 sivrcobriv zonebad.
1. intimuri zona (15–dan 46 santimetramde). yvela
zonas Soris es yvelaze mTavaria, radgan swored am
zonas icavs adamiani, rogorc sakuTrebas. am zonis
gadalaxvis ufleba aqvT im pirebs, vinc masTan mWidro
emociur kontaqtSia. es aris Svilebi, mSoblebi, meuRleebi,
sayvarlebi, axlo megobrebi da naTesavebi. am zonaSi aris
kidev qvezona, radiusiT 15 sm, sadac SeRweva SeiZleba
mxolod uSualo fizikuri kontaqtis meSveobiT. es aris
zeintimuri zona.
2. piradi zona (46 sm.–dan 1,2 metramde). es aris
1 Allan Pease Body Language ‘Sheldon press”, London, 1988 p.3 - 782 Martha Graham. Blood Memory. New York, 1991. P. 57
maia lipartiani
157
manZili, romelic Cven gvacilebs gareSeTagan, rodesac
vimyofebiT saRamos kafe-barebSi, oficialur Sexvedrebze,
oficialur miRebebze Tu megobrul saRamoebze.
3. socialuri zona (1,2 metridan 3,6 metramde). aseT
manZilze vimyofebiT ucxo adamianebisgan dacilebulni,
magaliTad, santeqnikosisa da durglisagan, romlebic
gasaremonteblad modian CvenTan; fostalionisgan; axali
TanamSromlebisgan, visac kargad ar vicnobT da a.S.
4. sazogadoebrivi zona (3,6 metrze meti) roca
mivemisamarTebiT xalxis did jgufs, maSin yvelaze
moxerxebulia auditoriidan swored am manZilze yofna.
zonaluri sivrcis kvleva, mniSvnelovani informaciis
wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes rogorc tradiciuli erovnuli, ise
klasikuri da Tanamedrove qoreografiis SeswavlisaTvis
– Tu ramdenad Seesatyviseba es monacemebi warsulis
tradiciul simbolur arqetipul warmodgenebs da
ramdenad SeTanadebulad aris gaazrebuli Tanamedrove
xelovnebis cnobiersa Tu aracnobier warmodgenebSi.
alan pizi adamianis sxeulis moZraobas, mimikasa da
Jestebs garkveul simbolur mniSvnelobas aniWebs da
ganmartavs maT mravali aseuli cdis Sedegad miRebuli
daskvnebis safuZvelze. Cven vcdiT am dakvirvebis Sedegad
miRebuli Sedegebis dajgufebas maTi aTvlis wertilidan
gamomdinare da vyofT samad, maTi warmomavlobis mixedviT:
1) pirobiT Jestebad, 2) gacnobierebul Jestebad da 3)
qvecnobier Jestebad.
amave dros alan pizis magaliTebs ganvavrcobT
sxvadasxva qveynis saxasiaTo magaliTebiT da paraleluri
maxasiaTeblebiT qoreografiuli praqtikidan.
1. pirobiTi Jesti aris iseTi saxis qmedeba, rodesac
adamianebi erTmaneTSi Tanxmdebian ama Tu im qmedebis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. amitomac aris, rom xSirad
erTidaigive an msgavsi qmedeba sul sxvadasxvanairad aris
interpretirebuli sxvadasxva qveynebsa Tu populaciebSi.
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena
158
pirobiTi niSnebis magaliTebad gamodgeba:
a) ceriT da saCvenebeli TiTiT wris Sekvra –
amerikelTaTvis: „yvelaferi kargadaa~, frangebisTvis –
„noli“, iaponelTaTvis – fulis erTeuli, xmelTaSua
zRvis auzSi – gineba;
b) maRla aweuli ceri – mraval qveyanaSi mowonebas
niSnavs; arabTaTvis miuRebelia; misi skabrezuli
mniSvnelobis gamo;
g) TiTebis mravalmxrivi kombinacia – sabirJo fasebis
maniSneblad;
d) xelis mtevnis specifikuri Jesti Cveni Tanamemamule
mikroavtobusebis mZRolebisaTvis („maqvs mxolod fexze
dasadgomi adgili“);
e) yru-munjebis anbanuri ena, romlis pirobiTobaze
metyvelebs „asoebis“ TvalsaCino gansxvaveba mag. rusulsa
da inglisur variantebSi.
2. gacnobierebuli SegviZlia davarqvaT Jestebs,
sadac arqetipi imdenad mkveTrad amJRavnebs Tavs, rom
praqtikulad gamoricxulia alternatiuli mniSvnelobis
daSveba. gacnobierebul araverbalur Jestebad SegviZlia
aRviqvaT:
a) gaSlili xelebi, romlebic metyveleben
gulwrfelobaze (rodesac adamianebi gulaxdilni
da gulmarTalni arian, isini gaucnobiereblad Slian
xelisgulebs.);
b) erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi araverbaluri
signalia, xelisguliT gadacemuli informacia. (arsebobs
xelisgulis sami umTavresi mdgomareoba: xelisguli
zeviTken, xelisguli qveviTken da Cveneba TiTiT.
xelisguli zeviTken niSnavs Txovnas, xelisguli qveviTken
– brZanebiTi kiloa; erTad Setyupebuli TiTebi da
win gaSverili saCvenebeli TiTi Taviseburi xeljoxia,
romelic moiTxovs daqvemdebarebas.);
g) damSvidobebis niSnad xelis daqneva;
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159
d) gadaWdobili TiTebi megobrobis niSnad;
g) Tavis mdablad daxra, odnav modrekili figura –
RmrTis nebisadmi morCilebis niSnad;
d) miTiTeba mbrZanebluri intonaciiT;
g) xelebis erTmaneTze gasma mowonebis niSnad;
d)kovboelis poza da qalis seqsualuri
ganwyobileba.
es – satelevizio vesternebis gmiri kovboebis erT-
erTi yvelaze saxasiaTo pozaa, romelic maT simamacesa da
ukandauxevlobas gamoxatavs. xelebi moqmedebisken arian
mimarTulni da, qamars ukan gadayofilni, xazs usvamen
mflobelis potenciur seqsualur aqtivobas. mamakacebi
am JestiT sxva mamakacebs TavianT uSiSrobas umtkiceben,
xolo qalebs aimedeben, rom maT ZaluZT maTze batonoba!
es Jesti adre mamakacebis kuTvnileba iyo, magram mas
Semdeg, rac qalebma daiwyes Sarvlebisa da jinsebis Cacma,
isinic iyeneben – zustad imave mizniT – qamars ukan
gadayofili TiTiT isini xazs usvamen TavianT seqsualur
ganwyobilebas.
e) doinjSemoyrili qalebis TviTdajerebuli poza;
rodesac bavSvi emzadeba mSoblebTan sakamaTod,
sportsmeni – metoqesTan Sesabmelad, parlamentari
– tribunaze asasvlelad – isini ikeTeben doinjs.
es aris agresiis, brZolisaTvis mzaobis gamoxatvis
yvelaze TvalnaTeli Jesti; mizanmimarTuli da
dabrkolebebis gadalaxvisaTvis ganwyobili mebrZoli
suliskveTebiT aRZruli adamianis qcevis manera. Tu
mamakaci am Jests xmarobs qalis kompaniaSi, amiT axdens
seqsualuri gamowvevis araorazrovan demonstracias.
sagulisxmoa, rom frinvelebi afxoraven frTebs, didebi
rom gamoCndnen, rodesac ZiZgilaoben an dedlisTvis
eqiSpebian erTmaneTs – adamianebic Semoirtyamen xolme
doinjs, raTa ufro moematoT gani da moculoba – es
aris sxva mamakacebis araverbaluri gamowveva, romlebic
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena
160
arRveven maT teritorialur uflebebs. rigi atributebi,
tansacmelTan dakavSirebiT, azustebs ama Tu im Strixebs
– gaxsnili pijaki (saidanac moCans gaxsnili gulmkerdi
da yeli – simboluri miniSneba simamaceze) da gaCaCxuli
fexebi, miT ufro, roca cera TiTebi qamris ukan aris
gadayofili – es aris seqsualuri agresiis poza.
agresiuli mzaobis Jestebs iyeneben profesionali
manekeneebic, imis xazgasasmelad, rom maTi tanisamosi
gankuTvnilia Tanamedrove agresiuli, saqmiani qalisaTvis
– am dros erTi xeli rom barZayzea dadoinjebuli, meore
SeiZleba sul sxvadasxva adgilze edos an esvenos.
aseve cnobier doneze: Rimili niSnavs – keTilganwyobas,
Sublis SeWmuxvna – mwuxarebas; Tavis daqneva – Tanxmobas,
gaqneva – uaryofas da sxv.
qvemoT ki movuxmobT pirobiTi da gacnobierebuli
Jestebis analogebs,
romlebsac dasabamidan iyeneben klasikuri cekvebisa
da baletis Semsruleblebi:
pirobiTi Jestebi cekvis enaze mocekvave gogonasaTvis
(gnebavT, balerinisTvis) gamoisaxebian Semdegnairad:
a) „miyvarxar“ - ori mityupebuli TiTi miaqvs
tuCebTan, yurebTan, gulTan;
b) „msurxar“ - xelebs swevs maRla yurebis donemde,
ise, rom Tavisken aqvs xelisgulebi da Semdeg Seatrialebs
maT sawinaaRmdego mxares;
g) zemoT amarTuli xelisgulebi - gulwrfeloba;
d) aweuli mxrebi, gaxsnili xelebis Tanmxlebi
JestiT - gulubryviloba, naturis gaxsniloba;
e) xelis mtevnis zurgis gasma nikapze - male miReba
gadawyvetilebis;
v) fexiT iatakze bakuni, Tavi dayrdnobilia
xelisgulze - mowyena, mouTmenloba;
z) gverdze gaxedva - undobloba;
T) xelisguli zemoT _ damokidebulebiTi
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gadawyvetilebis miRebis mzaoba;
i) xelebis neli aweva yelisaken - Sinagani
Tavdajerebulobis mopoveba;
gacnobierebuli araverbaluri qoreografiuli
Jestebis magaliTad Cvens mier SeTanadebulia Semdegi
moqmedebebi:
a) Tavis moZraoba - mayureblis emociebTan
Sesabamisoba;
b) „madlobeli var“ - mitrialdeba sayvareli
adamianisaken da xelis mtevnebs, romelTa xelisgulebi
Tavisken hqonda mibrunebuli, misken miaqcevs TavdaxrasTan
erTad.
g) mxrebis moZraoba - gapranWva;
d) mkerdis moZraoba - emociebi, gamowveva;
e) Semparavi siaruli - koketoba, flirti;
v) mkerdze gadajvaredinebuli xelebi - Tavdacva;
z) muStad Sekruli xelebi - TavdacviTi reaqcia,
SurisZiebis survili;
T) xeli loyaze - Cafiqreba, meocnebeoba;
i) nikapi eyrdnoba cersa da Sua TiTs, saCvenebeli
loyazea - molodini, gadawyvetilebis miReba;
k) daxrili Tavi - yuradReba;
l) TiTebis wverebiT odnavi Sexeba warbebs Soris -
Cafiqreba (Tvalebis daxuWva);
m) Tmebze xelis gadasma, sarkis win triali, TeZoebis
rxeva - koxtaoba, flirti;
n) xelebi TeZoebze - Tavdajereba;
o) xelisgulebi mkerdis doneze, Semdeg iSlebian win
- mowyalebis mvedrebeli Jesti (erTi xeli gawvdilia,
meores gulze idebs _ „mTeli guliT da suliT“);
p) xelebi SeerTebulia zurgs ukan _ sakuTari
upiratesobis demonstrireba.1
pirobiTi da cnobieri Jestebis doneze SeiZleba
1 Язык танца http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/1742970/page1.shtml uka-nasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli - 17. 09. 2011.
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena
162
zemoT ukve aRniSnuli ezoTeruli da magiasTan wilnayari
cekvebis ganmarteba:
cnobil indur cekvaSi Siva iTavsebs RmerTis moqmedebis
xuT saxeobas: Siva qmnis samyaros (dafdafi erT-erT
marjvena xelSi); amkvidrebs mis arsebobas (meore marjvena
xelis Jesti, abhai-mudra); aqcevs ferflad (cecxlis
ena, erT-erTi marcxena xelSi), iZleva ganTavisuflebas,
moqSas – miwidan zeaweuli fexi, romelzec miuTiTebs
meore marcxena xeli. umsubuqebs xvedrs jaWviT gadabmul
sulTa sansarebs (meore, miwaze mdgomi fexi). Siva
cecxlis aliT aris garSemortymuli, romelic kosmosSi
cirkulirebad maradiul energias ganasaxierebs. amitomac
aRmosavleTSi cekva miCneulia RvTaebriv movlenad,
romelic adamianma miiRo zenaarisgan. sanskritulSi
„cekva“ da „drama“ erTi da igive sityviT – „natiaTi“
aRiniSneba, rac gulisxmobs am cnebaTa ganuyoflobas,
xolo uZvelesi cekvebis aseve uZvelesi aRmosavluri
cneba „nrita“ gulisxmobs cekvas cekvisaTvis – rodesac
mocekvave mTlianad iZireba musikasa da ritmSi.1
sufiur ezoTerikaSi – Semdegnairad xasiaTdeba
derviSis moZraobebis simbolika: pirveli faza
aris SekumSviTi – derviSi iwyebs cekvas gulze
gadajvaredinebuli xelebiT, rac niSnavs daRmavali da
aRmavali grigalebis SeerTebas gulSi. misi marcxena
fexi myarad dgas miwaze, rac uZrav RerZs ganasaxierebs.
marjvena fexis moZraobiT is iwyebs moZraobas sakuTari
RerZis irgvliv, amave dros, Tavis megobrebTan erTad
moZraobs centraluri mzis – lideri derviSis garSemo.
is TandaTanobiT Slis gadajvaredinebul xelebs da
Tavs xris marjvena mxrisaken, maRla swevs marjvena
xels, romelic cnobierebas ganasaxierebs, raTa miiRos
RvTaebrivi emanacia da dabla swevs marcxenas, raTa
daubrunos Tavisi niWi dedamiwas. is TandaTanobiT ufro
1 Субрамуниясвами Садгуру Шивайя Танец с Шивой. Современный катехизис индуизма, Москва , 2001, с. 49 – 51
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swraf-swrafad trialebs, imis surviliT, rom am trialiT
daakavSiros erTmaneTTan ca da dedamiwa – sakuTar
TavSi gaataros suli miwisaken, im dros, rodesac misi
RerZi da guli rCebian savsebiT mSvid mdgomareobaSi,
xolo misi suli aRzevdeba RvTaebrivi sawyisisaken. rac
ufro metia eqstazi, miT metia misi eqspansia da miT
ufro faSfaSebs misi qveda bolo. rodesac orive misi
xeli zeaRimarTeba cisken, es imis niSania, rom kavSiri
mis gulSi, (romelic dafiqsirebulia sulis SekumSviT
materiaSi, gadajvaredinebuli xelebis mdgomareobaSi),
aRwevs umaRles eqspansias (materiisa sulSi) xelebisa
da qveda bolos sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT trialis
meoxebiT – es aris RvTaebrivi kavSiris netarebis
garegnuli gamoxatuleba, misi gulis sruli siCumis
pirobebSi.1
3. alan pizis saxasiaTo Jestebidan Cven sagangebod
gamovyofT maT iseT gamovlinebebs, romlebic, arc pirobiTi
xasiaTiT da, arc arqetipuli tradiciiT, ar Tavsdebian
iolad amosacnobTa siaSi da maTSi Cadebuli qaragmebi
moiTxoven seriozulsa da mraval cdispirze gamocdil
amokiTxvas. vnaxoT, TviT avtori rogor axerxebs am
poziciidan daskvnebis dafiqsirebas. rogor xdeba
adamianis aracnobieri motivaciebis gamxela sxeulis
mimikis, Jestisa da moZraobebis magaliTze. sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi – magaliTod, adamianis damokidebuleba sxva
adamianis mimarT aracnobier doneze SeiZleba dadgindes
urTierTobis dros misken mimarTuli mzeriT.
saqmiani mzera. warmovidginoT, rom Cvens pirispir
myofi adamianis Sublze gamosaxulia samkuTxedi. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mzera ar Cascdeba am samkuTxeds, saubari
warimarTeba saqmian tonSi da seriozul atmosferoSi.
socialuri mzera. Tu mzera Cascdeba Subls da mTel
pirisaxes moicavs, maSin sufevs socialuri urTierTobis
1 Джилл Перс Мистическая спираль Издательство: Чертановская типо-графия, 2001. с. 59–61
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena
164
atmosfero – am mzeris dros samkuTxedi kravs Subls
qvemoT Tvalebsa da piris midamoebs.
intimuri mzera. am mzeris dros mxedvelobis
are moicavs Subls qvemoT mTel pirisaxes da Cadis
qvemoT, mTeli sxeulisaken – mkerdisa da muclis qveda
areebisaken – zogjer, gansakuTrebuli urcxvobisas,
amboben rom mavani „mzeriT aSiSvlebs adamians“. imisda
mixedviT, Tu ra mizanmimarTuleba aqvs ori adamianis
TvalebiT saubars, sxvadasxva sqesis, socialuri wris
Tu asakis adamianebi iyeneben komunikaciis ama Tu im
formas.
rac Seexeba sagangebod intimur qaragmebs, aq sruliad
gansakuTrebuli idumali faqtorebi modian moqmedebaSi:
potenciur seqsualur partniors qali periodulad
uCvenebs Tavisi majebis Txelsa da naz kans. majebis are
odiTganve iTvleba erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gamokveTil
erogenul zonad. (mivaqcioT yuradReba qarTuli cekvis
dros, qalis majebis narnar demonstrirebas mamakacisaTvis).
rodesac qali urTierTobs mamakacTan, igi qvecnobierad
cdilobs sakuTari xelisgulebi iqonios mis mxedvelobis
areSi. mwevel qals msgavs moqmedebas uadvilebs
sigareti, mowevis procesSi. majebis demonstracia
da Tmis kululebis aseve demonstratiuli gadayra,
homoseqsualistebis safirmo niSanicaa, romlebic, qalis
rolis Sesrulebisas, axdenen maTi manerebis kopirebas.
zeaweuli momrgvalebuli mxris gadaRmidan mzeriT, qali
axdens sakuTarive mkerdis imitacias. qvemoT, suraTze
qals gafarToebuli aqvs Tvalis gugebi da misi iribi
faruli mzera (rodesac igi odnav daweuli quTuToebiT
umzers mamakacs im dromde, vidre igi ar daiWers mis
gamoxedvas da mere uecrad gverdze gaixedavs) aris
qalis wamqezebeli Jesti, romelic mamakacis monusxvas
emsaxureba. Tmebis aqneva, iribi gamoxedva, xelovnurad
Seyovnebuli mzera, ukan gadagdebuli Tavi, gaSiSvlebuli
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majebi, cilindruli formis sxeulis tuCebiT Wera –
yvelaferi qalis intimuri urTierTobis mimarT mzaobas,
ndomasa da vnebian wadils gamoxatavs.
aracnobier doneze garegnoba, gamometyveleba, xelebis
daxmareba – qmnis mravalferovan gamomsaxvelobiT
qaragmul niSans, romelic adamianis arasandoobas
asaxavs.
sicruis Jestebi – pirze xelis afareba, cxvirze
xelis mideba, quTuTos sresa, yuris fxana; xelebi zurgs
ukan, jibeebSi Cawyobili, mkerdze gadajvaredinebuli –
faruli sicrue, cbieroba, dapirispirebuloba. rodesac
vcruobT, an sxvis sicrues vismenT – xelebiT vifaravT
bageebs, Tvalebs da yurebs. roca bavSvi cruobs, ifaravs
bageebs, raTa iqidan cru sityvebi ar gamoxtnen. roca
ramis mosmena ar surs, yurebs icobs TiTebiT; roca
danaxva ar unda, Tvalebze ifarebs xels. mozrdil asakSi
yvela es qmedeba rCeba adamians aracnobieris doneze.
gadajvaredinebuli TiTebi pirisaxis doneze –
ganxiblva da uaryofiTi damokidebulebis damalvis
survili. cxvirze xelis mokideba – sicruis laparaki
an mosmena, quTuTos sresa; tuCis kuTxiT Rimili; yuris
bibilos sresa, yuris bibilos daxurva – mosasmeni
moismina, axla Tavad surs azris gamoTqma. kisris fxana
yurs qvemoT – ar var darwmunebuli, rom geTanxmebiT.
rodesac adamiani malavs sinamdviles, SeuZlia xelebi
Caiwyos jibeebSi, an gadaijvaredinos. Tu bavSvi malavs –
xelebi zurgs ukan miaqvs. jibeebidan amoyofili cerebi
– dominantoba, damalvis survili arsebul situaciaSi.
rodesac adamianebi gulaxdilni da gulmarTalni arian,
isini gaucnobiereblad Slian xelisgulebs. alternativis
saxiT fsiqologiuri dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom, rodesac
bavSvi cruobs an raRacas malavs, is xelisgulebs
zurgsukan malavs.
Tvalebma SeiZleba moityuon da bageebi gascemen
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena
166
adamians – naTeli Tvalebi da mtacebluri bageebi. umanko
Tvalebi da garyvnili bageebi. ironiulad CaiRimon, tuCis
kuTxe daeSvas dacinviT an SiSiT Sepyrobili, simwrisagan
moikvnitos, sibrazisagan daeWimos.
Tuki mravali saukunis win mamakacebi SetevisTvis
iyenebdnen maxvils, xolo TavdacvisaTvis – fars, dRes
skamis sazurge SesaniSnavad SeiZleba gamoadgeT TavdacviT
saSualebad da aqcion isini agresiul meomrebad.
am SemTxvevaSi skami Tavisuflad asrulebs cxenis
movaleobasac. ase sxedan madominirebeli tipis adamianebi,
romlebic miCveulni arian sxvebze mbrZaneblobas.
rodesac qals ukavia dacviTi-seqsualuri pozicia, igi
zis mWidrod gadajvaredinebuli fexebiT; rodesac mis
TvalsawierSi mamakaci ar aris, qalis fexebi avtomaturad
iSleba, imisda miuxedavad, dgas qali Tu zis. Tu qali
keTilad aris sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenlisadmi
ganwyobili, mas SeuZlia daikavos erTi araformalur
pozaTagani da misi muxlisTavi miqceuli iqneba im
pirovnebisadmi, vis mimarTac amJRavnebs simpaTias;
Tu qals fexi fexze aqvs gadadebuli da, amasTanave,
wamocmul fexsacmels zeviT-qveviT amoZravebs, mas amiT
seqsualobis demonstrireba da intimuri aqtisken
miswrafebis gamovlena surs.
aracnobier Jestebs Soris Cvens mier xazgasmulad
da sadiferenciod gamoiyofa qcevis sami sxvadasxva
modeli: a) mzaddeba gadawyvetileba, b) gadawyvetileba
miRebulia g) arsebuli viTareba iwvevs SfoTsa da
mRelvarebas pirovnebaSi.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis win:
nikapis gaucnobierebeli wvaleba, tuCebSi gaCrili
saTvalis fexi, Spilis saxiT SeerTebuli TiTebi
miuTiTebs rTulad mimdinare procesebze gadawyvetilebis
miRebamde;
doinjSemoyrili mamakaci da savarZlidan asadgomad
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SemarTuli ymawvili miuTiTeben gareSeT, rom
gadawyvetileba miRebulia.
xolo SfoTsa da mRelvarebas gascems:
pirTan midebuli TiTi – SeTamamebis Txovna, daxmarebis
da mxardaWeris; gulze gadajvaredinebuli xelebi –
sakuTar TavSi ar aris darwmunebuli, ver grZnobs Tavs
daculad.
gadajvaredinebuli xelebi SiSisa da SfoTis
maCvenebelia, xolo arasruli gadajvaredineba (rodesac
erTi xeli sxeulis gaswvriv iWers meores), qmnis
damcav bariers. aseT barierebs iqmnian adamianebi ucxo
gareSe pirTa garemocvaSi, rodesac akliaT jerovani
Tavdajerebuloba.
arasruli barieris kidev erTi saxea e. w. sakuTari
Tavis `xelSi ayvana“. igi axasiaTebs didi auditoriis
win mdgom adamianebs, rodesac sityva aqvT warmosaTqmeli,
an, roca emzadebian sajarod jildos misaRebad. es Jesti
adamians aniWebs emociur usafrTxoebas, imis msgavss,
rogorsac ganicdida bavSvobaSi, rodesac mSoblebs
hqondaT maTTvis CaWidebuli xeli, moaxloebuli
safrTxis gancdisas.
SeiZleba sul mciredi iyos gansxvaveba zurgsukan
xelis xelTan gadaadgilebaSi, magram radikalurad
sxvadasxvas niSnavdes – xelis mtevnebi gadaWdobilni
arian erTmaneTze – simtkicea, xelis mtevani mklavs
ebRauWeba – Tavdaujerebloba!
rodesac qals ukavia xelSi raime sagani (CanTa, safule)
– es, upirveles yovlisa, aris misi Tavdacva arsebuli
uxerxuli mdgomareobidan RirsebiT gamosasvlelad.
Jesti, romelic gamoixateba erTi fexis terfis
dafiqsirebaSi meore fexis wvivze, mTlianad qalebis
moqmedebis arsenalSi Sedis. erTi fexis terfi
gareSemoeWdoba meore fexs da qmnis damcav pozicias.
fsiqologiis enaze qali simbolurad iketeba sakuTar
sxeulis moZraobisa da mimikis ena
168
TavSi, rogorc ku Tavis javSanSi; fexebis gadajvaredineba,
xelebis da fexebis erTdrouli gadajvaredineba –
„ormagi boqlomia“, rac gulisxmobs pirovnebis TavdacviTi
funqciebis gaZlierebas da qalis SemTxvevaSi, sagangebo
zomebis miRebas seqsualuri agresiis winaaRmdeg; majis
Sesakravebis wesrigSi moyvana, halstuxis wvaleba da
misT. aaSkaravebs SeniRbul gancdebsa da nerviulobas,
raime sapasuxismgeblo movlenis win; xolo ararsebuli
bususebis tansacmlidan mocilebis mcdeloba axasiaTebT
adamianebs, romelTac surT sakuTari azris gamoTqma da
raime mizezis gamo ver bedaven da a.S.
gamorCeviT warmodgenili yvela zemomoyvanili
magaliTi mowmobs, rom TiToeul maneras, Jests, mimikas
– sxeulis moZraobis ama Tu im formas, mkacrad
Sesatyvisi fsiqologiuri datvirTva gaaCnia, rasac
xelovnebis sferoSi dasaqmebuli adamianebisaTvis
SesaniSnavi gzamkvlevis rolis Sesruleba xelewifeba,
rogorc araverbaluri qaragmebisa da simboloebis
tradiciuli gaazrebisTvis, aseve – maTi axleburi
interpretaciisaTvis.
maia lipartiani
169
magistrantTa
samecniero statiebi*
* naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.
statiis stili daculia.
170
171
nato mdinaraZe,
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universitetis tele-kino produsingis
mimarTulebis magistranti
xelmZRvaneli - asoc. prof. eliso erisTavi
seriali televiziebSi
sanaxaobiTi kulturis vizualuri xelovnebis formebi
– kino da televizia XX saukuneSi aRmocenda da Tavisi
warmoSobisTanave iqca sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis Zlier
iaraRad. Cemi naSromis mizania teleserialebis rogorc
sazogadoebaze gavlenis mosaxdeni erT-erTi saSvalebis
produsingis zogadi analizi.
gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi bevri proeqti, romelic
radios bazaze Seiqmna da msmenelebSi didi popularobiT
sargeblobda, gadavida televiziaSi.
televiziis ganviTarebas dro sWirdeboda, teqnikuri
saSualebebi mcire iyo, is proeqtebi ki, romelsac radios
saSualebiT icnobda xalxi, sruli saxis miRebamde,
droTa ganmavlobaSi ixveweboda. yvelaze martivad ki,
reklamebi da axali ambebi, egreT wodebuli `niusebi~
moergo teleformats.
Cemi naSromis amocanas serialis produsingis
kvleva warmoadgens. is pirvelad amerikaSi Seiqmna da
komerciuli datvirTva hqonda. mauwyeblebis mizani
iyo, qalebisaTvis regularulad, sasiamovno, martivad
aRsaqmeli siuJeti SeeTavazebinaT, raTa paralelurad
diasaxlisebs saojaxo saqme ekeTebinaT, Tan sarecxi
saSualebis reklama enaxaT. swored amitom jer kidev
radioSi ewoda serials `sapnis opera~.
`sapnis operebis~ farTo warmoeba ganapiroba im
faqtma, rom Zalzed mcire biujetiania, ar moiTxovs
teqnikur sirTuleebs, moqmedeba ZiriTadad interierSi
172
nato mdinaraZe
xdeba da siuJeti dialogebzea agebuli. struqtura ki
xangrZlivi Cvenebis procesTanaa dakavSirebuli. radgan
maTi warmoeba ar moiTxovs did finansur saxsrebs, amitom
amerikis garda es saxeoba swrafad asimilirda sxvadasxva
qveynebSi da dReisaTvis misi mwarmoeblebi, iseTi Raribi
qveynebi arian, rogoricaa brazilia, kolumbia, argentina,
venesuela da a. S., albaT, am faqtma ganapiroba Cvens
realobaSic serialebis farTo gavrceleba da qarTuli
analogebi. Cveni qarTuli mauwyeblebis saeTero badec
uxvadaa gajerebuli am produqciiT. moTxovna imdenad
didia, rom mTlianad dakavebuli aqvs yvelaze Zvirad
Rirebuli dro, egreT wodebuli “Prime Time”.Cemi azriT, seriali, maSin asrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas
Tu is, nebismier wertilSi CarTvisas axerxebs mayureblis
`dabmas~, anu, aqvs aramc Tu seriaTa Soris da Sidaseriuli
intriga, aramed Sida epizoduri da Sida kadrulic ki.
serialis uwyveti seriebi, mayurebels aiZulebs
mudmivad adevnos Tvali maT, es reklamis mimwodeblebis
interesebSic Sedis. garTobis garantia ki dramaturgiuli
struqturaa. amitom serialebs axasiaTebs Txrobis
kulminaciur momentSi Sewyveta. es yovelive ki, mayureblis
cnobismoyvareobas aaqtiurebs da aiZulebs momdevno
seriis yurebas. yvela epizodi mTavrdeba dapirebiT, rom
Txrobis xazi sxva epizodSi ganviTardeba.
televiziis yurebadoba mTel msoflioSi Zalian didia.
mravali televizia did finansebs flobs, ris gamoc
serialebi Janrobrivad ganviTarda. monapovrebi yofis
yvela Temas Seexo, ramac TavisTavad reklamis mozidvas
xeli Seuwyo da seriali finansebis Semomtani gaxda.
amitomac dRes seriali Janrobrivad da Tvisebrivad
sanaxaobis did speqtrs exeba, rac telebadis Sevsebasa
da finansur mogebas exmareba.
Zalze popularulia deteqtiuri Janri, romelic
aseve radiodan modis, televiziaSi ki, profesiis, am
173
SemTxvevaSi policiis popularizaciis funqciac
SeiTavsa. magaliTad: seriali `saidumlo masalebi~
(reJisori da produseri kris karteri). igive SeiZleba
iTqvas serialze ̀ saswrafo~ (reJisori maikl kreitoni),
romelic saavadmyofos mimRebi ganyofilebis eqimebisa
da personalis cxovrebas asaxavs. seriali 15 sezons
moicavs da yvelaze didi samedicino dramaa amerikis
teleistoriaSi. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom serialis
esoden didi popularoba msaxiob jorj klunis didi
damsaxurebacaa.
aseve aRsaniSnavia seriali `taqsi~ (ideis avtori
da reJisori jeims bruksi), sadac avtomobilebis
reklama xdeba da aseve uxvadaa naCvenebi kaskadioruli
xelovneba. profesiebis popularobis Janris serialebi
moicavs yvela im profesias, romelic riskis faqtorTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
fantastikis Tematika metad popularulia,
romlis ganxorcieleba teqnologiur sirTuleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. vinaidan amerikuli kinowarmoeba Tavisi
ganviTarebis procesSi am Tematikas did yuradRebas aqcevs
da maTi teqnologiuri miRwevebi amis saSualebas iZleva
televiziebSic am Janris serialebis gamoCena logikuria.
magaliTad: aRsaniSnavia seriali `dakargulebi~ (avtori
jefri liberi), ramelmac Cemi azriT ar gaamarTla,
magram mayurebelTa did raodenobas es Janri itacebs da
televiziebs uxdebaT maTi interesebis dakmayofileba.
seriali avia katastrofis Sedegad gadarCenili mgzavrebis
yofas mogviTxrobs ukacriel kunZulze. serialis erTi
seriis gadaReba daaxloebiT 2 mln. dolari dajda.
romantiuli da saTavgadasavlo Janri xelovnebasa da
literaturaSi Zalian popularulia, amitom logikuria
misi gamoCena ekranze. es Janri gavrcelebulia msoflios
bevr qveyanaSi da am mimarTulebiT mravali seriali
Seiqmna. magaliTad: `seqsi did qalaqSi~ (avtori daren
seriali televiziebSi
174
nato mdinaraZe
sTari), `sasowarkveTili diasaxlisebi~ (avtori mark
Ceri, produseri lari Sou), romelTa TiTo sezonis
gadaReba daaxloebiT 65-70 mln. dolari dajda.
aseve uxvadaa serialebi teqnologiuri da SemecnebiTi
Tematikis. es ukanasknelni adamianis ganaTlebis sferos
miekuTneba. msgavsi mimarTuleba mravali profesionali
mecnieris dakavebas moiTxovs, dakavSirebulia mravali
magaliTis mowodebis sirTulesTanac, rac biujetTan
pirdapir kavSirSia. amgvari proeqtebis warmoebiT
msoflioSi liderobs britanuli kompania BBC da misi produqcia mravladaa iseT arxebze, rogoricaa:
Discovery, Animal planet, National Geographic da a.S.. maTze daxarjuli xarjebi ki, kompensirdeba RirebulebiT,
vinaidan am proeqtebs yidulobs msoflios mravali
televizia. aseve maTi SeZeniT dainteresebulni arian
saswavlo dawesebulebebi saswavlo daniSnulebiT.
msoflioSi metad popularulia situaciuri
komedia anu “sitcoms”. am Janris namuSevrebi, sityviis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, yofiTi Tematikis komediuri
mowodebaa da es mayureblebSi yovelTvis moTxovnadi
iyo. amis gamocdileba, rogorc radioSi, aseve kinoSi,
daixvewa da televiziaSi organulad Caewera. magaliTad:
yvelasaTvis cnobili amerikuli `megobrebi~ (avtori d.
kreini, m. kaufmani). msoflio televiziebi gajerebulia
am JanriT, radgan yofiT sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba da ufro
popularulia vidre odesRac `sapnis operebi~.
saqarTveloSi serialebi 90-ian wlebSi gamoCnda da
dRemde mzardi popularobiT sargeblobs. amerikuli
produqciis Cveneba Cvens ekranze naklebad xdeba, radgan
kanoniT maTi dublireba ikrZaleba. masa ki meqnikur
stilistikasaa miCveuli da subtitrebi misTvis
damRlelia. swored, amitom, mkveTrad daeca amerikuli
serialebis reitingi da mauwyeblebic aRar riskaven mis
yidvas. subtitrebi moqmedebs mayureblis aRqmaze da
175
Sesabamisad reitingze. mauwyebeli yidulobs serials
romelsac moaqvs reklama, reklama ki, statistikuri
monacemebiT moaqvs telenovelas, anu, `sapnis operas~,
romlebsac ZiriTadad laTinoamerikuli qveynebi
awarmoeben.
rac Seexeba amerikul, mxatvrulad ufro Rirebul
produqcias, saqarTveloSi maTi Cvenebis Taviseburi
manera Camoyalibda. amerikelebi kviraSi serialis erT
epizods uSveben da mayurebels misi molodini aqvs.
saqarTveloSi ki, roca amerikuli serialebi axali xili
iyo, yidulobdnen ramdenime sezons da uSvebdnen yoveldRe.
aman ar gaamarTla, radgan mayureblis interesis mixedviT
yoveldRiuri mozidva Zalian rTulia. es maTi mxridan
bevr Tavisufal dros moiTxovs, xolo intervalis gazrda
seriebs Soris TavisTavad mayureblis raodenobasac
zrdis. es yovelive mzardi proporciiT televiziis
SemosavalTanaa dakavSirebuli. igive problema qarTul
serialebsac Seexo. magaliTad: serial `Cemi colis
daqalebis~ reJisors, giorgi lifonavas, xSirad smenia
pretenzia, Tu ratom ar gadioda ufro meti seeria
kviraSi,xolo seriebis damatebis Semdeg serialis
xarisxi da aseve yurabadoba sagrZnoblad daeca.
saqarTveloSi, aseve Zalian popularulia amerikuli
“sitcoms”-is qarTul realobas morgebuli formatebi.
dabali reitingi aqvT amerikul situaciur komediebs,
radgan iumoris sxva garemoze gadmotana rTulia, Tan
rogorc aRvniSne subtitrebis problemacaa. isini
amerikul situaciasaa morgebuli da sufTa amerikuli
Sida moxmarebis produqtia. amitom, saqarTveloSi,
iReben amerikul “sitcoms” da argeben qarTul realobas.
aseTi tipis serialebze moTxovna Zalian didia, magram
radgan adgilobrivi warmoeba Zviri jdeba, bevri ver
keTdeba. magaliTad, amerikaSi popularuli - `friendsi~
- satelevizio badeSi aris 7-8-saaTian zonaSi, mis
seriali televiziebSi
176
nato mdinaraZe
qarTul analogs - `Sua qalaqSi~ - am zonaSi ver
gauSveben, radgan reklama naklebia. amas garda, qarTuli
“sitcoms”-is Semqmnelebi iZulebulebi arian, TiTo an
ori seria gauSvan kviraSi, rac mijaWvulobas ar iwvevs.
qarTuli analogebi xSir SemTxvevaSi mdare xarisxis
da iumorisaa. ZiriTadad axalgazrdebzea gaTvlili,
aqcentia adamianebze, romlebic sulelis rolis TamaSiT
axerxeben mayureblis gacinebas. es ukanaskneli ki
saocar zegavlenas axdens dRevandeli axalgazrdebis
qcevasa da leqsikaze. yuradsaRebia aseve sareklamo
Wrebis xangrZlioba. xSirad is 15 wuTs aWarbebs, rac
sagrZnoblad amcirebs serialebis yurebadobas qarTul
ekranebze. am mxriv vfiqrob aucilebelia balansis
daregulireba.
pirveli qarTuli mxatruli seriali `saxli Zvel
ubanSi~ fantastikuri Janris gaxldaT, romelic 1994
wels gamovida ekranze. amis Semdeg iyo garkveuli
wyveta. Semdeg qarTuli serialebis warmoebaSi pionerad
telekompania ̀ imedi~ gvevlineba. adgilobrivi produqcia
gacilebiT reitinguli aRmoCnda vidre nebismieri zemoT
CamoTvlili amerikuli seriali saqarTveloSi. isini
yovelTvis uwevdnen konkurencias amerikul serialebsac
ki, Tumca maTi gadaReba patara qveynebisTvis Zviri
siamovnebaa. TiTo seria daaxloebiT 10 000-12 000
dolari jdeba. rTulia `amoiRos Tavisi Tavi ~, rigi
mizezebis gamo Znelia maTi saerTaSoriso bazarze gatana,
amitom qarTuli serialebis warmoebis dafinanseba sxva
kompaniebis mier iSviaTia. maT ZiriTadad telekompania
afinansebs, proeqts ki zogjer gadamRebi jgufi awvdis
magaliTad `yava da ludi~, `Cemi colis daqalebi~. rac
Seexeba Sinaarsobriv kuTxes, aqac amerikul analogebTan
gvaqvs saqme. ̀ imedis~ seriali ̀ gogona gareubnidan~ - ̀ uSno
betis~ formatia, rac araerT qveyanas aqvs gakeTebuli.
xolo `Cemi colis daqalebi~-s SemTxvevaSi, paralelebs
177
serialebTan - `seqsi did qalaqSi~ da `sasowarkveTili
diasaxlisebi~ - avleben. Tumca, SemoqmedebiTi jgufebi
miiCneven, rom dasaxelebuli amerikuli serialebi, im
konkretuli qveynis adamianebs, iqaur situaciebs da
problemebs asaxavs, eseni ki, qarTul realobas aris
morgebuli.
e. w. vertikaluri seriali, romelic damoukidebeli
ambebisgan Sedgeba, arc saqarTvelosTvis aris ucxo.
serialiSi `yava da ludi~ - hqondaT erT, or, sam da
oTx seriani ambebi. Tavad seriali originaluri iyo,
Tumca, inspiracia ramdenime deteqtivma moaxdina. am
serialSi aqcenti gmirebze keTdeboda, yoveli seria
iyo dasrulebuli da meore epizodSi sxva siuJeti
viTardeboda, am wyebas ki, ramdenime gmiri da saerTo
profesia aerTianebda. es exeboda `cxel ZaRlsac~.
bolo periodSi ki es tendencia Seicvala da dRevandel
serialebs konkretuli siuJeti, an intriga ara aqvT.
isini ubralod, mxiaruli, realisturi serialebia da
Tbilisur cxovrebas asaxavs.
qarTul tele-sivrceSi zogjer Tavad televizia
iCens iniciativas. amis magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
telekompania пик-is inciativa rusulenovani deteqtiuri
Janris serialis gadaRebisa. is gaTvlilia rusulenovan
qarTvel mayurebelze, romelic savaraudod eTerSi
momavali sezonidan gava. proeqtis xelmZRvaneli Cem
mier zemoT CamoTvlili serialebis `cxeli ZaRli~,
`yava da ludi~, aseve `Tendeba gvian~, `qaRaldis tyvia~,
`mglebis xorumis~ mTavari produseri oTar SamaTavaa.
misi azriT qarTuli serialebis finansuri mogebisaTvis,
maTi sazRvrebs gareT gatanaa aucilebeli. amisaTvis
ki gayidvebis winaswar dagegmarebaa saWiro. am mxriv
yvelaze warmatebuli `cxeli ZaRli~ aRmoCnda, romlis
realizacia 12 qveyanaSi moxda. aseve damatebiTi mogeba
moaqvs serialebis ganmeorebiT Cvenebebs garkveuli
seriali televiziebSi
178
periodis Semdeg da Tu seriali xarisxiania, is wlebis
Semdegac kargad iyideba.
nato mdinaraZe
179
evelina menTeSaSvili,
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universitetis magistranti
xelmZRvaneli - asoc. prof. eliso erisTavi
eqstremaluri Jurnalistika da
TviTprodiusingi cxel wertilebSi
ra aris eqstrimi? esaa situacia, romelic drois
minimalur monakveTSi maqsimalur moqmedebas moiTxovs.
swrafi azrovneba da eqstremalur situaciaSi
TviTprodiusingi is unarCvevebia, romelic eqstremalur
Jurnalistikasa da prodiusings Wirdeba.
Cemi naSromis mizania, gagacnoT is wesebi, romelsac
mediaeqspertebma oqros wesebi uwodes. es unarCvevebi
drom gamocada da sxvis Secdomebze swavlas hgavs.
rac naklebi ici, miT ufro naklebad geSinia omis, _ es
sakuTar gamocdilebaze dayrdnobili Teoriaa.
istorikosebisa da sociologebis azriT, axali
ambavi adamianis ZiriTad impulss akmayofilebs. adamians
yovelTvis ainteresebs, ra xdeba iq, sadac TviTon ar
aris.
Jurnalistika aris sistema, romelsac sazogadoeba
qmnis axali ambebis mosapoveblad da sxva socialur
institutebTan erTad misi daniSnulebaa sazogadoebis
marTvaSi monawileobis miReba.
mediaeqspertebis bil kovaCis da tom rozenstilis
saxelmZRvaneloSi „Jurnalistikis elementebi~
Camoyalibebulia Jurnalistikis ZiriTadi principebi.
pirveli principi isaa, rom Jurnalistikam adamianebi
uzrunvelyos informaciiT, Jurnalisti emsaxurebodes
simarTles, da SeZlos mopovebuli dokumenturi masalis
ise gadamuSaveba, rom mayurebels mieces saSualeba miiRos
180
sxvadasxva informacia erTsa da imave faqtze da daskvna
gamoitanos piradi xedviT.
am amocanis Sesasruleblad saWiroa:
. informaciis mudmivi gadamowmeba;
. damoukidebloba maTgan, visac aSuqeb;
. Jurnalisti aris xelisuflebis damoukidebeli
makontrolebeli;
. Jurnalistika aZlevs xalxs sajaro kritikisa da
msjelobis saSualebas;
. daculi iqnes informaciis proporciuloba;
. Jurnalistika moralur normebs ar scildeba,
eyrdnoba simarTles, sindissa da pasuxismgeblobas.
eqstremaluri Jurnalistikis prodiusingi, romelic
reportioris funqciebTan aris dakavSirebuli,
iTvaliswinebs gonebriv mobilizacias, rTul situaciaSi
adaptirebas da risks.
reportioris saqmianoba did riskTan aris
dakavSirebuli. mas uwevs muSaoba SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtis, samoqalaqo areulobis dros, aSuqebs
sazogadoebriv-politikuri mniSvnelobis movlenebs,
sensaciur faqtebs, saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs, rac dafarulia.
SesaZloa viRacisTvis arasasurvel dros, arasasurvel
adgilze aRmoCndes.
Jurnalistis profesia erT-erTi yvelaze saxifaToa
msoflioSi. es xifaTi sabediswero xdeba maSin, rodesac
Jurnalistebs ara aqvT cxel wertilebSi muSaobis
gamocdileba. sakuTari magaliTis safuZvelze SemiZlia
aRvniSno, rom emociuri foni erT-erTi xelis SemSleli
faqtoria, gaaSuqo omi piradi tkivilisa da SegrZnebebis
gareSe, anu sakuTar qveyanaSi omis reportioroba (romelic
germanuli sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis ZDF - Tvis
momiwia), ormagad rTuli aRmoCnda. gansakuTrebiT rTuli
aRmoCnda im zRvris dacva, romelic civsisxlianobasa da
profesionalizms Soris gadis. unda ecado akeTo Seni
evelina menTeSaSvili
181
saqme da Tavidan amoigdo sxvebis daxmareba es mTavari
wesia, _ miziarebda sakuTar gamocdilebas evropaSi
cnobili omis reportiori antonia radosi, romelmac omis
dasrulebisTanave damisva „diagnozi~: Cemi emociurobis
gamo oms ver gadavitandi (mniSvneloba ara aqvs sakuTar
Tu sxvis qveyanaSia omi). gamoucdelobis gamo, gaweuli
riskis Semdeg ki, Cemi gadarCena, mxolod iRblis xarjze
xdeboda, amas Tavadac mivxvdi omis dasrulebis Semdeg.
swored am mizeziTaa, rom Cemi dRevandeli naSromis
amocanac, im sakiTxebis safuZvlianad Seswavlaa, romelsac
Jurnalistika moicavs.
axali ambebis usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso institutma
(INSI) mimdinare wels daRupuli Jurnalistebis Sesaxeb
monacemebi gamoaqveyna. sul raRac erT TveSi aTamde
Jurnalistis daRupvis faqtia dafiqsirebuli.
saomari situaciebisa da samoqalaqo areulobisas
samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis dros,
bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi masobrivi sainformacio
saSualebebis 1000-ze meti warmomadgeneli daiRupa.
bevri mZimed daSavda da aqtiur moRvaweobas veRar
axerxebs. gadatanili stresis gamo, zogierTi intensiur
fsiqologiur daxmarebasac saWiroebs. mag: 2012 wlis 20
ianvars pakistanSi Talibebma adgilobrivi Jurnalisti
mukaram xan aatifi mokles, romelic `amerikis xmis~
korespondentad muSaobda.
imave wels ianvarSi filipineli Jurnalisti da
publicisti kristofer guorini mokles. daRupul da
daSavebul JurnalistTa sia samwuxarod sakmaod vrcelia.
mediaeqspertebma profesionalizmis sazomad sifrTxile
miiCnies. „ambavi ar Rirs sicocxlis fasad~!
brZolis velidan miRebul informaciaze sazogadoebaSi
yovelTvis didi moTxovnileba arsebobs. rac ufro
didia omis masStabebi, miT metia moTxovnileba amgvar
informaciaze da, Sesabamisad, izrdeba ̀ cxel wertilebSi~
eqstremaluri Jurnalistika da TviTprodiusingi cxel wertilebSi
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momuSave Jurnalistebis anazRaurebac. es garemoeba ki,
xSirad aiZulebs reportiorebs, daarRvion usafrTxoebis
moTxovnebi da eqskluziuri masala sakuTari sicocxlis
riskis fasad moipovon. gazeT `kviris palitris~
samxedro mimomxilveli irakli aladaSvili, romelsac
samxedro konfliqtebSi moRvaweobis sakmao gamocdileba
aqvs, ixsenebs qarTveli Jurnalistebis daRupvis
faqts, ruseTis samxedro aviaciis mier qalaq soxumis
dabombvisas. _ `bombebi iyo 250 kilogramiani, magram
isini soxumis kvartlebSi Camovardnis dros ar afeTqda.
gaigzavnen qarTveli ganmnaRvelebi, rom gaenaRmaT isini.
ganaRmvis dros moxda bombebis inicireba da afeTqeba. am
dros daiRupa rva menaRme da 4 Jurnalisti, romlebic
am faqts iRebdnen videoaparaturaze~.
daRupul Jurnalistebs, romelTagan erT-erTi
samxedro prescentris operatori giorgi popiaSvili
iyo, ar SeiZleboda scodnodaT, rom qalaqze Camoyril
saaviacio bombebs eyena specialuri meqanizmi, romelic
moqmedebaSi modis garkveuli drois Semdeg. es ar icoda
arc samxedro xelmZRvanelobam, romelmac Jurnalistebs
saxifaTo siaxloves muSaobis neba darTo. imave
afxazeTis omis dros iyo SemTxveva, roca brZolis wina
xazze gasuli Jurnalisti miRebuli Wrilobis Sedegad
sisxlisgan daicala. aseTi savalalo faqtebi didi da
mcire intensivobis konfliqtebis dros xdeba, amitom
Jurnalistebs iseve moeTxovebaT usafrTxoebis zomebis
codna da dacva, rogorc samxedroebs.
mraval qveyanaSi Tavad Jurnalistebma Seadgines
erTgvari saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic miTiTebulia, Tu ra
wesebis dacva evalebaT sabrZolo operaciebSi momuSave
reportiorebs. es aris: danaRmul velze qcevis wesebi;
saartilerio dabombvis dros ras Seafaros Tavi da
rogori safari airCios; sangarSi rogor Cawves; ra
Caicvas - Jurnalists ar unda ecvas iseTi ram, rac
evelina menTeSaSvili
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miamsgavsebs jariskacs, anu samxedro forma, muzaradi.
Tu omi wesebis gareSe warmoebs, Tu samxedroebi
arad dagideven humanitaruli samarTlis normebs, maSin
gauTvaliswinebeli safrTxisgan verc erTi Jurnalisti
iqneba dazRveuli.
Jurnalistis TviTprodiusingi omsa da zogadad
situaciebSi Zalian mniSvnelovania. misi gadarCena
xSir SemTxvevaSi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor
moqmedebs igi cxel wertilebSi profesiuli movaleobis
Sesrulebisas.
2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis gasaSuqeblad
Camosuli holandieli kolega jek kruzi (Press Now) romelsac eqstremalur JurnalistikaSi didi
gamocdileba aqvs ambobs:
Jurnalists xSirad uwevs muSaoba konfliqtebis
epicentrSi, iq sadac saSiSi zonaa, aseT viTarebaSi is
pirvel rigSi unda fiqrobdes sakuTar usafrTxoebaze,
rogor daicvas Tavi, rogor gadarCes da amave dros
xalxisTvis saWiro, saintereso masalebi moipovos. am
dros Jurnalists yuradRebis koncentrireba marTebs
ufro metad sakuTar Tavze. magaliTad: rodesac is
manqaniT midis da xedavs, rom mis win mimavali manqana
feTqdeba, ki ar unda gadmoxtes da uSvelos iq msxdom
xalxs, aramed unda mounaxos im teritorias gverdze
avlis saSualeba, raTa cecxls Tavi daaRwios.
eqstremaluri Jurnalistikis centris mier gamocemul
saxelmZRvaneloSi «Прикладная конфликтология для журналистов» vkiTxulobT:
Jurnalistma sakuTari Tavi TviTon unda marTos
nebismier situaciaSi, unda gamoimuSavos is unarCvevebi
da wesebi, rac saWiro da aucilebelia omSi da zogadad
eqstremalur viTarebebSi. es unarCvevebi da wesebi,
ZiriTadad emociebs emyareba. ar unda gaSuqdes faqtebi
gulgrilad, Jurnalisti valdebulia moiZios informacia,
eqstremaluri Jurnalistika da TviTprodiusingi cxel wertilebSi
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Tu ratom xdeba konfliqti, rogor moqmedeben aseT
dros mxareebi, vin da rogor sargeblobs am konfliqtiT,
romeli mxaris mier irRveva wesebi da a. S.. rac yvelaze
mTavaria, Jurnalisti ar unda gamoiyenos romelime
dapirispirebulma mxarem sakuTari miznebisTvis. TviTon
Jurnalists ki, ar unda hqondes romelime mxaris ndoba
da faqtebze dakvirvebas Tavad unda axdendes. ar unda
gaxdes emociuri fonis nawili, yovelTvis unda SeeZlos
simSvidis SenarCuneba da sifrTxiliT moqmedeba.
arsebobs wesebi romelsac nebismieri reportiori
unda emorCilebodes:
Jurnalistma, romelic samoqalaqo areulobis, mitingis,
demonstraciis gaSuqebas apirebs, unda gaiTvaliswinos,
rom SemTxvevis adgilze Zalian dagvianebas adre misvla
sjobs.
satransporto saSualeba TavSeyris adgilidan
moSorebiT unda gaaCeros, raTa manqana ar daziandes.
korespondentma unda daaTvalieros garemo da
SeimuSaos moqmedebisa da gadaadgilebis saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi gaqcevis gegmac.
Jurnalistma mobilur telefonSi winaswar unda
moiZios im adamianebis telefonebi, romelTac saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi swrafad daukavSirdeba.
reportiorma unda icodes Tu sad dgas saswrafo
daxmarebis manqana.
eqstremaluri situaciebis gaSuqebisas miuRebelia
daxra da Ziridan Tundac suvenirad raime nivTis aReba.
korespondentma yuradReba unda miaqcios sad
imyofebian misi kolegebi, SeiZleba isini mniSvnelovan
informacias floben, rac man jer ar icis!
Jurnalistma Tan unda iqonios, wyali, sakvebi da
saafTiaqo CanTa.
masobrivi areulobis dros xSirad momitingeebi
iyeneben xelketebs, samarTaldamcavebi ki cremlsaden
evelina menTeSaSvili
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gazs da rezinis tyviebs. safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad
korespondentma unda ataros damcavi saTvale. umjobesia
tansacmeli ufaravdes Tavs, kisrisa da yelis midamos,
xelebs da muxlebs. ar unda atarebdes mkveTri feris
gamomwvev samoss.
axlos _ yovelTvis ar niSnavs ukeTess. kargi
reportaJis da siuJetis momzadeba, kadrebis mopoveba
zogjer Soridanac SesaZlebelia, amisTvis sulac araa
saWiro xalxis masasTan SeerTeba.
roca Jurnalisti saWiro raodenobis kadrebs
moipovebs axliT unda Secvalos firi (an diski),
Canaweri ki saimedod gadamalos. man Tan unda iqonios
yalbi, Zveli firi, romelsac gaRizianebuli adamianis
moTxovnis Semdeg dauyovnebliv „gaimetebs gadasacemad~.
saomari konfliqtis gaSuqebisas marTebulia
mewyvilesTan erTad muSaoba. aseT dros umjobesia gverdiT
iyos viRac, vinc saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis
gawevas SeZlebs. samxedro SenaerTTan erTad gadaadgileba
sariskoa, Jurnalisti SesaZloa mowinaaRmdegem mtrad
miiCnios. cxel wertilTan miaxloveba saxifaToa, amitom
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba maRali xarisxis teqnikiT
aRWurvas, Sori manZilidan gadaReba rom moxerxdes.
korespondentma Tu samxedroebTan erTad gadaadgileba
mouxdeba, meTauris nebismieri miTiTeba mkacrad unda
daicvas! samxedro manqaniT mgzavrobisas kolonis TavSi
an boloSi yofna sasurveli ar aris.
miuRebelia sigaretis moweva RamiT, anTebuli Tambaqo
Sori manZilidan advili SesamCnevia, mweveli SesaZloa
kargi samizne gaxdes.
Jurnalisti valdebulia ataros piradobis mowmoba,
iaraRi - ara, radgan SesaZloa jaSuSad miiCnion.
safrTxe samxedro operaciis dasrulebis Semdegac
arsebobs, SesaZloa teritoria danaRmuli aRmoCndes.
gamarjvebis niSnad haerSi nasroli tyviac xSirad
eqstremaluri Jurnalistika da TviTprodiusingi cxel wertilebSi
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gauTvaliswinebel msxverpls iwvevs. amitom sifrTxile
aucilebelia!
konfliqtur zonebSi, cxel wertilebSi momuSave
masmediis warmomadgenlebis sakiTxiT doqtori fenSteini
da mkvlevarTa jgufi dainteresda. gamaognebeli Sedegebi
daido: samxedro Jurnalisti CveulebrivTan SedarebiT
stresisadmi da fsiqikuri aSlilobisadmi 3-jer metadaa
midrekili. ganicdian socialur disfunqcias da depresias,
antidepresantebisa da alkoholis momxmareblebi
xdebian. Tumca garkveuli nawili sruliad janmrTelia
da warmatebiT ganagrZobs saqmianobas
JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebi aqtiurad
ibrZvian, reportiorTa usafrTxoebisaTvis. riskis
Semcirebis mizniT intensiurad mimdinareobs cxel
wertilebSi momuSave kadrebis momzadeba.
profesionalad is Jurnalisti iTvleba, visac
eqstremaluri situaciebis gaSuqebisas eSinia da
frTxilobs. Jurnalisti teri andersoni ambobs:
`ar arsebobs ambavi, risTvisac sikvdili Rirs!“
media eqspertebma movlenebis gaSuqebisas prioriteti
Jurnalistis usafrTxoebas mianiWes. axali ambavi
adamianis janmrTelobasTan SedarebiT meore xarisxovani
aRmoCnda, amrigad eqstremalur situaciaSi muSaobisas,
profesionalizmis sazomi swored Tavis Svela, gaqceva
da gadarCenaa da ara mniSvnelovani informaciisTvis
gmiruli sikvdili.
eqspertebi mouwodeben Jurnalistebs Seafason riski
da moeridon safrTxes.
Tu darwmunebuli ar xar - daanebe Tavi! ase JRers oqros
wesi, romelsac masmediis warmomadgenlebs sTavazoben da
axseneben, rom profesionalia is, vinc gaiTvaliswinebs,
rom „mkvdars popularoba aRar sWirdeba“!
evelina menTeSaSvili
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literatura, komentarebi:
dainteresebul JurnalistTa komiteti da adamianebisa da
presis pius kvleviTi centri, Striking the balance: audience interests, business pressures and journalists values (2006), bil
kovaCi, tom rozenstili „Jurnalistikis elementebi~ (ra unda
icodes axali ambebis sferos muSakebma da ras unda moelodes
maTgan sazogadoeba) Центр экстремальной журналистики «прикладная конфликтология для журналистов» изд. институт по освещению войны и мира (2006).
eqstremaluri Jurnalistika da TviTprodiusingi cxel wertilebSi
188
avtorTa Sesaxeb
mixeil kalandariSvili – daibada q. TbilisSi, 1952 wlis 11
ivliss. 1969 wels daasrula Tbilisis 50-e saS. skola, 1974
wels – SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri
instituti da Cairicxa leningradis Teatris, musikisa da
kinematografiis (лгитмик) institutis aspiranturaSi. 1979 wels amave institutSi (лгитмик), icavs disertacias s.
axmetelis reJisuris problematikaze xelovnebaTmcodneobis
kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. 1979 wlidan SoTa
rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutis
pedagogi da mecnier-muSakia. 1993 wels SromiT `qarTuli
Teatris ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi~ icavs disertacias
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad. aris
oTxmocamde Teoriuli da istoriuli xasiaTis samecniero
publikaciebis da agreTve rusuli da franguli Teatraluri
enciklopediebis werilebis avtori. amJamad SoTa rusTavelis
Teatrisa da kinos sruli profesoria kritikis da Teoriis
mimarTulebiT.
maia kiknaZe _ Teatrmcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.
1989 wels daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri
institutis Teatrmcodneobis fakulteti.
1991 wlidan muSaobs Teatraluri institutSi leqtorad.
kiTxulobs saleqcio kurss qarTuli Teatris istoriisa da
Tojinebis Teatris istoriaSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 50-mde
statia da samecniero naSromi Jurnal-gazeTebSi.
daculi aqvs disertacia Temaze ,,eqspresionizmi 10-iani
wlebis qarTul TeatrSi”.
amJamad SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetSi
ukavia asocirebuli profesoris akademiuri Tanamdeboba.
kiTxulobs disciplinebs: qarTuli Teatris istoria, Tojinebis
Seatris istoria, saTeatro kritika da Teoria.
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Tamar quTaTelaZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.
daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universitetis Teatrmcodneobis fakulteti.
Ddaicva disertacia Temaze ,,raJisor Salva gawerelis
Teatraluri esTetka’’, muSaobs saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis
saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi.
amzadebs saxelmZRvanelos ,,qarTuli dramaturgiis istoria’’
(d. mumlaZesTan erTad). misi publikaciebi sistematurad
ibeWdeba JurnalSi ,,Teatri da cxovreba’’.
mob: +995 577 55 16 66
el-fosta: [email protected]
daviT gujabiZe - saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da
kinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori
daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis fizikis
fakulteti, radiofizikosis specialobiT. aseve swavlobda
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo Teatralur
institutSi, levan paataSvilis kinosaoperatoro da merab
kokoCaSvilis kinosareJisoro saxelosnoebSi.
staJireba gaiara germaniaSi, aris evropis media-profesionalebis
saerTaSoriso proeqtis «Nipkow-programm»-is stipendianti
(q. berlini).
gaxlavT dokumenturi, mxatvruli da musikaluri filmebis
avtor-reJisor-operatori, sareklamo rgolebis da
videoklipebis reJisori.
statiebisa da gamokvlevebis avtori, romlebic sxvadasxva dros
gamoqveynda gazeTebsa da JurnalebSi «qarTuli filmi», «axali
epoqa», «kino», «omega», «Teatraluri moambe», `kavkasiis macne~,
`kultura~, ̀ duruji~, ̀ TeatrmcodneobiTi da kinomcodneobiTi
Ziebani” da sxva.
tel: + 995 599 55 30 93
vaJa zubaSvili - saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis
Teatrisa da kinos universitetis pedagogi 2002 wlidan;
amJamad dokumenturi kios reJisuris sabakalavro da
samagistro programebis xelmZRvaneli. amasTan kiTxulobs
leqciebis kurss «telereJisura» da «satelevizio reklama».
gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero publikaciebi, miRebuli aqvs
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monawileoba respublikur da saerTaSoriso konferenciebSi.
gadaRebuli aqvs 30-ze meti dokumenturi filmi; aris
saqarTvelos kinematografistTa kavSiris gamgeobis wevri.
1998 wlidan muSaobs sxvadasxva telekompaniebSi; 2009wlidan
dRemde aris saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis arqivis
xelmZRvaneli.
maia goSaZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo
universitetis asocirebuli profesori. daamTavra SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatrmcodneobis
fakulteti. sxvadasxva dros, gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikaciebi
amerikuli, antikuri da renesansis dramaturgiis Sesaxeb.
amJamad muSaobs Temaze `variaciebi miTosur motivebze~.
tel: + 995 (32) 299 65 54
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THE MATERIALS OF FREE SECTION OF THE SCIENTIFIC
CONFERENCE 2011
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Natalia Digmelashvili,PhD Student of
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityThe doctor of Art study
GUIDELINES FOR TEACHING DANCE AS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF DRAMA PEDAGOGY
Theses
Dance as a study discipline plays a key role in training of stage actor. Our main interest lies in creation and formation of drama school as pedagogical training system for stage actor.
Problem of forming a new dance education system which would live up to the tasks of preparing stage actors arose with emergence of theatre field education.
An established system for stage actor development was created by K.S. Stanislavsky –
a system which lies at the base of theatre pedagogy. From the early XXth century there has been a great dispute in Georgian theatre scene around renewal of dramatic theatre and creation of drama school.
In line with Georgian theatre renaissance and under the guidance of A. Paghava a Shota Rustaveli Theatre based drama studio has been created. A new generation of stage actors began to be trained there.
With time teaching methodology undergoes change and dance training methods are being refined. An outside world offers diverse methods for dance training.
With experience of various schools and their professional training in mind, we tried to refine and update program and teaching methodology of dance for those working in theatre and film.
We want to train an actor with contemporary standards. This is the reason behind our needs for new teaching methods and methodology.
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Nino Sanadiradze, The doctor of Art study
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
UNDERSTANDING OF ART SECTOR MANAGEMENT
Theses
In the article briefly is examined essence of attitude of meaning culture and art management. The proposed work presents a descriptive analysis of negotiation of culture and culture management, meaning of management differentiation in art sector and aims.
This article describes peculiarity of marketing in art and culture sector and special of art market. The article concerns development trends of art management and how to use business skills to support and promote a variety of visual, performing, and media arts and artists. For the time being the cultural market is playing important role in world economy. However, with all their importances there are problems presents with financing of culture sector. Business skills, arts and entertainment managers play a key role in bringing great performances, paintings, scripts, songs, and more to the public.
In this article author argue for more theoretical discussion and empirical research into organizational and managerial dynamics of commercial cultural production. Their concern grows out of their observation that management research is neglecting cultural production as a serious object of investigation despite its economic, social, and political significance.
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Maia Sigua,Tbilisi State Conservatoire Music Theory Faculty
Ph.D program – Musicology First year studentSupervisor: Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. Ketevan Bolashvili
THE MODIFICATIONS OF MUSIC AND DRAMA INTERDEPENDENCE IN THE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN
OPERA OF THE 2ND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Theses
In this article we discuss the interdependence modifications of music and drama on the sample of several works, created in the 2nd half of the 20th Century. Changes, which had place in music after late 50s, coused amendments in nature of genre of opera, which themselves generated different types of the musical theatre.
Vladimir (Lado) Tatishvili,PhD Student of
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityThe head: professor. Giorgi Chartolani
POWER OF THE WORD IN TV ADVERTISEMENT AS ONE OF THE CREATIVE LEVER
Theses
• Liking TV advertisement is kind of wisdom and at the same it includes creating new phrases, new words. Well created advertisement idea has to be individual by its style and story. Just in this case there creator can reach the full effect.
• TV advertisement which is adequate of the content by its art-creative style is used for a long time, for the realization of good products.
• While working on the creative conception, idea, it is very important to think about the logical connection of the form and
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content of the Add. It has to be directed the attention not just about the words, phrases used in the Add; It also has to be intentioned “how” the hero of the Add is expressing the words, phrases. These kinds of sequences are one of the main factors of succession of the “branded” production.
• How is possible to “pack” impressively by words the new brand? This point is too interesting because it includes the selection and consideration of the phrases and words in the text of the advertisement.• The word itself is one of the strong increaser of the impression. It is the lever, which makes effective impression on the customers. On this case we can consider the four (4) types of words working in the ads. 1- Synonyms; 2 – Artistic methods of comparison; 3 – Associatively connected words; 4 – Antonym pares.
Naira Ghvedashvili,PhD student of
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityAssociated professor
INFORMATION ASSURANCE AND STATISTICS OF INNOVATIONS
Theses
The main condition for affective functioning of any organization is to implement communications and innovations. Competitive struggle and a number of other requirements stimulate the necessities of implementing the innovations. Coordination of the informational flow and control of the communication network enables people and a group of people to have an influence on others. The business of the leader is to realize his role in the relations among persons, at exchanging information and at the processes of taking decisions in management functions, implementing innovations and realization. Implementing the innovations and exchanging the information are one of the complicated problems at any level of hierarchy.
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Malkhaz Gvinjilia, Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film
Georgian State University Head of cultural tourism in direction of management, full professor
SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECT OF SETTING
RURAL TOURISM IN EUROPE(50-ies of XX century)
Theses
Rural tourism is special filed of tourism industry. Traditional directions of agriculture, rituals and customs connected with rural life present the assisting factors for development of rural tourism.
The rise in demand for green environment and rural quietness in population caused developing of mentioned directions in Europe in the middle period of recent century. The process took such intensive character that it even exceeded the incomes got from agro-industry and it was also distinguished by high structure of employment.
Due to everything mentioned above, rural tourism got massive character in Europe and caused creation of agro-tourist corporations and the popularization of the directions of given business.
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THEATRE STUDIES
Mikheil Kalandarishvili
NATURE OF DRAMA CONFLICT
Theses
In the letter there is examined one of the central issue of drama theory. Essence of drama conflict its necessity and peciularitiy. The areal of displaying conflicts or social and asocial (anti-social) in the dramatic art is analized and as for spreading view of soviet theory is rejected, according to which dramatic conflict always characterized as social.
ABOUT AUTHORWas born in 1952 July 11. In 1969 he finished the secondary school of Tbilisi, number 50, In 1974 he graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. He entered and enrolled on post-graduate school of Leningrad theatre, music and film institute. At the same year, in 1979 he maintained a thesis about Akhmeteli direction problems to receive a PhD degree. Since 1979 he has been a teacher and scientist. In 1993 he maintained a thesis to get a doctoral degree of art study, with the work “The basic directions of Georgian theatre”. He is author of eighty theatrical and historical characteristic scientific publications and also Russian and French theatrical encyclopedia letters’. Nowadays he is the complete professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film in the direction of critics and theory.
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Maia Kiknadze
NEW THEATRE IN RUSTAVI AND AKHALTSIKHE – 1967
Theses
In the work there is examined process of forming a new theatre in Rustavi and Akhaltsikhe in 1967, their first play – “Theodore” staged in Meskheti by Otar Chkheidze. Idmon Rostan “ Cyrano de Bergerac” organized in Rustavi.
On the basis of having conflict in the Mardjanishvili theatre, the Rustavi theatre was created, when the talented creative staff separated from the Mardjanishvil theatre. They established a new theatre by heading Giga Lortkipanidze, the producer of the theatre. By the guidance of director Nana Demetrashvili, the graduated students of drama faculty of theatre institute formed the Meskheti theatre. Creation of the theatre was an important event in the history of Georgian theatre. Both of the theatre had got different creative potential, but they cause resonance of society.
ABOUT AUTHORTheatre critic, The Doctor of art study.Graduated from Shota Rustaveli university of drama and theatre with major in theatre studies in the year of 1989.From 1992 works at the university as a lecturer, gives a lectures at the Georgian theatre history and the puppet theatre history.Published 50 articles and scientific works on newspaper-magazine.Maintained a thesis with the article “ Expressionism in Georgian theatre” of 10 yrs.At the present she is an associated professor of Shota Rustaveli university of drama and theatre. She gives lectures at the Georgian theatre history, puppet theatre history, theatrical critic and theory.
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organic part of global processes. In order to illustrate thesis analyzed Georgian Theatre in pagan innovations of the XXI century.
In the Theatre of the city (Rustaveli, Marjanishvili, Royal Dis-trict, Akhmeteli, Music and Drama Theatre) made both Georgian and foreign drama, based on the successful plays or scenic character of even the general analysis, it make clear that, Georgian theater is go-ing processes, the situation in the Georgian society mentality visible changes and priorities.
ABOUT AUTHORShe graduated faculty of theatre science of the Shota Rustaveli The-atre and Film State University. She obtained academic degree of the doctor (PhD) in arts studies on the theme: “Director Shalva Gatser-elia’s theatrical aesthetic, «she works in Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. Shi is working on the manual “History of the Georgian Dramaturgy” (together D. Mumladze). Her publications systematically published in the journal “Theatre and Life.” Mob: + 995 577- 551 – 666Mail: [email protected]
Tamar Qutateladze
TIME AND PERFORMANCE
Theses
In the article, there is remark, that theatre of absurd, by the fa-thers of the communist regime the European dramaturgies and in it declared free, because of the ban of the critical thinking, with almost forty years of "late" in Georgia. Georgian Theatre of the post-commu-nist era, aspires to more than 20 years to understand the absurdity of human life.
Work discusses in the modern Georgian theater changes taking place, which is mostly absurdist theater aesthetics take a holy devo-tion outstanding performances, but his understanding of freedom. The purpose of directors is to understand the situation in Georgia, as an
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FILM STUDIES
Davit Gujabidze
“3D” STEREO-TECHNOLOGIES, A REALITY AND PROSPECTS
Theses
The article refers to the modern trends and prospects of development of “3D stereo- cinematography” in Georgia.
Three-dimensional photo and cinematographic images remain a matter of interest of the scientists and inventors, because three dimensions facilitate more complete understanding of the environment by the viewer than conventional, flat-screen and on paper photo or a video. The first patent for stereo movie was issued in 1893. The oldest three-dimensional film, about which we have the information, is the American “Niagara Falls” (1914). There were several “eyeglass free” systems that have proved to be technically very difficult and expensive, so they were replaced by cheap eye glass systems.
There were made a separate successful experiments with the stereo films world wide, including in Georgia , in 1940s . We’ve found out information about engineer Khatiashvili who invented a system of stereoscopic color cinema photography in 1939.
After the 2nd World War, the Soviet Union and the United States made a breakthrough in the field of stereoscopic film-production. In 1946 at the Tbilisi cinema-studio was shot stereoscopic film “Robinson Crusoe”; The film made big impression upon Stalin and the film’s director A. Andrievsky and creator of stereo-system S. Ivanov were awarded the Stalin Award.
The period of 1952-55, call “Golden Age” of the American three-dimensional cinema. Even Alfred Hitchcock shot color “3D” film “Dial M of for Murder (1954)”, but technological problems pushed away producers from three-dimensional films. In the 1960th the Competition won 70 mm large-format and wide-screen technology.
In the 1980s, the Canadian company “IMAX” created its own system, based on successful sets of several visual technologies. This system provides all aspects of shooting, processing and display “3D stereo” images. In the same period also great strides in the Soviet
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Union has been done; In 1991, the system of the Moscow NIKFI “Stereo 70” was awarded the “Oscar” for technical innovations.
“3-D stereoscopic movie” is still the hot novelty, although it is clear that this technology is successfully moves toward becoming kind of visual art. In particular, the Wim Wenders film “Pina” and Martin Scorsese’s “Hugo” are different from most of the “3D” movie in that they are not limited to the demonstration effect of the amount they already use 3D to create an artistic image.
Despite technological and production inconveniences, there are producting much “3D” films around the world, the number of “3D” TV channels grows; stereo-camcorders are made for nonprofessional (household) shooting.
As to “3D” film production in Georgia, unfortunately, local enthusiasts have great difficulties in search of finances for realization of the ideas. Recently, the Tbilisi engineer Zaza Lomidze received a priority in the invention of the mechanism of calculation and creation of three-dimensional bases for filming with various cameras. The experimental video was showed at a spring exhibition of technology in Tbilisi, just as on the Cannes film festival in 2012.
The stereoscopic movie develops fast, it is already present day of a cinema. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to create the research center of innovative videos of technology at university of theater and cinema which will carry out theoretical and practical work in this promising direction.
ABOUT AUTHOR Associate professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityGraduated from I. Javakhishvili State University’s faculty of Physics with major in radio physics. Studied at Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema in Levan Paatashvili’s studio class of Photography directing and Merab Kokochashvili studio class of movie directing. He was an intern in Germany and “Nipkow-programm” of European Media-Professionals international program scholarship recipient. Davit Gujabidze is the director, cameraman and author of documental, feature and musical films. He has also directed music videos and commercials. He is the author of articles and researches published in different times
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in such newspapers and magazines as “Georgian film”, “New Epoch”, “Cinema”, “Omega”, “Theatrical Narrator”, “Culture”, “Duruji”, “Research in theatre and cinematography” and many more. Tel: +995 599 55 30 93
Vaja Zubashvili
COMMERCIAL ON TV OF GEORGIA: LEADERS AND TV COMMERCIAL
Theses
Majority of studying authors of Soviet commercials focuses on the advertisements of pre-revolutionary Russia. Some of the authors think that there were no commercials at all. But researched material (since NEP period until 90s) confirms, that if the ideology required, it was possible to make proper commercials in the Soviet Union (for instance, foreign trade commercial); IN the condition of planned manufacturing and deficit of consumer goods, there was no demand on advertising, but nevertheless, advertising sphere was developing, but developing weakly. In Georgia, direct TV commercials appeared in 80s, but in the beginning it did not contain marketing-communicational signs, these elements started to engender only in 1989.
ABOUT AUTHORProfessor at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University since 2002.Nowadays he is the head of Bachelor and Master degree programmes in Documentary filmmaking. In addition he teaches subjects – Teleproducing and TV Commercial. He has published several scientific articles and has taken part in different republican and international conferences.He has directed more than 30 documentary films and is the member of the board of Georgian Cinematographer’s Union.Since 1998 he works in different Tele Companies. Since 2009 he is the head of Georgian Public Broadcaster’s archive.
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ART STUDIESMaia Goshadze
IN THE HELL OF AMBIVALENTY
Theses
The article “In the hell of Ambivalenty” refers to the creativity of the famous Norvegian artist Edward Munich, whose leading motives are conditional by the artist’s personal pecularities. Munich was an exceptionally habitual person and the full of resistance, whose best reflection is his creativity. A perceptive motive of the Universe as severe chaos and a human as the creature dwelt with a destructive impulse are repeated in his creation by a different variation. The world’s perception of Munich was clearly appeared in his scenography of the staged play by Max Reinhardt called: “Ghosts”. The reflective dwelling of unhappy co-existance of the lonelu people, where almost nobody ever laughs and in this restraining silence, the bothering voice of wind and rain was constantly sounding, having no prospects of brightening up.
In the contect of the article, the leading motives of Munich’s creation presented pecularities of his personal and vital way, - first of all the theme of ambivalenty of human’s emotional-experience and relationships. Munich himself was sickly a bifurcated person – he was getting rid of having contact with people, was being tortured by loneliness. He mentioned the pictures as his children. Munich who was early diminished of cares by his mother, the Universe became the stepmother, which has never got with trust and happiness. Love turned out to be inseparable from feeling for him. Sudden changeable and reflecting feeling of Munich are fulled with sharing common human pain in his paintings, which he could only express in his creativity.
ABOUT AUTHORArt History PhD Associate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University. Graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University’s Faculty of Theatre Studies. She has had her articles on American, Ancient and Renaissance Drama published at various times. Currently she works on paper “Variations on mythical motives”Tel: + 995 (32) 99 65 64
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UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAM
Paata Iakashvili,The Ph.D student of
the film study directionThe head - professor. Giorgi Gvakharia
THE MANIFESTATION OF THE CREATIVE PRINCIPLES OF CENSORIAL TYPE FOR THE INTERPRETATION FROM
THE SIDE OF THE LEFT-WINGS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ART FILM OF REALITY “KHABARDA”
Theses
In the previous work there is reviewed under the ruller communist party the struggle in the second hald of the 20th century from the side of the left-wings’ creative organizations against the film of reality and its result on the example of one film.
The left-wings opposed an invented story to the real fact, document based on the former one, the reason of which was intended to create the histories of love and adventure as the spectators avidly pounce reality. But if we watch either the documentary or the very film of reality of the second half of the 20th century, we’ll be assured in the fact, that the left-wings denied both of them, i.e. the invented story and the film of reality. So thefact or document was realized by them with such a tendentiousness, that it looked like an invented history.
From this point of view too much significant is the Mikheil Chiaurelli’s film “Khabarda”. There is given an issue of finding out advisability of new constructions in the old district of Tbilisi city on the example of the opposition between old and new, and it is realized extremely rectilinerally and unilaterally, in result of which intelligentsia with patriostic attitude is shown as the extreme reactionary part of the society and besides that, too much overacted either. As for the two persons who supported the ruller communist regime they are extremely postering positive.
Thus, during the reflection of the encieclement of reality, the principles of the left-wings’ creation couldn’t provide the objective thinking of the fact or document and what’s more due to the interest of the communist regime they managed it.
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Maia Lipartiani,The Ph.D student of the drama direction
The head - professor. Giorgi Margvelashvili, Vasil Kiknadze
THE LANGUAGE OF BODY MOVEMENT AND MIMIC
Theses
On the basis of Alan Pizzey’s conclusion about body movement of human mimic and gestures, connected with the distinct symbolic meaning our research gave the following results devided into three groups according to their origin.
Conditional gestures, 2) realizing gestures and 3) subconscious 1) gestures.Conditional gestures are agreement of no-verbal sign on 1) symbols between the humen.Realizing are called the gestures, which because of their 2) archetype feature, they express get legalized meaning. From the mimics and gestures of Alan pizzey we especially select their such displays, the allegories of which require serious psychological explanation: Three different models of behaviour are underlined and chosen as differentiation by us from the unconscious gestures.Preparation decision, B) decision has been settled. C) The A) existing condition causes agitation and excitement in one’s personality, therefore, the knowledge of motivations of unconscious gestures, mimics and body movement, are considered with the event of plot, which are stipulated by unconscious allegories and in the case of realization, from the side of a spectator cause the catharsis.
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UNIVERSITY’ MA PROGRAM
Evelina Menteshashvili,The MA student of
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University The head: associated professor. Eliso Eristavi
EXTREME JOURNALISTIC AND PRODUCING ITSELF IN THE HOT SPOTS
Theses
Producing of extreme journalistic, which also serves the functions of reporters, considers mental mobilization, adaptation in difficult situation and risk. Danger becomes the fatal, when journalists haven’t got experience of working in the hot spot
The task of my work is to study the matters fluently and gather time experienced rules, which includes extreme journalistic.
A journalist must rule himself in any situation, work out such skills, which is necessary in war and any extreme situation.
There are rules, which are named the golden rules by media experts and any reporter must subordinate them.
International journalistic organizations actively are struggling for the security of reporters and preparation of working staff in the hot spots are intensively going on by the aim of reducing risk.
A journalist can be considered to be professional, who is careful and fearful in the period of the time of reporting extreme events.
Media experts gave priorities to the security of journalists during reporting the coverage. They appeal to journalists to estimate the risk and get rid of danger.
Media experts considered causion as the measurement of professionalism. “the story isn’t worth at the cost of one’s life.
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Nato Mdinaradze,MA student of tele-cinema producing
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University The head: associated Professor. Eliso Eristavi
SOAP OPERA ON TV
Theses
The work presents a historical excursion of soap operas’ producing, it includes the analysis of projects of different countries.
The author pays attention on variety and genres of the sopa opera, their budget and marketing values. In the article accents are made on variety of soap opera, the producing of which was popular by the help of radio until the TVs existence, their characterization is organized with evolutional direction soap operas’ producing in Georgia nad their foregn analysis by the terms of content and financial point of view are attentive.
Scales are compared andn questions are put about the necessity of realization of the product in abroad for financial benefit.
The work presents the analysis in many respects for the matters , the meaning of which are sharply displayed by models of the local producing. Soap opera is provided on TV with general and concrete information in the direction of producing.
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