civilizaciuri ziebanicivilizaciuri ziebani · 1,5]. literaturis mititebis wesi krebulsi...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)

civilizaciuri Ziebanicivilizaciuri Ziebanicivilizaciuri Ziebanicivilizaciuri Ziebani

CIVILIZATION RESEARCHES

# # # # 4

Tbilisi 2006

Tbilisi 2006

“civilizaciuri Ziebani” warmoadgens “civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centris” periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdisciplinuria da mzadaa dainteresebul pirebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. warmodgenili masalebi unda Seesabamebodes Jurnalis saxelwodebas statia warmodgenili unda iyos amonabeWdis saxiT da disketiT [A4, AcadNusx, 12, 1,5]. literaturis miTiTebis wesi krebulSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis Sesabamisad.

dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis mogvmarTeT: Tsu I korp., oTaxi 212; tel. 29 08 44, 29 08 44, 29 08 44, 29 08 44, an mogvwereT eleqtronuli fostiT: [email protected]

saredaqcio sabWo: nino Ciqovanisaredaqcio sabWo: nino Ciqovanisaredaqcio sabWo: nino Ciqovanisaredaqcio sabWo: nino Ciqovani, profesori

(saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare)

qeTevan xuciSvili,qeTevan xuciSvili,qeTevan xuciSvili,qeTevan xuciSvili, profesori

levan gordezianilevan gordezianilevan gordezianilevan gordeziani, profesori

malxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZe, profesori

nino fircxalavanino fircxalavanino fircxalavanino fircxalava, profesori

beJan javaxbeJan javaxbeJan javaxbeJan javaxia,ia,ia,ia, profesori

TinaTin RuduSauri,TinaTin RuduSauri,TinaTin RuduSauri,TinaTin RuduSauri, asocirebuli profesori

redaqcia:redaqcia:redaqcia:redaqcia: qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili (mTavari redaqtori), malxaz Toria,malxaz Toria,malxaz Toria,malxaz Toria, daviT macaberiZe, daviT macaberiZe, daviT macaberiZe, daviT macaberiZe, irakli CxaiZe, irakli CxaiZe, irakli CxaiZe, irakli CxaiZe, maia qvriviSvili, SoTa xinCagaSvili, ivane maia qvriviSvili, SoTa xinCagaSvili, ivane maia qvriviSvili, SoTa xinCagaSvili, ivane maia qvriviSvili, SoTa xinCagaSvili, ivane wereTeli wereTeli wereTeli wereTeli (pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)

ISSN 1512-1941

redaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTi

saqarTvelo, 0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., #1 iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, I korpusi, oTaxi 212 tel.: (995 32) 290844 el. fosta: [email protected]

Jurnalis internet-versia da sxva informacia civilizaciaTaASedarebiTi kvlevis centris Sesaxeb ix. veb-gverdze:

kultura.qartu.com

Reviewers Board: Nino Chikovani, Professor (Head of the reviewers board)

Ketevan Khutsishvili, Professor

Levan Gordeziani, Professor

Malkhaz Matsaberidze, Professor

Nino Pirtskhalava, Professor

Bejan Javakhia, Professor

Tinatin Ghudushauri, Associate Professor

Editorial Group: Ketevan Kakitelashvili (Chief Editor), Malkhaz Toria, David

Matsaberidze, Irakli Chkhaidze, Maia Kvrivishvili, Shota

Khinchagashvili, Ivane Tsereteli (Executive Secretary)

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)

ISSN 1512-1941

ADDRESS OF EDITORIAL OFFICE

1, I. Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia, 0128,

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University T. (99532) 290844

E-mail: [email protected]

More information about the journal, “The Center of Comparative Civilization Studies

(Tbilisi)” and Department of History and Theory of Culture: kultura.qartu.com

SinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsi

irakli CxaiZeirakli CxaiZeirakli CxaiZeirakli CxaiZe

qarTuli nacionalizmis kulturuli safuZvlebi nacionalizmis

modernistuli Teoriis WrilSi

Irakli Chkhaidze

The Cultural Roots of Georgian Nationalism on the Light of Modernist Theory

daviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZe

eTnikuri, religiuri da politikuri faqtorebis Tanafardoba kavkasiis

konfliqtebSi (postsabWoTa periodi)

David Matsaberidze

Correlation of Ethnic, Religious and Political Factors in the Caucasian Conflicts (Post-Soviet

Period)

malxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toria

warsulis gaazrebisa da mexsierebis politikis roli konfliqturi

identobebis CamoyalibebaSi (qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis magaliTi)

Malkhaz Toria

The Role of Perception of Past and Politics of Memory in the Formation of Conflicting Identities

(The Case of Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict)

maia qvriviSvilimaia qvriviSvilimaia qvriviSvilimaia qvriviSvili

qarTvelTa identobis struqturebi da identifikaciis procesebi XIX-XX

saukuneTa mijnaze

Maia Kvrivishvili

Processes and Structures of Georgians’ Identity on the edge of the 19-20th Centuries

giorgi garayaniZegiorgi garayaniZegiorgi garayaniZegiorgi garayaniZe

erTi folkloruli nimuSis miToritualuri genezisi

Giorgi Garakanidze

Towards the Mythoritual Genesis of One of the Folk Sample

beJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxia

“sxvadasxva” evropa Suasaukuneebis damdegs

Bejan Djavakhia

Different Europes” at the Beginning of Middle Ages

ihab qazemiihab qazemiihab qazemiihab qazemi

5

arabuli da sparsuli warmomavlobis profesiis aRmniSvneli da samoxeleo

terminebis Sesaxeb “zaaqianSi”

Ihab Qazem

About the Terms by Arabic and Persian Origin Describing Professions and Positions in “Zaakiani”

nino qimeriZenino qimeriZenino qimeriZenino qimeriZe

daxuruli literaturuli ciklebis interpretaciisaTvis

Nana Kimeridze

For interpretation of closed literature cycles

TargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebi

v.v. Cernousiv.v. Cernousiv.v. Cernousiv.v. Cernousi

kavkasia _ kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa sakontaqto zona (Targmna elene

bodavelma)

В.В.Черноус

Кавказ – контактная зона культур и цивилизаций (Translated by Elene Bodaveli)

svante e.svante e.svante e.svante e. korneli korneli korneli korneli

fragmentebi wignidan “mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi. kavkasiis

eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis kvleva” (Targmna daviT macaberiZem)

Svante E. Cornell

Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus. Curzon,

2001 (Translated by David Matsaberidze)

irakli CxaiZeirakli CxaiZeirakli CxaiZeirakli CxaiZe

qarTuli nacionalizmis kulturuli safuZvlebiqarTuli nacionalizmis kulturuli safuZvlebiqarTuli nacionalizmis kulturuli safuZvlebiqarTuli nacionalizmis kulturuli safuZvlebi nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis nacionalizmis

modernistuli Teoriismodernistuli Teoriismodernistuli Teoriismodernistuli Teoriis WrilSiWrilSiWrilSiWrilSi

nacionalizmi Tanamedrove samecniero kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze

aqtualuri mimarTulebaa. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa misi

warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis mkafio gaazreba. naSromis mizania qarTuli

nacionalizmis kulturuli safuZvlebis gaanalizeba da misi Sedareba

evropul nacionalizmTan. sakiTxi ganxilulia erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili

Teoriis, modernizmis gamoyenebiT.

aRniSnuli problemis kvleva SeuZlebelia romelime diciplinis

sazRvrebSi. igi Tavisi arsiT interdisciplinur problemaTa ricxvs

ganekuTvneba da Zalze farTo da kompleqsuria erTi, konkretuli dargis

farglebSi kvlevisaTvis. Nnacionalizmis fenomenis kompleqsuroba, misi

SeswavlisaTvis saWiro samecniero disciplinaTa mravalferovnebas

ganapirobebs. sociologia, istoria, filologia lingvistika, fsiqologia,

geografia _ es im dargebis arasruli CamonaTvalia, romelTa gamoyenebac

mizanSewonilia nacionalizmis srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis. naSromSi

ganvixilavT konkretulad im aspeqtebs, romlebic am fenomenis kulturul

safuZvlebs exeba.

sanam uSualod sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, saWiroa im terminebis

dazusteba, romelTa farglebSic mogviwevs muSaoba. pirvel rigSi, unda

dazustdes nacionalizmis cnebis samuSao gansazRvreba.

nacionalizmis fenomenis warmoSoba da ganviTareba urTulesi problemaa

da masTan dakavSirebiT samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvari

Sexeduleba arsebobs. Aam Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare sami ZiriTadi

Teoriuli mimdinareoba gamoiyofa _ primordializmi, romlis mixedviT

nacionalizmi yovelTvis arsebobda da mas iseTive xangrZlivi istoria aqvs,

rogoric Tavad kacobriobas. primordialistebis azriT, erovnuloba

adamianTa arsebobis bunebrivi formaa. eTnosimbolizmi, romelic Tvlis, rom

Tanamedrove erebi maTi Soreuli ’’oreulebisagan” _ eTnosebisagan

Camoyalibdnen (Smith 1993: 11) da mesame _ modernizmi. nacionalizmis

ganmartebisas swored modernistul Teorias daveyrdnobiT. Nnacionalizmis

Teoriul mimdinareobebs Soris modernizmi yvelaze ufro farTod

gavrcelebuli da popularuli Teoriaa. igi Tavisi klasikuri saxiT XX

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda. Mmisi avtorebi arian norvegiuli

warmoSobis amerikeli mecnieri benediqt andersoni da inglisSi moRvawe

Cexur-ebrauli warmoSobis mkvlevari ernest gelneri. Mmodernizmis ZiriTadi

7

arsi gamoixateba TezisiT, rom nacionalizmi axali fenomenia da misi

istoria ukanaskneli ori saukuniT Semoifargleba. Nnacionalizmi

safrangeTis didi revoluciis Semdeg Cndeba igi am epoqis iseTive produqtia

rogoric kapitalizmi, industrializacia, sekularizmi da a.S. cnobili

istorikosi erik hobsbaumi miiCnevs, rom, “nacionalizmi win uswrebs erebs,

erebi ki ar qmnian saxelmwifoebsa da nacionalizms, aramed piriqiT”

(daviTaSvili 2003: 100) es sityvebi Zalian kargad gamoxatavs modernistuli

Teoriis arss. Aam Teoriis qvemimdinareobebi sami niSnis mixedviT iyofa:

ekonomikuri, politikuri, da socialur-kulturuli (daviTaSvili 2003: 101).

aseT dayofas safuZvlad udevs is faqtorebi, romlebic ganmsazRvrelad

miiCneva nacionalizmis formirebaSi. Cveni interesis sagans ukanaskneli

(socialur-kulturuli) mimdinareoba warmoadgens. modernistuli Teoria

saintereso instrumentia XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi

mimdinare movlenebis gaazrebisa da maTi SedarebisaTvis TiTqmis imave epoqis

dasavleT evropaSi mimdinare movlenebTan.

SevecadoT, CvenTvis saintereso periodSi mimdinare procesebis axsnas

naSromis Teoriuli sayrdenis, modernizmis gamoyenebiT.

ukve aRiniSna, rom Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgens qarTuli

nacionaliozmis kulturuli safuZvlebi. Sesabamisad termini, romelic

aucileblad saWiroebs dazustebas, gaxlavT kultura.

Cveulebriv, am cnebas krebiTi mniSvnelobiT iyeneben. ufro farTo

azriT, es cneba xazs usvams adamianis arsebobis gansxvavebulobas sicocxlis

sxva biologiuri formebisagan. swored kultura ganasxvavebs adamians yvela

sxva arsebisagan. Kkulturis cnebis universaluroba da mravlismomcveloba

saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvixiloT igi mraval aspeqtSi: rogorc

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sfero, socialuri instituti, pirovnebis

ganviTarebis donis maxasiaTebeli (kulturologia 2001: 22) am statiaSi

kulturis cneba gamoyenebulia rogorc TviTidentifikaciis kriteriumi.

mecnierebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze mniSvnelovania

saqarTvelos istoriis CvenTvis saintereso periodis (iseve rogorc sxva

periodebis) axleburi gaazreba. XIX saukunis erovnul moZraobasTan

mimarTebaSi nacionalizmis modernistuli Teoria am miznis miRwevis erT-

erTi yvelaze kargi saSualebaa. qarTul istoriografiaSi miRebuli

Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, TergdaleulTa periodis erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi rusi gamanaTleblebis

belinskis, CerniSevskis, dobroliubovis da sxvaTa ideebiT ikvebebodnen

(kikviZe 1977: 278; surgulaZe 1980: 90-91; baramiZe 1979: 45; gafrindaSvili 1987: 5;

8

ratiani 1962: 3). veTanxmebiT ra baton akaki baqraZes, migvaCnia, rom es

mosazreba mcdaria. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia moviyvanoT niko nikolaZis

mosazrebebi. nikolaZes belinski, CerniSevski da sxvani utopiur, metafizikur

moazrovneebad miaCnda. misi azriT, misabaZi sazogadoebrivi mowyobis

dasavleTevropuli sistema iyo. Aamis dasturad SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi

Sexeduleba bizantiur-rusuli da evropuli mmarTvelobis sistemis

gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb (baqraZe 1989: 79) aseve SesaZlebelia ilias, akakis

da sxvaTa mosazrebebis msgavi kuTxiT ganxilva, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT

gveqneba saubari.

gadavideT uSualod sakiTxis ganxilvaze da garkveul faqtobriv

monacemebze dayrdnobiT SevecadoT qarTuli nacionalizmis fenomenis axsnas.

Kkvlevisas gamoyenebulia komparativistuli meTodi, rac aucilebeli

winapirobaa problemis srulyofilad gaazrebisaTvis.

modernistuli Teoriis mixedviT, erovnuli TviTSegnebis warmoqmnisa da

ganmtkicebis erT-erT umTavres faqtorad ena miiCneva. kerZod, rodesac

adgilobrivi salaparako ena standartizebul, gazeTebisa da wignebis enad

iqceva, eris Camoyalibebis pirveli etapi, rodesac igi Tavs kulturul

erTobad acnobierebs, faqtobrivad damTavrebulad unda CaiTvalos. msgavsi

procesebi dasavleT evropaSi reformaciis epoqidan iRebs saTaves da

saboloo saxiT XIX saukuneSi warmigvidgeba. reformaciis periodSi

mimdinare religiuri omis dros, romelic kaTolicizmsa da protestantizms

Soris mimdinareobda, protestantizmi yovelTvis ieriSze gadasvlis

politikas atarebda, radgan icoda rogor gamoeyenebina mSobliur enaze

Sesrulebul gamocemaTa gasaRebis mzardi bazari Tavis sasargeblod,

romelsac safuZvels kapitalisturi sistema uyrida. sabolood

absoluturad Seirya laTinuri enis avtoriteti, wina planze gamovidnen

adgilobrivi enebi, mkveTrad gamovlinda lingvisturi nacionalizmi. evropam

gadaiZro “Txeli sabani”, romelic laTinuris saxiT hqonda gadafarebuli

mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi. Ees ena mxolod umaRlesi aristokratiisaTvis

iyo xelmisawvdomi.

XIX saukunis 60-wlebidan saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebi, aRniSnul

procesebTan garkveul msgavsebas amJRavneben. 1861 wels peterburgidan

TbilisSi dabrunebulma ilia WavWavaZem Jurnal “ciskris” aprilis nomerSi

gamoqveyna werili “oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Ze erisTavis kazlovis

SeSlilis Targmanzeda” (kikviZe 1977: 278) rac gaxda dasabami cnobili

TaobaTa Soris dapirispirebisa. am werilSi ilia gmobda mwerlobas,

romelic saeklesio, mZime, xelovnur enas emyareboda. misi meTaurobiT

9

ganxorcielda enis cnobili reforma. ilia gaxda axali saliteraturo enis

Semomtani da damnergavi. Aanton kaTalikosis “anbanT Teoretikaze”

damyarebuli saeklesio, mZime ena, SeiZleba iTqvas (laTinuris msgavsad

evropaSi), “Txeli sabnis” saxiT hqonda gadafarebuli qarTul sazogadoebas,

romelic mcire elitaruli nawilisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. Cveni azriT,

qarTuli nacionalizmis formirebaSi, evropulis msgavsad, umniSvnelovanesi

roli lingvisturma momentma iTamaSa. “enis kanonmdebeli aris ara “anbanT

Teoretika”, aramed xalxi” (kikviZe 1977: 281) _ WavWavaZis es sityvebi namdvili

evropuli nacionalisturi lozungia. ernest gelneris mtkicebiT,

nacionalizmi warmoiSoba maSin, roca zogadi socialuri pirobebi ayalibebs

standartizebul, homogenur kulturas, romelic moicavs ara marto

elitarul umciresobas, aramed mTel mosaxleobas (gelneri 2003: 119)

homogenuri kulturis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi umTavresi saSualeba erTiani

saliteraturo enaa.

mniSvnelovani iyo komerciuli xasiaTis Jurnal gazeTebis Camoyalibeba.

magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia davasaxeloT “saqarTvelos moambe”, “iveria”,

“krebuli”, aseve “droeba” (baqraZe 1989: 95).

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos 1879 wels qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, romlis pirveli Tavmjdomare

dimitri yifiani gaxldaT. wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis

mravalmxrivi moRvaweobidan umTavresi iyo skolebis daarseba da maTi

dafinanseba. rogorc u. konori aRniSnavs, nacionalizmi masobrivi movlenaa.

is faqti, rom elitis warmomadgenlebi avlenen nacionalur grZnobebs ar

aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom erovnuli TviTSegneba momxdar faqtad

miviCnioT da masebis RirebulebiT sistemad CavTvaloT, maTi gaunaTleblobis

da wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis pirobebSi.

XIX saukunis dasavleT evropaSi erT-erT mTavar lozungs “Rrma

Zilidan gamoRviZebis” lozungi warmoadgenda, romelsac nacionalistebi

qadagebdnen. Aamis gamoZaxilad SegviZlia miviCnioT ilia WavWavaZis cnobili

sityvebi: “oh, RmerTo Cemo! sul Zili, Zili, rosRa gveRirsos Cven

gagRviZeba?!” (WavWavaZe 1959: 11) rom aRaraferi vTqvaT lozungze: “Zmoba,

erToba, Tavisufleba”, romelsac aseve vxvdebiT WavWavaZis poeziaSi, kerZod,

poemaSi “aCrdili”. gavixsenoT fraza ilias kidev erTi cnobili leqsidan

“qarTvlis dedas”: “moviklaT warsul droebze dardi... Cven unda vdioT axla

sxva varskvlavs, Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myoobadi, Cven unda mivceT momavali

xalxs” (WavWavaZe 1959: 7) modernistuli Teoriis erT-erTi mTavari debuleba

10

socialur-kulturuli transformaciis Sesaxeb kargad esadageba am frazas.

Aavtori marTlac socialur-kulturuli transformaciisaken svlas qadagebs.

warmodgenil sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovania cnobili germaneli

sociologisa da istorikosis maqs veberis mosazrebebi, romlebic

gadmocemulia naSromSi “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis

suliskveTeba”. igi, sxva avtorebis msgavsad ganasxvavebs “tradiciul” da

“modernistul” sazogadoebebs. naSromSi ganxilulia dasavlur

sazogadoebaTa Taviseburebebi. veberma warmoaCina urRvevi kavSiri

religiursa da materialurs Soris. religiuri doqtrinebis mimarTeba

SromiT eTikasTan. adamiani, saero cxovrebaSi, srulad axdens

TviTrealizacias (yuradReba ZiriTadad protestantul samyarozea

gamaxvilebuli). sayuradReboa CvenTvis saintereso periodis qarTuli

literaturuli nimuSebis am kuTxiT kvleva. ilia WavWavaZis poemaSi

“gandegili” swored gandegiloba da amqveyniuri cxovrebis uaryofa aris

dagmobili. avtori sazogadoebas saero cxovrebaSi TviTrealizaciisaken

mouwodebs (WavWavaZe 1959: 40). agreTve sayuradReboa akaki wereTlis poema

“Tornike erisTavi”, sadac kaTalikossa da Tornikes Soris saubrisas msgavsi

saxis mowodebaa gaJRerebuli:

“nuTu Sen marTla rame ggonia

cariel sityviT RvTisa dideba?

gana Rvawlia xorcielTagan

ama soflisa krZalva rideba?” ……

an

“saqmea mxolod saqme saWiro,

gulica wmindad dabadebuli

da qveyniuri keTil zraxvebiT

suli siwrfel;iT gaaxlebuli” (wereTeli 1980: 320)

uaRresad sainteresoa is faqti, rom es mowodeba kaTalikosis piridan

warmoiTqmis. igi berad aRkvecil adamians aqtiuri saero saqmianobisaken

mouwodebs.

nacionalizmis modernistuli Teoriis erT-erTi avtoritetuli

warmomadgeneli, Cexi mecnieri miroslav hroSi aRniSnavs, rom nacionalizmis

formirebisaTvis aucilebelia politikuri TviTadministrirebis

gansazRvruli donis uzrunvelyofa, aseve mwarmoebelTa da vaWarTa klasis

formireba da erovnuli kulturis ganviTareba da aRorZineba, romelic

dafuZnebuli iqneba adgilobriv enaze.

11

1871 wels TbilisSi imperator aleqsandre II Camosvlas elodnen. niko

nikolaZem ganacxada, rom imperatorisaTvis erobis SemoReba eTxovaT. 1871

wels “krebulSi” gamoaqveyna werili _ “eroba, misi daniSnuleba da wesdeba”.

nikolaZe erobas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasa da Rirebulebas

TviTmmarTvelobis uflebis gamo aniWebda. “erobis yvelaze ufro uZvirfasesi

Rirseba is aris, rom Cven sakuTar saqmes Cvenve gvavlevinebs, Cven patronaT

Cvenve gvxdis da es garemoeba, marto es, _ es Cven arasodes ar unda

daviviwyoT, _ gvamaRlebs kacebis xarisxze, adamianis Rirsebas gvaZlevs da

gvaCvenebs umjobes, kacur cxovrebas”. “eroba qveynis ganviTarebis gardauvali

pirveli nabijia, xalxs aswavlis disciplinas, TandaTan aCvevs

TviTmmarTvelobas, damoukideblobas” (baqraZe 1989: 113). vfiqrob, nikolaZis es

mosazrebebi miroslav hroSis Teoriis naTeli ilustraciaa da mas swored

nacionaluri miswrafebebi udevs safuZvlad. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi

erobis SemoReba ar moxerxda. aqve unda aRiniSnos avtonomiis statusTan

dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi, romelic ilia WavWavaZis saxels ukavSirdeba.

“ruseTi erTi imisTana saxelmwifoa _ werda ilia 1881 wels _ sadac

sxvadasxva tomisa da enis erni cxovroben da mere ise, rom TavianT

mamapapeul miwawyalze Sejgufuli arian... amitomac erT udides sapolitiko

sagans ruseTisas Seadgens sxvadasxva rjulis, Tu sxvadasxva eris tomni

rogor unda moewyon SinaobaSi saTiTaod da mere rogor unda moTavsdnen

saxelmwifosTan...” (bendianiSvili 1999: 114). ruseTs, ilias gancxadebiT, ar

hqonda dadgenili, Tu sad Tavdeboda ruseTis saxelmwifos ufleba da sad

iwyeboda ganapira erebisa. rogorc istorikosi al. bendianiSvili aRniSnavs,

i.WavWavaZes gadaudebel saqmed miaCnda mravalerovnuli ruseTis unitaruli

saxelmwifos absolutur-monarqiuli wyobilebis demokratiul da

federaciul safuZvelze reorganizacia. E

ernest gelneri aRniSnavs, rom nacionalizmi umTavresad politikuri

principia da misi mizani politikuri damoukideblobis mopovebaa. Tumca,

realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis liderebs kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli, rom politikuri

damoukideblobis moTxovna saSiSi da uazro avantiura iqneboda. Tanac

manamde aucilebeli iyo enis reformireba, wera-kiTxvis maqsimalurad

gavrceleba da a.S. swored am mimarTulebiT warimarTa adreuli qarTuli

nacionalizmi. maSasadame, formiT qarTuli nacionalizmi warmoadgenda

kulturul nacionalizms.

imave 1871 wels ilia WavWavaZem da giorgi wereTelma wamoayenes Txovna

umaRlesi saswavleblis daarsebis Sesaxeb. es Txovnac kargad Tavsdeba

12

nacionalizmis modernistuli Teoriis farglebSi, radgan umaRlesi

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovani nabijia

kulturis homogenozaciisaken mimaval gzaze. B

mwarmoebelTa da vaWarTa klasis formirebis TvalsazrisiT,

imdroindel saqarTveloSi, sazogadoebis inteleqtualuri nawilis mxridan

intensiuri RonisZiebebi tardeboda. Aam mxriv gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos

niko nikolaZis moRvaweoba.

rac Seexeba adgilobriv enaze dafuZnebul erovnul kulturas, amis

Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda saubari

benediqt andersoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebs calkeul pirovnebaTa

Zalisxmevas, romelTac ganaTleba, ZiriTadad, metropoliaTa centrebSi aqvT

miRebuli da romelTa misiac erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebaa. Aavtori

aseT adamianebs piligrimebs uwodebs (andersoni 2003: 98). msgavs

“piligrimebad” SegviZlia miviCnioT XIX saukunis samocianelTa Taobis

cnobili warmomadgenlebi: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, niko nikolaZe,

sergi mesxi da a. S. xdeba erTiani kulturis, saerTo bedis “warmosaxva” da

ganmtkiceba, ris safuZvelzec iqmneba warmodgena “Cveni erTobis” Sesaxeb.

ingliseli mecnieri jon broili Tvlis, rom nacionalizmis yoveli

SemTxveva mkveTrad individualuria. Tumca, es ar gamoricxavs nacionalizmis

garkveuli tipologiis SesaZleblobas. piriqiT, aucilebelia nacionalizmis

konkretuli SemTxvevebis dajgufeba garkveuli saerTo niSnebis mixedviT da

Semdeg maTi cal-calke Seswavla. rasakvirvelia qarTuli nacionalizmi

individualuri xasiaTisaa, Tumca calkeuli niSnebis mixedviT igi evropul

nacionalizmTan mkveTr msgavsebas amJRavnebs da am kuTxiT misi kvleva

safuZvels moklebuli ar unda iyos,Uupirveles yovlisa qarTuli

nacionalizmis tipologiuri raobis dadgenisaTvis. Ees faqtorebi, ra Tqma

unda, ar iZleva iseTi Tamami daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels, rogoric aris

qarTuli kulturis civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis gansazRvra, Tumca

kulturis calkeuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas

gvaZlevs. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX saukuneSi sxva aradasavlur (an

naklebad dasavlur) sazogadoebebSic moxda nacionalizmis formireba. Ees

periodi samecniero literaturaSi “nacionalizmis epoqis” saxeliT

moixsenieba.Aazerbaijaneli mkvlevari rauf karagiozovi aRniSnavs, rom XIX

saukuneSi hqonda adgili somxuri nacionalizmis garkveul “Tavdasxmebs”

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didebis zenitSi myof somxur eklesiaze. cnebas

“somexTa rwmena” garkveulwilad anacvlebs cneba “somexi eri” (Карагезов 2005:

64).

13

cnobili amerikeli fsiqologi hari triandisi nacionalizmis erT-erT

wyarod saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi kulturul araintegrirebulobas miiCnevs.

amis magaliTad Mmas baskuri nacionalizmi mohyavs. vfiqrob, CvenTvis

saintereso periodis qarTuli nacionalizmis erT-erTi wyaro imperiul

sivrceSi kulturuli araintegrireboloba gaxldaT. EqarTuli

nacionalizmis kulturuli safuZvlebi swored am epoqaSi unda veZeboT.

nacionalizmis modernistuli Teoria maTi moZiebisa da sistematizaciisaTvis

saintereso instruments warmoadgens. esETeoria dasavlur samecniero

wreebSi Camoyalibda da misi gamoyeneba qarTuli sinamdvilis gasaazreblad

arasodes momxdara. Tumca Tanamedrove qarTul samecniero wreebSi SeimCneva

am sakiTxebiT daintereseba. magaliTisaTvis SesaZlebelia dasaxeldes zaza

SaTiriSvilis Sexedulebebi. misi azriT “nacionaluri kultura

saqarTveloSi “Tergdaleulebidan” iwyeba” misi ZiriTadi subieqti ki

qarTveli eria. “swored am kuTxiT unda wavikiTxoT ilias cnobili

gamonaTqvami, romlis Tanaxmadac, “qarTlis cxovreba” – mefeTa istoriaa da

rom xalxi aq arsad Cans” (SaTiriSvili 2005: 192). daaxloebiT msgavsi

mosazrebebi aqvs zurab daviTaSvils, Tumca sakiTxis safuZvliani kvleva

arasodes momxdara. miuxedavad imisa, rom modernistuli Teoriis avtorebi

detalurad ganixilaven aradasavlur sazogadoebebs, maT TiTqmis araferi

aqvT naTqvami saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelic sakmaod kargi sailustracio

masalaa aRniSnuli TeoriisaTvis. Aamas, albaT, aqvs obieqturi mizezebi. im

periodSi rodesac nacionalizmis Teoriuli mimdinareobebi yalibdeboda,

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb Rirebuli informaciis miReba faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli

iyo. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, rodesac nacionalizmis Seswavla uaRresad

aqtualuri gaxda, aRniSnuli xarvezebis gamosworeba aucilebelia.

warmodgenil naSromSi ganxiluli faqtobrivi masala ar aris mdidari.

miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli sinamdvilis saintereso suraTi ikveTeba. vfiqrob

muSaobis gagrZeleba da saqarTvelos istoriis aRiniSnuli periodis CvenTvis

saintereso kuTxiT Seswavla Rirebul Sedegs moitans da daskvnebis naTlad

Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. D

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis

qarTuli nacionalizmis arsis asaxsnelad, yvelaze ukeT, nacionalizmis

modernistuli Teoriis gamoyeneba SeiZleba. SesaZlebelia naSromSi

Camoyalibebuli mosazrebebi metismetad determinirebulia konkretuli

Teoriuli konstruqciiT, Tumca, aRniSnuli sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli

mkvlevrisaTvis aucilebelia mkafio Teoriuli safuZveli, raTa moxerxdes

uzarmazar empiriul masalaSi orientacia. kvlevis procesSi SesaZlebelia

14

Teoriis rekonstruireba an sxva TeoriasTan sinTezireba, rac met

obieqturobas ganapirobebs.

gamoyenebuligamoyenebuligamoyenebuligamoyenebuli literaturliteraturliteraturliteraturaaaa

andersoni, b. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebani. Tbilisi, 2003.

baramiZe, a. narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli istoriografiidan. Tbilisi,

1979.

baqraZe, a. Nniko nikolaZe. Tbilisi, 1989.

bendianiSvili, al. saqarTvelos istoria 1801-1921. Tbilisi, 1999.

gafrindaSvili, m. erovnuli da klasobrivi ilia WavWavaZis

ganmanaTleblur-revoluciur-demokratiul da utopiur

socialiastur msoflmxedvelobaSi. Tbilisi, 1987.

gelneri, e. Eerebi da nacionalizmi. Tbilisi, 2003.

daviTaSvili, z. Nnacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tbilisi, 2003.

veberi, m. rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi. Tbilisi, 2004.

lorTqifaniZe, g. red. kulturologia, naw I. Tbilisi: Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcemloba, 2001.

kikviZe, a. saqarTvelos istoria 1801-1890 ww. Tbilisi, 1977.

ratiani, p. TergdaleulTa revoluciuri moRvaweobis istoriidan. Tbilisi,

1962.

surgulaZe, a. narkvevebi qarTuli inteligenciis istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1980.

SaTiriSvili, z. “Una Sancta da nacionalizmi”, krebulSi saqarTvelo

aTaswleulTa gasayarze. Tbilisi, 2005.

wereTeli, a. Txzulebani. Tbilisi, 1980.

WavWavaZe, i. Lleqsebi poemebi moTxrobebi. Tbilisi, 1959.

Карагезов, Р. “Колективная память и «политика памяти» в странах центрального кавказа” .

Центральная азия и кавказ. №6 (42), 2005.

15

Smith, A.D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Second Edition. Oxford and Cambridge (Mass).

Blackwell, 1993.

Triandis, H. Culture and Social Behavior. McGraw-Hill: Inc, 1994.

16

daviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZe

eTnikuri, religiuri da politikuri faqtorebis Tanafardoba kavkasiis eTnikuri, religiuri da politikuri faqtorebis Tanafardoba kavkasiis eTnikuri, religiuri da politikuri faqtorebis Tanafardoba kavkasiis eTnikuri, religiuri da politikuri faqtorebis Tanafardoba kavkasiis

konfliqtebSikonfliqtebSikonfliqtebSikonfliqtebSi

(postsabWoTa periodi)(postsabWoTa periodi)(postsabWoTa periodi)(postsabWoTa periodi)

postsabWoTa periodSi kavkasiis regioni msoflios erT-erT yvelaze cxel

wertilad gadaiqca. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave regionSi mTeli simZlavriT

iCina Tavi eTnikurma, socialurma, religiurma, kulturulma da politikurma

gansxvavebebma, romlebmac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sisxlismRvreli Setakebebis saxe

miiRo. postsabWoTa periodis kavkasiis konfliqtebis buneba da xasiaTi

sabolood jerac ar aris garkveuli da mecnierebs Soris kamaTis obieqts

warmoadgens am konfliqtebSi eTnikuri, religiuri da politikuri faqtorebis

rolisa da mniSvnelobis problema.

naSromis mizania Seiswavlos eTnikurieTnikurieTnikurieTnikuri, religiurireligiurireligiurireligiuri da politikuripolitikuripolitikuripolitikuri

aspeqtebis mniSvneloba da maTi Tanafardoba kavkasiis konfliqtebSi.

sainteresoa, realurad romelma maTganma gamoiwvia konfliqtis provocireba

sawyis etapze, da romel maTgans miewera konfliqtis gamomwvevi faqtoris roli

mogvianebiT; romel aspeqt(eb)ze gadioda dapirispirebebis xazi: eTnikurze,

religiurze, politikurze, Tu yvela es faqtori integrirebulad magram

sxvadasxva xarisxiT ganapirobebda am konfliqtebs da gansazRvravda maT

xasiaTs.

dRes kavkasiis konfliqtebs, samecniero Tu arasamecniero wreebSi, zogadi

tendenciis gavleniT, eTnikur konfliqtebad moixsenieben. aqedan gamomdinare,

zemoTdasaxelebul sam aspeqts Soris eTnikurobas imTaviTve aniWeben

ganmsazRvrel rols. araerTxel aRniSnula, rom postsabWoTa periodSi

eTnikuri faqtoris gamokveTa sxvadasxva obieqturma Tu subieqturma mizezebma

ganapiroba, xolo gadamwyveti mniSvneloba kavkasiaSi aTwleulebis

ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis mier mizanmimarTulad gatarebul

eTnikur politikas eniWeba.

postsabWoTa periodSi nacionalur umciresobebs Soris eTnikurobis

faqtoris gamwvavebas seriozuli safuZveli Seuqmna regionSi aRmocenebuli

nacionaluri moZraobebis Taviseburebam. es moZraobebi imTaviTve ruseTis

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da gamokveTili eTnikuri xasiaTi hqondaT.

mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom umravlesobebis eTnikurad niSniT

gansazRvruli nacionaluri moZraobebi (magaliTad, saqarTveloSi), TavianTi

lozungebiTa da mowodebebiT, dapirispirebuli aRmoCndnen Sesabamisi

saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebTan. es ukanasknelni ki agresiis

obieqti gaxdnen, radganac ver ergebodnen, ufro metic, winaaRmdegobaSi

17

modiodnen, eTnikuri umravlesobis nacionaluri moZraobebis umTavres

lozungTan.

samxreT kavkasiis Tanamedrove eTnikur konfliqtebTan dakavSirebiT ana

matveeva aRniSnavs: 1980-ian wlebSi damoukideblobisaken swrafva

urTierdapirispirebuli nacionalizmebis aRmocenebaSi gamoixata. am dros

sabWoTa inteligenciam moxerxebulad gamoiyena axl damoukidebel

saxelmwifoebSi aRmocenebuli sul ufro mzardi radikaluri eTnocentrizmi

da eTnikurma konfliqtebmac dauyovnebliv iCina Tavi (Matveeva 2002).

emil peinis naSromSi “eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvareba postsabWoTa

sazogadoebaSi” aRniSnulia, rom avtoritarul-nacionalisturi reJimebis

dafuZnebam kidev ufro metad gaaRviva nacionaluri grZnobebi eTnikur

umciresobebSi da migviyvana konfliqtebamde, romlebic urTierTmoqmedeben

erTmaneTze da kumulaciuri efeqti axasiaTebT (Rupesinghe 1996).

sainteresoa, 1) sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis droisaTvis iyo Tu ara eTnikuri

Seviwroeba konfliqtebis dawyebis mizezi umciresobebsa da centralur

xelisuflebebs, agreTve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnoss

Soris, Tu 2) eTnikuroba da nacionalizmi postsabWoTa konfliqtebis mxolod

ruseTis realuri miznebis kamuflaJi iyo. es miznebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis

Semdeg kavkasiaSi daZabulobis kerebis aRmocenebisa da mudmivi konfliqturi

situaciis SenarCunebisaken iyo mimarTuli, rac, Tavis mxriv, regionSi ruseTis

gavlenis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels.

eTnikurobis faqtoris analizis pirvelive mcdeloba ukve warmoSobs

ramdenime pasuxgaucemel kiTxvas kavkasiis konfliqtebTan dakavSirebiT: Tu es

konfliqtebi apriori eTnikuri niSniT iyo gansazRvruli da mxareebs Soris

dapirispirebebis fronti eTnikur gansxvavebebze gadioda, maSin ratom ar

gamarTlda es Teza yvela SemTxvevaSi? zogierT eTnoss Soris konfliqti

eTnikuri niSniT dapirispirebis mtkicebulebas pasuxobs, magram amis

sawinaaRmdego magaliTebic mravladaa: yvelgan ar momxdara eTnolingvisturad

monaTesave xalxebis gaerTianeba da TanamoZmeTa SekavSireba saerTo “mtris”

winaaRmdeg. polieTnikur saxelmwifoebSi, eTnikuri dapirispirebebis

aRmocenebis paralelurad, arsebobda eTnikuri umciresobebi, romlebic

simSvides inarCunebdnen da ar gamodiodnen centraluri xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg. sainteresoa, ratom daupirispirdnen zogierTi eTnosebi erTmaneTs

iolad, amave dros ki sxvagan, im regonebSi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT,

multieTnikurobis gamo, midrekili unda yofiliyvnen eTnikuri

dapirispirebebisaken, eTnikuri SuRli ar aRmocenebula da SenarCunebul iqna,

18

marTalia, daZabuli, magram urTierTgamawonasworebeli multieTnikuri

stabiluroba.

postsabWoTa periodis kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis SesanarCuneblad

marTebulad SeirCa swored eTnikuri momenti, radganac amiT Tavidan iqna

acilebuli religiuri faqtoris win wamoweva. muslim mosaxleobaSi religiuri

aspeqtis win wamoweva movlenebis araprognozirebadi ganviTarebis didi

albaTobas warmoSobda da bevrad ufro seriozuli safrTxis Semcveli

iqneboda. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom religiis faqtori mainc

mniSvnelovani iyo da ruseTis federaciis xelmRvanelobas seriozuli

problemebi Seeqmna CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aRmocenebuli islamuri

fundamentalizmisa da aRorZinebuli islamis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis saxiT.

kavkasiSi religiuri gansxvavebebis win wamowevasa da konfliqtebis

religiur gansxvavebebze damyarebul dapirispirebebad warmoCenas mravali

mecnieri Tu politikosi cdilobs. realurad ki, religia Zalze SezRudul

rols TamaSobda regionis konfliqtebSi da is mniSvnelovani iyo imdenad,

ramdenadac religia eTnikuri identobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli aspeqtia. am

konteqstSi SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom kavkasiis konfliqtebi

eTnopolitikuria, radganac eyrdnoba eTnikurobis, da ara religiis,

politizacias (Cornell 2001).

Svedi mecnieri svante korneli konfliqtSi religiis faqtoris

mniSvnelobaze saubars SesaZleblad miiCnevs Semdegi garemoebebis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi:

� erT-erTi mxare mainc mimarTavs azrovnebis religiur aspeqts

konfliqturi qcevis legitimaciisaTvis.

� monawileTa polarizacia ganmtkicebulia an religiuri identobiT, an

Teologiuri rakursiT (Cornell 1998: 46-64).

postsabWoTa periodis kavkasiis konfliqtebidan verc erTi ver

akmayofilebs zemoTmoyvanil kriteriumebs. maTSi monawile mxareebi TavianTi

konfliqturi qcevis religiur legitimacias an saerTod ar mimarTavdnen, an

mxolod konkretul SemTxvevaSi cdilobdnen religiuri faqtoris moSveliebas

da, saerTaSoriso politikuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare, swrafadve

ugulebelyofdnen mas.

postsabWoTa periodSi kavkasiis konfliqtebis aRmocenebaSi religias

mniSvneloba hqonda imdenad, ramdenadac is nacionaluri identobis safuZveli

iyo da, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom rTul periodSi, areulobebisa da

siZneleebis pirobebSi, xalxs sulier xelmZRvanelobasa da fsiqologiur

komforts sTavazobda. socialuri TvalsazrisiT, religia erTi jgufis

19

identobis dacvas emsaxureba sxva jgufebTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca xSirad

politikur iaraRadac gamoiyeneba (Matveeva 2002).

kavkasiis konfliqtebis analizisas valeri tiSkovi amtkicebs, rom am

Zaladobrivi politikuri brZolebis eTnikur konfliqtebad moxsenieba

marTebuli ar aris TviT am sazogadoebebis multieTnikuri Semadgenlobidan

gamomdinare. Tumca, tiSkovi aseve dasZens, rom elitebma Tavidan ar aiciles

“eTnikuri kamuflaJis” terminis gamoyeneba, raTa SeeniRbaT sxva motivebi da

gaeRvivebinaT dapirispireba. misi gancxadebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnikuri

separaciis arCevani, Cveulebriv, ekonomikuri gaTvlebiTaa motivirebuli, didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve politikur faqtorebsac. swored amitom,

konfliqtis “elituri” Teoria, romelic fokusirebulia inteleqtualebisa da

politikosebis mier eTnikuri grZnobebis mobilizaciaze, warmatebiT iqna

gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebisadmi (Rupesinghe K. Tishkov V. 1996).

1. saqarTvelos konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani roli swored

eTnikurma sxvaobam iTamaSa, romlis politizacia warmatebiT moxerxda. sabWoTa

kavSiris arsebobis wlebSi afxazebsa da osebs, rogorc eTnikur umciresobebs,

gansakuTrebuli lingvisturi da kulturuli uflebebi mieniWaT, xolo

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis mier arCeuli politika

rusifikaciis Sedegebis aRmofxvrisken iyo mimarTuli, rac eTnikuri

umciresobebisaTvis miniWebuli privilegiebis SezRudvasac gulisxmobda. am

politikam da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan umciresobebisadmi

ukompromiso damokidebulebam eTnonacionalisturi grZnobebi gaaRviva samxreT

oseTsa da afxazeTSi (Ghelabi V.Y. 1998). Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom Tavad

saqarTvelos centraluri xelisufleba ar aRmoCnda am TvalsazrisiT bolomde

Tanmimdevruli, ris naTeli dasturi 1991 wels miRweuli SeTanxmeba iyo: soxumi

da Tbilisi SeTanxmdnen, rom afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWo eTnikuri kvotebis

mixedviT dakompleqtdeboda. afxazuri eTnosis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic

avtonomiis mosaxleobis 18% Seadgenda, Tbilisis TanxmobiT 28 mandati ergo,

65-mandatian uzenaes sabWoSi. qarTvelebma 26 mandati miiRes, danarCenma

eTnikurma jgufebma ki _ 11 (darCiaSvili,FTevzaZe 2003).

Cveni azriT, qarTul-afxazur da qarTul-osur dapirispirebebSi eTnikur

da religiur aspeqtebs Soris eTnikuri aspeqti ufro wonadia, Tumca unda

davZinoT, rom es ar aris damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtori. misi

rolis gaazreba da marTebuli Sefaseba mxolod regionSi ruseTis mier

gatarebuli eTnikuri politikis miukerZoebeli analizis SemTxvevaSi iqneba

SesaZlebeli, radganac eTnikuroba kavkasiaSi mWidrod ukavSirdeba sabWoTa

20

kavSiris periodis droindel politikur-ekonomikur da socialur-kulturul

realiebs.

erTi SexedviT, qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri konfliqtebi

eTnosTaSorisi dapirispirebebis aSkara magaliTia. magram saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi realurad ar arsebobda eTnikuri SuRli qarTvelebsa da

afxazebs Soris. postsabWoTa periodSi ki afxazTa moTxovnebi ar iyo

mimarTuli calsaxa damoukideblobisaken, aramed es iyo saqarTvelos nacvlad

federalur ruseTTan dakavSirebis survili. amgvaead, konfliqtis mizezi ara

eTnikuri usafrTxoebis dacva iyo, aramed politikuri mokavSiris Secvlis

survili (Arutiunov).

qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri konfliqtebi eTnikurobis

politizaciis tipiuri Sedegia, rac warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli tranziciis

periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daZabulobebisa da eTnikuri umciresobebis

dezorientaciis viTarebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi religiis faqtoris raimegvar

mniSvnelobaze laparakic ki zedmetia, konfliqtis monawile arc erTi mxare ar

mimarTavda religiur aspeqts konfliqturi qcevis legitimaciisaTvis, xolo

mecnierTa erTi nawilis mier qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi muhajirobis

epizodis xazgasmis mcdeloba yovelgvar realur safuZvels moklebulia.

kavkasiis regionSi kidev erT mniSvnelovan konfliqtur keras warmoadgens

mTiani yarabaRis garSemo warmoqmnili dapirispireba somxebsa da

azerbaijanelebs Soris. aq eTnikuri, religiuri da politikuri aspeqtebis

saintereso Tanafardobas vxvdebiT. Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba,

rom sabWoTa periodSi mTiani yarabaRis somxebis yvela kampania, mimarTuli

yarabaRis somxeTisTvis SeerTebisaken, ganixileboda rogorc reaqciuli

nacionalisturi propaganda da sastikad iTrguneboda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis

droisaTvis somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris dapirispirebam mTeli ZaliT

iCina Tavi. mTiani yarabaRis somxebSi iredentistuli ganwyoba imdenad

gaZlierda, rom SeiaraRebulma eTnikurma konfliqtma ar daayovna. somxebsa da

azerbaijanelebs Soris dapirispirebebma ara marto yarabaRis regioni, aramed

somxebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli azerbaijanis sxva teritoriebic moicva

(ganja, sumgaiTi da a.S.). dapirispirebaTa fronti aSkarad eTnikuri

gansxvavebulobis xazze gadioda.

erTis SexedviT, yvela winapiroba arsebobs imisaTvis, rom es konfliqti

religiur dapirispirebad iqnas ganxiluli, rasac mecnierTa erTi nawili

aqtiurad emxroba da mis warmoCenas hanTingtonis cnobil civilizaciaTa

Sejaxebis konteqstSi cdilobs. Tumca movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba sakmaod wonad

empiriul faqtebs gvaZlevs am Tezis uarsayofad: bunebrivia, konfliqtis

21

msvlelobisas somxeTis da azerbaijanis sulieri liderebi SeuerTdnen

TavianTi xalxis moTxovnebs, Tumca es sakmaod gvian da, aSkarad,

sazogadoebrivi azris zewolis Sedegad moxda. somexTa kaTalikosis vazgen I

da samxreT kavkasiis Seixis aiaTola alah-Sukur faSazades politikurad

angaJirebuli werilebis gamo ar SeiZleba, yarabaRis konfliqti religiur omad

Sefasdes (Ciqovani 2006). kavkasiis mTliani postsabWoTa viTarebisa da ruseTis

faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, cnobili eqspertis nil makfarleinis Tvalsazriss

daveTanxmebiT da vityviT, rom mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti eTnonacionaluri

xasiaTis iyo, sadac warmmarTvel rols politizirebuli eTnikuroba TamaSobda

(makfarleini 1998: 37).

eTnikuri, religiuri da politikuri faqtorebis aseve saintereso

urTierTmomarTebaa CrdiloeT kavkasiis eTnikur konfliqtebSi, radgan aq,

sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis droidan, administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebi

eTnikuri niSnis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe Camoyalibda. sabWoTa epoqaSi Seiqmna

eTnikuri da politikuri subieqtebis teritoriul-administraciuli

urTierTgadamkveTi sazRvrebi, ramac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula

postsabWoTa periodSi eTnosTaSorisi dapirispirebebis gaRvivebaSi. kavkasiis

regionis problemaTa mkvlevari rainer freiTag-virminghauzi aRniSnavs, rom

kavkasiis konfliqtebi regionis kompleqsuri eTnikuri geografiiTaa

gamowveuli: eTnikuri erTobebi gamijnulia administraciul-teritoriuli

sazRvrebiT, romelic sabWoTa batonobis divide et impera principTan srul

SesabamisobaSia (Freitag-Wirminghaus. 2000). ana matveeva ki dasZens, rom sabWoTa

periodis qmnileba _ institucionalizebuli kavSirebi teritoriebsa da

eTnikurobas Soris _ safuZvels umzadebda postsabWoTa epoqaSi

urTierTdapirispirebuli nacionalizmebisa da eTnikuri konfliqtebis

aRmocenebas (Matveeva. 2002).

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi postsabWoTa periodSi religiurma faqtorma

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa aRorZinebuli islamuri fundamentalizmis saxiT,

Tumca mas gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda mivaniWoT, rogorc

damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone determinants. regionSi muslimuri

religiuri fundamentalizmi xSirad gvevlineba rogorc eTnonacionaluri,

kulturuli, konfesiuri da sxva TviTidentifikaciis ideologiuri da

miTologiuri surogati. realuri mdgomareobis analizi gviCvenebs, rom

religiis aRorZineba da farTod gavrceleba formalur, atribuciul xasiaTs

atarebs da, arcTu iSviaTad, islamuri ritorikiT iniRbeba ama Tu im

politikosis wminda saxelisuflebo miswrafebebi (Гаджиев К.С. 2001: 466).

22

am Tezis mtkicebulebad gamodgeba CeCneTis prezidentis johar dudaevis

mier yuranis gamoyeneba sakuTari politikuri poziciebis gansamtkiceblad.

rodesac mas SeiaraRebuli opozicia daupirispirda, dudaevma yurani

moiSvelia, romelic ramadanis TveSi muslimTa mier sisxlisRvras krZalavs,

riTac SeZlo oponentebis diskreditireba, gamoacxada ra isini ruseTis

momxreebad (Cornell 2001). dudaevi cdilobda Tavisi politikis islamur

sentimentze dafuZnebas da religiisa da nacionalizmis kombinirebas.

magaliTad, 1993 wels islamuri legaluri normebis konstituciaSi Setanis

mcdeloba iyo. garda amisa, dudaevis reJimi islamis gamoyenebas nacionaluri

TviTgansazRvrisaTvis cdilobda, raTa saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da

sakuTari poziciis ganmtkiceba uzrunveleyo. dudaevi moskovis winaaRmdeg

kavkasieli muslimebis erTiani antiimperiuli frontis Seqmnasac Seecada da

aqtiurad TanamSromlobda “kavkasiis xalxTa konfederaciasTan” (Halbach 2001).

marat iordanovi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi politikuri eqstremizmisa da

religiuri fanatizmis mWidro urTierTkavSirze miuTiTebs; am oris kavSirs ki

nacionalistur eTnocentrizmamde mivyavarT. nacionalizmis eTnocentrizmad

gardaqmna iseTive xafangebs qmnis, rogorsac sxva tipis agresiuli

radikalizmebi (Iordanov 2005).

Zneli warmosadgenia, rom islami kavkasiaSi SeiZleba mdgradi nacionaluri

da politikuri kavSirebis bazisad iqces – pirvel rigSi, regionSi TviT

islamis mravalsaxeobidan (sunizmi, Siizmi, sufizmi, vahabizmi da a.S.)

gamomdinare. eTnonacionaluri, teritoriuli, tomobrivi, klanuri, enobrivi,

politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da sxva winaaRmdegobani da konfliqtebi

regionis xalxebs Soris dRes (da Tvalsawier momavalSic) xSirad ufro

Zlieria, vidre saerTo konfesiuri faseulobani da principebi. Zneli

warmosadgenia, rom winaaRmdegoba TavisTavad gaqreba da is minavluli

konfliqtebi, romelTac safuZvlad udevs eTnolingvisturad monaTesave

xalxebis (magaliTad, lekebis) orad gayofa saxelmwifo sazRvriT; an kidev,

miuxedavad azerbaijanisa da iranis Siituri aRmsareblobisa, nakleb

savaraudoa gaqres winaaRmdegoba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs azerbaijaneli

xalxis moqceva ori saxelmwifos farglebSi (Гаджиев К.С. 2001: 464).

religiuri faqtori metad saintereso rols TamaSobs multieTnikuri

daRestnis socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi. daRestnis multieTnikuri

struqtura Tavidan icilebs monoliTur islamur moZraobas da dominantur

satitulo nacionalizms. magram respublikSi arsebuli yvela nacionaluri

moZraoba miubrunda islams, rogorc maTi kulturuli identobis safuZvels.

islami gadaiqca nacionalizmis katalizatorad, romelsac SeuZlia

23

ganacalkevos daRestnis multieTnikuri sistema, magram, amave dros, is aseve

warmoadgens Siga mastabilizebel faqtors (Halbach 2001)1.

daRestnis xalxebs islamis saxiT aqvT saerTo identoba, rac daicavs

daRestans komunalizmisagan. radganac maT eSiniaT nacionalizmis, daRestnis

xalxebi Seecdebian sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis

sxva gzebis monaxvas [Cornell 2001: 61-86].

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kavkasiis postsabWoTa konfliqtebSi

religiurireligiurireligiurireligiuri, politikuripolitikuripolitikuripolitikuri da eTnikurieTnikurieTnikurieTnikuri faqtorebi, sabWoTa memkvidreobis Sedegad,

imdenadaa urTierTgadajaWvuli, rom Znelia TiToeuli maTganze, rogorc

damoukidebel komponentze saubari. eTnikuri faqtorebi metwilad

politizirebulia, xolo eTnikurobis politizaciis xarisxs xSirad

konkretuli eTnikuri jgufis religiuri mikuTvnebuloba gansazRvravs.

ggggamoyamoyamoyamoyenebuli literaturaenebuli literaturaenebuli literaturaenebuli literatura

Arutiunov, S.A. Ethnicity in the Caucasus: Ethnic Relations and Quasi-Ethnic Conflicts.

<http://www.circassianworld.com/ethnicity.html>.

Cornell, S. Religon as a Factor in Caucasian Conflicts.

<http://www.pcr.uu.se/publications/cornell_pub/RELICAUCpub.PDF>.

Cornell, S. Small Nations and Great Powers (A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus).

Curzon, 2001.

Freitag-Wirminghaus, R. The Caucasus Crisis Region: Causes of Conflict and Geopolitical

Considerations.<www.sef-bonn.org/.../2000_ws-kaukasus_paper_freitagwirminghous_en.pdf>.

Ghelabi, V.Y. Ethnicity in International Conflicts: Revisiting an Elusive Issue.

<http://www.isn.ethz.ch/3isf/Online_Publications/WS4/Ghebali.htm>.

1politikurma islamma saxalxo moZraobis axali forma pirvelad swored daRestanSi miiRo. filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori d.kalidovi, romelic Tavad iyo am moZraobis aqtiuri mxardamWeri, aRniSnavda, rom misi mizani iyo saxalxo muslimuri politikuri organizaciebis Seqmna, rac iqneboda saxelmwifo struqturebisa da xelisuflebis institutebis rogorc konstruqciuli opozicia, aseve kooperacia. es kooperacia naTels mohfenda muslimuri umas konkretul interesebs. amave dros, regionSi gamoCnda ramdenime axali politikuri partia: ruseTis muslimTa gaerTianeba (n.xaCilaevis xelmZRvanelobiT); moZraoba “nuri”, daRestnis islamuri partia (s.asiaTilovis xelmZRvanelobiT); ruseTis islamuri partia (daRestneli s.rajabovis xelmZRvanelobiT) da a.S.

24

Halbach, U. “Islam in the North Caucasus”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 115. Juillet-

Septembre, 2001. <http://www.ehess.fr/centres/ceifr/assr/N115/005.htm>.

Iordanov, M. “The Northen Caucasus: Scrutinized by Terrorists”, Central Asia and the Caucasus.

Journal of Social and Political Studies. #1(31), 2005.

Matveeva, A. Minority Rights Group International. South Caucasus: Nationalism, Conflict and

Minorities. <http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/SouthCaucasusreport.pdf>.

Rupesinghe, K, and Tishkov, V. Ethnicity and Power in the Contemporary World. Tokyo, 1996.

darCiaSvili, d, FTevzaZe g. “eTnikuri konfliqtebi da gandgomili regionebi

saqarTveloSi”, Jurn. demokratiis mSenebloba saqarTveloSi. #9, maisi,

2003.

makfarleini, n. “demokratiis procesebi da usafrTxoebis problemebi

kavkasiaSi” sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagareo politikis kvlevisa da

analizis centris biuleteni. # 7, Tbilisi, 1998.

Ciqovani, n. religia da kultura samxreT kavkasiaSi. saleqcio kursi. Tbilisi,

2006.

Гаджиев, К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. Москва: Международные отношения, 2001.

25

malxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toria

warsulis gaazrebiswarsulis gaazrebiswarsulis gaazrebiswarsulis gaazrebisa da mexsierebis politikisa da mexsierebis politikisa da mexsierebis politikisa da mexsierebis politikis roli konfliqturi roli konfliqturi roli konfliqturi roli konfliqturi

identobebis CamoyalibebaSiidentobebis CamoyalibebaSiidentobebis CamoyalibebaSiidentobebis CamoyalibebaSi

(qarTul(qarTul(qarTul(qarTul----afxazuri konfliqtis magaliTi)afxazuri konfliqtis magaliTi)afxazuri konfliqtis magaliTi)afxazuri konfliqtis magaliTi)

qarTuli telekompaniisTvis micemul interviuSi afxazeTis

TviTaRiarebuli respublikis de-faqto sagareo saqmeTa ministrma sergei Sambam

ganacxada, rom istoriulad afxazeTi ki ar Sedioda saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi, aramed saqarTvelo iyo afxazeTis nawili. es gancxadeba,

garkveulwilad, imis ilustracia SeiZleba iyos, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebis

da konfliqturi identobebis1 Camoyalibebis erT-erTi mizezi eTnosis mier

istoriis organizebis, zogadad, warsulis damaxsovrebisa da aRqmis

Taviseburebaa. TiTeuli eTnosi warsuls im normebis safuZvelze iazrebs,

romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu ra, rodis da rogor unda iqnas damaxsovrebuli

warsulidan. Tavis mxriv, am normebs emyareba ama Tu im eTnosis identoba.

frangi sociologis pier noras TqmiT, “warsulis xsovna awmyo identobas

gansazRvravs” (Llobera 1998:331).

warsuli gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri konfliqtis dros xdeba.

dapirispirebuli mxareebi mas teritoriuli Tu sxva saxis politikuri

pretenziebis dasakmayofileblad iyeneben. am dros istoria damokidebuli xdeba

politikur koniunqturaze. rogorc ingliseli mkvlevari p. berki aRniSnavs,

istorikosebis Semoqmedeba sulac ar aris damaxsovrebis uwyinari aqti, is

sxvebis mexsierebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa (Burke 1980: 100-101). qarTuli da

afxazuri eTnosebis, rogorc mnemonikuri erTobebis, “konfliqturi

mexsierebebisa” da, Sesabamisad, konfliqturi identobebis Camoyalibebaze

mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia istorikosebis Semoqmedebam. qarTul-afxazuri

“mexsierebebis konfliqtma” Tavi XX saukunis dasawyisSi iCina, intensiuri

xasiaTi 80-90-ian wlebSi miiRo da dRemde grZeldeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

qarTul-afxazur konfliqtis warmoSobaSi mniSvnelovani roli swored

qarTvelebis da afxazebis mier warsulis da, zogadad, istoriis

gansxvavebulma aRqmam iTamaSa.

mraval samecniero gamokvlevaSi gaanalizebulia, erTi mxriv, istoriis,

istoriuli teqstebisa da, meore mxriv, koleqtiuri da idividualuri

mexsierebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. p. berkis TqmiT, is mosazreba, rom

“mexsiereba asaxavs imas, rac moxda, xolo dawerili istoria asaxavs sakuTriv

1konfliqtur identobaSi vgulisxmobT eTnosis TviTidentifikacias sxva eTnosTan dapirispirebaSi.

26

mexsierebas, metismetad martivad gamoiyureba. arc mexsiereba da arc istoriebi

ukve aRar ganixileba obieqturad. orive SemTxvevaSi Cven vswavlobT

informaciis cnobieri Tu aracnobieri seleqciis, interpretaciisa da

damaxinjebis gaTvaliswinebas. orive SemTxvevaSi es seleqcia, interpretacia da

damaxinjeba socialurad aris ganpirobebuli” (Burke 1980: 97-98).

frangi sociologi moris halbvaksi pirveli iyo, vinc damaxsovrebis

procesSi socialuri faqtori gaiTvaliswina. mas ekuTvnis termini “koleqtiuri

mexsiereba”. halbvaksis gansazRvrebiT, koleqtiuri mexsiereba saerTo

mexsierebaa, romelic gadaicema da konstruirdeba jgufis mier (Burke 1980: 97-98).

amerikeli sociologis eviaTar zerubavelis azriT, koleqtiuri

mexsiereba saerToa ojaxebisaTvis, eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis, naciebisTvis da

sxva mnemonikuri erTobebisTvis. koleqtiuri mexsiereba ar aris romelime

erTobis wevrTa piradi mogonebebis ubralo erToblioba. is moicavs im

mogonebebs, romlebic saerToa erTobis yvela wevrisaTvis, rogorc jgufisTvis

(Zerubavel 2003: 4).

ramdenadac mexsierebis formirebaSi istorikosebis rolze vsaubrobT,

viTvaliswinebT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul koncefciebs. magaliTad,

koleqtiuri mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi istorikosebis “damsaxurebaze”

saintereso mosazrebas gvTavazobs j. verCi, romlis Tanaxmad, koleqtiuri

mexsiereba aris mexsiereba, romelic ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva, pirvel rigSi,

istoriuli xasiaTis moTxrobebiT, narativebiT. Sesabamisi teqstebi (analebi,

qronikebi, skolis saxelmZRvaneloebi da a.S.) ganixileba, rogorc

instrumentebi koleqtiur damaxsovrebisaTvis (Карагёзов 2005: 59-60).

aseve saintereso gansazRvrebas gvTavazobs pier nora, romelic

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs koleqtiur da istoriul mexsierebas. misi azriT,

“koleqtiuri mexsiereba aris yvelaferi is, rac warsulidan aris SemorCenili,

rogorc jgufebis (naciis CaTvliT) realuri gamocdileba an is, rasac es

jgufebi iReben warsulidan. koleqtiuri mexsiereba jgufebTan erTad

viTardeba da warmoadgens im ucvlel faseulobebs, romelic SeiZleba iyos

manipulirebis obieqti da Zalauflebis iaraRi.

istoriuli mexsiereba mecnieruli tradiciis Sedegia. is aris

specifikuri jgufis _ profesionali istorikosebis _ koleqtiuri mexsiereba.

istoriuli mexsiereba anlitikuri da kritikulia, detaluri da specifikuri.

istoriuli mexsiereba ifiltreba, grovdeba, gadaicema da werilobiTi saxiT

yalibdeba” (Llobera 1998:331-332).

individualuri da koleqtiuri mexsierebis urTierTmimarTebis problema

samecniero literaturaSi calke analizis sagania. halbvaksi, diurkhaimis

27

msgavad, aqcents koleqtiur cnobierebaze akeTebda. is miiCnevda, rom individis

mexsierebis formirebas jgufuri identobebi ganapirobebs. misi mtkicebiT,

mexsiereba konstruirebulia socialuri jgufebis mier. swored socialuri

jgufebi gansazRvraven, ra da rogor unda iyos damaxsovrebuli” (Burke 1980: 97-

98).

mogvianebiT j. fentresma da k. uaikemma mexsierebis axali koncefcia

SeimuSaves. isini aRiarebdnen adamianis cxovrebis koleqtiuri mxaris

mniSvnelobas, Tumca, maTi azriT, individi ar aris koleqtiuri nebis pasiuri

morCili. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, individualuri mexsiereba socialur

mexsierebad komunikaciis, warsulis Txrobis Sedegad gardaiqmneba (Репина 2003:

14).

am konkretul SemTxvevaSi individs ganvixilavT eTnosis, rogorc

mnemonikuri erTobis wevrs, romelic am eTnosis koleqtiuri mexsierebis

matarebelia. xazs vusvamT im garemoebas, rom eTnosis koleqtiuri mexsierebis

CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT istorikosebs, romelTa

funqciaa “iyvnen “dammaxsovreblebi”, sazogadoebriv movlenaTa mexsierebis

darajebi” (Burke 1980:97). Tavis mxriv, istorikosebi socialur dakveTas

asruleben.

warsuli adamianebis mexsierebaSi garkveuli moTxrobebis saxiT

yalibdeba. warsulis faqtebis dasamaxsovreblad da gadasacemad aucilebelia

maTi gardaqmna sxvadasxva Janris moTxrobebad/narativebad. am narativebis,

rogorc tipiuri modelebis, meSveobiT adamianebi aRiqvamen movlenebs da

axdenen maT interpretacias (Репина 2003: 14).

eviaTar zerubaveli aRniSnavs, rom realurad erTmaneTTan

daukavSirebeli istoriuli movlenebi adamianis mexsierebaSi

urTierTdakavSirebul istoriul narativebad gardaiqmneba. Cveulebriv,

warsulis movlenebs moTxrobis epizodebad vxedavT. swored es

“moTxrobebi/narativebi” am movlenebs istoriul mniSvnelobas sZens” (Zerubavel

2003: 14).

mkvlevrebi warsulis damaxsovrebis da mexsierebis gadacemis sxvadasxva

formas gamoyofen. magaliTad, p. berki saubrobs xuT mediumze, romelTa

saSualebiTac xdeba mexsierebis gadacema. esenia: 1. zepiri tradicia; 2.

istorikosebis Semoqmedeba; 3. gamosaxulebiTi da fotografiuli xatebi,

sxvadasxva saxis Zeglebi da suvenirebi (saflavis filebi, qandakebebi, medlebi

da a.S.); 4. moqmedebebi, ritualebi da sxva. moqmedebebis saSualebiT gadaicema

codna da gamocdileba. magaliTad, maswavlebeli gadascems gamocdilebas

Segirds; ritualebi mexsierebis aqtia, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba warsulis

28

kvlavwarmoeba, interpretacia, mexsierebis formireba; 5. bolo mediumia sivrce,

sadac xdeba mexsierebis “xatebis” lokalizacia (Burke 1980: 100-101).

p. nora gamoyofs oTxi tipis e.w. “mexsierebis ares” (site of memory):

simboluri are moicavs sadResaswaulo dReebs da ritualebs, piligrimobas,

iubileebs da a.S.; funqciuri are _ saxelmZRvaneloebs, avtobiografiebs da

sxva; monumenturi are _ saflavebs, nagebobebs da sxva saxis nivTier realobas;

topografiuli are _ arqivebs, biblioTekebs da muzeumebs (Llobera 1998: 333).

am CamonaTvalidan istorikosi da misi Semoqmedeba, mis mier Seqmnili

narativebi, albaT, erT-erTi mTavari mediumia warsulsa da awmyos Soris.

istorikosebis gavlena sulac ar aris meorexarisxovani, Tundac, erovnuli

dResaswaulebis dadgenaSi, an romelime monumentis agebaSi. swored

istorikosebi arian erT-erTi mTavari msajulebi imisa, Tu ra CaiTvalos

damaxsovrebis Rirsad da ra _ ara.

p. noras azriT, tradicia istoriuli konstruqciis Sedegia. istoriisa

da istoriografiuli cnobierebis GgaCeniT kavSiri gawyda “cocxal”

mexsierebasTan. “nacionaluri istoria ayalibebs yvelaze Zvel koleqtiur

tradiciebs, saerTo mexsierebis garemos (milieu de mémoire)”, xilul, nivTier

realobas, romelic warsuls gvagonebs. Tumca, misi TqmiT, “sadac istorias ara

aqvs mkacri didaqtikuri roli, rogorc es safrangeTSia, istoriis istoria

naklebad Seicavs polemikur Sinaarss. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi, rogorc

pluraluri mexsierebisa da gansxvavebuli tradiciebis qveyanaSi,

istoriografia ufro pragmatulia. samoqalaqo omis sxvadasxva interpretacia

safrTxes ar uqmnis amerikul tradicias, radgan aseTi tradicia, garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, arc arsebobs da, Tu arsebobs, is ar aris istoriuli

konstruqcia” (Nora 1989: 9-10). istoriis konstruirebis tendencia Tavs iCens XIX

saukuneSi, romelic e. hobsbaumis mier “tradiciebis gamogonebis” saukuned

aris daxasiaTebuli. am dros gansakuTrebiT gaizarda istorikosebis roli. “es

iyo saukune nacionaluri tradiciebis Ziebisa, am dros aigo nacionaluri

monumentebi, Seiqmna nacionaluri ritualebi (mag., bastiliis dRe). am periodSi,

rogorc arasdros, nacionalur istoriebs centraluri adgili ekava evropis

skolebSi” (Burke 1980: 107). SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

istoriuli mexsierebis erT-erTi mTavari wyaro istoriul teqstebi da

saxelmZRvaneloebia.

qarTvelebi da afxazebi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba mivakuTnoT im eTnosebs,

romlebic mZafrad ganicdian warsuls. p. berkis TqmiT, zogierTi kultura

ufro metad aris dainteresebulia warsuliT, zogi _ naklebad. magaliTad,

“ingliselebis socialuri mexsiereba, irlandielebisa da polonelebisagan

29

gansxvavebiT, moklea. irlandiis samxreTSi guSindel dResaviT axsovT, Tu

rogor moeqcnen maT ingliselebi kromvelis dros” (Burke 1980: 105-106).

j. lobera aRniSnavs, rom warsulisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba,

pirvel rigSi, damoukideblobis armqone naciebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

amis magaliTad mas katalonielebi mohyavs: “kataloniuri nacia politikurad

da kulturulad SezRudul erTeulSi cxovrobs da, Sesabamisad, sakuTari

istoriuli mexsierebis did deficits ganicdis” (Llobera 1998:332). ). ). ). xangrZlivi

drois manZilze msgavs viTarebaSi uxdebodaT arseboba rogorc afxazebs, ise

qarTvelebs. postsabWoTa periodSi, roca saqarTvelom damoukidebloba moipova,

xolo mis SemadgenlobaSi myofma afxazeTis avtonomiurma erTeulma

separatistuli moZraoba daiwyo, orive mxarem sakuTari pretenziebisa da

moTxovnebis legitimaciis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvlad warsuli da istoria

gamoiyena. Tumca, dapirispireba qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris ufro adre

daiwyo.

qarTul-afxazur SeiaraRebul konfliqts win e.w. “istorikosebis omi”

uZRoda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi afxazi da qarTveli istorikosebi afxazeTis

istoriis sakuTari versiebis SemuSavebas Seudgnen. qarTvelebi da afxazebi

erTmaneTs erTi da igive istoriul resursebs edavebodnen da istoriis

“miTvisebasa” Tu ‘warTmevaSi” sdebdnen brals. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia is

garemoeba, rom afxazuri da qarTuli koleqtiuri mexsierebis, maTi istoriuli

narativebis wyaro erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. qarTuli eTnosisTvis ZiriTadi

wyaro mravalsaukunovani “dawerili” eTnoistoria _ “qarTlis cxovrebaa”.

afxazebma ki, rogorc cnobilia, damwerloba XX saukuneSi Seqmnes. maTi

koleqtiuri mexsiereba eyrdnoba ara Zvel naratiul safuZvels, aramed zepir

tradicias da XX saukunis istorikosebis mier Seqmnil konstruqciebs. am

periodSi moRvawe afxazi mecnieri dimitri gulia Tavis “afxazeTis istoriaSi”

werda: “mcirericxovani afxazi xalxi, miuxedavad imisa, rom diadi warsulis

mqonea, faqtobrivad, ar flobs mas, radgan misi istoria jer ar dawerila,

mravalricxovani arqeologiuri Zeglebi Seuswavlelia, xolo Zvel avtorebTan

arsebuli fragmentuli monacemebi aravis Seukrebia” (Шнирельман 2003: 282). aqve

unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli naratiuli tradiciis arseboba sruliadac ar

gamoricxavs istoriis “Seqmnis” SesaZleblobas. piriqiT, zogierTi qarTveli

istorikosisaTvis swored naratiuli tradiciaa istoriis “SeTxzvis”

safuZveli.

warsulis gamoyenebiT da paraleluli istoriebis “TxvziT” qarTvelebi

da afxazebi erTmaneTisaTvis teritoriuli pretenziebis dasabuTebas

cdilobdnen. afxazeTis istoris qarTuli da afxazuri versiebi erTmaneTisgan

30

imdenadaa dacilebuli, rom “istoriaTa omi” mogvianebiT realur samxedro

konfliqtSi gadaizarda.

qarTvelebic da afxazebic TavianTi interesebis Sesabamisad iyeneben

istorias da akavSireben awmyosTan. warsulis dakavSirebas awmyosTan isini

koleqtiur mexsierebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva narativis safuZvelze axdendnen.

es narativebi, mniSvnelovanwilad, swored gasuli saukunisa da Tanamedrove

istorikosebis “Semoqmedebis” safuZvelzea Seqmnili.

konfliqtis (aq mxolod SeiaraRebuli konfliqti ar igulisxmeba) dros

dapirispirebuli mxareebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen da afaseben warsulis

erTsa da igive periods. e. zerubaveli Tavis wignSi “drois ruqebi, koleqtiuri

mexsiereba da warsulis socialuri saxe” am situacias e.w. “progresisa” da

“daRmasvlis” narativis mixedviT aanalizebs.

progresis narativis safuZvelze eTnosi sakuTar istorias ganviTarebisa

da srulyofis procesis saxiT warmoidgens; dacemis narativSi awmyo da

momavali, piriqiT, Sav ferebSia naCvenebi. samagierod, warsuli didebul

realobad aris warmoCenili, romelic, “saubedurod, samudamod wavida”

(Zerubavel 2003: 15-17).

qarTvelebi periods 1992 wlis SeiarRebul konfliqtamde teritoriuli

mTlianobis xanad aRiqvamen da, am TvalsazrisiT, dadebiTad afaseben. es

droiTi monakveTi progresis narativSi Tavsdeba. igive periodi afxazebisaTvis

“qarTvelebis batonobis qveS” yofnis xanaa da, Sesabamisad, daRmasvlis

narativSi Tavsdeba.

“droSi zigzagis narativSi” daRmasvlisa da progresis narativebi erTad

aris mocemuli. es narativi istoriis mimarTulebis cvlilebas, xSirad

mTlianad ukumiqcevasac gulisxmobs. cvlileba garkveuli Semobrunebis

wertilidan xdeba. eTnoss – mnemonikur erTobas _ SeiZleba miaCndes, rom

warsuli aRzevebis periodis Semdeg, ucbad, dacemis xana dadga. aseTi xedva

“aRzeveba-daRmasvlis narativSi” Tavsdeba; sapirispiro – “daRmasvla-aRzevebis

narativis” Tanaxmad, warsuli Znelbedobis Jams aRmasvlis dro cvlis.

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis konteqstSi droSi zigzagis narativi

Taviseburad ikiTxeba. afxazuri Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, omamde periodis

dacemis xanas, omSi qarTvel “okupantebze” gamarjvebis da, Sesabamisad,

erovnuli aRmavlobis epoqa cvlis. swored omi iyo Semobrunebis is wertili,

saidanac istoriis procesi ukumiiqca. qarTuli mxarisaTvis ki piriqiT –

saqarTvelos mTlianobis xanas teritoriuli mTlianobis dakargvis periodi

cvlis.

31

afxazur istoriografiaSic, romelic ideologiurad asazrdoebda

afxazur separatizms, kargad Cans droSi zigzagis narativi. magaliTad, afxazi

istorikosi s. aSxacava 1925 wels gamocemul Tavis wignSi werda, rom afazeTis

istoria ukve Zv.w.aR. XI saukunidan iwyeba, xolo ax.w.aR. VIII-XV saukuneebi

afaxazuri saxelmwifos Zlierebis epoqa iyo. amis Semdeg dasrulda afxazebis

istoriis “oqros xana” da daiwyo bneli saukuneebi. bneli epoqa mas Semdeg

dadga, rac XVI-XVII saukuneebSi qarTveli istorikosebi istoriis gadaweras

Seudgnen. maT afxazebis didebis amsaxveli arasasurveli furclebi uxeSad

waSales (Шнирельман 2003: 286). sainteresoa, rom aSxacavas mixedviT, afxazebis

istoriis oqros xana qarTvelebis “didebis” periods emTxveva. magaliTad, misi

azriT, qarTuli eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxuli mefeebi daviT

aRmaSenebeli da Tamar mefe afxazi mefeebi iyvnen.

p. berkis azriT, “sxvadasxva adgilas da sxvadasxva dros, istorikosebi

damaxsovrebis Rirsad warsulis sxvadasxva aspeqts miiCnevdnen (brZolebi,

politika, religia, ekonomika). isini warsuls Zalian gansxvavebuli formiT

warmoaCendnen (mag., sakuTari jgufis interesebidan gamomdinare, yuradRebis

centrSi SeiZleba moxvdes movlenebi da struqturebi, didi adamianebi an

Cveulebrivi adamianebi).

Cven warsulTan (iseve rogorc awmyosTan) Sexeba SegviZlia mxolod

sakuTari kulturis kategoriebisa da sqemebis (an, rogorc diurkhaimi ityoda,

“koleqtiuri reprezentaciebis”) meSveobiT” (Burke 1980: 99).

am TvalsazrisiT, mnemonikuri erToba, ra Tqma unda, istorikosebis

legitimaciiT da sakuTari moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, drois sxvadasxva periods

gansxvavebuli sisavsiT da intensivobiT imaxsovrebs. erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia

movlenebiT “savse” da “carieli” istoriuli periodebi. warsulis aseTi

optikuri xedva istoriuli fokusirebis garkveuli normebis Sedegia, romelic

gvkarnaxobs, ra davimaxsovroT da ra _ ara (Zerubavel 2003: 27-28).

afxazuri da qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis 1992-93 wlis SeiaraRebuli

konfliqti “movlenebiT savse” periodad miiCneva. omSi daRupuli jariskacebis

xsovnis mizniT Catarebul ritualebSi qarTvelebi da afxazebi warmoaCenen

aseT, maTTvis sakralur periods. am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa isic, rom

afxazuri televiziiT wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad atrialeben omis amsaxvel

kadrebs. magaliTad, rogor gadasxes desanti sofel tamiSTan, an rogor

emzadebodnen soxumis asaRebad. aseTi RonisZiebebi miznad isaxavs afxazeTis

“samamulo omis” ardaviwyebas da samudamo xsovnas.

32

SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT warsulis da istoriis aRqmis ori forma. pirveli

formis konteqstSi istoria aris uwyveti procesi, meoris mixedviT, istoria

wyvetili periodebis seriaa.

istoriis uwyvetobis narativis konteqstSi awmyo warsulis gagrZelebad

ganixileba. konkretuli istoriuli wyvetilebis Sevsebis mizniT, kavSiri

iZebneba iseT droiT monakveTebs Soris, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, erTmaneTTan

daukavSirebelia.

““““warsulTan kavSiris gabma” mentaluri aqtia, magram dapirispirebuli

mxareebi cdiloben mis myar sagnobriv realobaze dafuZnebas. erT-erTi aseTi

realoba swored konkretuli geografiuli sivrcea (sadao teritoria).

teritoria did rols TamaSobs identobasTan dakavSirebul ritorikaSi.

magaliTad, piligrimoba da, saerTod, istoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone

adgilebis monaxuleba imisaTvis aris gamiznuli, rom mnemonikur erTobebs

axlo “kontaqti” hqondeT sakuTar koleqtiur warsulTan. didia istoriuli

Zeglebis roli msgavsi kavSirebis gamyarebisaTvis (Zerubavel 2003: 42-43); xSirad

konfliqti warmoiSoba ama Tu im taZris Tu istoriuli nagebobis garSemo.

rogorc e. smiti aRniSnavs “samSoblo istoriuli mexsierebis da

asociaciebis Sesanaxi adgilia, es aris adgili, sadac “Cveni” brZenebi,

wmindanebi da gmirebi cxovrobdnen, moRvaweobdnen, loculobdnen da ibrZodnen.

yvelaferi es samSoblos unikalurobas sZens. misi mdinareebi, zRvis

sanapiroebi, tbebi, mTebi, da qalaqebi “sakraluri” _ Tayvaniscemisa da

egzaltaciis adgilebi xdeba, romelTa realuri mniSvneloba SeiZleba mxolod

naciis wevrebma ganicadon” (Smith 1991: 9).

afxazeTis teritoriaze avtoxtonobis sakiTxi erT-erTi mTavari

problemaa, razec ver Tanxmdebian afxazebi da qarTvelebi.

s. basarias TqmiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze yovelTvis afxazebi

cxovrobdenen. ara afxazebi, aramed megrelebi arian mosulebi, romlebmac

TandaTanobiT moaxdines afxazebis asimilireba (Шнирельман 2003: 287). rusi

mecnieri turCaninovi Tvlis, rom e.w. “maikopis filis” warwera afxazurad iyo

Sesrulebuli. misi daskvniT, Zv.w.aR. III-II aTaswleulSi afxazebs mTeli

dasavleT kavkasia ekavaT (papasqiri 1998: 172). mosazreba, rom afxazebi afxazeTis

teritoriaze avtoxtonebi arian, wiTel zolad gasdevs afxazur

istoriografias.

qarTveli istorikosebi aseve darwmunebulebi arian, rom afxazeTis

teritoriaze qarTvelTa avtoxtonoba eWvs ar iwvevs. saerTod, qarTul

istoriografiaSi afxazeTis teritoriaze avtoxtonobis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT ori damokidebuleba ikveTeba: pirveli poziciis mixedviT,

33

afxazebic da qarTvelebic avtoxtonebi arian. qarTveli istorikosebis nawili

aRiarebs, rom afxazebis winaprebi ukve II saukunidan cxovroben afxazeTis

teritoriaze, magram “pirvelmosaxlis” statuss mainc qarTvelebs aZleven.

magaliTad, istorikosi mariam lorTqifaniZe, qarTul istoriografiaSi

miRebuli ZiriTadi mosazrebis safuZvelze, wers, rom Zvw.aR. II aTaswleulidan

dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi, umTavresad, qarTvelTa winaprebi cxovrobdnen. amaze

istorikosma i. voronovma Semdegi komentari gaakeTa: “m. lorTqifaniZis wigni

mimarTulia iqiTken, rom mexsiereba waarTvas, pirvel rigSi, Tavis

Tanamemamuleebs, Semdeg ki dezinformaciaSi Seiyvanos sxva xalxebis

mecnieruli wreebi” (papasqiri 1998: 71).

meore, ufro radikaluri damokidebulebis fuZemdeblad, pirobiTad, p.

ingoroyva SeiZleba miviCnioT. misi azriT, VIII saukuneSi, roca afxazeTis

samefo Seiqmna, afxazeTis teritoria mTliand qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

dRevandeli afxazebi ki XVII saukuneSi gamoCndnen (Шнирельман 2003: 307).

es “koncefcia” qarTvelebSi gansakuTrebiT popularuli 80-iani wlebis

bolos 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaxda, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala da

saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada. magaliTad, zviad gamsaxurdias

mTavrobis premier-ministris besarion guguSvilis mtkicebiT, afxazebi

yovelTvis mTis zonaSi cxovrobdnen. zRvis sanapiro teritoria rionidan

soWamde mTlianad megrelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. misi gancxadebiT, afxazeTSi

mcxovrebi megrelebi TavianT Tavs afxazebs uwodendnen. amaze ki is miuTiTebs,

rom afxazebs da megrelebs msgavsi tradiciebi aqvT da bevri afxazi kargad

laparakobs megrulad.

istorikosi T. mibCuani ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom uZvelesi

droidan Woroxidan gagramde teritoria mTlianad svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

isini ara marto afxazebze adre cxovrobdnen am teritoriaze, aramed

qarTveluri tomebidanac pirvelebi movidnen aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

(Шнирельман 2003: 348).

konkretul teritoriaze avtoxtonobaze pretenziis gancxadeba

TavisTavad gulisxmobs am teritoriis uZveles mosaxleobasTan Tavis

gaigivebas. qarTveli da afxazi istorikosebi erTnairad arian darwmunebulebi,

rom isini afxazeTis pirveli mcxovreblebis uSualo STamomavlebi arian. am

winaprebTan kavSiri, “kontaqti”, xSirad, biologiuri terminebiT gamoixateba.

magaliTad, maTTan sisxliT naTesaoba sruliad sarwmuno realobad

ganixileba.

34

d. gulias TqmiT, kolxebi ara megrel-lazebi, aramed afxazebi arian;

igive azrs aviTarebda S. inal-ifac da ar gamoricxavda, rom kolxebi afxazebis

winaprebi iyvnen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazebi da qarTvelebi TavianT uSualo winaprebad,

afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebis garda, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis

UuZvelesi civilizaciebis Seqmnel xalxebsac miiCneven. magaliTad, igive

aSxacavas azriT, kavkasiaSi pirveli civilizacia kulturulad asurul-

babilonuri samyaros warmomadgenelma erTianma xalxma Seqmna. am xalxma

daaarsa urartus saxelmwifo. misi azriT, urartu afxazebis monaTesave

xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli (Шнирельман 2003: 286)

qarTveli istorikosebic qarTvelTa winaprebs wina aziis uZvelesi

civilizaciebis Seqmnel xalxebSi eZebdnen. s. janaSias koncefciiT, es

civilizaciebi Seqmnes ara indoevropelebma, semitebma an Turqebma, aramed

qarTvelTa winaprebma (Шнирельман 2003: 303).

konfliqtSi monawile orive mxare cdilobs, rac SeiZleba Soreul

warsulSi gadaitanos Tavisi istoriis dasawyisi, raTa, mowinaaRmdege

mxaresTan SedarebiT, sakuTari upiratesoba daamtkicos.

aSxacavas TqmiT, urartus dacemis Semdeg istoriis asparezze qarTvelebi

da somxebi gamoCndnen. magram isini kidev didxans iyvnen ukana planze, sanam

ax.w.aR. dasawyisSi afxazebi Zlieri saxelmwifos Seqmnas ar Seudgnen; s.

basarias mtkicebiT ki, soxumi ramzes II dros aSenda (Шнирельман 2003: 287).

qarTveli istorikosebic aseve amtkiceben, rom qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

istoria aTaswleulebs iTvlis. magaliTad, 2000 wels qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis samiaTaswlovani iubile gadaixades. rusi mecnieris

Snirelmanis TqmiT, “kolxeTis samefos idea Tanamedrove qarTveli

politikosebis iaraRia da aqtiurad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove qarTuli

identobebis CamoyalibebisaTvis” (Шнирельман 2003: 348).

rogorc aRvniSneT, mnemonikuri erToba sakuTar istorias yovelTvis

uwyvet procesad ar warmoidgens. is istorias, xandaxan, erTmaneTisagan

tipiurad gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli periodebis saxiT aRiqvams. am

xedvis/narativis Sesabamisad, istoriis erTi periodi meorisagan garkveuli

wyvetilebiT aris gamijnuli. sxvadasxva periods erTmaneTisagan yofs saetapo

movlena Tu momenti. es momentebi mnemonikuri erTobis mier damaxsovrebulia

saetapo epizodebad, romelic misi istoriis erTi periodidan meoreSi

gadasvlas gamoxatavs (Zerubavel 2003:85). magaliTad, eTnosis warmoSobis

amsaxveli legendaruli Tqmulebac da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolac aseT

movlenebad aRiqmeba.

35

calkeuli periodebi xSirad erTmaneTis opoziciaSia warmodgenili. am

TvalsazrisiT, axali periodis dasawyisi aucileblad gulisxmobs wina

periodis sikvdils, masTan yovelgvari kavSiris gawyvetas da daviwyebas.

mnemonikuri erTobis “istoriis qronometri” dayenebulia nulze. istoria

nulidan iwyeba. istoriis Tavidan dawyebis gageba garkveuli socialuri

amneziis momentsac gulisxmobs. anu, Segnebulad xdeba konkretuli istoriuli

faqtebis daviwyeba (Zerubavel 2003: 82-94).

qarTul-afxazuri SeiaraRebuli konfliqti afxazebis mier swored aseTi

saetapo mniSvnelobis matarebeli epizodia. omma gawyvita is kavSirebi da mospo

is mentaluri xidebi, romlebic qarTvelebs da afxazebs erTmaneTTan

akavSirebda. omis dros qarTvelebTan kavSiris gawyvetis propaganda yvelaze

kargad muSaobda. “oRond qarTvelebi moviciloT da afxazeTi patara Sveicaria

gaxdeba”, _ amtkicebdnen maSin separatizmis ideologebi.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti, p. berkis sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, klasikuri magaliTia “rogorc konfliqturi mexsierebebis, aseve

mexsierebebis konfliqtisa”, rac, mniSvnelovanwilad, istorikosebis mier

Seqmnili warsulis narativebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom msoflioSi arsebobs konfliqtur

mxareebs Soris saerTo, saziaro narativebis Seqmnis praqtika. magaliTad,

palestinur-ebrauli arasamTavrobo organizacia muSaobs proeqtze, romelic

orive mxarisTvis saerTo istoriis saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs.

proeqtSi umaRlesi saswavleblebis palestineli da ebraeli maswavleblebi

monawileoben. isini arabul da ebraul enebze amzadeben saxelmZRvanelos,

romelic warmoaCens orive mxaris narativs ZiriTadi socialur-politikuri da

istoriuli movlenebis Sesaxeb (mag., 1948 wlis omi, pirveli intifada da a. S.).

wignSi TiToeuli mxaris versia Targmnilia mowinaaRmdege mxaris enaze,

datovebulia carieli furceli, sadac studentebs SeuZliaT sakuTari

mosazrebebi Caweron (Chaitin 2003); kavkasiaSic iyo saerTo kavkasiuri istoriis

saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis mcdeloba, magram am Zalisxmevas Sedegi ar mohyolia.

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis konteqstSi msgavsi proeqtis idea ar gaCenila.

Tumca, konkretuli qarTuli da afxazuri arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

cdiloben xeli Seuwyon qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris Tanacxovrebis

gamocdilebis propagandas da negatiuri narativebis neitralizebas.

magaliTad, qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizacia “studia-re” afxaz kolegebTan

erTad iRebs dokumentur filmebs, romelic swored warsulis negatiuri fonis

moxsnas isaxavs miznad.

36

miuxedavad aseTi mcdelobebisa, “mexsierebaTa da istoriaTa omi”

qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis Semdegac

grZeldeba. magaliTad, afxazi istorikosi T. aCugba wers, rom “qarTul-

afxazuri konfliqtis daregulirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs problemis

istoriuli aspeqti, kerZod im eri-avtoxtonis gamorkveva, romelsac kanonierad

ekuTvnis afxazeTis teritoria” (Ачугба). qarTul sazogadoebaSic

kvlavindeburad gabatonebulia mosazreba, rom afxazeTis istoria ganuyofelia

saqarTvelos istoriisagan, rom es omi mxolod droebiTi “wyvetilia” am

istoriaSi da yvelaferi isev Tavis adgilze dadgeba. qarTvelebs, rogorc omSi

damarcxebulebs, ar ZaluZT momxdarTan Segueba da mudmivad acocxleben am

warsuls. qveynis sxvadasxva qalaqis SesasvlelebSi gakruli didi bilbordebi

warweriT _ “gaxsovdes afxazeTi” _ amaze miuTiTebs. rogorc Cans, sanam

dapirispirebuli mxareebi erTmaneTTan axlo Tu Soreuli warsulidan

moxmobili faqtebiT laparakoben, konfliqtis mogvarebis minimaluri Sansi

rCeba.

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura

papasqiri z. afxazeTi saqarTveloa. Tbilisi, 1998.

Cervonaia s. afxazeTi _ 1992: postkomunisturi saqarTvelos vandea. Tbilisi,

1994.

Ачугба Т.А. О проблемах национального самосознания населения Юго-Восточной Абхазии.

<http://www.abkhaziya.org/server-articles/

article-87d3c166c7f9911853819db0af7bb420.html>

Карагёзов Р. “Коллективная память и «политика памяти» в странах центрального кавказа”,

Центральная Азия и Кавказ. №6 (42), 2005.

Репина Л.П. “Образы прощлого в памяти и в истории”, Образы прощлого и коллективная

идентичность в европе. Москва, 2003.

Шнирельман В. А. Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье. Москва, 2003.

Burke P. “History as Social Memory”, in Memory, History, Culture and the Mind, Edited by T. Butler,

New York,1980.

Chaitin J. Narratives and Storytelling.2003 http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/narratives/

37

Llobera J.R. “The Role of Historical Memory in Catalan National Identity”, in

Social Anthropology.1998. 6, 3, pp. 331-342

Nora P. “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire”, in Represntations:26, Special Issue:

Memory and Counter-Memory, 1989, pp. 7-24

Smith A. D. National Identity. Reno.Las Vegas.London, 1991.

Zerubavel E. Time Maps, Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past. Chicago and London,

2003.

maia qvriviSvilimaia qvriviSvilimaia qvriviSvilimaia qvriviSvili

qarTvelTa identobis struqturebiqarTvelTa identobis struqturebiqarTvelTa identobis struqturebiqarTvelTa identobis struqturebi da identifikaciis procesebi XIX da identifikaciis procesebi XIX da identifikaciis procesebi XIX da identifikaciis procesebi XIX----

XX saukuneTa mijnazeXX saukuneTa mijnazeXX saukuneTa mijnazeXX saukuneTa mijnaze

identoba erT-erTi rTuli da kompleqsuri fenomenia, romelic mravali

sxvadasxva disciplinis Seswavlis obieqtia. Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben

individualur, socialur da kulturul identobas. identobis cneba

dakavSirebulia eTnosis, naciis da kulturis cnebebTan.

TiToeuli sazogadoeba, TiToeuli jgufi, TiiToeuli individi flobs

identobis sakuTar repertuars, romelic sxvebis Secnobis saSualebas iZleva.

igi SeiZleba Seicvlos romelime istoriul epoqaSi, ganpirobebuli/gamowveuli

iyos arsebuli realobiT, politikuri, socialuri YTu kulturuli

faqtorebiT.

CvenTvis sainteresoa identobis procesebis dinamika da struqturebis

Camoyalibeba qarTul kulturaSi XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze saqarTveloSi

mimdinare erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis da socialur-politikuri

cvlilebebis fonze. es procesebi sainteresodaa asaxuli qarTvel sazogado

moRvaweTa SromebSi, sadac naCvenebia erovnuli identobis kriteriumebis

gaazrebis procesi. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa n. Ciqovanis mier

SemoTavazebuli qarTuli kulturis istoriis axleburi periodizacia,

romelic msoflio istoriuli procesis lokalur-civilizaciur gaazrebas

efuZneba (Ciqovani 2005: 184). periodizaciis am modelis safuZvlad miCneulia

kulturaSi mimdinare procesebi, romlebic Sinagani kanonzomierebiTa da sxva

kulturebTan kontaqtiT aris ganpirobebuli.

aRniSnuli modelis mixedviT, qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi XIX-XX

saukuneebis saxiT SeiZleba gamoiyos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani periodi, rodesac

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba identifikaciisa da TviTidentifikaciis

procesebi, rodesac xdeba cvlilebebi qveynis politikur, socialur da

kulturul sferoebSi.

stepanenkos (Степаненко 2004: 24) TqmiT, eTnikuri identobis gaaqtiurebis

fsiqologiur safuZvlad gvevlineba arastabilur samyaroSi orientirebisa da

stabilurobis Zieba. eTnosocialuri mexsierebis mTavari funqciuri

maxasiaTebeli erovnuli erTobis TviTidentifikaciis Senaxva da gadacemaa.

aramyar da arasaimedo samyaroSi saWiro xdeba sakuTari Tavis Secnoba;

adamiani svams kiTxvas: vin var me?/vin varT Cven? identoba mxolod

individualuri ar aris. kiTxva „vin var me?“ gamomdinareobs kiTxvidan „vin varT

Cven?“ “Cven” ki SeiZleba iyos: eTnosi da eri, sadac Cven moviazrebT sakuTar

39

Tavs. romelime jgufis wevrobiT Cven Tavs vaigivebT mis sxva wevrebTan, pirvel

rigSi eniT, rwmeniT, ritualebiT, moraliT, tradiciebiT, sakvebiT, tanisamosiT

da sxv. erovnuli identoba gamoxatulebas poulobs, pirvel rigSi,

simboloebSi: ena, erovnuli tradiciebi, droSa, gerbi, erovnuli himni.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, identoba eTnosis, naciis da kulturis

cnebebTanaa dakavSirebuli. identobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba

gardamaval epoqaSi. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan evropaSi nacionalizmma

apogeas miaRwia, erovnul-gamanTavisuflebelma moZraobam jaWvuri reqcia

gamoiwvia da mTels evropas (da ara mxolod) talRasaviT gadauara, Tavisi

roli iTamaSa saxelmwifoebis Seqmnasa da antikoloniuri moZraoebebis

gaRviZebaSi (Chabot 1997: 35-36).

XIX-XX saukuneebi erT-erTi arastabiluri, gardaqmnebis da clilebebis

xanaa. nacionalizmis aRmavloba da gaaqtiureba safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg

iwyeba, _ aRniSnavas Jan Sabo (Chabot 1997: 11-20). Cndeba eri, rogorc axali cneba

suverenitetisaTvis, da igi xdeba umaRlesi principi.

erTi eri meoresTan mimarTebaSi yalibdeba. identifikacia SeiZleba iyos

realuri an warmosaxviTi, kognitiuri Tu afeqturi, individualuri Tu

koleqtiuri. Mmas sami mTavari funqcia aqvs: konstruqciuli, dacviTi da

adaptaciuri. TiToeuli konkretuli kultura sakuTari Tavis SegrZnebisa da

SecnobisaTvis (Sesabamisad, sxvasTan mimarTebaSi), obieqturi istoriuli

realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, arkvevs da iyenebs identifikaciis romelime

kriteriums (ena, teritoria, religia, zne-Cveuleba, erovnuli xasiaTi, kultura

da a.S.), an yvelas erTad. identobis politika warmoadgens pasuxs specifikur

gamowvevaze.

eTnosis warmomadgenlebSi arsebobs SeTanxmebuli azri imaze, Tu romeli

niSnebia eTnodiferencirebadi, riTac erTi eTnosi gansxvavdeba meorisagan.

aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebi: ena, Rirebulebebi da

normebi, istoriuli mexsireba, religia, mSobliuri miwisadmi damokidebuleba,

miTebi saerTo winaprebis Sesaxeb, erovnuli xasiaTi, xalxuri da profesiuli

xelovneba (Степаненко 2004: 30). eTnosis mier miRebuli niSnebis mniSvneloba da

roli icvleba konkretuli istoriuli situaciidan, eTnikuri garemocvis

Taviseburebebisa da sxva mravali faqtoridan gamomdinare.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturuli identoba araa ucvleli. Tavisi

ganviTarebis manZilze individi sakuTari kulturis normebs, Rirebulebebsa da

Sexedulebebs iTvisebs. igi amgvarad agebs kulturul identobasac, risi

saSualebiTac jgufis wevrebi erTmaneTisagan da sxvisganac gansxvavdebian. esaa

40

“socializacia/inkulturaciis” saxeliT cnobili fenomeni, romelic iwyeba

bavSvobidan da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.

identobis dadgenis aucilebloba gamowveulia imiT, rom TiToeuli

adamiani saWiroebs sakuTari moRvaweobis mowesrigebas, romelsac sxva

adamianebTan an sxva jgufebTan erTad miaRwevs. amisaTvis man nebayofilobiT

unda miiRos mocemul sazogadoebaSi gamefebuli da arsebuli azrovnebis,

gemovnebis, Tvisebebis, normebis, RirebulebaTa elementebi, urTierTobis sxva

saSualebani, romelic mis garSemomyofT aqvT miRebuli. jgufis socialuri

cxovrebis yvela am gamovlinebis SeTviseba awesrigebs adamianis cxovrebas da

mas romelime konkretuli kulturis monawiled ayalibebs. amitomac,

kulturuli identobis arsi mdgomareobs misi kulturuli simptomebis da

moqmedebis nimuSebis, RirebulebiTi orientaciebis da enis, sakuTari “me”-s

gagebis kulturuli maxasiaTeblebidan, romlebic miRebulia mocemul erTobaSi

da zustad am erTobis kulturul nimuSad warmoadgeninebs mas Tavs.

kulturuli identoba ganmsazRvrelia da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens

kulturaTaSoris komunikaciebSi. igi gvTavazobs myarad miRebuli garkveuli

Tvisebebis erTobliobas, romelTa wyalobiTac esa Tu is kulturuli movlena

an xalxi iwvevs CvenSi simpaTias an antipaTias. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven virCevT

maTTan urTierTobis Seabamiss tips, maneras, wessa da formas.

eTnosi warmoadgens adamianisaTvis saimedo jgufs, romelsac SeuZlia

cxovrebaSi aucilebeli usafrTxoebisa da mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofa, igi

TavSesafaria mrisxane epoqaSi. kacobriobisaTvis aucilebelia TviTwarmoeba da

TviTregulacia, Sesabamisad, sakuTari Rirebulebebis gadacema da Senaxva. Ees

yvela droSi xdeboda eTnosis SigniT, TaobaTa Soris arsebuli kavSirebiT.

eTnikuri identobis Sinaars Seadgens sxvadasxva saxis eTnosocialuri

warmodgenebi, romlebic, ama Tu im xarisxiT, gaziarebulia mocemuli eTnikuri

jgufis wevrebis mier. es warmodgenebi yalibdeba Sidakulturuli

socializaciis da sxvadasxva xalxebTan urTierTobis zegavleniT. am

Sexedulebebis mniSvnelovani nawili warmoadgens saerTo istoriis, kulturis,

tradiciis, warmoSobisa da saxelmwifoebriobis gacnobierebis Sedegs.

eTnosocialur warmodgenebSi aisaxeba Sexedulebani, azrebi, rwmena-

warmodgenebi, ideebi, romlebic gamovlindeba miTebSi, legendebSi, istoriul

ganzogadebaSi, azrovnebis formebisa da qcevis erTobliobaSi. eTnosocialur

warmodgenebSi centralur adgils ikavebs sakuTari da sxvisi eTnikuri jgufis

wesebi/warmodgenebi. Aam codnis erToblioba akavSirebs mocemuli jgufis

wevrebs da warmoadgens safuZvels sxva eTnikuri jgufisagan misi

gansxvavebisaTvis.

41

identoba mxolod TiToeuli individis socialuri mdgomareobis

safuZvels ar warmoadgens. misi kulturuli da eTnikuri kuTvnileba

yoveldRiurobaSi vlindeba _ adamiani iTvisebs enas, kulturas, tradicias,

socialur da eTikur normebs, sakuTar eTnikur garemocvas, ayalibebs sxva

kulturebTan komunikaciis aucilebel formebs. TiToeuli adamianisaTvis

eTnikuri identoba niSnavs garkveul eTnikur erTobisadmi sakuTari

kuTvnilebis gacnobierebas. misi daxmarebiT adamiani sakuTari eTnosis

idealebisadmi solidaruli xdeba, sazRvravs gansxvavebasa da msgavsebas sxva

xalxebTan. erTi sityviT, acnobierebs sakuTari kulturisa da eTnosis

unikalurobas da ganumeoreblobas. es nacionalizmisaken mimavali gzaa.

rogorc stepanenko aRniSnavs, TiToeul adamiansa da calkeul erebs

sakuTari fesvebisadmi interesi sxvadasxva formiT uCndebaT: Zveli

tradiciebisa da adaTebis reanimaciis mcdelobiT, profesiuli kulturis

folklorizaciiT, “amoucnobi erovnuli sulis” ZiebiT dawyebuli da

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgeniT damTavrebuli (Степаненко 2004: 18). saqarTveloSi

gansakuTrebuli interesi sakuTari warsulisadmi da sakuTari Tavisadmi Cndeba

XIX saukuneSi, romelic cvlilebebis da Ziebis saukunea. mas arsebiTad

gansxvavebuli elementebi Semoaqvs qarTuli yofisaTvis sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis nebismier doneze. saukunis dasawyisidan erTmaneTis miyolebiT

uqmdeba qarTuli politikuri erTeulebi (qarTl-kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebi;

guriis, samegrelos, svaneTis da afxazeTis samTavroebi), romlebic uSualod

rusuli mmarTvelobis daqvemdebarebaSi gadadian da mTlianad rusuli

politikuri sistemis nawili xdebian. aseve uqmdeba saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefalia da igi uSualod ruseTis eklesiis sinods eqvemdebareba;

oficialuri dawesebulebebidan idevneba qarTuli ena, swavla-ganaTleba rusul

enaze mimdinareobs, qveyana rusul yaidaze ewyoba. msoflio politikuri

rukidan qreba saqarTvelo da mis magivrad Cndeba tfilisis da quTaisis

guberniebi (es saqarTvelos cnebis mexsierebidan aRmofxvris mcdelobaa).

ruseTma Tavdapirvelad moaxdina qveynis politikuri kolonizacia, mogvianebiT

ki _ ekonomikuri da kulturuli, rac bolo dromde gagrZelda (igulisxmeba

dro sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde), amiT ganaxorciela qarTuli sivrcis

desakralizacia (sivrce saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli idea-

simboloebiT iyo sakralizebuli) da misi xelaxali sakralizacia. ruseTma

scada moespo misi politikuri, socialuri (daarRvia tradiciuli socialuri

urTierTobebi), religiuri da kulturuli identoba.

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda

qarTvelebis da saqarTvelos adgilisa da rolis Ziebis sakiTxi.

42

sazogadoebriv asparezze gamodian ruseTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli qarTveli

axalgazrdebi, romlebic axali Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas da tradiciebis

Senaxva-aRorZinebas sTavazoben qveyanas. ganvlilma samocma welma qarTvelobas

daanaxa sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari realoba da momavalSi sakuTari adgilis

Ziebis saWiroeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom esaa erT-erTi yvelaze arastabiluri

dro, rodesac yvela doneze Cndeba identificirebis saWiroeba, raTa

SesaZlebeli gaxdes qarTveli eTnosis konstruireba, Tavdacva da adaptacia.

CvenTvis sainteresoa, Tu rogori iyo identobis is “repertuari”,

romelsac flobdnen maSindeli moRvaweebi, romelic exmareboda maT sxvebis

Secnobasa da gagebaSi da iZleoda pasuxs specifikur gamowvevaze. rogorc

zemoT aRvniSneT, konkretuli istoriuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

TiToeuli konkretuli kultura sakuTari Tavis SegrZnebisa da SecnobisaTvis

aaqtiurebs identifikaciis romelime kriteriums, an yvelas erTad. aRniSnul

epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo qarTuli enis dacva da masze aRzrda-

ganaTlebis dafuZneba, mSobliuri literaturis aRorZineba, saerTo saxelovani

istoriisa da gmirebis popularizacia.

miuxedavad azrTa sxvadasxvaobis, socialuri kuTvnilebis, gansxvavebuli

politikuri YTu ideologiuri Sexedulebebisa, gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis

gareSe, TiToeuli moRvawe TiTqmis erTi da igive kriteriumebiT gansazRvravs

identobas. dimitri yifianis, ilia WavWavaZis, iakob gogebaSvilis, niko

nikolaZis, aleqsandre sumbaTaSvili-iuJinis, memed abaSiZis, arCil jorjaZis,

mixako wereTlis azriT, es kriteriumebia: ena, teritoria, religia, istoria,

adaTi, zne-Cveuleba, kultura. “...berZenni warmoadgendnen erTs didebuls ersa.

rada? imitom, rom erTis Camomavlobis iyvnen, erTs enazed laparakobdnen, erTi

literatura hqondaT, erTi homerosi hyavdaT, erTi kultura Sehqmnes da erTs

sarwmunoebas aRiarebdnen. qarTvelebSi vxedavT Tu ara aseTsave erTianobasa?

oRondac. hyavT yvela qarTvelebs, imerebs da amerebs, erTi mamamTavari

qarTlosi, erTis tomisani arian, erTs enaze ubnoben, erTi literatura

dahbades, yvelas erovnul geniosebad da talantebad miaCniaT: rusTaveli,

daviT guramiSvili, grigol orbeliani, nikoloz baraTaSvili, akaki wereTeli,

ilia WavWavaZe, vaJa-fSavela, rafiel erisTavi da sxvani, erTs sarwmunoebis

mimdevrebi arian” (gogebaSvili 1997: 455).

zemoT dasaxelebuli moRvaweni ers erTi da igive niSnebiT axasiaTeben:

“eri aris erTi socialuri super organizmi... erTi sazogadoeba yvela Tavisi

organoebiTa: eniTa, sarwmunoebiTa, mecnierebiTa, zneobiTa, xelovnebiTa,

samarTliTa da politikiTa, _ sazogadoeba gansakuTrebuli istoriiTa, tipiTa

da TviTSegnebiTa, srulis individualobiTa.” (wereTeli 1990: 77-106). “...yvela

43

isini (saubaria qarTvelur tomebze – m.q.), farnavazamdeli droidan mokidebuli,

laparakoben erTsa da imave enaze, aRiareben marTlmadideblobas, misdeven

erTsa da imave sawyisebze aRmocenebul wess samoqalaqo yofa-cxovrebisas. aqve

unda Cairicxon qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, agreTve megrelebi,

afxazebi, svanebi da TviT amJamad gamahmadianebuli qobuleTelebi, aWarelebi,

lazebi da Warbelaqneli ingiloebi” (yifiani 2003; 7). “mas Tavisdauneburad

saqmiT, mZime msxverplis gaRebiT undoda daemtkicebina, rom Seswevs Zala,

daicvas da SeinarCunos Tavisi ena, eklesia, zne-Cveulebebi, uflebebi, kultura,

mTeli Tavisi nacionaluri iersaxe, SeebrZolos kidec yvelas, vinc xelyofs am

faseulobebs...” (sumbaTaSvili-iuJini 2004: 473), “udavo wyalobani mas eZleva

nacionaluri saxis TandaTanobiT dakargvis fasad, misi ena, zne-Cveulebani da

msoflmxedveloba, mTeli sulieri saganZuri, risTvisac ibrZoda oci saukune

da risi dacva da SenarCuneba tanjviTa da sisxliT SeZlo” (sumbaTaSvili-

iuJini 2004: 404). “saZirkvels nacionaluris Zalisas Seadgens teritoria, miwa-

wyali, mamuli, samSoblo.. mamuli marto nivTieri faqtori ar gaxlavT _ igi

amasTan sulieria, cocxali arsebaa _ mama-papaTaA suli trialebs”

(gogebaSvili 1997: 486). “ar davkargeT arc zne-Cveuleba, arc Cveni deda ena da

gvarebi da sxva” (abaSiZe 2004: 564). “qarTul samefos erovnebis Seqmnis procesSi

xels uwyobda _ ena, damwerloba, eklesia, aReb-mimcemoba” (jorjaZe 1990: 38). “im

ers, romelsac osmalos uRels qveS Tavisi ena, erToba, miwa-wyali da sjuli

Seunaxavs...” (nikolaZe 1997: 214);

gansakuTrebuli rols da mniSvnelobas enas aniWeben (gavixsenoT, jer

kidev Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli, qarTvelis gansazRvreba: “qarTlad

friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”). “ena saganZea xalxis Wkuisa, zneobisa, grZnobisa,

ena sulia xalxisa, enis warTmeva sulTa xdaa..” (gogebaSvili 1997: 361),

“TviTonac uRalates erovnebas da TavianT saxlebidganac gamoaZeves qarTuli

ena...” (gogebaSvili 1997: 412), “deda-ena, es ZiriTadi erovnuli Zala, mTavari

burji erovnebisa, deda ena Tandayolilia, ararsebasTanaa SeTvisebuli”

(gogebaSvili 1997: 413); “erTi sityviT, mTels naSTsa da nayofsa Tavisis

sulieris cxovrebisas xalxi icavs da inaxavs deda-enaSi. deda-ena aris

ucxovelesi da umtkicesi kavSiri, romelic aerTebs warsulTa, cocxalTA da

momavalTa TaobaTa da hxdis maT erTs dids, istoriul cocxal organizmad.

igi aramc Tu gamomxatvelia xalxis sicocxlisa, igi aris TviTon es

sicocxle” (gogebaSvili 1997: 419). “meore burji aRorZinebisaTvis gaxlavT

samSoblo ena. eris ganviTareba pirdapir damokidebulia enis ganviTarebaze. Tu

ena ukan-ukan midis da Ratakdeba, azrovnebac erisa qveiTdeba, uZlurdeba”

44

(gogebaSvili 1997: 487.) “enis mospoba xalxis amogdebas niSnavs...” (yifiani G2003:

662).

gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia mSobliuri enis roli aRzrdisa da

ganaTlebis sferoSi, romelic ayalibebs erovnul TviTSegnebas, erovnul

identobas. “deda-ena aris Zvirfasi saunje, salaro, rveuli, romelSic daculia

mTeli simdidre xalxis gonebisa, fantaziisa da gulisa, nafiqrisa, nagrZnobisa

da namoqmedarisa da romlis Sewavla bavSvs akavSirebs mTelis eris sulTan da

gulTan, mis xangrZliv istoriuls cxovrebasTan da avsebs mas sulieris RoniT

da mxneobiT”. (gogebaSvili 1997: 414) sainteresoa imis xazgasma, rom evropuli

ganaTleba efeqturi iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi “erovnul milebSi

daiwyebs denas”, Tu jeroveni yuradReba mieqceva deda-enas, mSobliur

literaturas da istorias (gogebaSvili 1997: 436).

XIX saukunis qarTvel moazrovneebs kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli is

garemoeba, rom, miuxedavad marTlmadidebluri qristianobis rolisa qarTvelTa

identifikaciis procesSi, religiuri kuTvnileba im periodSi ar gaxldaT

qarTvelobis umTavresi msazRvreli. “marTalia, aWarlebma sarwmunoeba

Seicvales, enasa da erovnebas ar uRalates da TaviT fexebamdis darCnen

qarTvelebad” (gogebaSvili 1997: 440); “nurvin fiqrobs, rom sarwmunoeba da

erovneba erTi da igivea. Cven mtkice muslimanebi varT, magram amasTan Cven

qarTvelebi varT, saqarTvelos RviZli Svilebi” (abaSiZe 2004: 569).

rogorc aRvniSneT, identobis politika warmoadgens pasuxs specifikur

gamowvevaze. “droa SevignoT JamTa cvlilebani, Cvenc SevicvalneT Sesaferad da

davadgeT im gzasa, romelsac adgia yoveli saRi da momavalni eri... eri,

romelic uRalatebs Tavis erovnebas, xels aiRebs RvTisagan miniWebuls

Taviseburebebze..., gamoiricxeba kacobriobis krebulidan da bolos gaqreba,

rogorc SarSandeli Tovli” (gogebaSvili 1997: 486-547). xalxs cxovrebis

ganviTarebis oTxi periodi aqvs, rodesac “gamorkvevas iwyebs, Tu misi sakuTari

buneba ras moiTxovs, misi Zala ris nebas aZlevs, sxva xalxis Zliereba ram

Seadgina, sxvebs ra aqvT kargi, iseTi, romlis SeTvisebac mis bunebas SeuZlia,

da TviTonac mas ra hqonia codo iseTi, romlis Tavidgan moSorebac SesaZloa.

TandaTan gviaxlovdeba axal-axali qveynis moZraoba... oci weliwadi ar gaivlis

ise, rom Cveni qveyana, an Cvenis mamulis axlo-maxlo mdebare qveynebi, msoflios

brZolis asparezad ar gaxdes aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTs Sua... bednieri is

xalxi iqneba, vinc mza-mzareuli daxvdeba am brZolis pirvel kiJins, visac

namdvili erTobac eqneba da gonieri disciplina. marto amnairad damaragebul

xalxs eqneba maSin adgili xalxTa saerTo tablaze” (nikolaZe 1997: 146-184)

45

sainteresoa terminebi: Tvistomoba, TviTcnobiereba da gaupirovneba,

romelTac TiTqmis iseTeive mniSvneloba da datvirTva aqvs, rogorc erovnebas,

eTnoss da dakavSirebulia erovnul da eTnikur identobasTan. “marto Cvens

qveyanaSi ki ar momxdara, rom xalxs didi xnobiT daviwyebuli hqonodes Tavisi

Tvistomoba da Semdeg aRZruliyos masSi...” (nikolaZe 1997: 140-163). arCil

jorjaZe werda: “erovneba anu nacionalizmi Segnebaa im azrisa, rom me, rogorc

kerZo adamians, maqvs nivTieri da sulieri kavSiri Cem xalxTan... ase rom

mxolod is xalxi CaiTvleba erad, romelsac aqvs Tavisi xalxosnobis Segneba,

TviTcnobiereba. maSasadame, eri TviT mcodne xalxia. erovneba _ Segnebaa

naTesaobisa da kavSirisa gansazRvrul adamianTa Soris, Segnebaa agreTve im

azrisa, rom eg kavSiri sxva, ufro Zlier mterTan brZolisaTvis aucilebeli

da usaWiroesi iaraRia” (jorjaZe 1990: 315) – magram gaupirovnebis –

nacionaluri saxis dakargvis – politikas isini emxrobodnen”, “...amrigad,

reforma saqrTveloSi asimilaciisa da gaupirovnebis mZlavr iarRad iqca...”

(sumbaTaSvili-iuJini 2004: 405-421) (xazgasma Cvenia - m.q.). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es

azrobrivad igivea, rasac renani, gelneri da smiTi naciis da nacionalizmis

Sesaxeb amboben. gelnerisTvis nacia adamianTa TviTdasaxelebis mqone erTobaa,

romelsac ukavia samSoblo miwa da romelsac aqvs saerTo miTebi da saziaro

istoria, saerTo sajaro kultura, erTiani ekonomika da yvela wevrisaTvis

saerTo ufleba-movaleobani (smiTi 2004: 36). adamiani erovnebis gareSe uaryofs

nacnob kategoriebs da moulodnelobis provocirebas iwvevs, roca kultura

ideebs, niSnebs, asociaciebs, qcevaTa wesebis da komunikaciebis sistemas

aRniSnavs. erebi adamianTa rwmenis, loialurobis da solidarobis produqtebia

(gelneri 2003: 11-12). eri Tavad suli da sulieri sawyisia. romelsac aqvs

sakuTari ena, religia, teritoria warsuli, awmyo da momavali, sadac saerTo

grZnobebi, survilebi da miswrafebebia asaxuli (Renan).

XIX–XX saukuneTa mijnaze, erT-erT yvelaze arastabilur da dinamiur

droSi, qarTulma sazogadoebam Seqmna sakuTari identobis Taviseburi

TavdacviTi sistema, romelic erTgvari pasuxi iyo arsebul realobaze; SeZles

CamoeyalibebinaT mosazreba TviTidentifikaciis struqturebis Sesaxeb _

qarTuli ena Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi funqciiT, erovnuli saganmanaTleblo

sistema, erovnuli ekonomika da socialuri urTierTobani, erovnuli

samarTali, romlebic qarTveli erisTvis/eTnosisaTvis TavdacviT da

adaptaciur funqcias Seasrulebda.

aRniSnuli epoqis qarTuli sazogadoeba formirebadi sazogadoebaa,

romlis identobis safuZvlebi istoriasa da geografiaSi, religiasa da

46

erovnul fuZeSi gamoCnda, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada axali, konkretul

situaciasTan adaptirebuli cnobierebis Camoyalibeba.


abaSiZe, m. “werilebi”. qarTuli mwerloba. t. 22, Tbilisi, 2004.

gelneri e. erebi da nacionalizmi. Tbilisi, 2003.

gogebaSvili, i. “werilebi”. qarTuli mwerloba. t. 15, Tbilisi, 1997.

nikolaZe, n. “werilebi”. qarTuli mwerloba. t. 14, Tbilisi, 1997.

smiTi, e. d. nacionalizmi (Teoria, ideologia, istoria). Tbilisi, 2004.

sumbaTaSvili-iuJini, a. “mZlavris marwuxebSi”. qarTuli mwerloba. t. 22,

Tbilisi, 2004.

Ciqovani, n. saqrTvelos kulturuli raoba da civilizaciuri kuTvnileba

civilizaciTa Teoriis konteqstSi – Teoriuli da meTodologiuri

aspeqtebi. Tbilisi, 2005.

yifiani, d. “werilebi”. qarTuli mwerloba, t. 20, Tbilisi, 2003.

jorjaZe, a. samSoblo da mamuliSviloba. Tbilisi, 1990.

wereTeli, m. eri da kacobrioba. Tbilisi, 1990.

Степаненко, Т.Г. Этнопсихология., Москва, 2004.

Chabot, J. Le nationalisme. Paris: Presses Universites de France, 1997.

Journet, N. Coordonné par. La culture (De l’universel au particulier). Sciences Humaines Edition, 2002.

Schippers, Thomas K. “L’identité culturell: Recherche d’une definition”. Immigration et identité (En

France et en Allemegne). Sur la direction de Patrik Hunourt.

Renan, E. Qu’est-ce qu’une nation? 1882. <http://www.bmlisieux.com/archives/nationol. htm>

SoTa xinCagaSviliSoTa xinCagaSviliSoTa xinCagaSviliSoTa xinCagaSvili

Tanamedrove CrdiloeT kavkasiis islamisturi moZraobis gagebisaTvis: Tanamedrove CrdiloeT kavkasiis islamisturi moZraobis gagebisaTvis: Tanamedrove CrdiloeT kavkasiis islamisturi moZraobis gagebisaTvis: Tanamedrove CrdiloeT kavkasiis islamisturi moZraobis gagebisaTvis:

Zaladobis legitimurobis sakiTxiZaladobis legitimurobis sakiTxiZaladobis legitimurobis sakiTxiZaladobis legitimurobis sakiTxi

Cveni interesis sagania CrdiloeT kavkasiis muslim mosaxleobaSi mimdinare

transformaciis fonze Zaladobis socialuri rolis fenomeni da misi

mimarTeba sazogadoebrivi yofis idealTan.

rodesac Zaladobas vaxsenebT, pirvel rigSi, mis aralegitimur mxares,

moraluri Tu samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT gaumarTlebel da akrZalul

aspeqts warmovidgenT. statiaSi SevexebiT Zaladobis legitimur da

aralegitimur mxareebs, SevecdebiT, Tavad “legitimuroba” SedarebiT

konteqstSi warmovaCinoT, ganvixiloT is rogorc ukiduresad “subieqturi”

kategoria, romelic konkretuli faqtisa da movlenis Sefasebisas

urTierTgamomricxavi interpretaciebis arsebobis safuZvels warmoadgens.

politikur kvlevebsa da politikur filosofiaSi ZaladobasTan

dakavSirebiT, ZiriTadad, or kategorias gamoyofen: legitimurs da

aralegitimurs. aRniSnul sakiTxs Tavisi erT-erTi moxseneba (Azadpur 2006)

miuZRvna cnobilma germanelma sociologma maqs veberma, romelmac Camoayaliba

konfcefcia saxelmwifos, rogorc (fizikuri) Zalis gamoyenebis erTaderTi,

eqskluziuri legitimuri subieqtis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos

cxovrebaSi Zalis gamoyeneba regulirdeba Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sistemiT.

kanondeblobis funqciuri moSla da Sesabamisi balansis darRveva wesrigis

antipodis – anarqiis wyarod moiazreba. es gansakuTrebiT naTelia maSin,

rodesac sazogadoebriv da politikuri cxovrebaSi arsebul zogad wesrigs

(politikuri mowyobis models, socialur jgufebs Soris urTierTobebs) da,

konkretulad, politikur-samarTlebriv sistemas alternativa uCndeba, aSkara

(deklaraciuli) Tu faruli (latenturi), magram faqtobrivi saxiT. am

TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa kavkasiis regionis, gansakuTrebiT Crdilo-

aRmosavleT kavkasiis sazogadoebebi, sadac samarTlebrivi da ideologiuri

vakuumi swrafad Seivso axali tipis (Tumca ara yovelTvis sruliad ucxo)

ideologiiT da Sesabamisi politikuri programiT.

CvenTvis sainteresoa konkretulad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom

periodSi Crdilokavkasiuri muslimuri sazogadoebebis socialur-politikur

cxovrebaSi mimdinare tendenciebi da maTi mimarTeba ideologiisa da Zaladobis

sakiTxebTan. am SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia Zaladoba winaswarve erTmniSvnelovnad

vigulisxmoT, rogorc saSualeba, xerxi, romelic sazogadoebisaTvis (an misi

garkveuli jgufisaTvis) misaRebi (legitimuri) xdeba mxolod da mxolod

48

Sesabamisi ideologiuri da religiur-dogmaturi dasabuTebis fonze. am

TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiis regionSi ganviTarebuli konfliqtebis, ZmaTamkvleli

Setakebebis axsna jer kidev xangrZliv akademiur kvlevas moiTxovs. amjerad

SevexebiT muslimur sazogadoebebSi arsebul tendenciebs, davuTmobT ra

religias imdenive yuradRebas, ramdenadac amis safuZvels obieqturi realoba

(da ara politikuri koniunqtura da politkoreqtuloba) iZleva.

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli terorisa da Zaladobis aqtebma konfliqtologiuri kvlevebis am

mimarTulebiT gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. am kvlevebSi sociologias, fsiqologias,

religiur kvlevebs, ekonomikasa da anTropologias (aseve, rig SemTxvevebSi,

sxva dargebs) Tanabari mniSneloba eniWeba. Zaladobis formebsa da sazRvrebze

msjeloba, maTTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli dasavluri konvenciebis da

principebis simyifis axsna mxolod sazogadoebaTa da kulturaTa Soris

faseulobebis da “mentalobis” gansxvavebaTa konstatirebiT politikuri

dilemis winaSe mdgari saxelmwifo aparatisaTvis arasakmarisi da

arafrismTqmeli Cans. es ar exmareba mas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac dRis

wesrigSi dgeba analogiuri, perspeqtivaSi mosalodneli winasakonfliqto

situaciebis prevenciisa da, Sesabamisi kulturul-politikuri programis

SemuSavebis mizniT, precedentis Seswavlis amocana.

cnobilia, rom mTavroba funqcionirebs, rogorc xelisuflebis (da

Sesabamisad, Zaladobis, iZulebis) garkveuli forma, sadac Zalauflebis floba

da misi efeqturi gamoyeneba uSualo kavSirSia mis legitimaciasTan.

postsabWoTa periodis dasawyisSi ideologiurma “Tavisufalma zonam” sabWoTa

kavSiris memkvidre ruseTis federaciaSi aseTi legitimaciis safrTxe

araerTxel daayena eWvqveS. ukve maSin, rodesac ruseTis saxelmwifos Semdgomi

politikuri mowyobis modeli sabolood jer kidev ar iyo gadawyvetili.

rodesac Zalauflebis flobis gamarTleba, dasabuTeba sazogadoebis an misi

didi an gavleniani nawilis mier damajerebeli ar aris, xSirad Tavs iCens

legitimurobis krizisi. es ukanaskneli uSualod ukavSirdeba rogorc krizisis

daZlevis gzebs (maT Soris, SeiaraRebul daumorCileblobasa da

winaaRmdegobas _ revolucia, gadatrialeba, janyi), aseve

alternatiuli´legitimaciis wyaros, socialur-politikuri organizaciis

konkretuli alternatiuli modelis gaCenas. jer kidev postkoloniuri

epoqidan moyolebuli, rodesac aradasavlurma sazogadoebebma sakuTari

damoukideblobis, saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis da kulturuli

TviTmyofadobis uzrunvelyofaze daiwyes zrunva, muslimur qveynebSi

politikurma islamma da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis islamizaciis proeqtma

49

Zlieri mxardaWera hpova da misi religiur-ideologiuri principebi dResac

popularulia, gansakuTrebiT im regionebSi da qveynebSi, sadac xelisuflebis

legitimurobis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi, ufro swored, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas.

muslimur samyaroSi, miuxedavad modernizaciis da konstitucionalizmis

araerTi met-naklebad warmatebuli proeqtisa, demokratuli faseulobebi

qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi jer kidev myifea. am SemTxvevaSi,

ar unda SemovifargloT mxolod qveynis Sidapolitikuri cxovrebis asparezze

politikuri aqtivobis analiziT, vfiqrobT, saWiroa muslimuri

fundamentalizmis da islamuri revolucionizmis Sesabamisi identobis

Seswavla da Zaladobrivi xerxebisadmi misi damokidebulebis kvleva.

romelime dasavluri kategoriisa Tu cnebis muslimur konteqstSi

gaazrebisas, yovelTvis ibadeba kiTxva, ramdenad erTmniSvnelovania is orive

samyarosTvis. amis magaliTad gamodgeba terorizmis cneba, romelic, pirvel

rigSi, ukavSirdeba udanaSaulo adamianTa (rogorc wesi, samoqalaqo pirTa)

sicocxlis xelyofis aralegitimur, amoralur da usamarTlo aqts. 1856

wlidan moyolebuli, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam araerTi deklaracia miiRo

omis kanonebis Taobaze, Tumca adamianis uflebaTa sayovelao deklaraciaSi,

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qartiaSi, “genocidis konvenciaSi”, gaeros

wamebis sawinaaRmdego konvenciaSi Camoyalibebuli, erTi SexedviT “saerTo-

sakacobrio” principebi ar warmoadgenen universalur da yvelasTvis misaReb

faseulobebs. sxvadasxva sazogadoebas SeiZleba gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba

hqondes omis warmoebasTan, mis xangrZlivobasTan, ganadgurebis masStabebis

mizanSewonilobasTan da, rac mTavaria, agresiis obieqtebis legitimurobasTan

dakavSirebiT. saerTaSoriso konvenciebis (maT Soris, Jenevis konvenciis) erT-

erTi mizania im pirTa da obieqtTa dacva agresiisagan, romlebic saomar

procesSi neitralur rols asruleben da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli Zaladobrivi qmedeba arasaWirod, gadametebulad da aralegitimurad

iTvleba. sainteresoa, rom mocemul SemTxvevebSi mSvidobiani mosaxleobis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresiac ideologiur dasabuTebas, mxardaWeras hpovebs

radikalurad ganwyobil jgufebsa da sazogadoebis farTo masebSi.

XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, politikuri stagnaciisa da krizisebis

dasaZlevad islamuri jgufebi politikuri mowyobis da sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis SariaTis principebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas sTavazobdnen

Tanamedroveobas. usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolam da gamosavlis Zebnam said

jamal ad-din al-avRani (1837-1897), muhamad iqbali (1877-1938) da sxva avtorebi

idealuri islamuri saxelmwifos mSeneblobis ideamde miiyvana, romelic

mogvianebiT konkretul politikur programad iqca. rigi mklvevrebisaTvis

50

muslimur sazogadoebebSi politikur arenaze Zaladobisadmi midrekileba

uSualod ukavSirdeba gamefebul tiraniasa da mmarTvelobis arademokratuli

formebis arsebobas (Nasr 2006).

muslimur samyaroSi “gamarTlebul” da “gaumarTlebel” Zaladobas

sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia eZleva da amis Sesaxeb politikur filosofiasa

Tu TeologiaSi erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar arsebobs. aqtiuri kamaTi

mimdinareobs xolme aRniSnul sakiTxze Tavad egviptur, afrikul, arabul Tu

iranul sazogadoebebs SigniT. islamisa da Zaladobis urTierTmimarTebis

sakiTxs yuradReba dauTmo cnobilma Siitma mkvlevarma said hosein nasrma

(Reuter 2004). misi TqmiT, samarTlianobis islamuri koncefcia dakavSirebulia

wonasworobis, balansis cnebasTan (etimologiur donezec ki). darRveuli

wonasworobis aRsadgenad brZola yvela muslimisaTvis araTu sasurveli,

aramed aucilebelicaa da am SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyeneba mTavar moralur

qvakuTxeds (rogorc problemas) ar warmoadgens.

erTi mxriv, Zaladobis cnebisadmi araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba da,

meore mxriv, muslimuri sazogadoebebisaTvis ZaladobasTan dakavSirebiT

“saerTaSoriso” (anu dasavluri) qartiebisa da deklaraciebis SedarebiTi

ararelevanturoba ar niSnavs, rom Tavad islamis mixedviT, Zaladoba naklebad

eqvemdebareba regulacias da SezRudvebs (muslimuri samarTali uars ambobs

fizikur Zalaze, Zaladobaze, Tu ar mimdinareobs omi an Tu saqme ar gvaqvs

SariaTis samarTliT dasjis faqtTan). Zaladobrivi aqtis gamoyeneba islamSi

gaigivebulia adamianis mcdelobasTan, mimarTos Zala samarTlianobis

aRsadgenad. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs jihadis fenomenTan. naSromSi

SevecdebiT, identobis kvlevis kuTxiT gaviazroT misi transnacionaluri

xasiaTi da ZiriTadi ideologiuri maxasiaTeblebi.

“perestroikis” dawyebisTanave CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi islami

swrafad gaxda politikuri aqtivobis erT-erTi wyaro da elementi. regionTan

mimarTebaSi, samecniero da popularul literaturaSi xSirad axseneben

islamizmis, islamis politizaciis, fundamentalizmis da radikaluri

ideologiis problemebs. vvaraudobT, rom bolo or aTwleulSi ganviTarebuli

movlenebi uSualod unda ukavSirdebodes adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi socialur-

kulturuli identobis krizisis fonze axali ideologiuri alternativis –

(xSirad, aSkarad gamokveTili “revoluciuri xasiaTis”) transnacionaluri

muslimuri identobis ganviTarebis araerTgvarovan, rTul process, romelic

uSualo mimarTebaSia bolodroindel politikur procesebTan. am SemTxvevaSi,

aRniSnuli socialuri fenomenis ukeT gagebis saqmeSi CvenTvis amosavali

wertili iqneboda islamuri fundamentalizmisa da islamuri revolucionizmis

51

ideis ukeT wvdoma da gaazreba. SevecdebiT, mokled mimovixiloT misi ZiriTadi

arsi da xasiaTi.

cnobilia, rom fundamentalizmi, met-naklebad, TiTqmis yvela religiisaTvis

aris damaxasiaTebeli. islamis, rogorc klasikuri religiis warmoSobis,

ganviTarebis istorias, aseve am religiis amqveyniuri, sazogadoebrivi yofis

mimarT damokidebulebis specifikas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gasakviri ar iqneba

misi aqtiuri roli antikoloniur Tu SemdgomSi antidasavlur moZraobebSi.

1960-iani wlebidan axlo aRmosavleTis sazogadoebebSi sakuTari

damoukideblobisa da TviTmyofadobis ideologiuri dasabuTebis misia Tavis

Tavze, mniSvnelovanwilad, sasuliero elitam aiRo, romelic arsebul

sazogadoebriv-politikur situacias uSualod ukavSirebda mis koloniur

warsuls da samarTlianobisa da balansis aRdgenis aucilebel problemas,

romlis gareSec krizisis daZleva SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

Tavisi xasiaTiT, islamuri revolucionizmi SegviZlia memarcxene

revoluciur moZraobas SevadaroT. politikuri filosofiis TvalsazrisiT,

Zireul sakiTxebSi gansaxvavebebis miuxedavad, orive SemTxvevaSi fiqsirdeba

socialuri yofis, sazogadoebriv-politikuri mowyobis “esqatologiuri” da

utopiuri ideali, romlis damkvidrebisaTvis aqtiuri brZolaa saWiro. es Tavad

revolucionizmis fundamenturi elementia. sainteresoa, rom Tanamedrove

islamizmis erT-erTi gamoCenili Teoretikosisa da fuZemdeblis said quTbis

mTavari naSromi “socialuri samarTlianoba” dResac samagido wignad iTvleba

nebismieri islamistisaTvis. quTbma ibn-taimiias, said abul ala maududis da

muhamed ibn abdul vahabis swavlebebs axali mniSvneloba SesZina, daukavSira ra

jihadisa da jahiliis cnebebi Tanamedrove yofas. man islamur revolucionizms

konkretuli ideologiuri dasabuTeba SesTavaza, rac dRemde uaRresad

aqtualuria.

quTbis mier SemoTavazebuli jihadizmis mTavari idea arsebuli represiuli

da usamarTlo sazogadoebriv-politikuri wyobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

mdgomareobs. am konteqstSi Zaladobis sazRvrebi da dauSvebeli Zaladobis

kategoriis gageba dasavluri tradiciisagan kardinalurad gansxvavebulia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom “qvakuTxedebSi”1 mowodebuli ZiriTadi principebi

metaforebiT aris gadmocemuli, naTelia, rom quTbizmisaTvis jahiliis2

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi “aucilebeli Zaladobis” mizanSewoniloba kiTxvis niSnis

qveS ar dgeba.

1“qvakuTxedebi” – said quTbis cnobili naSromi. 2jahilia – umecrebaSi myofi sazogadoebis cneba, romelic quTbma TanamedroveobaSi Semoitana.

52

arsebuli represiuli da “uRmerTo” reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola islamuri

revolucionizmis upirvelesi amocanaa. quTbizmis tradiciiT, am SemTxvevaSi

neitraluri saxelmwifos an sazogadoebis cneba uaryofilia. am SemTxvevaSi

Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens Zaladobis da SeiaraRebuli brZolis warmoebis

Sesaxeb klasikuri islamis pirveladi, yuranze dafuZnebuli principebis Zieba,

romelic SedarebiT ukeT aris Seswavlili, vidre misi relevanturoba

TanamedroveobasTan. vvaraudobT, rom islamis Sesabamisi samxedro

iurisprudencia, romelic SariaTis ganuyofeli nawilia da muslimTaTvis

mniSvnelovani dogmaturi wyaroa, xSirad iCrdileba konkretul momentSi

arsebuli miznis, motivaciisa da situaciis specifikiT. amis Tavisuflebas

iZleva is garemoeba, rom ar arsebobs yvela muslimisaTvis (Tundac erTi

mazhabis mimdevrebisaTvis) saerTo, Tanabrad legitimuri da avtoritetuli

swavlulTa skola Tu sasuliero centri, romlis yuraniseuli interpretaciebi

savaldebulod gasaTvaliswinebeli iqneboda. Tanamedrove msoflioSi,

filipinebiT dawyebuli da CrdiloeT afrikiT damTavrebuli, TiTqmis yvela

islamistur SeiaraRebul jgufs interpretaciis didi Tavisufleba aqvs

miniWebuli da rig muslim swavlulTa calkeuli kritikuli gamoxmaurebebi am

TvalsazrisiT saqmes arsebiTad ver cvlis.

quTbizms, rogorc Tanamedrove islamisturi moZraobis erT-erT TvalsaCino

mimdinareobas, masze ufro radikaluri kritikosebi islamis principebis

SebRalvas sayvedurobdnen. bevri konservatori islamistisaTvis miuRebeli iyo

egvipteli revolucioneris idea sunituri mahzabebis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb,

mowodeba socializmis principebTan axlos mdgari politikis SemuSavebisaken

da a.S. amave dros, Tanamedrove islamurma revolucionizmma mTavari aqcenti

usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolaze gaakeTa, sadac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,

mtruli Zalebis gavlenis Tu mmarTvelobis qveS myofi mSvidobiani mosaxleoba

xSirad ZaladobisTvisaa ganwiruli.

mSvidobiani samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis

aqts orgvari interpretacia eZleva, romelic moqmedebis CamdenisTvis am

nabijis legitimaciis wyaro SeiZleba iyos. pirvel rigSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia

qmedebis funqciuri mxare: mowinaaRmdegisaTvis tkivilis miyeneba da amiT ufro

uaresi tkivilis (perspeqtivaSi, ufro didi masStabebis mqone Setakebebis da

msxverplis) gancdis perspeqtivis Cveneba1. mSvidobiani mosaxleobis daSineba

teroristebis mier saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetis Tu ara, saomari kampaniis

Sesaxeb sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlenis, misi Secvlis erT-erT qmediT xerxad

1aRniSnuli Tezisi, bunebrivia, dasavleTis samyarosaTvisac ar aris ucxo (mag. xirosima da nagasakis dabombvis irgvliv arsebuli diskusia).

53

ganixileba. metic, radikalizmis logika ufro Sors midis da mSvidobiani

mosaxleoba ara mxolod legitimuri “saSualeba”, aramed “mizanic” (borotebis

da usamarTlobis sawyisi) aris xolme. am SemTxvevaSi argumenti momdinareobs

iqidan, rom mosaxleoba arapirdapir, magram mainc exmareba mtruli Zalebis

siZlieres (ixdis gadasaxadebs, ar aprotestebs da ar gmobs maT qmedebebs,

warmoadgens potenciur adamianur resurss (jariskacebi da a.S.), Sesabamisad,

xels uwyobs usamarTlobis reJimis stabilurobas.

sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom budionovskSi, yizlarSi, moskovSi, beslanSi Tu

ruseTis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebis

gamarTleba mis organizatorebs mxolod sakuTar respublikaSi saomari

moqmedebebis Sewyvetis surviliT ar ucdiaT. aseTi moTxovna, ZiriTadad,

“mZevalTa krizisis” dros Cndeba xolme, mogvianebiT ki, rodesac teroristi

(organizatori) pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iRebs, cdilobs, Tavisi nabiji

maqsimalurad daasabuTos, raTa is ideologiurad gamarTlebuli, gasagebi da

saWiro (gardauvali) iyos TanamebrZolebisaTvis. SeiZleba Tu ara

budionovsksisa da yizlaris reidebis Semdeg federaluri centris kontrols

moklebul CeCneTSi basaevis maRali avtoriteti mxolod misi, rogorc

samxedro piris, “warmatebiT” aixsnas? ram ubiZga 1999 wels araerT daRestnels,

sasikvdilod gaewira Tavisi Tanamoqalaqe da mezobeli CeCnebis islamisturi

ideebisTvis Tavi daedo? vfiqrobT, Tundac ukanaskneli garemoebis asaxsnelad

fsiqotropuli iaraRis Tu “piradi vendetis” hipoTeziT dakmayofileba

SeuZlebeli Cans.

1990-ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi ganviTarebuli konfliqtebis Sesaswavlad saWiroa

misi yoveli aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba da mravalmxrivi kvleva; erT-erT

mimarTulebad gvesaxeba aRniSnuli problemis saerTaSoriso islamuri

moZraobis konteqstSi ganxilva, romelic, e.w. jihadizmis ideologiis

safuZvelze, saSualebas mogvcems, ukeT gavigoT regionSi arsebuli Zaladobis

fenomeni.


Azadpur, M. “Interpreting Political Violence in Islamic Philosophy”. Polylog journal, #5, 2004

<http://them.polylog.org/5/fam-en.htm> (retrieved: 11.12.2006).

Nasr, S. H. “Islam and the Question of Violence Al Serat”. Journal of Islamic Studies. http://www.al-

islam.org/al-serat ( retrieved: 01.11.2006)

54

Reuter, J. Islam and Suicide Terrorism, Chechnya’s Suicide Bombers: Desperate, Devout, or Deceived?

The American Committee for Peace in Chechnya, 16/09/2004.

Weber, M. Politics as Vocation (translation).

<http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Weber/polvoc.html> (retrieved: 14.12.2006).

giorgi garagiorgi garagiorgi garagiorgi garayaniZeyaniZeyaniZeyaniZe

erTi folkloruli nimuSis miToritualuri genezisi erTi folkloruli nimuSis miToritualuri genezisi erTi folkloruli nimuSis miToritualuri genezisi erTi folkloruli nimuSis miToritualuri genezisi

qarTuli eTnokulturis kvlevaSi, misi kulturuli fenebis

diferenciaciasa da genezisis gamorkvevis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

xalxuri Semoqmedebis Seswavlas, romelSic, rogorc wesi, Semonaxulia

uZvelesi miTologiuri Tu religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi, struqturuli Tu

esTetikuri gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi. swored amitom, mniSvnelovania

dadgindes ama Tu im folkloruli nimuSis Sinagani buneba da pirvandeli

semantika, misi daniSnuleba.

winamdebare naSromi aWaruli folkloris erT-erT saintereso nimuSs

“ohoiohoiohoiohoi----nanosnanosnanosnanos” exeba. saqme gvaqvs metad originaluri saxiT warmodgenil

cekvasTan (igi TamaSobadac SeiZleba miviCnioT), romelic XX saukunis bolo

xanebamde iyo SemorCenili aWarul xalxur SemoqmedebaSi (eqsp.: aWara 1985, 1995).

am cekva-TamaSobas kargad icnobs folklorul ansambl “mTiebisa” da

saymawvilo folklorul-eTnografiuli studia “amer-imeris” mayurebeli.1

Tavdapirvelad am nimuSis aRweriloba mogvyavs:

“ohoi-nanos” qorwilis meore dRes, diliT marTavdnen mayrebi. erT-erTi

maTgani xelSi wkeplamomarjvebuli daereva danarCenebs; wkeplis cemiTa da

“nanos” ZaxiliT wamoyris mZinareebs, erTmaneTis gaswvriv xelixelCakidebulebs

daayenebs da sxvadasxvagvari moZraobebis Sesrulebas ubrZanebs. ase magaliTad:

“melis kudi!” “mixveuli!” “moxveuli!” “dakvanWuli!” da sxv. gundic sapasuxo

SeZaxiliT _ “ohoi!” _ emorCileba wkepliani winamZRolis brZanebas. cekva-

TamaSis bolos ferxulic ibmeba. TamaSobis wkepliani warmmarTveli axla ukve

wreSi Sedis da iqidan ganagrZobs miTiTebebis micemas. am formiTve mTavrdeba

cekva. mTeli cekvis ganmavlobaSi ritmuli akompanimentis rols

SemsrulebelTa mier warmoTqmuli SeZaxilebi warmoadgens.

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia “ohoi-nanos” msgavseba “ialis

TamaSTan” da nayofierebis kultisadmi miZRvnil svanur cekvasTan “melia-

TelepiasTan (gvaramaZe 1997: 98; qse 1985: 628).

“ialis TamaSis”“ialis TamaSis”“ialis TamaSis”“ialis TamaSis” mokle aRweriloba 1854 wlis gazeTma “zakavkazski

vestnikma” Semogvinaxa (janeliZe 1948: 93). “ohoi-nanos” msgavsad, aqac vxvdebiT

joxian meTaurs, romelic jgufis wevrebs miTiTebebs aZlevs. TamaSSi miRebuli

iyo aseve gaSiSvleba, rac ukve svanur “melia-TelepiasTan” hpovebs msgavsebas.

1 farTo mayurebelsac araerTxel SeeZlo enaxa d.gugunavas satelevizio filmi “mTiebi”, romelSic aRniSnul TamaSsac warmoadgens ansambli.

56

“melia“melia“melia“melia----Telepia”Telepia”Telepia”Telepia”1111 nayofierebis kultisadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulis,

svanuri kviriaoba-muryvamobis erT-erTi Semadgeneli wes-Cveulebaa. am cekviT

warmodgenil Cveulebas mamakacebi asruleben: winamZRolis zurgsukan erTrigad

Camwkrivebuli, wels qvemoT gaSiSvlebuli mamakacebi wreze dadian da

SeZaxiliT _ “melia-Telepia, ioh, ioh!” winamZRols uknidan uqaquneben.

winamZRoli ki uknidan moqaquneebs drodadro wkeplas gadahkravs.

iv. javaxiSvili svanur dResaswaulSi Semavali wes-Cveulebebisa da

xeTuri miTis Sedarebis safuZvelze varaudobs, rom mocemuli dResaswauli

paraleluri formaa bunebis aRorZinebis xeTuri religiuri dResaswaulisa.

svanuri Telepia ki igivea, rac xeTuri nayofierebis RmerTi TelifinuTelifinuTelifinuTelifinu2222

(Бендукидзе 1973: 98).

Telifinus xeTuri miTis mokle Sinaarsi aseTi gaxlavT: “Telifinu

ganrisxebuli midis. Aman gamoiwvia is, rom qeri da xorbali aRar xarobs,

saqoneli _ cxvari Tu adamianebi veRar mravldebian. mis wasvlas mohyveba

gvalva, bunebis Wknoba; SimSiliT iRupebian adamianebi da RmerTebi; es

ukanasknelni eZeben Telifinus, magram amaod. bolos da bolos mas ipovnis

qalRmerT xanaxanas mier gagzavnili futkari, romelic nestriT daCxvlets

Telifinus da amiT kidev ufro gazrdis mis risxvas. maSin qalRmerTi

qamrusefa Seasrulebs magiur rituals Telifinus risxvis dasacxrobad. amis

Semdeg Telifinu brundeba da iwyebs zrunvas qveynierebaze, mefe dedofalze”

(tatiSvili 2004: 38).

rogorc aRiniSna, svanuri Cveulebis saxelwodebis “melia-Telepias”

meore nawili “Telepia” xeTur RvTaebasTan _ TelifinusTan _ igivdeba. rac

Seexeba pirvel nawils _ “melias”, mas mecnierebi cxovel melias qarTuli

saxelwodebiT xsnidnen. Tumca, rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva, “melia-Telepias”

“melia” indoevropuli sityvidan _ melitas (futkari) momdinareobs.

Melit (Tafli) sityvaze dayrdnobiT aRdgeba “futkris” indoevropuli

forma _ ““““melitas” (Бендукидзе 1973: 98-100).

aRsaniSnavia, rom svaneTSi dRemdea SemorCenili miTi, romelic

analogiuria zemoT moyvanili xeTuri miTisa. metad mniSvnelovania isic, rom

svanur leqsikaSi futkris Zvel saxelad dasturdeba “mel”-i, romelsac dRes

ukve iSviaTad xmaroben svaneTSi.3

1 am TamaSis saxelwodeba ramdenime fonetikuri variantiTaa cnobili. Cven zemoaRniSnul formas gamoviyenebT. 2 am RvTaebis saxeli specialur literaturaSi sxvadasxva formiTaa mocemuli. Cven erT-erT variants veyrdnobiT (tatiSvili 2004). 3 mTxrobeli _ uSgulis mkvidri 38 wlis hamlet Carkviani (informatori jokia gugava).

57

maSasadame aRniSnuli wes-Cveulebis saxelwodebis “melia-Telepias”

Tavdapirveli Sinaarsi, romelic xeTuri miTidan unda momdinareobdes,

Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: “futkari da Telifinu”.

Tu ki imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom xeTuri miTebis im jgufisTvis,

romelSic Telifinus miTi Sedis, damaxasiaTebelia miTisa da ritualis

ganuyofloba (es miTebi ritualTan kavSirSia Cawerili, miTis Txroba

dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo saritualo moqmedebebis SesrulebasTan _

tatiSvili 2004: 37), maSin SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom smaSin SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom smaSin SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom smaSin SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom svanuri “meliavanuri “meliavanuri “meliavanuri “melia----Telepia” Telepia” Telepia” Telepia”

(anu “futkari da Telifinu”) xeTuri miTis ritualur gaTamaSebas warmoadgens.(anu “futkari da Telifinu”) xeTuri miTis ritualur gaTamaSebas warmoadgens.(anu “futkari da Telifinu”) xeTuri miTis ritualur gaTamaSebas warmoadgens.(anu “futkari da Telifinu”) xeTuri miTis ritualur gaTamaSebas warmoadgens.

miT ufro, rom arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac Telifinus miTi

Seqmnilia ara rogorc literaturuli Zegli, aramed rogorc ganrisxebuli

RvTaebis dasamSvideblad aRsasrulebeli rituali (Бендукидзе 1973: 96).

Cveni azriT, zemomoyvanili aWaruli cekva-TamaSobac _ “ohoi- nano” _

uSualod xeTur samyaros ukavSirdeba. amitom oriode sityviT SevCerdeT Tavad

xeTaze da vnaxoT, Tu rogor siaxloves avlens igi qarTul samyarosTan.

xeTebis saxelmwifo Zv. w. 1650-1200 wlebSi arsebobda (giorgaZe 1988: 29).

xeTuri saxelmwifo samxreT-dasavleTidan emezobleboda qarTvelur tomTa

uZvelesi gansaxlebis adgils. Tavisi Zlierebis xanaSi igi gadaWimuli iyo

xmelTaSua zRvidan Sav zRvamde da anatoliis dasavleTi raionebidan md.

evfratamde. igi moicavda CrdiloeT siriasac (giorgaZe 2002: 50). am periodSi

xeTebis gavlenaSi moeqca mTeli mcire azia da mis mezoblad mdebare mravali

raioni. am regionTa ricxvs miekuTvneba samxreT amierkavkasiisa da Savi zRvis

samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi mdebare olqebi, rac CvenTvis mniSvnelovania imiT,

rom es mxare ZvelTaganve qarTveluri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (giorgaZe 1988:

39).

xeTebis saxelmwifos Semqmnelebad iTvlebian mcire aziaSi mosuli

indoevropelebi _ nesitebi (tatiSvili 2004: 6). xolo, rac Seexeba saxelwodeba

“xaTs”, es saxeli maT adgilobrivi xaTebisagan SeiTvises. xaTebi centraluri

anatoliis mkvidri avtoqTonuri eTnosia (maT protoxeTebsac uwodeben). “xaTi”

iyo am tomTa mTavari qalaqisa da maTive qveynis aRmniSvneli termini. xaTuri

ena ar ganekuTvneba arc indoevropul da arc semitur enebs (giorgaZe 1988: 20-

19). xeTologiaSi arsebobs mosazreba xaTuri enis naTesaobis Sesaxeb Crdilo-

kavkasiur enebTan (e.foreri _ giorgaZe 1988: 20), sxva SemTxvevaSi _ qarTvelur

enaTa jgufTan (qr. girbali _ giorgaZe 2002: 89). swored am ori eTnosis _

nesitebisa da xaTebis Serwymis Sedegad centralur mcire aziaSi Camoyalibda

xeTuri eTnosi, romelmac Seqmna erT-erTi uZvelesi civilizacia (tatiSvili

2004: 7).

58

xaTuri religiuri warmodgenebi metad originaluri da TviTmyofadi

iyo. xaTebs hqondaT RvTaebaTa mravalricxovani kulti, marTavdnen

dResaswaulebs, qmnidnen miTosebs (giorgaZe 2002: 84). xeTuri religiis

TvalSisacemi siWrele imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom igi moicavs rogorc

indoevropul, aseve adgilobrivi mravali eTnosis religiur rwmena-

warmodgenas. xeTuri religiis mniSvnelovan fenas xaTuri RvTaebebi

Seadgendnen, isini qmnidnen Zv. w. II aTaswleulis xeTebis religiuri sistemis

bazas. xeTurma religiam xaTebisagan SeiTvisa Telifinus kultic, romelsac

xeTur RvTaebaTa panTeonSi erT-erTi mTavari RvTaebis adgili eWira (giorgaZe

2002: 57).

Tixis firfitebze dacul xeTur teqstebs Soris mravalricxovan jgufs

Seadgens saritualo teqstebi _ ritualTa aRwerilobebi. maT Soris xSirad

gvxvdeba erTi da imave ritualis ramdenime asli, romlebic saritualo

ceremoniebis sworad Catarebis mizniT igzavneboda xeTebis samefos

provinciebSi (tatiSvili 2004: 19).

Tu ki gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT

mdebare, ZvelTaganve qarTveluri warmoSobis tomebiT dasaxlebuli mxare

xeTis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, sruliad marTebuli iqneba vigulisxmoT, rom

xeTuri kulturis gavlena qarTvelur tomebzec vrceldeboda, rac SeiZleba rac SeiZleba rac SeiZleba rac SeiZleba

gamoxatuliyo qarTvel qurumTa mier xeTuri ritualebis gadmoRebasa Tu gamoxatuliyo qarTvel qurumTa mier xeTuri ritualebis gadmoRebasa Tu gamoxatuliyo qarTvel qurumTa mier xeTuri ritualebis gadmoRebasa Tu gamoxatuliyo qarTvel qurumTa mier xeTuri ritualebis gadmoRebasa Tu

gamoyenebaSi.gamoyenebaSi.gamoyenebaSi.gamoyenebaSi.

CvenTvis saintereso saqorwilo cekva-TamaSoba saqarTvelos samxreT-

dasavleTi kuTxis, aWaris, folklorma Semoinaxa. aWarisa da misgan samxreTiT

mdebare qarTuli kuTxeebis folklors bevri ram aqvs saerTo. es kuTxeebi,

musikaluri folkloris TvalsazrisiT, erT dialeqtSi erTiandebian1

(garayaniZe 1990: 149).

Cveni azriT, am kontaqtis Sedegad unda iyos Seqmnili zemoxsenebuli

“ohoi-nano”. safiqrebelia, rom es saqorwilo cekva-TamaSoba aRniSnuli epoqis

kulturuli fenidan unda momdinareobdes da swored xeTuri Telifinus miTis

ritualur aRsrulebas unda warmoadgendes. kerZod ki _ ritualis im nawilisa,

romelic futkris mier RvTaebis povnasa da mis dabrunebas mogviTxrobs.

arqaul sazogadoebaSi miTologia moicavda rogorc religiasa da

filosofias, aseve mTel mxatvrul Semoqmedebas. amitom miTis problemasTanaa

1mkvlevarTa azriT, musikaluri ena ufro Rrma sferoa folklorisa, vidre sametyvelo da poeturi (SilakaZe 1991: 15). amitom mis kvlevasa da gaTvaliswinebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kulturis uZvelesi plastebis gamovlenis saqmeSi.

59

dakavSirebuli religiis, literaturis, filosofiisa da xalxuri Semoqmedebis

genezisi (xidaSeli 2001: 5).

aWaruli folkloris nimuSisa da xeTuri miTis urTierTSedareba araerT

pirdapir Tu irib paralels avlens:

1) xeTuri miTis mixedviT, gadakargul RvTaebas futkari poulobs.

Telifinu dasasveneblad wamowolila mindorze qalaq lixcinis maxlobel

tyeSi. futkari xelebsa da fexebze nestravs RvTaebas da aRviZebs. RvTaeba

wamodgeba (Иванов 1977:57).

_ “ohoi-nanos” warmmarTveli winamZRoli futkars unda ganasaxierebdes,

misi wkepla _ futkris nestars. xolo gundi _ gadakargul RvTaebas. TamaSis

dasawyisi analogiuria miTis zemomoyvanili nawilisa: winamZRoli midis mZinare

mayrebTan, wkeplavs maT, aRviZebs da wamoyris. daayenebs xelixelCakidebulT

erT rigad, erTmaneTis gaswvriv ise, rom isini axla erT mTlians

ganasaxiereben. winamZRolic Cahkidebs gunds xels da mihyavs.

2) futkrisagan Sewuxebuli Telifinu kidev ufro gamZvinvarda:

ganrisxebulma daaSro wyaroebi, kalapotidan gadaagdo nakadebi, daangria da

aRgava qalaqebi da saxlebi (Иванов 1977: 57).

_ “ohoi-nanos” wkepliani winamZRolis miTiTebiT, rasac wkepliT cemac

Tan axlavs, Telifinus ganmasaxierebeli gundi axorcielebs moZraobebs _

“melis kudi”, “mixveuli”, “moxveuli”, “dakvanWuli”. am moqmedebebs TiToeuli

wevri cal-calke ki ar ganasaxierebs, aramed _ mTlianad jgufi, erTianad. es

originaluri qmedebebi, romelebic dinamikaSi ebmis erTmeneTs, vfiqrobT,

ganrisxebuli RvTaebis mZvinvarebas unda warmoaCendes.

3) ganrisxebuli Telifinu kvlav mZvinvarebs. mas dainaxavs qalRmerTi

qamrusefa da mis dasamSvideblad atarebs rituals _ ganaSorebs mrisxanebas,

gabrazebas... teqstSi iqve naTqvamia: ise moxdes, rom Telifinus mrisxanebam,

gabrazebam, bralma, mZvinvarebam datovos saxli. dae, man datovos saxlis

dedaboZi, fanjara, anjama, karibWis kamara, funduki. dae, man datovos samefo

gza! dae nu miva is nayofier velTan, tyesTan, baRTan! dae, wasuliyos is miwis

mziani RmerTis gziT (Иванов 1977:57-59).

miTis dasasruls naTqvamia, rom Telifinu dabrunda da daiwyo zrunva

Tavis qveyanaze; fanjaras ganSorda Rrubeli, saxls _ buRi. samsxverplo

magidaze RmerTebi damSviddnen. keraSi SeSa dawynarda. boselSi _ xarebi, bakSi

_ cxvrebi (Иванова 1977: 60)...

_ safiqrebelia, rom qorwilSi “ohoi-nanos” Sesrulebis (anu Telifinus

miTis ritualuri gaTamaSebis) mizanic swored yovelgvari borotis gandevna

iyo axaldaqorwinebulTa saxlidan.

60

4) Telifinum daiwyo zrunva mefesa da dedofalze. uzrunvelyo isini

cxovrebiT da samomavlo cxovrebiseuli ZaliT (Иванов 1977: 61).

_ cnobilia, rom qarTul saqorwilo tradiciaSi siZes mefe, patarZals ki

dedofali ewodeba. amitom savaraudebelia, rom qorwilSi am ritualis

Catarebis Sedegad nayofierebis RvTaeba iwyebs zrunvas axaldaqorwinebulebze,

anu mefe dedofalze.

5) rac Seexeba miTSi Telifinus mier mefisTvis cxvris tyavis gadacemis

faqts, iseve rogorc miTSi mocemul mraval sxva detals, SesaZloa, amgvari

Cveuleba “ohoi-nanos” SemTxvevaSic yofiliyo Tavdapirvelad miRebuli. Tumca

amaze dReisTvis, masalis ararsebobis gamo, raimes Tqma Znelia.

yuradRebas ipyrobs TamaSobaSi naxsenebi “melis kudi”“melis kudi”“melis kudi”“melis kudi”, romelic

winamZRolis miTiTebaa da romelsac gundi Sesabamisi moZraobiT pasuxobs.

savaraudebelia, “meli”, svanuri “melia-Telepias” msgavsad, aqac xeTur futkars

aRniSnavdes da ara cxovel melias. xolo kudi, Sesabamisad, cxovelis nawils

ki ar miemarTebodes, aramed _ wkepliani winamZRolis (resp. futkris) zurgsukan

kudad Cabmul monawileebs.

am mxriv, sagulisxmoa imerxeuli leqsikuri erTeuli “melamelamelamela----iiii”, romelic

mayris moaxloebis maxarobels ewodeba. igic mayris wevria (futkaraZe 1993: 503).

CvenTvis cnobilia, rom “ohoi-nanos” swored mayrebi asruleben. amitom,

SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom “ohoi-nanos” Sesrulebisas futkris rolSi mayris

maxarobeli, igive “mela-i” yofiliyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierebaSi arsebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT,

samgloviaro da saqorwilo ritualebSi yovelTvis gvxvdeba aRdgoma-

aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebi. amasTan, yovelTvis figurirebs

mokvdav-aRorZinebadi RvTaeba an adgili aqvs mis miniSnebas (xidaSeli 2001: 127).

rogorc vnaxeT, es aWaruli qorwilis SemTxvevaSic dadasturda.

maSasadame, “ohoi-nano” SegviZlia saqorwilo ritualad miviCnioT,

romelic, qorwilis garda, SesaZloa, sxvaganac Sesrulebuliyo, rogorc,

zogadad, nayofierebisa da keTildReobis gamomwvevi rituali. cnobilia, rom

ritualma Tavisi pirvandeli daniSnulebis _ sakraluri funqciis _ dakargvis

Semdegac SeiZleba saukunoobiT gaagrZelos arseboba (canava 2005: 9). ase moxda

Cvens SemTxvevaSic: “ohoi-nanos”, rogorc aWaruli folkloris nimuSs, sruliad

dakarguli aqvs Tavisi pirvandeli semantika, igi xalxSi gaazrebulia, rogorc

erT-erTi rigiTi cekva. Tumca, kvlevis Sedegad masSi gamovlenili ritualuri

xasiaTi da miTTan sinkretuloba safuZvels gvaZlevs aRniSnuli cekva-TamaSoba

miToritualur modelad miviCnioT.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas:

61

a) a) a) a) aWaruli saqorwilo cekvaaWaruli saqorwilo cekvaaWaruli saqorwilo cekvaaWaruli saqorwilo cekva----TamaSoba “ohoiTamaSoba “ohoiTamaSoba “ohoiTamaSoba “ohoi----nano” xeTur samyarosTan nano” xeTur samyarosTan nano” xeTur samyarosTan nano” xeTur samyarosTan

uSualo kontaqtis sauSualo kontaqtis sauSualo kontaqtis sauSualo kontaqtis safuZvelzea Seqmnili.fuZvelzea Seqmnili.fuZvelzea Seqmnili.fuZvelzea Seqmnili.

b) b) b) b) igi Tavdapirvelad religiuri rwmenaigi Tavdapirvelad religiuri rwmenaigi Tavdapirvelad religiuri rwmenaigi Tavdapirvelad religiuri rwmena----warmodgenebis nawili iyo da warmodgenebis nawili iyo da warmodgenebis nawili iyo da warmodgenebis nawili iyo da

xeTur RvTaebaTa panTeonis erTxeTur RvTaebaTa panTeonis erTxeTur RvTaebaTa panTeonis erTxeTur RvTaebaTa panTeonis erT----erT mTavar RvTaebas Telifinus miemarTeboda. erT mTavar RvTaebas Telifinus miemarTeboda. erT mTavar RvTaebas Telifinus miemarTeboda. erT mTavar RvTaebas Telifinus miemarTeboda.

g)g)g)g) “ohoi“ohoi“ohoi“ohoi----nano” Telifinus Sesaxeb miTis ritualur aRsrulebas nano” Telifinus Sesaxeb miTis ritualur aRsrulebas nano” Telifinus Sesaxeb miTis ritualur aRsrulebas nano” Telifinus Sesaxeb miTis ritualur aRsrulebas

warmoadgens.warmoadgens.warmoadgens.warmoadgens.

d) d) d) d) savaraudod, amgvarisavaraudod, amgvarisavaraudod, amgvarisavaraudod, amgvari ritualebi mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze iyo ritualebi mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze iyo ritualebi mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze iyo ritualebi mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze iyo

gavrcelebuli, razedac zemoT moyvanili nimuSebi metyvelebs.gavrcelebuli, razedac zemoT moyvanili nimuSebi metyvelebs.gavrcelebuli, razedac zemoT moyvanili nimuSebi metyvelebs.gavrcelebuli, razedac zemoT moyvanili nimuSebi metyvelebs.


garayaniZe, e. “qarTuli xalxuri simReris ganviTarebis erTi adreuli etapis

Sesaxeb” musikismcodneobis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1997.

garayaniZe, e. “qarTuli musikaluri dialeqtebi da maTi urTierTmimarTeba.”

(xelnaweris uflebiT). Tbilisi, 1990.

gvaramaZe, l. qarTuli sacekvao folklori. Tbilisi, 1997.

giorgaZe, gr. aTasi RvTaebis qveyana. Tbilisi, 1988.

giorgaZe, gr. uZvelesi axloaRmosavluri eTnosebi da qarTvelTa warmomavloba.

Tbilisi, 2002.

tatiSvili, i. xeTuri religia. Tbilisi, 2004.

futkaraZe, S. Cveneburebis qarTuli. baTumi, 1993.

qse _ qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. VI, Tbilisi, 1984.

SilakaZe, m. eTnomusikologiis sagani, meTodebi da amocanebi. Tbilisi, 1991.

canava, r. miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlobaSi da

qarTuli literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi. Tbilisi, 2005.

xidaSeli, m. samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 2001.

javaxiSvili, iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. I, Tbilisi, 1979.

janeliZe, d. qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi. Tbilisi, 1948.

Бендукидзе, Н.А. «Хетский миф о Телефину и его сванские параллели.» Вопроси древней истории.

Тбилиси, 1973.

62

Иванова, В.В. «Луна, упавшая с неба». Древняя литература Малой Азии. Перевод с

древнемалоазиатских языков. Москва, 1977.

damowmebuli eqspediciebidamowmebuli eqspediciebidamowmebuli eqspediciebidamowmebuli eqspediciebi1111

aWara, xulos raioni 1985 w. e. garayaniZis eqsp.

aWara, xulos raioni 1995 w. e. garayaniZis eqsp.

1masalebi inaxeba avtoris pirad arqivSi.

63

beJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxia

“sxvadasxva” evropa Sua“sxvadasxva” evropa Sua“sxvadasxva” evropa Sua“sxvadasxva” evropa Sua saukuneebis damdegs saukuneebis damdegs saukuneebis damdegs saukuneebis damdegs

antikurobidan Sua saukuneebSi gadasvla iyo dapirispireba warmarTul

kulturasa da qristianobas Soris. es xangrZlivi etapi ramdenime saukune

mimdinareobda da qristianuli ideologiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

J. le gofis mxatvruli gamoTqmiT, Sua saukuneebis avtorebi antikurobas

epyrobodnen iseve, rogorc ebraelebi eqcevian tyveebs Zveli aRTqmis meore

rjulis wignis mixedviT. isini tyve qalebs Tavs gadaparsavdnen, frCxilebs

daaWridnen, axal tansacmelSi gamoawyobdnen da mxolod Semdeg

qorwindebodnen maTze.

Tavdapirvelad, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTSi, pirveli qristiani

filosofosebi cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT antikuri filosofiisa da

literaturis miRwevani, amdenad, maT SemoqmedebaSi didi iyo platonis gavlena.

bizantiaSi antikuri filosofia, qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis gabatonebis

Tavdapirvel etapze mainc, inarCunebda Tavis pozicias. bizantielma

RvTismetyvelebma Seiswavles da SeinarCunes berZnuli filosofiuri azrovneba,

rasakvirvelia, misi SexamebiT qristianul RvTismetyvelebasTan. TviT iseTi

didi saeklesio moRvaweebis SemoqmedebaSi, rogorebic arian “kapadokieli

mamebi” – basili didi, grigol nazianzeli, grigol noseli da

konstantinopolis patriarqi ioane oqropiri, mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

neoplatonur filosofias. axali ideebis gadmocemisas isini qristianul

ideologias SesaniSnavad uxameben antikuri ritorikis formebs. am mxriv

sainteresoa basili kesarielis 22 homilia “imis Sesaxeb, rogor unda miiRon

axalgazrda Wabukebma sasargeblo antikuri wignebidan”. am homiliebSi

Sekrebili masalis msgavseba plutarqes traqtatTan “rogor unda moisminon

axalgazrdebma poeturi nawarmoebebi” araerTxel yofila mkvlevarTa

yuradRebis obieqti. basili kesarieli exeba klasikuri literaturis TiTqmis

yvela saxes: poezias, filosofiur nawarmoebebs, istoriul mwerlobas. l.

fraibergis ganmartebiT, homiliebis mTavar daskvna aris is, rom antikuri

cxovrebiseuli filosofia mxolod aCrdilia WeSmariti moZRvrebisa saTnoebis

Sesaxeb. basili didis homiliebi warmarTuli klasikis reabilitaciis

mcdelobaa aRorZinebamde ramdenime saukuniT adre (Фрейберг 1975: 13).

qristianuli dogmatikis neoplatonur filosofiasTan Tavisebur sinTezs

warmoadgens fsevdo dionise areopagelis Sexedulebani. qristianuli

ideologiis gamarjvebis Semdeg qristian avtorebs antikuri codna da

warmodgenebi TandaTan mohyavT SesabamisobaSi saRvTo gadmocemasTan.

64

dapirispireba am or moZRvrebas Soris naTlad vlindeba adreul Sua

saukuneebSi warmoSobil eresebsa da qristologiur davebSi. xSirad

mwvaleblur moZRvrebaTa safuZveli iyo antikuri, warmarTuli warmodgenebi.

qristologiur davebSi aSkaraa antikuri filosofiis gavlena. TviT

qristianobis mxne damcvelebi, axali RvTismetyvelebi axlad aRmocenebuli

eresebis _ arianelobis, nestorianelobis da monofizitobis winaaRmdeg, garda

saRvTo werilebisa, iyenebdnen Zveli berZeni filosofosebis naazrevs.

evropis dasavleT nawilSic, sadac naklebad iyo antikuri kulturis

gavlena, magram arsebobda Zveli tradiciebi warmarTuli religiebis saxiT,

axali qristianoba xSirad iCens frTxil damokidebulebaSi Zvel tradiciebTan.

amis magaliTad migvaCnia grigol I-is werili, romelsac igi ugzavnis

kenterberis arqiepiskoposs da mouwodebs mas, ar daangrios warmarTuli

taZrebi, aramed wminda wyliT ganaTlos da gamoiyenos qristianebis salocavad.

evropuli Sua sakuneebis genezisis ganxilvisas, ZiriTadad, saubari unda

gvqondes erTian evropul sivrceze, vinaidan misi Tavdapirveli etapi erTiania.

e. w. “sxvadasxva” evropa Sua saukuneebSi, Cveni azriT, warmoiSoba karlos

didis xanidan, radgan is, rac mniSvnelovania, karlos didis imperatorad

dasaxelebamde, erTiani romis imperiis sivrceSi, zogadqristianuli

msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi yalibdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodis

roms dasavleTis istorikosebi moixsenieben, rogorc bizantiur, aRmosavlur

qristianul samyarod, Cveni azriT maT mier dasaxelebuli faqtebi ar aris

damajerebeli imisaTvis, rom Sua saukuneebis damdegs visaubroT raime

gansxvavebul msoflmxedvelobaze evropaSi, da ara erTian qristianul

samyaroze centriT romSi. adreul Sua saukuneebSi ki qristianuli romis

politikur centrs konstantinopoli warmoadgenda. avtorTa umravlesoba,

rodesac ganmasxvavebel niSnebze saubroben, dasavleTis Sua saukuneebis

azrovnebis warmomadgenlebad asaxeleben adreuli Sua saukuneebis ramdenime

mniSvnelovan figuras (netari avgustine, wm. ieronime, boeciusi, kasiodori...),

Tumca TviTon isini, Tavs ar miiCnevdnen gaucxoebulad qristianuli romis

imperiis sivrcidan, piriqiT, ZiriTadad mainc orientirebuli iyvnen e. w.

aRmosavlur qristianobaze. am mxriv, dasavleTSi moRvawe sxva mamaTa Soris

erTerTi sainteresoa wm. irineos lionelis biografia, romelic daibada 140

wels da gardaicvala III saukunis damdegs. rogorc eklesiis istoriis cnobili

mkvlevari m. posnovi wers, “warmoSobiT da aRzrdiT igi miekuTvneboda

aRmosavleTs _ iyo polikarpe smirnelis mowafe, xolo moRvaweobiT _

dasavleTs, sadac is, SesaZlebelia, gaagzavna mcire aziis eklesiam, romelic

gansakuTrebul axlo damokidebulebaSi iyo galiis eklesiasTan (Поснов 1964:

65

176). (aseve ar iqneba interesmoklebuli, Tu evropis erTiani sivrcis arsebobis

dasadastureblad davasaxelebT Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis warmoSobis

xanaSi imperator iustinianes mier VI saukuneSi romis imperiis erTianobis

aRdgenas, mis gaerTienebas aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi. 532 wlis zaviT

aRmosavleTis provinciebis, maT Soris saqarTvelos SenarCunebiT, xolo

dasavleTSi 534 wels gamarjvebiT vandalebze, 553 wels gamarjvebiT

ostgoTebze da brZolebiT vestgoTebTan imperiam Tavisi gavlena gaafarTova

wiTeli zRvidan atlantis okeanemde da Seqmna erTiani imperia erTiani

qristianuli sarwmuneobiT). bizantiisagan iReben kurTxevis wesebs dasavleTSi.

unda iTqvas, rom isini aRiarebdnen romis (bizantiis) imperatorebis

uzenaesobas. grigol turelis gadmocemiT, romis imperatorma anastasiusma

xlodvigs konsulis wodeba uboZa. turSi, wminda martinis bazilikaSi

xlodvigi Seimosa porfiriT da daidga Tavze gvirgvini, Semdeg gareT gamosuli

cxenze amxedrda, iq Sekrebil xalxs oqro da vercxli dauriga da gaemarTa

parizisaken. De patriciato Chlodoveci regis - Jgitur ab Anastasio imperatore codecillos consolato

accepit, et in basilica beati Martini tunica blattea et clamide, inponens vertice diademam. Tunc ascenso

equite, aurem argentumque in itinera illo, quod inter portam atrii et ecclesiam est, praesentibus populis

manu propria spargens, voluntate benignissima erogavit, et ab ea die tumquam consul aut augustus est

vocitatus. Egressus autem a Turanus Parisius venit ibique cathedrem regni consitituit. Jbi et Teodoricus

ad eum venit (Gregorius Turenensis: 38). es adgili grigol turelis nawarmoebidan

adasturebs Cvens mier adre gamoTqmul mosazrebas adre Sua saukuneebSi

evropis erTian sivrced warmodgenis Sesaxeb. msgavsi damokidebuleba hqonda

romis (bizantiis) imperatorTan ostgoTebis mefes, amalebis gvaris

warmomadgenels Teodorixs. imperatorma zenonma mas uboZa patriciusis tituli

da moixseniebda rogorc Svils da megobars, daniSna umaRles samxedro

Tanamdebobaze – Magister militum praesentalis (Пфайлышифтер 2004: 54). burgundiis

mefeebic atarebdnen patriciusis wodebas. 516 wels burgundiis taxtze axlad

damkvidrebuli mefe sigizmundi, romelic gundobadis memkvidre iyo, xazgasmiT

aRniSnavda, rom mis samefos federaciuli samefos statusi hqonda. goTebis

istoriis Tanamedrove mkvlevari h. volframi wers, rom “burgundiis mefeebi

adrec da axlac Tavs grZnobdnen, rogorc imperatoris jariskacebi” (Wolfram

1990: 447). saerTodac, im sazogadoebis elementebi, romelsac Cven Sua

saukuneebis civilizacias vuwodebT, metnaklebad srulyofili XI saukuneSi

xdeba. am periodSi naTlad SegviZlia davinaxoT gansxvaveba dasavleT da

aRmosavleT evropul Sua saukuneebs Soris. am epoqaSi dasavluri _ laTinuri

_ Sua saukuneebi ukve damoukidebeli xdeba, rac 1054 wels qristianul

eklesiaSi ganxeTqilebiT gaformda, Camoyalibda kaTolikuri da

66

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi. dasavleTi gaxda laTinuri samyaro, anu, rogorc

mas uwodeben, Pax Romana, aRmosavleTi ki Pax Orthodoxa, romelSic Sedioda

bizantiuri, slavuri da qarTuli sivrce. dasavlur istoriografiaSi,

dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis fuZemdeblebad, ZiriTadad, asaxeleben Semdeg

moRvaweebs: boeciuss (480-524), kasiodors (480-573), isidore seviliels (560-636)

da beda pativdebuls (673-735). maTi gansakuTrebuli roli gamoixateba imaSi,

rom SeinarCunes antikuri kulturis sawyisebi, mas misces Sua saukuneebisaTvis

misaRebi forma da qristianuli xasiaTi. adreuli Sua saukuneebis dasavleT

evropis civilizaciis sawyisebze saubari dasaSvebia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven

farTo mniSvnelobas mivaniWebT dasavleT evropis teritoriaze arsebul

barbarosuli saxelmwifoebis kulturas. marTalia, maT aqvT TviTmyofadobis

garkveuli niSnebi, rac barbarosebis wes-CveulebaTa Taviseburebebsa da maT

religiur warmodgenebSi gamoixateba. magram amas ver CavTvliT Sua saukuneebis

kulturad, radgan is mainc iqidan iwyeba, rodesac am xalxebSi xdeba

qristianobis, rogorc saxelmwifo religiis, aRiareba da farTod gavrceleba.

es e. w. barbarosuli kultura Cven migvaCnia dasavleTis kulturis

wanamZRvrad, romelmac Taviseburi gavlena iqonia mis formirebaze. xolo rac

Seexeba adreqristianul kulturas dasavleT evropaSi, aq, udavod, didia

aRmosavlurad dasaxelebuli qristianuli kulturis gavlena da is saerTo

evropuli kulturis TiTqmis ganuyofeli nawilia. magaliTad, lerinis

monastris daarsebaSi da mis ganviTarebaSi didi roli ekuTvniT

aRmosavleTidan Camosul wminda mamebs. aleqsandriis patriarqi wminda aTanase

antoni didis cxovrebas wers trirSi, sadac is gadaasaxles 335 wlidan. netari

avgustine Tavis “aRsarebanSi” pirvelad uTiTebs aTanase aleqsandrielis am

naSroms antoni didis Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs, rom am naSromiT

xelmZRvanelobdnen trirSi dasaxlebuli Raribi sulebi (paupertes spiritu).

rogorc prof. n. uskovi mianiSnebs, am periodSi, 357 Tu 382 wlebSi,

“naxevradbarbarosul rainis sanapiroze”, miiRo pirveli asketuri gamocdileba

wminda ieronimem; IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi trirSi orjer Cavida martin

tureli da, savaraudoa, aq daaarsa Tavisi monasteri Tu eklesia (Усков 2001: 73).

dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan SeiZleba davasaxeloT

merovingebis frankTa istoriis mematiane grigol tureli, aseve anglosaqsebis

pirveli qristiani mematianeebi. magram am mwerlobis xasiaTi da ZiriTadi

debulebebi iseve ar gansxvavdeba romis (bizantiis) sivrceSi Seqmnili misi

Tanamedrove naSromebis xasiaTisagan, rogorc ar SegviZlia adreqristianul

xanaSi romis papebis moRvaweoba CavTvaloT ideurad gansxvavebulad bizantiis

imperatorebis miznebisa da amocanebisagan.

67

aseTi saxis zogadi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi Sua saukuneebisa da antikur

civilizacias Soris SeiZleba ufro da ufro davakonkretoT, aseve

ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebani e. w. dasavlur evropul da aRmosavleT evropul

Sua saukuneebs Soris. magram Cveni kvlevis am etapze pirveli rigis amocanad

migvaCnia, metnaklebad ganvsazRvroT Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis

wanamZRvrebi, anu is winare kultura da kulturul fenomenTa erToba, romlis

safuZvelze da romlis transformaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda Sua saukuneebis

civilizacia. martivad, es aris qristianoba da antikuroba. kidev erTxel

gavimeorebT: adreuli Sua saukuneebis etapze, anu rodesac romi gaqristianda,

is moicavda mTel evropul sivrces da gansxvavebuli tempebiT viTardeboda am

kontinentze da mis sazRvrebs gareT, ufro zustad, romaul sivrceSi, kidev

ufro zustad, aRmosavleT elinistur samyaroSi. rogorc al. Smemani aRniSnavs,

qristianoba Tavdapirvelad vrceldeboda iudevelebSi da, ZiriTadad,

elinistur qveynebSi (Шмеман: 2003).

am zogad safuZvlebs, romelzedac aRmocenda Sua saukuneebi, SeiZleba

davamatoT kidev sxva kulturuli elementebi. isini gansxvavebulia dasavleT

da aRmosavleT evropisaTvis, ramac, TavisTavad, ganapiroba dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleT evropis gansxvavebuli ganviTareba. dasavleT evropuli

civilizaciisaTvis mniSvnelovania axali xalxebi, romlTa aqtiurad CarTvam

msoflio istoriul procesSi gansxvavebuli saxe misca saerTod evropas da,

rasakvirvelia, Sua saukuneebs. es aris evropis uZvelesi mosaxleoba _ keltebi

da, gansakuTrebiT, Zveli germanelebi. evropuli kulturis genezisis sakiTxebze

daweril naSromebSi, ZiriTadad, davis sagani xdeboda am kulturis safuZvlebi.

arc erTi avtori ar uaryofda antikurobas, Tumca germanuli safuZvlebi

sadavod iqceoda (rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi garkveul rols am avtorTa

nacionaluri mikuTvnebuloba da sxva socialuri fenomenic ganapirobebda).

erTerTi safuZvliani gamokvleva am mimarTulebiT ekuTvnis avstriel

istorikoss alfons dopSs, romelmac Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi

“evropuli kulturis ganviTarebis sameurneo da socialuri safuZvlebi”

(Dopsch: 1918-1924) evropuli kulturis warmoSobis sakiTxze msjelobisas

gansakuTrebuli adgili mianiWa rogorc romis memkvidreobas, aseve Zvel

germanelebs – axal xalxs, romelTa TviTmyofadma xasiaTma da kulturam

garkveuli wvlili Seitana evropul kulturaSi da, maSasadame, Sua saukuneebis

civilizaciis CamoyalibebaSi. a. dopSis koncepciis sayrdeni iyo antikurobidan

Sua saukuneebSi gadasvlis kontinuitetis Teoria. gansxvavebiT sxva

istorikosebisagan, a. dopSi uaryofda antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis

dapirispirebis, anu katastrofis Teorias. igi Hhumanistebisa da frangi

68

ganmanaTleblebis antigermanul ganwyobilebas miawerda Tvalsazriss

barbarosi germanelebis mier romis dangrevis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, germanelebma

ki ar gaanadgures antikuri memkvidreoba, aramed gaxdnen misi damcvelebi da

gadaamuSaves axali pirobebis Sesabamisad.

rac Seexeba aRmosavlur qristianulad wodebul bizantiur civilizacias,

misi ganmasxvavebeli safuZveli, romelmac mogvianebiT misi ganviTarebis

gansxvavebuli gza ganapiroba, iyo aRmosavluri kultura – elinizebuli

aRmosavleTi da, agreTve, romis mmarTvelobis sistema. sawyis etapze dasavleTs

ar gaaCnda iseTi mTlianobiT Zveli kulturuli tradiciebi, rac iyo

bizantiuri kulturis Zalaca da sisustec. antikur mweralTa genialuroba,

masTan Sewonvis aucilebloba ar aZlevda bizantias fantaziis gaSlis

Tavisuflebas. bizantia Tavis Tavze iRebs Zveli romis misias, konstantinopoli

gamocxadda axal romad. axali romis Teoria iyo msoflio imperiis

politikuri koncefciis ZiriTadi elementi, romlis mixedviTac bizantia iyo

marTlmadidebeli qristianobis centri, konstantinopoli ki _ qristianTa

dedaqalaqi. cnobili bizantinisti g. ostrogorski wers: “romauli

saxelmwifos arsi, berZnuli kultura da qristianuli sarwmuneoba aris

ZiriTadi wyaro bizantiuri ganviTarebisa. elinisturi kulturisa da

qristianuli religiis sinTezma romis saxelmwifos formasTan ganapiroba

istoriuli warmonaqmni, romelsac Cven bizantiis imperias vuwodebT” (Ostrogorsky

G: 22). bizantia, rogorc romis imperiis memkvidre, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

aniWebda imperatoris kults. bizantiaSi Camoyalibda saxelmwifosa da

imperatoris xelisuflebis erTiani qristianuli koncefcia, romelsac

safuZvlad edo avtokratoris (TviTmpyrobeli) kulti. imperatori iyo RvTis

rCeuli. RmerTi aris pantokratori, yovlismpyrobeli, romelic zeciur da

miwier arsebebs awesrigebs, xolo imperatori aris kosmokratori _ miwieri,

xiluli samyaros meTauri. bizantiis imperatori ar aris mxolod romis armiis

mxedarTmTavari da umaRlesi msajuli, kanonebis erTaderTi gamomcemeli,

aramed is aris agreTve mfarveli eklesiis da WeSmariti sarwmuneobisa. is aris

RvTisgan boZebuli qristianuli imperiis cocxali simbolo. bizantia, romeebis

imperia aris ara mxolod romeebis, aramed yovelTa qristianTa saxelmwifo.

rogorc cnobili RvTismetyveli a. Smemani aRniSnavs, konstantines xanaSi

dasrulda romis imperiis is evolucia, romelic daiwyo misi elinistur

aRmosavleTTan SexebisTanave: es iyo romis principatis TandaTanobiT gadazrda

Teokratiul monarqiaSi, sadac imperatori xdeba damakavSirebeli rgoli

RmerTsa da samyaros Soris, xolo saxelmwifo _ zeciuri kanonebis miwieri

gansaxiereba (Шмеман 2003: 92). es procesi SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc

69

RmerTi-imperatoris, anu antikur samyaroSi, rodesac avreliusma Seqmna

daumarcxebeli mzis kulti, RvTis nebiT imperatorad gardaqmnis procesi.

imperatori igivea samyaroSi, rac mze zecaSi da amdenad imperatori aris misi

warmomadgeneli dedamiwaze.


Поснов, М. История христианской церкви. Брюссель,1964.

Пфайлышифтер, Г. Теодорих Великий. СПБ, 2004.

Усков, Н.Ф. Христианство и монашество в Западной Европе раннего средневековья. СПБ, 2001.

Фрейберг, Л.А. «Античное литературное наследие в византийскую эпоху».Античность и

Византия. Москва, 1975.

Шмеман, А. Исторический путь православия. Москва, 2003.

Dopsch, A. Wirtschaftliche und soziale Grundlagen der europaischen Kulturentwicklung aus der Zeit von

Casar bis auf den Karl den Grossen T.I-II’ .Wien, 1918-1924.

Gregorius, Turenensis: Historia Francorum. L. II (CD version)

Ostrogorsky, G. Geschichte ders Byzantinischen Staates. Munchen, 1952.

Wolfram, H. „Die Goten. Von den Anfangen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts“. Entwurf einer

historischen Ethnographie. Munchen, 1990.

ihab qazemiihab qazemiihab qazemiihab qazemi

arabuli da sparsuli warmomavlobis profesiisarabuli da sparsuli warmomavlobis profesiisarabuli da sparsuli warmomavlobis profesiisarabuli da sparsuli warmomavlobis profesiis

aRmniSvneli da samoxeleo terminebis Sesaxeb “zaaqianSi”aRmniSvneli da samoxeleo terminebis Sesaxeb “zaaqianSi”aRmniSvneli da samoxeleo terminebis Sesaxeb “zaaqianSi”aRmniSvneli da samoxeleo terminebis Sesaxeb “zaaqianSi”

specialur literaturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba leqsikuri

nasesxobebis sakiTxis kvlevas sxvadasxva enebSi. am aspeqtiT metad

mniSvnelovania qarTveli iranistebis Zalisxmeva istoriuli da aRweriTi

leqsikologiis sferoSi, kerZod, qarTul enaSi damkvidrebuli aRmosavluri

warmomavlobis leqsikuri erTeulebis kompleqsuri Seswavlis saqmeSi.

winamdebare werili warmoadgens ,,zaqianis” prozauli versiis teqstSi

dadasturebuli arabuli da sparsuli warmomavlobis profesiis aRmniSvneli

da samoxeleo terminebis Seswavlis cdas.

saanalizo masala moxmobilia `zaaqianis~ teqstidan, romelic

gamocemulia 1934 wels `Sah-names~ qarTuli versiebis II tomSi, gv. 369 - 445.

AaRniSnul teqstSi gamovlenili da Seswavlilia 18 termini.

Aaqimiaqimiaqimiaqimi _ teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `masve wamsa dastaqarni da aqimni

moaxsnes...~ (zaaqiani, 1934: 372). sabas ganmartebiT, aqimi - `sxuaTa enaa, qarTulad

mkurnali hqvian~ (s.-s. orbeliani, 1949: 38). iustine abulaZis ganmartebiT: àqimi-

eqimi ar. sp. hakim haqim-mkurnali~ (abulaZe,1934,569). qarTuli enis ganmartebiT

leqsikonSi: àqimi - [ar. haqim] Zv. eqimi, mkurnali, eqimbaSi~. arabulidan

nasesxebi hakim sparsulSi niSnavs: `mecnieri, filosofosi,mkurnali~ (qegl,1950-

1964,I,1368). am sityvas ukavSirdeba eqimbaSi, romelic qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi

leqsikonis mixedviT niSnavs, piri, romelsac samedicino momzadeba ara aqvs da

avadmyofs mkurnalobs ara samedicino mecnierebis mier miRebuli saSualebebiTa

da wesebiT, aramed SelocvebiTa da primitiulad damzadebuli wamlebiT

(qegl,1950-1964,I,724). es leqsema dadasturebulia qarTul folklorSi

(kotaSvili, 1985: 114,130).

guSguSguSguSagi. agi. agi. agi. teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `masRame yaraulni da guSagni gaayenes da

frTxilobdes~ ((zaaqiani, 1934: 427). sabas ganmartebiT, `guSagi - cixis daraja~

(s.-s. orbeliani, 1949: 129). iustine abulaZis ganmartebiT, "guSagis Ziri sp. gūš

guS yuri, aqedan sp. guša guSa - yure guSa - sagan. gvaqvs qarT. guSagi - mzveravi,

meTvalyure~ (abulaZe,1934:578). andronikaSvilis azriT, ès sityva formiT saS.

sparsulia, oRond arc falaur da arc axal sparsul teqstebSi damowmwbuli

ar aris. is gvxvdeba egviptis arameul papirusSi formiT - gōšakayān, sadac is

iranul nasesxebs warmoadgens < fal.* gōšak - Zv. ir. goušaka-, SeiZleba igi

nawarmoebia zmnidan gōšitan yuris gdeba. Sdr. avesturi gaoš -, os. qusyn \ igasun‘

71

yuris gdeba, smena, ĝosaeg, msmeneli, yurismgdebeli ...~ (andronikaSvili,1966,I,230-

231;Seadare: Nyberg,1974:65).

es sityva gvxvdeba `vefxistyaosanSic~: `magra Tu gesmis, guSagni ra axlo

- axlo yivian?!~ (rusTaveli, 1951: 280,(1397,4). qarTul saliteraturo enaSi,

`guSagi - cixis an sxva saxis raime obieqtis SeiaraRebuli mcveli, daraji, -

yarauli, (Ramis) guSagi. poet. mTvare cis guSagi poet. igivea, rac Ramis guSagi~

(qegl,1950-1964,II,1530).

ax. sp. gavrcelebulia Turqulidan Semosuli sityva kešik, romelic

niSnavs `morige~, mcveli~ (Mo’in, 1996: 2995).

dastaqari.dastaqari.dastaqari.dastaqari. versiaSi vkiTxulobT: `masve wamsa dastaqarni da aqimni

moaxsnes” (zaaqiani,1934:372). iustine abulaZis ganmartebiT - , `dastaqari - sp.

dastkār dastaqar - qirurgi~ (abulaZe,1934:581). andronikaSvilis ganmartebiT,

`dastaqari - qirurgi, ostati~. ax. sparsuli dastkār `moxerxebuli, ostati,

xelosani~, xeliT nakeTebi, kustaruli. dastkāri `manipulacia, moxerxeba,

eSmakoba, ostatoba, xelsaqme~ (andronikaSvili,1996,II,87-88). es sityva gvxvdeba

`vefxistyaosanSi”: èrTi mona dastaqari myva da wylulni Seuxvivna~

(rusTaveli, 1951: 124,(598,1.) qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT,

`dastaqari - [sp. dasTaqBr, `xelosani~, òstati~, `daxelovnebuli qirurgi~].

`wylulis mkurnali, jara~ (saba), qirurgiis specialisti eqimi, - qirurgi

(qegl,1950-1964,III,734). CvenTvis xelmisawvdom leqsikonebSi mxolod Rafarovis

leqsikonSi bolo mniSvnelobad aris warmodgenili `ловкий хирург~ (Гаффаров, 1974:

338).

vaziri.vaziri.vaziri.vaziri. zaaqianSi vkiTxulobT: `fridon ixmna munajimni da vazirni,

daixsna gverdsa da ubrZana”(zaaqiani,1934:400). iustine abulaZis ganmartebiT,

`vaziri - ar. vazir vazir - ministri, xelmwifis Tanamzraxveli, aqedan vaziroba

an vazireba, - rCeva, TaTbiroba, bWoba~ (abulaZe,1934:585). es sityva gvxvdeba

`vefxistyaosanSi”: `cxensa Sejda, wamovida vazirisa saxlsa mTvare~ (rusTaveli,

1951: 149,(728,4). m. andronikaSvilis azriT, ar. vazir warmoadgens saS. sparsuli

vičir -is gadmocemas, rac niSnavs, nibergis ganmartebiT, `samarTliani

gadawyvetileba~ ... av. vičira - ìs vinc wyvets, gadamwyveti, aRmasrulebeli~

(andronikaSvili, 1996,II,91-93). moinis mixedviT vazir- is funqcia jer ifargleboda

kancelariis gamgeobiT. Califa harun ar-raSidma gaafarTova misi funqcia

(moini,1996:5020).

72

qarTuli enis leqsikonis ganmartebiT, `vaziri - Zv. ix. veziri = [ar.

vaziri] Zv. mefis sabWos wevri, mefis mrCeveli, ministri muslimanur

aRmosavleTSi~ (qegl,1950-1964,IV,7,42).sityva dadasturebulia qarTul

folklorSi (kotaSvili, 1985: 73-74).

mgosanimgosanimgosanimgosani. teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `moSaiT - mgosnebi TamaSobdes da

mutribni imRerodes~ ((zaaqiani, 1934: 369). sabas ganmartebiT, `mgosani vaJni da

qalni keTilad momReralni xmiTa samusikoTa ebanTa da barbiTTa. megodebenica

glovis mgosnad iTqmian~ (s.-s. orbeliani, 1949: 367).

es sityva gvxvdeba `vefxistyaosanSi”: `mgosanni modges, ismoda xma

simRerisa tkbilisa~ (rusTaveli, 1951: 294,(1464,1). m. andronikaSvilis azriT,

`SesaZlebelia es sityva davukavSiroT sparsuli musikaluri instrumentis

saxels kūs литавры, барабан; romelic qarTulSic gvaqvs Semonaxuli qosis saxiT.

-ān mawarmoebeli sufiqsia, romlis darTviT fuZeze SesaZloa miviRoT

mniSvneloba rogorc sakravis, ise damkvrelis. falaurSi maSin am sityvas unda

hqonoda saxe kūs-ān -isa, romelic qarTulsa da somxurSi advilad gadmovidoda

gusan-is saxiT, xolo qarTulSi mas daemata TavsarTi m-s saxiT~

(andronikaSvili,1966,I,306-307-308).

qarTuli enis leqsikonis ganmartebiT, `mgosani -1- Zv. momRerali -

meleqse, damkvreli; mgalobeli. bunebis mgosnebi poet. mgalobeli frinvelebi.

2- gadat. gamoCenili didi poeti’’ (qegl,1950-1964,V,128). ax. sp. kusān -i ukavSirdeba

parT. kūsān -s `musikosi, momRerali~. (Mo’in, 1996: 3124).

moabadimoabadimoabadimoabadi _ ,,zaaqianSi vkiTxulobT”: ra gind ara brZenTa da moabadTagan

naTqvami iyus...ara Cavardes’’ (zaaqiani 1934: 375). ,,sityvis konis” mixedviT,

,,moabadini _ mebadurni” (s.-s. orbeliani, 1949: 399). iustine abulaZis mixedviT,

Mmoabadi _ sp. mobad mobad (mubed) brZeni, mogvi, sparsTa qurumi,

varskvlavTmricxveli” (abulaZe 1934: 597).

m. andronikaSvilis mixedviT, mobidani _ ,,mogvTa mTavari”. Zv. sparsuli

magupati, fal. magupat ,,mogvTa mTavari” gamoiTqmis mōγpat>mōγpat (sasanur epoqaSi),

ax. sparsuli mobad ,,mogvTa mTavari”, brZeni, veziri, mrCeveli, mr.r. mobadān.

qarTuli mobidani warmoadgens ax. spars. gamoTqmis mōbedān-is pirveli nawilis

gadmocemas, amitom aris igi warmodgenili mravlobiTi ricxvis formiT,

SeadareT banovani. sainteresoa agreTve saxeli moabad (,,visramianSi”) . igi unda

iyos fal. mōγpat-is gadmocema” (andronikaSvili 1966,I,341). “narkvevebis” meore

tomSi m.andronikaSvili kidev erTxel ganixilavs leqsema moabadis sakiTxs

73

moabadi _ ,,mobedi, zoroastrelTa qurumi, brZeni, mogvTa mTavari”. sparsuli

mōubed _ ,,zoroastrelTa qurumi, brZeni, mrCeveli, filosofosi”. Zv. sparsuli

magupati _ _ _ _ ,,mogvTa mTavari, mTavari mogvi”.

saS. sparsuli mōγpat _ gamoiTqmis movpat (sasanur epoqaSi). SeadareT

mobidani da mogvi. somx. moγ (andronikaSvili 1996,II,120).

moSaiTimoSaiTimoSaiTimoSaiTi _ versiaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,moSaiT-mgosnebi TamaSobdes” (zaaqiani,

1934:369). sabas mixedviT, muSaiTi _ ,,sabelzed moTamaSe” (s.-s. orbeliani, 1949:230).

iustine abulaZis ganmartebiT, ,,moSaiTi: sp. moš‘abid muSabid _ muSaiTi. 1) sak.

matyuara, maRvalaki, Sarlatani, aferisti, oinbazi. 2) fokusniki, Jongleri,

ajabTa mqneli, sakvirvelebis mqneli” (abulaZe 1934:599). es sityva gvxvdeba

,,vefxistyaosanSi:” ,,mgosani da moSaiTi uxmes, poves raca, sada” (rusTaveli,

1951: 25,(119,2). Aar.-sp. moš‘abed aRniSnavs _ ,,oinbazi”, ,,mefokuse” (Mo’in, 1996: 4144).

munajimimunajimimunajimimunajimi teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `moaxsnes mecnierni munajimni da moabadni~

(zaaqiani,1934:380). iustine abulaZis mixedviT, “munajimi an munejimi ar. munajjim

munajjim - munajimi, astrologi, varskvlavT-mricxveli, meetle, saetlos

mecnieri, saetlos mcodne’’ (abulaZe 1934:600) munajjem mr. munajjemin axal

sparsulSi aRniSnavs varskvlavT-mricxvels, astrologsa da astronoms (Mo’in,

1996: 4384).

mutribimutribimutribimutribi _ zaaqianSi vkiTxulobT: `TamaSobdes da mutribni imRerdes~

(zaaqiani,1934:369).

`sityvis konis~ mixedviT mutribi, `qali meCange~ (s.-s. orbeliani, 1949: 427).

iustine abulaZis azriT, mutribi: ar. sp. motrib mutrib -`muzikanti,

memusike, momRerali, kargi momlxeni: damkvreli an momRerali, agreTve

macekvari da momRerali qali~ (abulaZe,1934:601). es sityva gvxvdeba

~vefxistyaosanSi”: ` mutribni modges yovelgniT, ismodis xma winwilisa~

(rusTaveli, 1951: 310,(1552,1). qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT,

mutribi -Zv. `qali meCange~ (saba). damkvreli, momRerali, mocekvave (qegl,1950-

1964,V,1262).

axal sparsulSi es leqsema aRniSnavs: `momRerali~, `mocekvave~,

`damkvreli~, `momlxeni~ (Mo’in, 1996: 4198-4199).

salarisalarisalarisalari _ ,,zaaqianSi vkiTxulobT: ,,zedan sxdes gmirni salarni

oqroakazmulobianni” (zaaqiani, 1934: 404).

74

iustine abulaZis mixedveT, “salari _ spar., sālār _ jaris ufrosi,

winamZRoli. sardali. (sak. uxucesi xevis beri, mamasaxlisi)’’ (abulaZe,1934:609).

sparsulSi sālār-is sinonimebad gvevlinebian sardār, sepahbad (bod), amir al-ğeyš.

igi agreTve niSnavs ,,ufross”, ,,mmarTvels”. sālār warmodgenilia kompozitis

meore wevrad: sepahsālār _ ,,spasalari”, daryasālār _ ,,admirali” (daryā,,zRva”),

āxorsālār _ ,,mejinibeTuxucesi”, xānsālār _ ,,sufris ufrosi” da sxva (Seadare Mo’in,

1996: 1804).

safadarisafadarisafadarisafadari _ versiaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,falavani nariman, da safadari saam

Seiyarnes” ((zaaqiani, 1934: 416).

iustine abulaZis mixedviT, “safadari _ sp. sepahdār safahdar _ spasalari,

jaris ufrosi, sardali, mxedarTmTavari, mTavarsardali aqedan: safadroba _

spasalaroba, jaris ufrosoba, sardloba’’ (abulaZe,1934:611-612). sparsulSi

dasturdeba sepahdār/sepāhdār _ ,,jaris ufrosi”, ,,didi sardali” (Mo’in, 1996: 1827).

qarTulSi tradiciulad sepāh/sepah-is ,,f” gadmocemulia qarTuli ,,p”-Ti. Ees

tradicia ,,safadar”-Si darRveulia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ,,safadar”-is

amosavali forma iyos safdār _ ,,mwyobris, rigis mflobeli”, ,,medroSe”, ,,laSqris

mflobeli”, ,,mxedarTmTavari” (Mo’in, 1996: 1826-1827): arab. saf _ ,,rigi” +dār (daštan

zm. _ ,,qona/yola” aw. drois fuZe). dehxodas loyaTnameSi es sityva gvxvdeba,

safadari- “laSqaris rigi, mwyobri; laSqaris mqone’’(Dehkhoda,

1950,IX,13197).

SanSaSanSaSanSaSanSa _ zaaqianSi vkiTxulobT: ,,umcrosi Zma eraj eranisa SanSisa

taxtzedan dasva” (zaaqiani, 1934: 402).

iustine abulaZis mixedviT, “SanSa _ sp. šāhanšāh SahinSah _ mefeTmefe

(SahinSah) didi xelmwife. sparsel mefeTa tituli. Aaqedan Semoklebuli spars.

qarTuli SanSa. Aaqedanvea sak. sax. SanSe’’(abulaZe,1934: 624; Seadare:

kobiZe,1974:647). sparsulSi agreTve gvxvdeba ,,mnaTobis”, ,,mzis” mniSvnelobiT

(Mo’in, 1996: 2010). wyaroebSi gvxvdeba ,,SanSe” (SahinSahi) SanSauri _SahinSahuri

(kobiZe,1974:647).

SariariSariariSariariSariari _ teqstSi vkiTxulobT: ,,sruliad eranis da xvaris Sah-

Sarieroba’’ (zaaqiani, 1934: 369).iustine abulaZis mixedviT, “Sarieri _ sp. šahriyār

Sahriar _ mefe, mflobeli, xelmwife, monarqi, imperatori. igivea Sarieri,

Sarieli, Sariari da sxva; Sarieroba: an Sariaroba _ xelmwifoba. ix. aqve:

,,Sarieri” (abulaZe,1934:624).

75

m. andronikaSvilis mixedviT, Sariari, Sarieri, Sarieli _ ,,xelmwife,

mTavari”. sparsuli šahriyār _ ,,mefe, suvereni, monarqi”. saS. sparsuli sathredār/šathr

_ ,,saxelmwifo” + dār ,,mpyrobeli, mflobeli” awmyos fuZe zmnidan dāštan”

(andronikaSvili,1996,II,163). ax. sparsulSi agreTve niSnavs “qalaqis Tavs’’ (Mo’in,

1996: 2098) .

falavanifalavanifalavanifalavani _ tiqstSi vkiTxulobT: “kargi falavani’’ (zaaqiani, 1934: 369).

iustine abulaZis mixedviT,F”falavani _ sp. pahlavān fahlavan, mopirdapire

mebrZoli, iraneli gmiri, morkinali bumberazi. sazogadod, morkinali anu

moWidave gmiri vaJkaci~(abulaZe,1934:619). m.andronikaSvilis mixedviT,Bbahlaundi

(beSqen bahlaundi).”uZvelesi iranuli forma am gvar-saxelisa aris Zveli

sparsuli par- thava parTia, parTeli, parTuli, saS. sparsuli pahlav, pahlavān, ax.

sp. pahlav, pahlavān ,,gmiri, falavani”, arabuli pahlavān (šams ad-dīn), somxuri gvar-

saxeli daboloebis mixedviT qarTuli bahlaundi TiTqos yvelaze axlos

somxur formasTan aris. gansxvavebas qmnis Tavkiduri b b b b qarTuli formaSi da

zedmeti dddd sityvis bolos. Tavkiduri bbbb SesaZloa disimilaciuri gamJRerebiT

aixsnas (SeadareT batara<patara, batoni<patronidan da misTanani), rac Seexeba

bolokidur dddd-s, sainteresoa, rom es dddd ganviTarebulia am saxelis ax. sparsul

formaSiac, romelic daculia gvarSi falavandiSvili, magram falavani

(andronikaSvili,1966,I,449).

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, “falavani _ [spar.

Ffahlavan ,,moWidave”, ,,gmiri”]. 1. moWidave moWidavis sapirispirod. moWidave

saerTod. 2. kargi vaJkaci, gmiri (qegl.1950-1964,VII,gv.7). ax. sparsulSi agreTve

niSnavs ,,moWidaves” (zaaqiani, 1934: 846-847).

CofaniCofaniCofaniCofani teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `Cofania didisa pirutyvisa patroni aris~

(zaaqiani, 1934: 381).

iustine abulaZis mixedviT, `igivea rac spar. ĉūpān Cobani, an Cofani –

mwyemsi (abulaZe,1934:627). m.andronikaSvilis azriT, sparsuli orig. šubān

`mwyemsi~, Turq. ĉūbān - `mwyemsi~ . saS. sparsuli šūpān - mwyemsi, Zv. iranuli

Fšupāvan (av. Fšu - cxvari, wvrilfexa saqoneli `+pāvan~ - `mcveli~

(andronikaSvili,1996,II,173).

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, “Cobani - [Turq. Coban

`mwyemsi~] 1. cxvris mwyemsi, mecxvare. 2. rTuli fuZis meore Semadgeneli nawili’’

(qegl,1950-1964,VIII,526). leqsema dadasturebulia qarTul folklorSi~

(kotaSvili, 1985: 83).

76

xadumixadumixadumixadumi teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `sxvani dedofalni da xadumnica

gamoegebnes~ (zaaqiani, 1934: 392).

sabas ganmartebiT “xadumi = arabulia, yveruls hqvian’’ (s.-s. orbeliani,

1949: 895). iustine abulaZis azriT, “xadumi-arab. xādam xadam, resp.xadum, -

mosamsaxure, evnuqi, saWurisi, an xādame xadima - moaxle gogo, mosamsaxure qali’’

(abulaZe,1934:631).

es sityva gvxvdeba `vefxistyaosanSi~: `cixes dausvams, xadumi erTai

uaxlebia~ (rosTaveli,1951:249,(1240,4) .

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, “xadumi - [arab. xBdim

`msaxuri~] saWurisi an moaxle’’ (qegl,1950-1964,VIII,1310).

sparsulSi xādem - niSnavs `mosamsaxure~, `msaxuri~, xolo xādam -

`saWurisi~, `msaxuri moZRvris~ (Mo’in, 1996: 1384). qarTulSi ori mniSvnelobis

damTxveva moxda.

jaladijaladijaladijaladi _ teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `jaladTa ori mowifuli xelSekruli

da kisarsa zedan sabelmobmuli moasxes dasaxoclad mzareulTa wina~

(zaaqiani,1934:376). iustine abulaZis mixedviT, jaladi - ar. sp. jalād jalad -

jalaTi, mtarvali (abulaZe,1934:635).

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, `jalaTi - [arab.

jallad] piri, romelic ganaCenis Tanaxmad an klavda, an awamebda misjils.

gadat. mtarvali, sisxlis msmeli~ (qegl,1950-1964,VIII,1552).

es sityva sparsulSi arabulidan aris nasesxebi da niSnavs - `mtarvali~,

`jalaTi~ (Mo’in, 1996: 1235). leqsema gvxvdeba qarTul folklorSi (kotaSvili

1985:75).

jaSuSijaSuSijaSuSijaSuSi _ teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `xelmwifeman jaSuSi gaugzavna Turis

laSqris sanaxavad~ (zaaqiani, 1934: 422). sabas ganmartebiT, `jaSuSi = sxvaTa enaa,

qarTulad mstovari da aeSagi hqvian (s.-s. orbeliani, 1949: 926).

iustine abulaZis mixedviT, `ar. - sp. jāsūs jasus - mzveravi, Spioni, guSagi,

agenti. aqedanvea: daSuSi d. - jaSuSi, mzveravi~ (abulaZe,1934:635).

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, jaSuSi - [arab. jBsQs] 1.

piri, romelic romelime mTavrobis davalebiT igebs sxva saxelmwifos samxedro

saidumlos (sinon. Zv. mstovari) 2. saub. mabezRari, administraciasTan enis

mimtani (qegl,1950-1964,VIII,1567). sparsulSi arabulidan nasesxebi jāsūs niSnavs -

`mzveravs~, `mstovars~ (Mo’in, 1996: 1206).

77

Mmasalis Seswavlis Sedegebi SeiZleba mokled iqnas warmodgenili: qarT.

aqimi - `mkurnali~ < arab. hakim; qarT. guSagi - `mcveli~, `mzveravi~ < saS. sp.

gōšak; qarT. dastaqari - `qirurgi~ < sp. dastkar; qarT. vaziri - `ministri~,

`xelmwifis Tanamzraxveli~ < saS. sp. vičīr; qarT. mgosani - `momRerali~, `meleqse~

< sp. kūs + ān; qarT. moabadi - `brZeni~, `mogvi~ < saS. sp. magupat; qarT. moSaiTi -

`matyuara~, `oinbazi~ < arab.-sp. moš‘abad; qarT. munajimi - `astrologi~ < arab.-sp.

monağğem; qarT. mutribi - `damkvreli~, `momRerali~ < arab.-sp. mutrib; qarT.

salari - `sardali~ < sp. sālār; qarT. safadari - `sardali~ < sp. saldar; qarT.

SanSa - `mefeTmefe~ < sp. šāhanšāh; qarT. SariaTi - `mefe~ < sp. šahrīyār; qarT.

falavani - `bumberazi~, `mebrZoli~ < sp. pahlavān; qarT. Cofani - `mwyemsi~ < sp.

čūpān; qarT. xadumi - `msaxuri~ < arab.-sp. xādam; qarT. jaladi/jalaTi -

`pirovneba, romelic klavs an awamebs misjils~ < arab. jalād; qarT. jaSuSi -

`mzveravi~ < arab.-sp. ğāsūs.


andronikaSvili, m. narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, I.

Tbilisi, 1966.

andronikaSvili, m. narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan. II.

Tbilisi, 1996.

SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. Tbilisi, 1951.

“zaaqiani” (teqsti). Sah-names qarTuli versiebis II tomi. Tbilisi: Tsu, 1934.

kotaSvili, l. aRmosavluri realiebi qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi. Tbilisi, 1985.

sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tbilisi, 1949.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. I-VIII, 1950-1964.

kobiZe, d. (gamomcemeli). Sah-names anu mefeTa wignis qarTuli versiebi. Tbilisi,

1974.

Гаффаров, М.А. Персидско-русский словарь, I. Москва, 1974.

Dehkhoda, A.A. Loγat-nāme. 1-12. Tehrān, 1950.

Mo’in M. Persian Dictionary, I-VI. Tehran, 1996.M

Nyberg, S.H. A Manual of Pahlavi, II. Wiesbaden, 1974.

nino qimeriZenino qimeriZenino qimeriZenino qimeriZe

daxuruli literaturuli ciklebisdaxuruli literaturuli ciklebisdaxuruli literaturuli ciklebisdaxuruli literaturuli ciklebis interpretaciisaTvis interpretaciisaTvis interpretaciisaTvis interpretaciisaTvis

ena kulturis nawilia. kultura, romelic semiotikur niSanTa sistemis

erTobliobaa, Tavis mxriv “komunikacias” axorcielebs swored primaruli

semiotikuri sistemis, enis saSualebiT. amdenad, kacobriobis ganviTarebis

istoriaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs damwerlobis warmoSobas, romelic

civilizaciis SedarebiT maRal dones ukavSirdeba. damwerlobis warmoSobis

mcdelobaa jer kidev gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi gamoqvabulis kedlebze

gamoxatuli figurebi, romelTa adresati garkveul informacias Rebulobs.

damwerloba emsaxureba, pirvel rigSi, informaciis damaxsovrebas, gadacemas da

gaxsenebas. rogorc v. j. ongi (Ong 1985: 7) aRniSnavs, damwerloba evoluciis

dasawyisia, romelsac safuZvlad edeba intensiuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi,

mmarTveloba-kanonmdebloba, mogvianebiT ki religia da ganaTleba, anu igi aris

realuri yofis werilobiTi dafiqsirebis mcdeloba.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis SedarebiT gvian, magram ufro ganviTarebul

safexurze werilobiT dafiqsirebuli yofiTi realiebis amsaxveli teqstebis

gverdiT iqmneba literaturuli teqsti, romelSic, erTi mxriv, xdeba realuri

yofis dafiqsireba, xolo, meore mxriv, ganviTarebas iwyebs sakuTriv am tipis

teqstebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSanTa sistema. amrigad, literatura iyenebs

‘bunebriv enas’, raTa Seqmnas axali sistema, TavisTavad am axlad warmoqmnili

semiotikuri sistemis ‘literaturis’ parafrazireba xdeba bunebrivi enis

meSveobiT. es mimarTeba semiotikur sistemaTa Soris kargad iyo danaxuli

struqturalistebisa da semiotikosebis mier (r.iakobsoni, i.lotmani, r.barti,

u.eko). aRniSnul sakiTxs kidev ufro globalurad anviTarebs i.lotmani,

rodesac igi gamoTqvams mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom zogadad ‘xelovneba’ aris

primarul semiotikur sistemaze dafuZnebuli sekundaruli semiotikuri sistema,

xolo rac Seexeba literaturul teqsts, es ukanaskneli aris am tipis

semiotikuri sistemis mxolod qveklasi (Lotmann 1972).

literaturuli teqstis gansakuTrebulobas xazs usvams ara marto is

faqti, rom misi ‘konstruireba’ xdeba specialur semiotikur sistemaze

dayrdnobiT, aramed isic, rom mas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba “sazogadoebriv

urTierTobebSi”. i.Sute maT ganixilavs rogorc adamianTa specialur

komunikaciur qmedebas, romelic SesaZloa moazrebul iqnas rogorc

“konkretuli komunikaciuri urTierTobebis ansambli funqiciur rigSi:

sinamdvile – avtori – teqsti – Suamavali – mkiTxveli – sinamdvile” (Schutte

1997: 3) Tu literaturuli teqstis Seqmna sinamdvilis specifiuri aRqma da

79

gadmocemaa, romlis drosac teqstis warmoqmnis procesSi erTveba rigi

parametrebisa rogoricaa kohezia, koherentuloba, aqceptabeluroba,

informaciuloba, situaciuroba, interteqstualoba, fiqcionaluroba da

erTianobaSi teqstualurobis suraTs iZleva, Sesabamisad es aris

ganteqstebis/teqstad warmoqmnis procesi. bunebrivia, meore mxriv, misi

interpretaciisa da aRqmis procesSi mkiTxveli teqstis dekodirebisis igive

etapebs gadis, rasac avtori, oRond interpretatorisa/mkiTxvelisaTvis es

Seqcevadi procesi ormagad SemoqmedebiTia, vinaidan mis winaSe dgas amocana

Caswvdes avtoris intenciasa da Semdgom ganmartos teqsti.

gansakuTrebuli ganmartebisa da aRniSvnis Rirsad migvaCnia

literaturuli teqstis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebli, kerZod ki

“literaturis istoriis kodi” (literaturgeschihtlicher Kode – Lerchner 1986: 56), romelic

interteqstulobis (“interteqstualuri CarCo”- “intetrtextual frame” – Eco 1979: 217)

movlenis Tanamdevia. am tipis teqsturi signalebis dafiqsireba teqstebSi

xSiria, gansakuTrebiT ki ukanasknel xanebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebsa Tu

literaturul opusebsa da esseebSi. aRniSnuli parametris dafiqsireba

literaturul teqstSi ganpirobebulia im faqtoriT, rom kulturis,

literaturaTmcodneobis ganviTareba ciklur xasiaTs atarebs. am

TvalsazrisiT saintereso masalas iZleva zigenis universitetis perioduli

gamocemis Jurnal “diagonalis” nebismieri nomeri, romelSic Tematuri

principiT ganxilulia kultura farTo gagebiT, romelic ganviTarebis spirals

gadis da periodulad metamorfozirebuli saxiT moZraobs semuri opoziciis

/kultura/⇔/buneba/ wyvilebs Soris, romelTa parafrazireba agreTve

SesaZlebelia Semdegi paraleluri opoziciuri semis Sesabamisad:

/sicocxle/⇔/gardacvaleba/1.

ganteqstebisaTvis aucilebeli Cvens mier warmodgenili damatebiTi

parametris “literaturis istoriis kodis” elementebis arseboba kargad Cans

k.rihas literaturul opusSi “ALLERLEI VERWANDLUNGEN” (“yovelgvari

fericvaleba”). teqsti arastandartulia, rac gamoixateba misi arqiteqtonikis

TaviseburebaSi – oTx gverdze gaSlili teqsti ar aris vizualurad

delimitirebuli. erTi SexedviT TiTqos es unda iyos makroteqsti

Großtext/Gesamtext. magram mas verc makroteqsts vuwodebT, radgan igi imTaviTve,

erTi monoliTuri erTeulis STabeWdilebas tovebs, amitom pirobiTad mas

vuwodebT monoliTur teqsts, rac aixsneba misi arqiteqtonikis

daunawevreblobiT da Sesabamisad, vizualurad mocemuli teqsti aris erTi

1 zogadad, Tu mimovixilavdiT zemoxsenebuli gamocemebis Tematikas, avtorebi Seecadnen Jurnalis nomrebic ki Sesabamisi opoziciuri wyvilebis Sesabamisad daelagebinaT.

80

mTliani sidide. misi teqsturi faqturis ganviTareba saTauridanve iwyeba,

Cawerilia mxolod minuskulebiT da masSi avtori mxolod erTxel iyenebs

punqtuaciis niSans – wertils.

sazogadod XX saukunis literaturis gageba rTuldeba mTeli rigi

movlenebis gamo, romelic ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv, avtoris SemoqmedebiTi

Taviseburebis, xolo, meore mxriv, sakuTriv literaturis istoriaSi mimdinare

Zvrebis, avangarduli Tu destruqciuli nakadebis SemoWris gamo. Tu ki

literaturis istoriis sawyisebi icnobs bataluri scenebiTa da farTo

masStabSi mimdinare sagmiro eposs, Tanamedrove romanSi avtori samoqmedo

sivrced irCevs xSirad erTi gmiris Sinagan samyaros da warmogvidgens gmiris

mikrokosmosis evoluciis suraTs.

k.rihas “metamorfozebSi” “mesame piris mTxrobeli” (Er-Erzähler) mogviTxrobs

avtoris fericvalebis istorias. am SemTxvevaSi avtori da aqtori erTi da

igive figuraa, romelic sxvadasxva aqtoris (A1, A2....An) saxes iRebs da ase

warmogvidgens diaqroniul jaWvs literaturis istoriaSi. Sesabamisad, saxezea

progresuli Tema-rematuli danawevreba, rac uwyveti koherentulobis

safuZvelia. semantikuri koherentulobis kidev erT signalad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos sakuTriv teqstis saTauri “ALLERLEI VERWANDLUNGEN”, romelic

erTgvari presupoziciaa. mocemuli teqsti TavisTavad makroteqstia, romlis

segmentacia mikroteqstebad aRar xdeba, Tumc Tu ki mocemul teqsts

ganvixilaT, rogorc almanaxis Tematuri izotopiis erT-erT Semadgenel

muxlad, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom is, rogorc avtoris winasityvaoba, erTgvarad

erT-erTi srulyofili saxea mikroteqstisa saerTo makroteqstSi anu almanaxi

“diagonalisaTvis” Temaze metamorfozebi. sakuTriv almanaxi ki SeiZleba

ganxilul iqnas rogorc erTi universaluri teqsti.

presignali “ALLERLEI VERWANDLUNGEN” dazustebulia qvesaTauriT “die

anwendung der METAMORPHOSEN auf ihren erfinder”. mTavari presignali am qvesaTaurs

koneqtoriT ‘oder’ ukavSirdeba, xolo am ukanasknels Tavis mxriv mosdevs meore

koneqtori, amjerad metamorfozaTa aRmomCenis anu igive teqstis avtoris karl

rihas saxeli da mkiTxveli uSualod Sedis teqstis siuJetSi. avtori

gadaiqceva ovidiusad. marTalia, presupoziciuri informaciis mqone saTauri

vizualurad ZiriTadi teqstisagan gamoyofilia, magram erTianobaSi igi amave

dros teqstis dasawyisicaa. yovelgvari gardasaxvis aRmomCenad teqstis avtori

k. riha gvevlineba. igi erTdroulad rogorc movlenis aRmomCeni pirveli rema-

obieqtia teqstSi, xolo amave dros igi yofili Temaa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,

rom igi am teqstis avtoricaa. metamorfozis plastebi ZiriTadad ganefineba

literaturis istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, rac niSnavs imas, rom am sferoSi

81

kargad gacnobierebuli avtori gmirad gadaiqceva, anu ukeT rom vTqvaT, Sedis

gmirSi da fantaziis meSveobiT marTavs mas. amjerad avtori Tavad imoseba

gmiris garsiT da sakuTari survilis mixedviT amoZravebs mas rogorc Tojinas.

avtors aRar sWirdeba sxvisi Sinagani samyaros variaciis Cveneba, igi ukve

sakuTar Tavs warmoadgens garegnulad saxeSecvlils da ase axerxebs sakuTari

Sinagani Zvrebis gareT gamotanas. avtori xdeba mravalsaxovani erTi, anu

rogoric unda iyos Semoqmedi da Semoqmedis Semoqmedi anu literaturaTmcodne.

k. riha aris mwerali, romelic bavSviviT TamaSobs, oRond am ukanasknelisagan

gansxvavebiT “fantaziiT” (Freud 1969: 177).

teqsti dinamiuria, rac grafikuladac kargad Cans da Sesabamisad aisaxa

teqstis semantikis doneze TavisTavad Tormetsafexuriani oretapiani

fericvalebis Sesabamisad, romelic mimarTulia ovidiusidan kafkasken da

kafkadan ukan ovidiusisaken. ZiriTadi koneqtori, romelic mTeli teqstis

bmulobas uzrunvelyofs aris “gadaiqca” (“verwandelte sich in ...”). garkveulwilad am

procesSi monawileobas iRebs monacvle fokusi, romelic teqstis

qvesaTauridan iwyeba da sxivurad inacvlebs metamorfozirebul obieqtebze.

mcenared gadaqcevis Semdeg TiTqos unda Sewydes kidec dinamika, magram teqstSi

mcenare iqceva Citad, romelic kvlav gadaadgildeba sivrceSi da ganicdis

saxecvlilebas. metamorfozaTa jaWvSi aucileblad Cndeba xec, kerZod ki

palma. xis figura Tavis mxriv mistiuri warmodgenebiT ukavSirdeba sicocxlis

xes, keTilisa da borotis Semcnobels. qristianul kulturaSi, imdenad

ramdenadac xe flobs ganaxlebad sicocxlis Zalas, igi sikvdilze gamarjvebis

simbolodaa miCneuli. sicocxlis xis motivi kidev ufro ganmtkicebulia

qristes jvarcmis simboloSi, romelic gadmocemis mixedviT samoTxis

sicocxlis xisgan iyo Seqmnili da axali sicocxlis simbolod moiazreboda,

vinaidan Tavad macxovari iyo sikvdilisa sikvdiliTa damTrgunveli. xe

erTgvarad samganzomilebiani samyaros, amdenad, qvesknelisa da zesknelis

damakavSirebeli fenomenia, romelic am ukanasknels mTlianobaSi warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv metamorfozaSi warmodgenil xis saxeobas, palmas, am

konkretul SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro garkveviT Cans xis am tipis datvirTuloba,

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom palma qristianuli kulturisaTvis

identificirebulia gamarjvebasTan, aRmavlobasTan, ganaxlebasTana da

ukvdavebasTan. am SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa teqstSi moqmedi “literaturis istoriis

kodi”, romelic femur donezec ki iCens Tavs, saxeldobr teqstSi saqme gvaqvs

sityvaTTamaSTan Leinwand – Felswand, rac mkiTxvels, teqstSi markeris saxiT

warmodgenili, garkveuli adgilis ganmartebas umartivebs. metamorfozebis

diaqroniul jaWvSi martivad ikveTeba h.haines palma, romelic Soreul

82

udabnoSi ocnebobs kldis piras amozrdil fiWvis xeze. palmisa da fiWvis xe

gramatikuli sqesiT warmoadgenen antipolusebs, romelTa Soris mdedris

sawyisi ikiTxeba palmis xatSi da Sesabamisad, palmac iTavsebs ‘ganaxlebis’

semas.

fericvalebis axal etapze naTels bneli enacvleba, xolo miwiszeda

samyaros miwisqveSeTi, sadac mTavari moqmedi figuraa kata, (qvesknelis

simbolo), romelic kvlav iwyebs mogzaurobas. teqstis bma ZiriTadad, cxadad

Cans, rom emyareba monacvle fokuss, romelic qvesaTauridan iwyeba da sxivurad

inacvlebs metamorfozirebul subieqtebze. k. rihas teqstSi avtori xdeba

sxvadasxva obieqtis Sinagani samyaro da gare samyaros misi TvaliT umzers.

amdenad, teqstSi centriskenuli fokusia warmodgenili gantotvili monacvle

fokusebiT.

avtorma metamorfozis erTi sruli cikli warmoadgina, romelic iwyeba

antikurobaSi (dasawyisi ovidiusi) da migzaurobs sxvadasxva literaturul

epoqaSi (piki kafka) da svlas asrulebs kvlav antikurobaSi (ovidiusi) anu

ovidiusi – kafka – ovidiusi. am teqstSic moqmedebs indoevropeistikaSi

tradiciuli dualizmis principi, rac erTgvarad semuri opoziciuri wyvlebis

/buneba/⇔/kultura/ farglebSi Tavsdeba: ovidiusi – kafka (horizontalur,

sintagmatikur RerZze), Savi zRva (sicocxlis dasawyisi) fokusis moZraobis

dasawyisSi da Savi xvreli (sicocxlis dasasruli) teqstis mobrunebis

wertili ukusvlis dasawyisi (vertikalur, paradigmatikul RerZze), Citi –

TviTmfrinavi (raketa), zesknelisa da qvesknelis Zalebi: yvavi da Citi, kata da

lomi katisebrTa ojaxidan, juja da adamiani, xari da toreadori, wyvdiadi da

andromedas nisleuli.

teqstis ganxilva SesaZloa samyaros samnawiliani modelis mixedviTac,

radganac aq vxvdebiT qveda (juja, kata, yvavi, wyvdiadi), Sua (lomi, kozaki,

adamiani, mcenare, palma) da zeda (Citi, TviTmfrinavi, raketa,

Tanavarskvlavedebi, marsianeli) samyaroTa elementebs, sagnebs, romelTa

monacvleobiT fokusi moZraobs vertikaluri wrfis (ix. sqemebi) gaswvriv ((-)Y,

Y°, (+)Y) da qmnis erTgvar texils qvesknelidan sxva galaqtikis sazRvrebamde.

samyaros zeda da qveda zRvari warmodgenilia Savi zRviTa da Savi xvreliT.

orive am cnebaTa gramatikuli sqesi saSualoa, dediseuli da mamiseuli sawyisi

orive neitraluri gramatikuli sqesiTaa gadmocemuli. isini xom mobrunebis

wertilebia dadebiT (zeviT) da uaryofiT (qveviT) mimarTulebebs Soris.

fokusi, romelic moZraobs centridan periferiisaken nel-nela simaRles

icvlis, 12 fericvalebis Semdeg aRwevs zeda zRvars da unda gavides kosmosis

sxva galaqtikaSi, aq ki Savi xvrelidan iwyeba ukusvla isev sicocxlis

83

sawyisis, qveda zRvrisaken da ikvreba wre. teqstSi kidev erTi puantirebuli

adgilia, kerZod maiuskulebiT aRniSnuli leqsema DIAGONAL, romliTac

fokusis moZraobis naxevarwrea aRniSnuli. aq fokusi aRwevs zeda zRvars Sav

xvrels, avtors ki mkiTxvelis yuradReba am puantirebiT gadaaqvs almanaxis

bolo nomerze, romelic mTlianad miZRvnilia Temisadmi "xvreli”. avtori-

gamomcemeli erTgvar reklamasac ukeTebs axal Temas; garda amisa, erTi mxriv

frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebiT ‘sieh letztes heft von DIAGONAL’ (,ixile diagonalis

bolo nomeri’) gamomcemeli xuravs almanaxis wlis serias, meore mxriv ki

migvaniSnebs ‘Savi xvrelis’ sasrulobaze. Savi xvrelidan iwyeba Seqcevadi

procesi isev sawyisisaken anu wylis samyarosaken. amis Semdeg grZeldeba

metamorfozis ganmeorebadi, Seqcevadi sawyisi etapi anu dabadeba da pirveli

dacema: “[...] verwandelte er sich indas nichts, das vor allem da war, was später da sein sollte, zum

beispiel der lehmklumpen, den gott in seine hände nahm, um ihm seinen atem einzuhauchen, adam und

eva, die schlange, der apfel und verwandelte sich in das nichts[...]” (Riha 1995: 7-8), isev aRmasvla

da ase Semdeg. teqstSi aRniSnuli Seqcevadi procesebi samyaros uwyvet

dialeqtikas warmoaCenen. am TvalsazrisiT wakiTxuli teqstis sazrisi

erTianobis princips emyareba da am bmuli jaWvis Tundac erTi rgolis

amogdeba teqstis filosofiuri planis zustad aRqmas xels SeuSlida.

erTianobaSi teqsti gamoxatavs mxatvruli literaturis erTgvar istorias

kacobriobis pirveli wignidan “bibliidan” vidre kafkas “metamorfozamde”, aqve

unda dasaxeldes: ovidiusis “metamorfozebi”, zRapari “fifqia” (Zmebi grimebis

mixedviT), v. haufis “Zwerg Nase”, “aTaserTi Rame”, h. haines “Ein Fichtenbaum...”, r.

kiplingis “kata, romelsac Tavis nebaze siaruli uyvarda”, p. merimes “karmeni”

rac avtoris – literaturaTmcodnis qveSecneulis erTgvari demonstaciaa,

romelsac garkveul etapze sizmris meSveobiT aRwevs avtori-aRmomCeni. aq

CamoTvlil nawarmoebebs SeiZleba daematos agreTve zRapari “mZinare

mzeTunaxavi”, romlis asociaciasac iwvevs metamorfozis erTerTi obieqti –

askilis buCqi. am nawarmoebebidan zRaprebSi yvelaze xSiria jadosnuri

gardasaxvani; Tu maT agreTve bmulobisa da daxurulobis principiT

gavaanalizebdiT, TiToeuli maTganSi SeiZleba aRmoaCiano epizodi, romelic

struqturis an sazrisis TvalsazrisiT aris daxuruli, bmuli da monoliTuri.

aseTia magaliTad, tyisa da jujebis samyaro “fifqiaSi”, askilis bardebSi

saRaTas ZiliT moculi sasaxle, aTaserTi igavis Rame aRmosavluri sasaxlis

palatebSi, agreTve bibliuri fericvaleba, ovidiusis metamorfozebi da TviT

gregor zamza kafkasTan. teqstis avtori cdilobs literaturuli metaforebiT

gviCvenos yovelgvari gardasaxva.

84

sainteresoa teqstis dasasruls warmodgenili ori suraTi da avtoris

minaweri: ‘Moral der Metamorphose: Gregor Samsa, der als Käfer erwacht, ist immer noch Gregor

Samsa’ (iqve 8) es daskvna sityva sityviT exmianeba sakuTriv kafkas survils,

sadac mwerali kategoriulad moiTxovda gamomcemlisagan, rom ar gamoexataT

nawarmoebis satitulo gverdze xoWo. teqstis qveS minaweri morali erTgvari

avtograficaa, riTac k. riha kidev erTxel usvams xazs, rom

metamorfozirebuli obieqti da avtori, anu literaturaTmcodne erTi da

igivea pirovnebaa.

teqstis arqiteqtonika simetriulia, igi ar ganicdis grafikul

segmentacias, Tumca grafemul-grafikuli Sre puantirebulia, rac garkveul

rols TamaSobs teqstis sazrisis formirebaSi; teqstis filosofiuri plani

viTardeba erTi TemiT – metamorfoziT, romelic, rogorc birTvi Tavisken

izidavs periferiaSi ganlagebul modificirebul, metamorfozirebul figurebs

da erTianobaSi sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad qmnis monoliTur teqsts, rasac

ganapirobebs ganStoebuli Tema-rematuli jaWvis safuZvelze warmoqmnili

teqstis bmuloba, periferiebTan mkvidrad dakavSirebuli centriskenuli

fokusi, erTiani, daunawevrebeli teqstura, romelic warmodgenilia

maiuskulebiT da mxolod winadadebis farglebSi gamoyenebuli araanbanuri

grafemebiT da bolos, teqstis sazrisis mTlianoba.

k. rihas teqstSi Cadebuli „literaturis istoriis kodi“ erTgvari

saSualebaa teqstis dekodirebisaTvis, garda amisa misi saSualebiT advilad

miiRweva teqstis erTiani monoliTuri saxis Camoyalibeba. Tumca sakuTriv

literaturis diaqronul ganviTarebis jaWvSi araerTi teqsti moinaxeba,

romelic Seqmnilia sxvadasxva epoqaSi, sxvadasxva literaturuli

mimdinareobisa Tu jgufisaTvis tipuri maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze, magram

maTi interpretacia SesaZloa moxerxdes romelime sxva tipis kodifikaciis

saSualebiT, romelic agreTve ukavSirdeba „literaturis istoriis kods“.

mokvleuli saanalizo da sainterpretacio teqstebze muSaobam, erTi metadre

saintereso movlena dagvanaxa, kerZod, rom germanul literaturaSi

xelmisawvdomi gaxda ori sxvadasxva avtoris teqstebis moZieba, romelTac

aReniSnebodaT garkveul doneze interteqstualobis niSnebi, romlebic

efuZnebodnen amjerad ‚bibliur kods’ (xdeba „literaturis istoriis kodis“

daviwroeba); aRniSnuli teqstebi erTianobaSi semantikur doneze qmnidnen

daxurul sivrces, romelTac safuZvlad edoT ukuarekvlis anu sarkuli

principi, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs literaturis ganviTarebis ciklur

xasiaTze.

85

damatebiTi kodifikaciis sistemis CarTva teqstis gagebis procesSi

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac mkiTxvelis winaSe sainterpretaciod

Zevs eqsperimentuli literaturis nimuSebi, gansakuTrebiT ki konstelaciebi.

qvemoT mogvyavs am tipis teqsti sruli formatiT:

g oooo tt

pppp

qqqq

rrrr

adamssss

ripp e

a

dam

ipp etttt

am a d

pp e

muuuu

d d a

p e

evvvva

d a m

(Jandl 1967)

e.iandlis es teqsti tipuri konstelaciaa da vizualurad waagavs

varskvlavTa ganlagebas/konstelacias caze, romelic Tanavarskvlaveds qmnis.

e.iandlis Semoqmedeba eqsperimentaluri literaturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

SenaZenia, romelic Tavisi arsiT mTlianad enazea koncentrirebuli. am

SemTxvevaSi enas aqvs amouwuravi arsenali, romlis saSualebiTac avtori

manipulirebs. igi ar cdilobs gadmosces biografiulad gasagebi movlenebi, an

garesamyaros ganmartebebi. eqsperimentalur literaturaSi eqsperimenti

mimdinareobs enis meSveobiT. am enobriv eqsperiments enis, rogorc b.haimani

(Heimann 1978: 11) ganmartavs, antigramatikuli, destruqciuli principi udevs

safuZvlad, rac TavisTavad saukunis eqsperimentis anareklia. am tipis

literaturas xSirad “lingvisturis” epiTetsac urTaven. igi araenobriv

efeqtebs ganWvrets da cdilobs, rom Sidaenobrivi struqturebi, romelTa

codna lingvistikisa da teqstis Teoriis safuZvlebs emyareba, esTetikur

kategoriad aqcios (Beyer 1971: 30).

e.iandlis mocemul teqstSi Sidaenobrivi struqturebi faqtobrivad ar

arsebobs. Sesabamisad mas pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos teqsti, vinaidan masSi

ganteqstebisaTvis aucilebeli rigi parametrebi saerTod ar ikiTxeba.

86

magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia dasaxeldes Tundac darRveuli: teqstis

koherentulobis principi, sintagmaturi ganzomileba, ris Sedegadac teqstis

sazrisis pirdapiri amokiTxva rTuldeba. amrigad, igi ar iZleva klasikuri

teqstis suraTs, rasac agreTve xels uwyobs is faqti, rom teqsti erTTavad

mxolod minuskulebiTaa Cawerili, romelTagan zogierTi msxviladaa ga-

mokveTili saerTo sivrcul suraTSi. Sesabamisad igi marTlac konstelaciis

principze agebuli esTetikuri fenomenia, romelsac safuZvlad uZevs ‘bibliuri

kodi’ da mxolod misi meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli mocemuli konstelaciis

dekodireba. es ukanaskneli ramdenime ganzomilebaSi ikiTxeba:

I ganzomileba vertikaluri da puantirebulia, msxvili moxazulobis

minuskuluri grafemebis wyalobiT is zevidan qveviT ikiTxeba da teqstis

“xerxemlis” suraTs iZleva. aRniSnul vertikalze teqnikuri puantirebis garda,

avtori damatebiT anbanuri principiT ganalagebs grafemebs laTinuri anbanis

me-15-e niSnidan 22-e niSnamde. sivrculi RerZi, romelic puantirebuli anbanuri

niSnebis Tanamimdevrobaa, teqstis samganzomilebiani modelis vertikalur,

paradigmatul (Y) RerZs emTxveva. niSandoblivia isic, rom grafemuli puantireba

laTinuri anbanis me-15-dan vidre 22-e niSnis CaTvliT ar aris SemTxveviTi,

vinaidan swored moses pirveli wignis meore Tavis [15-22] monakveTSi, sadac

samoTxeSi adamisa da evas damkvidrebis ambavia gadmocemuli, ikiTxeba adamis

samoTxeSi mosvlisa da misi neknidan evas Seqmnis istoria: “15 aiyvana adami “15 aiyvana adami “15 aiyvana adami “15 aiyvana adami

ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. [...] ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. [...] ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. [...] ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. [...]

22 neknisgan, adams rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma RmerTma da adams 22 neknisgan, adams rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma RmerTma da adams 22 neknisgan, adams rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma RmerTma da adams 22 neknisgan, adams rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma RmerTma da adams

mouyvana“mouyvana“mouyvana“mouyvana“ (mose I.1.2). amrigad, grafemuli puantirebis, kerZod ki anbanur niSanTa

rigiTi nomris meSveobiT avtori mkiTxvels karnaxobs pirvelwyaroSi Sesabamis

adgils.

vertikalur RerZze avtori Tavis mxriv warmogvidgens samyaros

samganzomilebian models. sivrcis zeda zRvari „RmerTiT“ iwyeba. mis qveviT

ganlagebulia leqsema „adami“, romelic jer martoa. qveda Sres is ukavSirdeba

leqsemiT „nekni“, romelic metamorfozas ganicdis mesame, yvelaze dabal SreSi

ganlagebul leqsemaSi „eva“. es ukanaskneli, xdeba ra adamis modgmis

pirveldacemis mizezi, saerTo grafemiT /a/ bmulia leqsemaze „adami“,

pirveldacemis codvis aseve Tanaziari. samoTxidan gamoZevebuli wyvili

samyaros samganzomilebiani modelis qveda zRvarze rCeba.

II ganzomileba horizontaluria. masSi mocemuli grafemebis erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebiT ikiTxeba ramdenime Zireuli leqsema: jer RmerTi “gott”, Semdeg

adami “adam” da nekni “rippe” da sabolood, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, eva “eva”.

erTi SexedviT advili misaxvedria, rom teqstis siuJeti dakavSirebulia

87

RmerTis mier adamisa da evas Seqmnis bibliur istoriasTan. leqsemaTa sivrceSi

ganfena samganzomilebiani RerZis horizontaluri, sintagmaturi (X) RerZis

Tanxvedrilia.

III ganzomileba siRrmiseulia da teqstis sazriss Seicavs, is grafikulad,

vizualuradaa puantirebuli. konstelaciaSi xdeba ori leqsemis “rippe”, “adam”

grafemuli reducireba, riTac avtori migvaniSnebs bibliuri siuJetis im

nawilze, sadac “ufalma RmerTma ZilquSi mohgvara adams da ra daeZina,

gamouRo erTi nekni da mis adgilas xorci Caudo/neknisagan, adams rom gamouRo,

dedakaci Seqmna ufalma RmerTma da adams miuyvana” (m. I. II. 21-22). magram evas

SeqmniT moxda adamis Sinagani harmoniis eqsternuli Cveneba, rac avtorma

vizualuradac xazgasmiT aRniSna, mogvca ra teqstis kodaSi uSualod evaze

saerTo grafemiT mibmuli adami. Amrigad, teqstis miRma Cadebuli sazrisi

grafikulad gamoxatuli gveZleva konstelaciaSi.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, konstelacias ara aqvs saTauri. misi ZiriTadi

Semadgeneli erTeulebi leqsemebia, aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

konstelacia enis leqsikur donezea Sesrulebuli. am leqsemaTa Soris

figurirebs mxolod saxeladi leqsemebi. nawarmoebSi avtors gamoyenebuli ara

aqvs romelime tipis singrafema punqtuaciis CaTvliT, rac, bunebrivia,

TavisTavad gamoricxavs enis Semdgomi donis – sintaqsis arsebobas teqstSi.

aqedan gamomdinare teqstis bmuloba emyareba puantirebul grafemebs, romlebic

grafikulad konstelaciis xerxemals warmoadgens. vinaidan eva adamis

neknidanaa Seqmnili, Sesabamisad adamis Sevsebuli leqsema “anbanur xerxemalze”

grafikulad neknis saxiTaa ganlagebuli. rac Seexeba teqstis struqturul

analizs, am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia Sedges ,naratiuli programa’1 (Keller/Hafner

1995: 107), vinaidan winamdebare werilobiTi warmonaqmni savsebiT moklebulia

naratiulobisaTvis aucilebel parametrebs. masSi saxeladi leqsemebiT

gadmocemuli aqtorebisa da aqtantebis ricxvi minimumamdea dayvanili, ar Cans

agreTve ant-aqtantis figura.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT teqstis sazrisi Semdegnairad

yalibdeba: ufalma adamis nawilidanve Seqmna eva. marTalia, adams raRac nawili

daaklda, magram evas saxiT man ipovna sulierebis is nawili, romelic orives

harmoniuls, mTlians, erTarss gaxdida. konstelaciis ukanasknel xazze

grafikulad gamoxatuli, erTmaneTze gadabmuli eva da adami Sesabamisad

bibliuri sityvebis gansaxierebaa: “Tqva adamma: es ki marTlac Zvalia Cemi Zval-

Tagani da xorci Cemi xorcTagani. dedakaci erqvas mas, raki kacisagan aris

1 termini ekuTvnis greimass.

88

gamoRebuli/amitomac miatovebs kaci ded-mamas da miewebeba Tavis dedakacs,

raTa erTxorcad iqcnen” (m. I.II. 23-24).

e.iandlis konstelaciaSi ‘bibliuri kodis’ gamoyeneba aSkara aucilebeli

pirobaa teqstis gagebisaTvis, vinaidan konstelaciis uSalod Semadgeneli

leqsemebi pirdapir miuTiTebs bibliis teqstze.

amjerad ki saanalizod teqstis interpretaciis mizniT warmovadgenT

h.heses zRapars “piqtoris fericvaleba”, sadac cxadad teqstis siuJeti erTi

SexedviT TiTqos saerTod ar saWiroebs damatebiTi kodifikaciis sistemis

CarTvas sazrisis amosakiTxad. zRapris morali iuwyeba, rom adamianis

bedniereba yvelganaa, Tu ki is Sinaganad harmoniulia.

zRapris saTauri presignalis funqciiTaa datvirTuli, romlis

gacxadeba teqstis pirvelive winadadebidan iwyeba: is-is iyo fexi Sedga

samoTxeSi piqtorma, rom is xis pirispir aRmoCnda, romelic erTdroulad

qalic iyo da kacic, mzec da mTvarec. samoTxeSi Sesvla ukve TavisTavad

gulisxmobs fericvalebas, axali sicocxlis dawyebas maradisobaSi. piqtoris

saxiT mkiTxvelis winaSea adami, pirvelad is gadaabijebs samoTxis zRurbls da

iwyebs mogzaurobas, cdilobs daubrundes pirvelsawyiss. piqtors aqvs

SegrZneba, rom is sicocxlis saTaveebTan dgas, missave samSobloSi. bunebrivia,

is eZebs sicocxlis xes, borotisa da keTilis Semmecnebels. mogzaurobisas

mcenareebis surneli dedas agonebs. dedis gaxseneba ukve imaze metyvelebs, rom

gmiri Sin brundeba. “dedisadmi swrafva sakuTari qvecnobierebis sferoSi

wiaRsvlasa da mTeli Sinagani samyaros amobrunebas gulismobs” (yaralaSvili

1980: 71). piqtoris fericvalebis pirvelive safexuri samoTxeSi moxvedrisTanave

iwyeba, igi cdilobs Sinaganad miuaxlovdes Tavis winapars adams, rac imas

niSnavs, rom piqtorma sabolood fericvaleba unda ganicados.

zRaparSi ZiriTadi aqtoria piqtori, romelsac upirispirdeba ant-aqtanti

gveli. naratiuli programis mTavari aqtantia “mesame piris mTxrobelis” mier

aRwerili ,fericvaleba’, romelic presignalis saxiT saTaurSive figurirebs.

teqstis fokusi moZravi da gamWolia, Sesabamisad, is aqtoridan safexurebrivad

inacvlebs aqtantebze da teqstSi iZleva gamWoli izotopiis jaWvs. piqtori-

aqtori, Tavis mxriv aqtanticaa mravlobiTi aqtanturi konfiguraciiT (mag., xe-

piqtori, xe-piqtoria-viqtoria da sxv.).

zRaparSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pirvelive winadadebidan SesaZloa

amuSavdes ,bibliuri kodi’, romlis meSveobiTac mkiTxveli akvirdeba piqtoris

ukusvlas, dabrunebas samoTxeSi mis sawyis mdgomareobasTan. moqmedeba

mimdinareobs Caketil sivrceSi, drois svla ar aris mkacrad gansazRvruli,

rac tipuri movlenaa zRaprisTvis.

89

heses literaturuli zRapari jadosnuri zRapris elementebiTaa

gajerebuli. maT Sorisaa wiTeli kristali, romelic jadosnuri fericvalebis

Zalas flobs. piqtoris pirveli safexuris fericvaleba swored kristals

ukavSirdeba, romelic bibliuri teqstis interteqstualuri niSnebiT itvirTeba.

faqtobrivad is xdeba sicocxlis xis nayofis, vaSlis metaforuli saxe anu

konotaciuri veli farTovdeba. ant-aqtori gveli kristalis [vaSli –

paraleluri aqtori bibliidan – n.q.] saxiT sicocxlis xis maZiebel piqtors

jadosnur gardasaxvas sTavazobs. samoTxisaken ukana gzaze adams, rogorc

meorexarisxovan figuras pirveldacemis codvaSi, ufleba eZleva evaze adre

pirvelma daibrunos adgili sicocxlis samSoloSi, eva jer ar Cans samoTxis

zRurblzec ki. irgvliv ki samoTxis yvela binadari orpolusiania anu qalica

da kacic. mudmivi fericvalebis nakadi miedineba piqtoris Tvalwin. rogorc ki

samoTxeSi evas saxe gaielvebs qera gogonas saxiT, rogorc arasodes ise

iRviZebs piqtorSi bednierebis survili, romelsac masSi Zinavs. naratiul

subieqtSi (piqtori) metyvelebas iwyebs Sinagani aqtori, sisxli, romelic

aRviZebs mis mogonebebs da ubiZgebs piqtors daCqarebuli qmedebisaken. gmiri

xvdeba, rom pirveli fericvalebisas mas raRac daaviwyda, man raRac gamotova,

rom “gvelis rCeva ar iyo kargi” (Hesse 1975: 209), rac man imTaviTve kargad uwyis

da samoTxeSi aRmoCenis wuTidan gaurbis ant-aqtoris zemoqmedebas: roca

kiTxvaze, Tu sad aris sicocxlis xe, bipolaruli xis nacvlad gvelma daapira

pasuxis gacema, piqtorma zurgi aqcia mas da gza ganagrZo (iqve, 206). es

moqmedebac sisxlis mier aris nakarnaxevi, vinaidan is inaxas genetikur

informacias, gvevlineba ,sicocxlis samkvidreblad’ da masSia “xorcielis

suli” (dabad. 9.4, lev. 17.11). Tavis mxriv indoevropuli tercialuri sistema,

miTosi, gvels warmogvidgens rogorc zeda da qveda samyaros binaruli

opoziciis qveda donis arsebas. “Основной мифологический мотив, связанный со ‚Змеем‛

это противоборство верховного божества с главным воплощением ‚Нижнего мира‛”

(Гамкрелидзе/Иванов 1984: 527). Sesabamisad, radgan adami (aq: piqtori – n.q.) “RvTis

xatad Seiqmna” (dabad. 9.6), is unda daupirispirdes gvelis figuras. amdenad,

piqtoric gvelisgan motyuebulad grZnobs Tavs da fiqrobs, rom is samudamod

eulad unda darCes xeSi. magram samyaros zeda ganzomilebis gadawyvetilebiT

kvlav Cndeba Citi kristaliT Suamavali aqtantis saxiT. amjerad ki wiTeli

kristalis konkretuli saxeoba karbunkulia warmodgenili. is jadosnur

zRaprebSi xSirad gvevlineba aqtantis saxiT, romelic mflobels uCinars xdis.

Sesabamisad, karbunkulSi avtoris erT-erTi arsebiTi intencia imaleba: gaaqros

da Searwyas eva adams. toti, radac gadaiqca axalgazrda gogona xeSi

gauCinarebis Semdeg, sivrceSi ganlagebiT emsgaseba xerxemalze Sezrdil nekns.

90

amrigad, gogona-toti neknis semas sesxulobs tercialuri sistemidan. erT

mTlian, harmoniul arsebad qceulma piqtorma, romelic mReris simReras

“piqtoria, viqtoria” (gmiri imarjvebs, aRwevs harmonias! _ n.q.) aRmoCina

dakarguli samoTxe, sadac is harmoniulia bipolarobis safuZvelze: piqtori

gadaiqceva Svlad da Tevzad, admianad da gvelad, Rrublad da Citad. am

SemTxveaSic antagonisturi wyvilebia warmodgenli. arsebiTad piqtoria-

viqtoria daubrundnen sawyis mdgomareobas samoTxeSi da gadaiqcnen adamad da

evad.

amrigad, erTdroulad gaanalizebuli da interpretirebuli ori

sxvadasxva avtoris teqsti, romelTa gagebisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda analizisa

da interpretaciisas rogorc sekundaruli (literaturis), ise tercialuri

(miTosis) semiotikuri sistemebis CarTva, agebulia semantikuri koherentulobis

principze, Tumc koherentuloba ar aris wrfivi, progresirebadi da spiralze

moZravi, rogorc es k.rihas teqstSi gamoikveTa. e.iandlis teqstSi

teqstinternulad warmodgenilia semantikuri koherentuloba, romelic

miuxedavad konstelaciaSi darRveuli sintagmaturi ganzomilebisa, met-

naklebad amocnobadia winare codnis safuZvelze. is win mimarTuli progresiis

safuZvelze iSleba. rac Seexeba h.heses zRapars, aq semantikuri koherentuloba

ukusvliT imeorebs yvela im etaps, rac grafemul-grafikul donezea

gadmocemuli konstelaciaSi, magram gansxvavebiT am ukanasknelisagan zRapris

sazrisis gasaxsnelad aucilebel pirobad migvaCnia tercialuri semiotikuri

sistemaSi paraleluri struqturebis daZebna. erTianobaSi saxezea sarkul

principze agebuli ori radikalurad gansxvavebuli Janris da epoqis

literaturuli teqsti, romelTa teqsturebi erTianobaSi konstantur

dauxurulobas efuZneba, gansxvavebiT k.rihas “metamorfozebisagan”, romelSic

warmodgenili daxurul spiralze ganviTarebuli gardasaxva, raime garkveul

kanonzomierebas ar eqvemdebareba da SesaZloa mudmivad gadiodes ganviTarebis

sxvadasxva cikls. k.rihas teqstis spiralze ganviTareba ganpirobebulia imiTac,

rom kodifikaciis is sistema (“literaturis istoriis kodi”), romelic teqstis

gagebas udevs safuZvlad “polifoniuria”, rasac ver vityiT danarCni teqstebis

dekodirebisaTvis aucilebel sistemaze (“bibliuri kodi”), radgan is Tavad

aris “literaturis istoriis kodis” Semadgeneli qvesistema.

ggggamoyenebuli literaturaamoyenebuli literaturaamoyenebuli literaturaamoyenebuli literatura

biblia. Zveli aRTqma. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. Tbilisi, 1989.

yaralaSvili, r. herman heses Semoqmedebis problemebi. Tbilisi: Tsu, 1980.

91

Гамкрелидзе, Т.В., Иванов Вяч. Вс. Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы.

Тбилиси: Изд. ТГУ, 1984.

Beyer, R. “Inovation oder traditioneller Rekurs“. In: Text+Kritik. Zeitschrift für Literatur. Hrsg. H. L.

Arnold Hrsg. H. L. Arnold Heft 25. KONKRETE POESIE I. II Aufl. EDITION TEXT+KRITIK.

Richard, Boorberg. München, 1971.

Eco, U. “The Role of the Reader”. Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. Bloomington and London,

1979.

Freud, S. „Der Dichter und das Phantasieren“. In: Studienausgabe. Bildende Kunst und Literatur. B. X.

S. Fischer. Frankfurt/M, [1908/1907] 1969.

Heimann, B. „Experimentelle Prosa der Gegenwart“. In: Analysen zur deutschen Sprache und

Literatur. 1. Aufl. R. Oldenburg. München,1978.

Hesse, H. „Piktors Verwamdlungen“. In: Die Märchen. Suhrkampf. Frankfurt/M, 1975.

Jandl, E. In: An Anthology of Concrete Poetry. Ed. by Emmett Williams. hansjorg mayer. New-York.

Villefranch. Frankfurt. Stuttgart, 1967.

Keller, O. Hafner, H. Arbeitsbuch zur Textanalyse. 3. Aufl. W. Fink (1407). München, 1995.

Lerchner, G. Sprachform von Dichtung. Linguistische Untersuchungen zu Funktion und Wirkung

literarischer Texte. Aufbau-Verlag. Berlin und Weimar, 1986.

Lotmann, J.M. Die Struktur literarischer Texte. München, 1972.

Ong, W. J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London, 1985.

Riha, K. „Allerlei Verwandlungen“. In: Diagonal. Zeitschrift der Universität-Gesamthochschule-

Siegen. Zum Thema: Metamorphosen. Jhrg. 1995. H. 2. Hrg. Prof. Dr. K. Riha. Siegen, 1995.

Schutte, J. Einführung in die Literaturinterpretation. 4.akt. Aufl. Metzler. Stuttgart. Weimar, 1997.

92

TargmanTargmanTargmanTargmanebiebiebiebi

v.v. Cernousiv.v. Cernousiv.v. Cernousiv.v. Cernousi1111

kavkasia _ kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa sako kavkasia _ kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa sako kavkasia _ kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa sako kavkasia _ kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa sakontaqto zonantaqto zonantaqto zonantaqto zona

В.В.Черноус. Кавказ – контактная зона культур и цивилизаций. krebulidankrebulidankrebulidankrebulidan Кавказкий

Регион: Проблемы культурного развития и взаимодействия. 2000

kavkasias unikaluri geopolitikuri da geokulturuli mdebareoba aqvs.

geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, igi kontinenturi da okeanuri samyaroebis

zRurblzea. es regioni warmoadgens, erTsa da imave dros, bariersac da

mravalsaukunovani urTierTqmedebis zonasac qristianobas – pirvel rigSi,

marTlmadideblobas, islamsa da budizms Soris. aq gadioda mniSvnelovani

savaWro gzebi.

amitomac, kavkasia yovelTvis iqceoda xolme brZolis velad Zvel,

Suasaukuneebis da axali drois udides saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic

iswrafodnen ara mxolod samxedro-strategiuli da ekonomikuri interesebis

realizebis, aramed sakuTari civilizaciur-kulturuli faseulobaTa

sistemebis gavrcelebisaken. polemika (xSirad politizebuli) sxvadasxva

skolisa da mimdinareobis swavlulTa Soris kavkasiis identobisa da misi

rolis sakiTxze msoflio da ruseTis istoriaSi aranakleb ukompromisoa,

vidre brZola religiebs, saxelmwifoebs da xalxebs Soris.

kavkasiis, kerZod, CrdiloeT kavkasiis delimitaciis problema mwvave

kamaTis sagania. kavkasiuri sivrcis sazRvrebis, homogenurobisa Tu

heterogenulobis xarisxis gansazRvrisas, codnis sxvadasxva sferoebis da

specializaciis (geografia, geopolitika, geoekonomika, politologia,

kulturologia, istoria da a.S.) mkvlevrebi dasabuTebul magram gansxvavebul

Sedegebamde midian.

samwuxarod, es yovelTvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da avtorebi Zalian

arakoreqtulad sargebloben codnis erTi sferos daskvnebiTa da

terminologiiT imisaTvis, rom daadasturon sakuTari pozicia sxva samecniero

disciplinis kuTxiT, rac kidev ufro xlarTavs isedac rTul problemas.

dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT kavkasiis sociokulturuli identobis sakiTxi

civilizaciur da istoriul paradigmebSi.

1 politikis mecnierebaTa kandidati, rostovis universitetTan arsebuli sistemuri regionuli kvlevebis centris direqtori

93

sabWoTa istorikosebi da eTnografebi, formaciuli analizis CarCoebSi,

kavkasias axasiaTebdnen, rogorc rTuli struqturis mqone kavkasiur istoriul-

eTnografiul provincias; rogorc wesi, isini erTmaneTisagan mijnavdnen, erTis

mxriv, amierkavkasias, meore mxriv ki CrdiloeT kavkasias, rogorc kulturul

erTeuls da masTan axlo mdgom daRestans (pirvel rigSi, formaciuli

modelebis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT). miuxedavad calkeuli sakamaTo

sakiTxebisa, azerbaijanis, somxeTis da saqarTvelos istoria savsebiT jdeboda

sabWoTa mecnierebaSi miRebuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebis

TeoriaSi. rac Seexeba CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebs (daRestnis CaTvliT), ver

moxerxda erTiani midgomis SemuSaveba mTieli da momTabare sazogadoebebis

tipologiisa da ganviTarebis donis gansazRvrisaTvis ruseTTan SeerTebamde

periodSi. mTielTa socialuri urTierTobebi kvalificirdeboda rogorc

gvarovnul-tomobrivi, feodalur-monaTmflobeluri, naxevradfeodalur-

naxevradpatriarqaluri, feodaluri, adrefeoodaluri, ganviTarebuli

feodaluri, mravalwyobiani da sxva. osma istorikosma f.x. gutnovma

samarTlianad aRniSna, rom mTieli xalxis sazogadoebrivi wyobis

daxasiaTebisas mraval SemTxvevaSi amosavlad arCeulia sapirispiro

maxasiaTebeli: feodaluri (imdenad, ramdenadac aramonaTmflobeluri),

patriarqaluri (imdenad, ramdenadac arafeodaluri) da a.S.

Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavlis moZebnas XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi

Seecada akad. g.a. meliqiSvili [2], romelmac wamoayena “mTis feodalizmis”

koncefcia, ganviTarebuli da konkretizebuli qarTveli istorikosebisa da

eTnologebis z.v. anCabaZis, a.i. robaqiZis, g.d. TogoSvilis, r.l. xaraZisa sxvaTa

naSromebSi [3]. SemoTavazebuli modelis garkveuli sqematizmi da statikuroba,

aseve mocemul naSromebSi aRniSnuli tipologiuri da stadiuri Taviseburebebi

(kerZod, miwaze feodaluri sakuTrebis ararseboba), romlebsac “mTis

feodalizmi” arsebiTad gamohyavda feodaluri formaciis farglebidan,

kavkasiologTa umetesobas ar akmayofilebda [4], Tumca qarTvel swavlulTa

Teoriuli gamokvlevebi stimuls aZlevda problemis Seswavlas.

a.p. pronSteini erT-erT Tavis statiaSi frTxilad miuTiTebda

dasavleTevropuli da ruseTis istoriis Seswavlis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli

stereotipebiTa da StampebiT kavkasiis mTis xalxebis TviTmyofadi

urTierTobebis Seswavlis mcdelobaTa unayofobaze. igi gamodioda CrdiloeT

kavkasiis xalxebis istoriaze formaciuli midgomis CarCoebSi Camoyalibebuli

Sexedulebebis absolutizaciis winaaRmdeg [5].

90-ian wlebSi pirveli nabijebi gadaidga kavkasiis istoriis kvlevaSi

civilizaciuri midgomis gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT, amasTan, sistemuri

94

analizis tradiciebis SenarCunebiT, romelic formaciuli meTodologiis

CarCoebSi gamoiyeneboda. r.g. abdulatipovi, t.u. kcoeva da “kavkasiuri saxlis”

[6] sxva ideologebi Seecadnen, saerTo istoriuli mentalobis safuZvelze

SeeqmnaT “kavkasiuri civilizaciis”, “erTiani supereTnosis” hipoTeza. msgavsi

konstruqciebi sainteresoa politikuri miTis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, magram

mecnieruli kuTxiT uperspeqtivod gvesaxeba. miuxedavad “civilizaciis”

kategoriis ambivalenturobisa, civilizaciuri midgomis arc erTi versia,

kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi (gansxvavebiT, vTqvaT, geopolitikuri paradigmisagan)

ar gvaZlevs safuZvels, visaubroT kavkasiaze, rogorc raime erTobaze.

Cveni azriT, ufro safuZvliania cdebi, romlebic orientirebulia

civilizaciuri midgomis gamoyenebaze CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan dakavSirebiT.

CrdiloeT kavkasiuri civilizaciis koncefcias, misi tipologiis problemas

exebian a.a. anikeevi da sxvebi [7]. zogierT naSromSi civilizaciuri

meTodologia gamoyenebulia calkeul an axlomonaTesave xalxebTan,

magaliTad, adiRelebTanmimarTebaSi [8].

miuxedavad naSromTa raodenobis zrdisa, romlebic gvTavazoben kavkasiis

an CrdiloeT kavkasiis sociokulturuli istoriis gansxvavebul civilizaciur

modelebs, problema mxolod dasmulia da diskusiis gagrZelebas moiTxovs.

gviwevs, vaRiaroT samarTliani SeniSvna, rom mocemuli koncefcia

“mWvretelobiTi da arakonkretulia” [9].

problemis sabolood gadaWris pretenziis gareSe, mokled CamovayalibebT

misi zogierTi aspeqtis sakuTar xedvas, romelsac 80-90-iani wlebidan vicavT.

Cveni azriT, kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi savsebiT misaRebia meTodologia,

SemuSavebuli lokalur civilizaciaTa Teoriis CarCoebSi, romelic cnobs

msoflio-istoriuli procesis policentrulobas. civilizaciaSi Cven

vgulisxmobT ganviTarebad eTnoregionul kompleqss myari tipologiuri

niSnebiTa da sulieri, sociokulturuli da sameurneo arqetipebiT. Mmisi

sistematizeba Semdegi faqtorebis MmeSveobiT xdeba: religiur-zneobrivi

msoflmxedveloba, egzistencialuri faseulobebisa da tabuirebis sistema,

bunebriv-landSafturi pirobebi da meurneobis xerxebi, saxelmwifoebriv-

politikuri organizaciis formebi, TviTmmarTveloba da samarTlebrivi

urTierTobebi. isini unikalurad da mravalveqtorulad vlindebian

gansazRvrul sivrciT-droiT CarCoebSi, yalibdebian sxvadasxva saxis

ierarqiiT, rac vlindeba TviTmyofadi regionuli civilizaciebis dabadebasa da

ganviTarebaSi. maTi individualuroba, pirvel rigSi, gansakuTrebul

azrovnebaSi, samyaros aRqmaSi, sinamdvilis asaxvis xerxebSi, faseulobiT

prioritetebSi, Sromis xasiaTsa da socioalur praqtikaSi vlindeba.

95

am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba visaubroT saerToplanetarul civilizaciaze

kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, rogorc rTul, magram mTlian

zeorganul sistemaze. misi qvesistemebs warmoadgenen damoukidebeli regionuli

da trasregionuli civilizaciebi, romlebic istoriuli drois yovel momentSi

ganviTarebis asinqronul etapze imyofebian. swored es aniWebs sistemur, magram

araunitarul saerToplanetarul civilizacias funqcionirebis

ganusazRvrelobas da ganviTarebis mravalvariantulobas [10]. garda amisa,

SeiZleba gamoiyos sivrcobrivad arastruqturirebuli iudauri civilizacia

da mTis kerovani civilizacia. dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilas mTis xalxebis

civilizaciuri ganviTarebis saerToO niSnebi kargad aris cnobili f.

ratcelisa da anTropologiuri skolis Camoyalibebis droidan. amaze

yuradReba gaamaxvila mravalma sxva avtorma, maT Soris, “mTis feodalizmis “

koncefciis momxreebma [11].

ganvixiloT kavkasia am TvalsazrisiT. mecnierebaSi miRebulia saubari

regionis xalxebis paleokavkasiur erTobaze, e.i. kavkasiuri substratis

arsebobaze, romelic safuZvlad udevs kavkasiur enobriv ojaxs [12]. marTalia,

mkvlevarTa nawili (g.a. klimovi da sxvebi [13]) eWvqveS ayenebs kavkasiis yvela

enis genetikur naTesaobas, yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara izolirebulobaze,

aramed iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis indoevropulTan siaxloveze. am versiis

sasargeblod damatebiT argumentebs iZleva adiReur-slavuri (m.v. feodorova)

da vainaxur-slavuri (a.d. vagapovi) [14] uZvelesi enobrivi paralelebi, rac

saSualebas gvaZlevs, davsvaT sakiTxi ufro farTo _ evraziuli _ enobrivi

erTobis Sesaxeb [15].

kavkasiuri enebis erTianobis xarisxis miuxedavad, ukve Cv.w. aR.-mde III

aTaswleulSi, jer kidev civilizaciamdel epoqaSi, is daiSala da kavkasiis

xalxebis Semdgomi ganviTareba sxvadasxva civilizaciebis CarCoebSi

mimdinareobda.

am procesze gavlena iqonia imanac, rom CrdiloeT kavkasia da amierkavkasia

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian bunebriv-landSafturi pirobebiTac: maT yofs

kavkasionis mTavari qedi, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da amierkavkasiis

klimaturi Taviseburebebis mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtoria, rac, Tavis mxriv,

ganapirobebs CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis sameurneo

saqmianobas, kulturas, cxovrebis sazogadoebriv-politikuri formebis

Taviseburebas da a.S.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebi met-naklebad CarTuli iyvnen jer

ZvelaRmosavluri da antikuri civilizaciis, Semdeg ki bizantiur-slavuri da

orveqtoruli muslimuri (sunituri da Siituri) civilizaciebis periferiaSi.

96

ganxilvis farglebs miRma davtovoT moduri, magram paramecnieruli Teoriebi,

romlebic TiTqmis yvela kavkasiel xalxs Zveli aRmosavleTisa da antikurobis

didi xalxebis uSualo STamomavlebad acxadebs da, Sesabamisad, Zveli drois

praqtikulad yvela ciivilizaciisa da imperiis “avtorobas” miawers.

rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, avtoqtonuri kavkasiuri substratisa da

migraciuli talRebis sinTezis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli kavkasiis xalxebis

umetesobis Zirebi Sua saukuneebSia saZiebeli.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, civilizaciaze gadasvlis momentidan kavkasia

gamodis ara saerTokavkasiuri civilizaciis ganviTarebias asparezad, aramed

ramdenime regionuli civilizaciis sakontaqto zonad (rac ar gamoricxavs

saerTo kulturuli fesvebisa da tipologiuri siaxlovis arsebobas).

aRmosavlur-qritianuli (bizantiuri) civilizaciis memkvidreebad rCebian

somxeTi da saqarTvelo, muslimuri civilizaciis nawilad ki _ azerbaijani.

kavkasiis mTis xalxebi, ganicdian ra sxvadasxva civilizaciis, religiisa da

kulturis zegavlenas, XV-XVI saukuneebSi qmnian kavkasiur mTis civilizacias

[16], romelic xasiaTdeba polieTnikurobiT, religiuri sinkretizmiT

(adgilobrivi warmarTobis, qristianobisa da islamis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis

elementTa sinTeziT), maRalmTianeTis, mTiswineTis da baris SeTanxmebulobiT,

rac gansazRvravs terasuli miwaTmoqmedebis, alpuri mesaqonleobisa da

cxenosnobis urTierTkavSirs; fsiqologiuri niSnebiT, romlebic

ganmtkicebulia mTis Taviseburi eTikuri kodeqsebiT, TviTorganizaciis

arasaxelmwifoebrivi (magram ara saxelmwifoebriobamdeli) formebis

upiratesobiT. termini ”kavkasiuri mTis civilizacia” umjobesad migvaCnia

“CriloeT kavkasiurTan” SedarebiT, imdenad, ramdenadac is sivrcobrivad

moicavs amierkavkasiis zogierT raions, Seesabameba msoflios sxvadasxva

regionis mTis anklavebs, magram gansxvavdeba maTgan, pirvel rigSi, Tavisi

zneobriv-eTikuri kodeqsebiT (adiRe xabze, apsuara, namisi da sxva). garda amisa,

CrdiloeT kavkasiis sivrce (kavkasiis mTiswineTis CaTvliT) iyo kavkasiis mTis

civilizaciis sakontaqto zona momTabarul samyarosTan, aseve ruseTis

marTlmadideblur civilizaciasTan.

kavkasiis mTis civilizacia, sistemawarmomqmneli faqtorebis mixedviT,

tipologiurad gansxvavebuli iyo rusulisagan [17]. es ukanaskneli

ganisazRvreboda sulierebis marTlmadidebluri tipiT da egzistencialuri

faseulobebiT (rac komplimentaruls xdida urTierTobas somxeTTan,

qarTvelebTan da osebis umetesobasTan), baris bunebriv-landSafturi

pirobebiT, SedarebiT mkacri klimatiT (Sdr. sivrcis sakralizaciis

Taviseburebebi mTiel da rus xalxebTan) sameurneo saqmianobis saTemo-

97

saartelo formebiT ganviTarebis mobilizaciuri tipis pirobebSi,

saxelmwifoebriobiT, rogorc nacionaluri TviTorganizaciis dominanturi

formiT, formaluri kanonis araabsolutizaciiT.

XVI-XVII saukuneebSi dialogi gacnobisa da teqnologiuri

urTierTgamdidrebis xasiaTs atarebda. masSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda

kazakoba, romlis meSveobiTac orive civilizacia Seerwya urTierTs [18].

rogorc x.soxrokovma aRniSna, Tu wyenebs daviviwyebTÆda

SevecdebiT,ÆmiukerZoeblad CavixedoT saukuneTa siRrmeSi, SevniSnavT Cveni

winaprebis gaazrebul da nebayoflobiT arCevans, romlebic moskovel

mmarTvelebSi mfarvels eZebdnen, isini ki im dros warmoadgendnen

geopolitikurad erT-erT yvelaze mZlavr civilizacias materialuri da

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT [19].

XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi rusuli civilizacia

iqca polieTnikuri, polikonfesiuri (marTmadideblur-muslimuri,

marTmadideblobis dominirebiT) transregionuli ruseTis civilizaciis

birTvad. somxeTi, saqarTvelo da, garkveulwilad, azerbaijanic organulad

Seerwynen ruseTis civilizaciur sistemas. rusul civilizaciaSi

dasavleTevropuli faseulobebisa da teqnologiis, maT Soris, kolonializmis

meTodebis transplantaciam, miiyvana is pirdapir saomar konfliqtamde kavkasiis

mTis civilizaciasTan _ kavkasiur omamde (1818-1864 ww.).

kavkakasiis mTis civilizacia XVIII saukuneSi ganicdida kriziss, rac

xalxTa mZlavr moZraobaSi gamoixata, aman zogierTi xalxi samxedro

aristokratiis ganadgurebamde da islamizaciis procesis gaZlierebamde

miiyvana.

arsebobda kavkasiis mTis civilizaciis transformirebis sxvadasxva

alternativa, magram mTieli xalxi, istoriuli ganviTarebis procesis

kvalobaze, CarTuli aRmoCnda inglisis atlantisturi imperiis, kontinenturi

ruseTis imperiis, aseve safrangeTisa da germaniis globalur winaaRmdegobebSi,

romlebic sxvadasxva periodSi ruseTs evropaSi Hhegemonobas ecilebodnen. am

mowinaRmdegeebs Soris buferis rolis Sesrulebas warumateblad cdilobda

osmaleTis imperia. globaluri winaaRmdegobebis xlarTma winaswar gansazRvra

movlenebis Semdgomi tragikuli ganviTareba.

kavkasiur omSi marcxi katastrofuli aRmoCnda kavkasiis mTis

civilizaciisaTvis, misi landSafturi adgilganviTarebisaTvis, xolo

tradiciulma kulturam mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada (rasac ascdnen

saqarTvelo da somxeTi) [20].

98

XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasia mniSvnelovanwilad

integrirebuli iyo ruseTis imperiis sociokulturul sistemaSi. sabWoTa

periodSi SeiZleba visaubroT Crdilokavkasiur (samxreT rusul)

subcivilizaciaze sabWouri modelis industriuli sazogadoebis CarCoebSi [21].

(samwuxarod, CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis intensiuri eTnografiuli kvleva

sabWoTa periodSi TiTqmis ar Sexebia slavur mosaxleobas, rac arTulebs

kulturul-civilizaciuri urTierTSeRwevisa da “sabWourobis” Taviseburebebis

konkretul Seswavlas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi).

sakacobrio civilizaciis ganviTarebis bunebrivi mravalpolusiani xasiaTi

industriuli stadiis pirobebSi orpolusian sistemamde gamartivda.

garegnulad es gamoiyureboda rogorc ori formaciis an ori ideologiuri

sistemis _ kapitalizmisa da socializmis dapirispireba, romelic faravda

droebiT wonasworobas Crdiloatlantikur (nato) da kontinentur (varSavis

xelSekruleba) geopolitikur kavSirebs Soris.

sabWoTa sazogadoebis socialisturi sistemis daSlam, socialisturi

ideologiis krizisma postsabWour sivrceSi, kavkasiis CaTvliT, Tan moitana

identobis (maT Soris, civilizaciur-kulturuli) saerTo krizisi. Sedegad,

kavkasia, iseve rogorc balkaneTi, iqca civilizaciaTa Soris konfliqtebis

zonad: mTiani yarabaRi, afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi, prigorodnis raioni,

CrdiloeT oseTi, CeCneTi.

globalizaciis tendenciebTn brZola, erTpolusiani msoflios

Camoyalibeba da xalxebis miswrafeba mravalpolusiani msoflios aRdgenisaken

gavlenas axdens ruseTisa da, kerZod, CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis mier

sakuTari identobis Ziebaze [22]. istoria morig gamowvevas gvTavazobs: SevZlebT

ki Cven, aRvadginoT Cveni rTuli, magram erTiani _ rusuli kulturis

dominanturi rolis wyalobiT _ ruseTis civilizaciur-kuturuli sivrce,

SevTavazoT Cvens xalxebs Rirseuli egzistencialuri faseulobebis sistema

da, mis safuZvelze, tradiciisa da modernizaciis sinTezi, SevZlebT Cveni

xalxebis mravalferovnebis SenarCunebas da saerTo garRvevas momavlisaken? Tu

nebismier fasad dasrulebuli morigi eqsperimenti gamoiwvevs rusuli

saxelmwifoebriobis dacemas da evraziis gadaqcevas civilizaciaTa

ybadaRebuli omis asparezad?

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. См. различные точки зрения: Развитие феодальных отношений у народов Северного

Кавказа: Материалы регион. науч. конф. Махачкала, 1988.

2. Меликшвили Г.А. К вопросу о характере древних закавказских и средневековых горских

99

северокавказских классовых обществ // История СССР. 1975. № 6.

3. Анчабадзе З.В., Робакидзе А.И. К вопросу о природе кавказского горского феодализма //

Иберийско-кавказское языкознание. Тбилиси, 1973. Т. 18; Робакидзе А.И. Некоторые черты

горского феодализма // Советская этнография. 1978. № 2; Тогошвили Г.Д. Вопросы социального

строя народов Северного Кавказа в грузинской советской историографии // Развитие феодальных

отношений у народов Северного Кавказа…; и др.

4. См.: Виноградов В.Б. О некоторых особенностях генезиса феодализма на Центральном

Кавказе // Вопросы истории. 1980. № 3.

5. Пронштейн А.П. Некоторые проблемы возникновения и развития феодальных отношений

на Северном Кавказе в новейшей советской историографии // Развитие феодальных отношений у

народов Северного Кавказа... С. 28.

6. Абдулатипов Р.Г. Кавказская цивилизация: самобытность и целостность // Научная мысль

Кавказа. 1995. № 1; Кцоева Т.У. Кавказский суперэтнос // Эхо Кавказа. 1994. № 2; Кухианидзе А.В.

Кавказоцентристская концепция демократии // Научная мысль Кавказа. 1995. № 4; и др.

7. Аникеев А.А., Крикунов В.П., Невская В.П. Северокавказская цивилизация: проблемы

типологии // Актуальные проблемы историографии и методологии истории. Ставрополь. 1997;

Северокавказская цивилизация: история, культура, экономика, социология, философия. Ч.I-II.

Пятигорск, 1996; Северокавказская цивилизация: вчера, сегодня, завтра. Пятигорск, 1998; и др.

8. Бижев А.Х. Адыги Северо-Западного Кавказа и кризис восточного вопроса в 20-30-е годы

XIX в. Майкоп, 1994; Бакиев А.Ш. Адыгская цивилизация: периодизация истории // Вестник

КБГУ. Нальчик, 1996, 1997. Вып. 2, 3. См. также: Аникеев А.А., Лубский А.В. Теоретические

поиски в современной исторической науке и проблемы изучения истории Северного Кавказа //

Научная мысль Кавказа. 1997. № 7; и др.

9. Акаев В.Х. Кавказская война: старые концепции и новые подходы // Кавказская война:

спорные вопросы и новые подходы. Махачкала, 1998. С. 22.

10. См.: Патракова В.Ф., Черноус В.В. История человечества и русская цивилизация. Ростов

н/Д, 1995.

11. Робакидзе А.И. Некоторые черты горского феодализма // Советская этнография. 1978. №

2. С. 24.

12. Гасанов М.Р. Палеокавказская этническая общность и проблема происхождения народов

Дагестана. Махачкала, 1994.

13. Климов Г.А. Введение в кавказское языкознание. М., 1986; и др.

14. Вагапов А.Д. Славяно-нахские лексические параллели. Грозный, 1994; и др.

15. Николаева Н.А., Сафронов В.А. Истоки славянской и евразийской мифологии. М., 1999.

16. Черноус В.В. К вопросу о горской цивилизации // Россия в XIX – нач. ХХ вв. Ростов н/Д,

1992.

17. См. подробнее: Патракова В.Ф., Черноус В.В. Русская (российская) цивилизация //

Российская историческая политология. Ростов н/Д, 1998.

100

18. Черноус В.В. Роль казачества в диалоге русской и кавказской горской цивилизаций //

Россия: прошлые, сегодняшние реалии и перспективы развития. Новочеркасск, 1994.

19. Сохроков Х. Живая судьба народов // Эльбрус (Нальчик). 1999. № 2. С. 6.

20. Ханаху Р.А. Традиционная культура Северного Кавказа: вызовы времени. Майкоп, 1997.

С. 76.

21. См.: подробнее: Черноус В.В. Россия и народы Северного Кавказа: проблемы культурно-

цивилизационного диалога // Научная мысль Кавказа. 1999. № 3.

22. Кавказ: проблемы геополитики и национально-государственные интересы России. Ростов

н/Д, 1999.

rusulidan Targmna elene bodavelmaelene bodavelmaelene bodavelmaelene bodavelma

101

svante e. kornelisvante e. kornelisvante e. kornelisvante e. korneli

mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi. kavkasiis eTnopolitikuri mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi. kavkasiis eTnopolitikuri mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi. kavkasiis eTnopolitikuri mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi. kavkasiis eTnopolitikuri

konfliqtebis kvlevakonfliqtebis kvlevakonfliqtebis kvlevakonfliqtebis kvleva

wignidan:wignidan:wignidan:wignidan: Svante E. Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts

in the Caucasus. Curzon, 2001, pp. 47-60, 142-196.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da konfliqturi identobebisabWoTa kavSiris daSla da konfliqturi identobebisabWoTa kavSiris daSla da konfliqturi identobebisabWoTa kavSiris daSla da konfliqturi identobebi

konfliqtebis erT-erTi TvalsaCino wyaro ara marto kavkasiaSi, aramed

mTel meore msoflio omisSemdgom msoflioSi Tavdapirveli, Zveli identobebis

gamococxleba iyo – iseTebisa, rogoricaa tomi, eTnikuroba an religia. Tavad

is faqti, rom “gamococxlebaze” vsaubrobT, gulisxmobs, rom es identobebi

arc statikuria da arc Tandayolili. isini mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli

socialur da politikur garemoebebTan, kerZod, maT biZgs aZlevs politikuri

procesebi. eTnikuri mobilizacia, rogorc wesi, xdeba sxva erTobasTan

konfliqtis atmosferoSi. am TvalsazrisiT, SegviZlia, visaubroT sarkisebur

nacionalizmze: xalxi erTiandeba saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg, rac aZlierebs

garkveuli jgufisadmi maTi kuTvnilebis gancdas.

saxelmwifos farglebSi erTobaTa Soris konfliqtebi warmoiSoba maSin,

roca mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali erTi an ramdenime jgufi aRar axdens

TviTidentificirebas saxelmwifosTan, romelsac miekuTvneba. amas safuZvlad

udevs diskriminaciis gancda, jgufuri identobis politikuri mobilizacia, an,

xSirad, am faqtorebis kombinacia, romlebic erTmaneTs ganapirobeben kidec.

amis Tavidan asacileblad, mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelebi xSirad

xels uwyoben eri-saxelmwifos mSneblobis process im mizniT, rom Caanacvlon

tomobrivi an eTnikuri identoba erovnuli identobiT, romelic mesame samyaros

mraval qveyanaSi xelovnuri da abstraqtuli cnebaa.

sabWoTa identoba da lokaluri identoba

eTnikuri an jgufuri identobebis gamodevnis meore da, SesaZloa, ufro

warmatebuli meTodia maTi Canacvleba ideologiiT. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi

komunistur ideologias unda waeSala gansxvavebani xalxebs Soris da

Camoeyalibebina Tvisebrivad axali adamiani. magram, rogorc zemoT iyo

aRniSnuli, sabWoTa saxelmwifos struqtura erovnul dayofas efuZneboda.

“erovnuli” erTobebi, romelTagan Sedgeboda sabWoTa kavSiri, ar iyo

eTnikurad homogenuri. am heterogenulobis Sedegi iyo “satitulo erovnebebis”

mier umciresobaTa asimilaciis faruli Tu aSkara politika. saqarTveloSi

102

iseTi gansaxvavebuli jgufebi, rogorebicaa svanebi da megrelebi, TandaTan

asimilirdnen qarTuli identobis SeTvisebiT. afxazebi da osebi

“gaqarTvelebis” politikis winaaRmdegi iyvnen. rusul identobaSi moqcevis

Zlieri tendencia vlindeboda ruseTis aramuslimi umciresobebis (komi, mari,

udmurtebi, mordovelebi) mimarT. am umciresobebisaTvis pirovnuli da jgufuri

identobis sakiTxi friad rTuli da gaurkveveli iyo.

kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis xalxTa umravlesobas am saukunis

dasawyisamde ar hqonda mkafio erovnuli identoba. somxebisa da qarTvelebis

garda, eris (nation) cneba am regionis xalxebSi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda.

azerbaijanelebisTvisac ki, romelTa xangrZlivi samwerlobo tradicia XVI

saukunidan iRebs saTaves, ZiriTadi identoba subnacionaluri (saxanoebi,

regionebi, klanebi) an zenacionaluri (islami) xasiaTisa iyo. igive SeiZleba

iTqvas CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTis mcire xalxebzec, romelTa sazogadoebebs

arafeodaluri klanuri struqtura hqonda. 1920-ian wlebSi moskovi cdilobda

ara marto gamaerTianebeli sabWoTa identobis, aramed erovnuli identobis

Camoyalibebasac, gansakuTrebiT “korenizaciis” pirvel wlebSi, roca

udamwerlobo enebs damwerlobebi Seuqmnes da maT gamoyenebas axalisebdnen.

sovetologebi amtkicebdnen, rom es, SesaZloa, keTdeboda imisaTvis, raTa

Tavidan aecilebinaT islamis droSiT kavkasieli xalxebis gaerTianeba da maTi

winaaRmdegoba; sapirispirod, xazi esmeboda maT Soris arsebul gansaxvavebebs.

magram sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier eris cnebis Semotana da ama Tu im formiT

damkvidreba faqtad rCeba. am politikis Sedegi SeiZleba davinaxoT 1990-iani

wlebis CeCneTis ajanyebaSi. Tu CrdilokavkasielTa wina ajanyebebi

mimdinareobda islamis saxeliT, rogorc wminda omi – RazavaTi, romelsac

mxars uWerda mTis xalxebis umravlesoba, axlandeli ajanyeba CeCeni eris

saxeliT warimarTa da, ZiriTadad, CeCneTiT Semoifargla. CeCnebi mxolod

sityvier mxardaWeras iRebdnen mTis zogierTi xalxisagan.

sabWoTa epoqaSi sabWoTa, komunisturi identoba yvelgan warmatebiT

damkvidrda, magram zogierT regionSi, magaliTad, CrdiloeT oseTSi, igi ufro

mtkice iyo, vidre sxvagan _ magaliTad, CeCneTSi. igulisxmeboda, rom sabWoTa

identoba yvelaze Zlieri da Rrma unda yofiliyo, magram xSirad es ar

Seesabameboda sinamdviles: xalxi aRiarebda sabWoTa identobas maTi jgufuri

identobis gverdiT, masTan erTad, da ara mis nacvlad; es ori identoba

Tanaarsebobda. erovnuli, religiuri, regionuli, klanuri, anu Tavdapirveli,

tradiciuli identobis daZleva xangrZlivi da iZulebiTi procesia. amasTan,

sabWouri klasobrivi identoba gamousadegari iyo kavkasieli xalxebisaTvis,

romelTa nawils winafeodaluri socialuri struqtura hqonda, maT ar

103

gaaCndaT warmoebis namdvili kapitalisturi wesi. amitom kavkasielebisaTvis

sabWoTa ideologia da identoba ufro Znelad gasagebi iyo, vidre sabWoTa

kavSiris evropeli moqalaqeebisaTvis. Tumca es problema naklebad

mniSvnelovani iyo, ramdenadac sabWoTa identobis paralelurad arsebuli

erovnuli da eTnikuri identoba arasodes ikrZaleboda, drodadro ki

waxalisebulic iyo centraluri xelisuflebis mier. meore mxriv, sabWoTa

xelisuflebamde arsebuli, albaT, yvelaze Zlieri identoba _ islami _

sistematurad iTrguneboda. sabWoTa reJimi zogadad religias da,

gansakuTrebiT, islams safrTxed miiCnevda, radgan mas SeeZlo rogorc xalxis

mobilizeba (rac naTlad aCvena ukanasknelma “wminda omma” _ RazavaTma

daRestanSi 1920-22 wlebSi), aseve sxvadasxva xalxebis gaerTianeba erTi droSis

qveS. zogierTi eri am identobebidan irCevda maTi respublikebis satitulo

erovnebis identobis gaTavisebas. amis magaliTia saqarTveloSi megrelebisa da

svanebis zemoT moyvanili SemTxveva. azerbaijanSi mcxovrebma bevrma qurTma,

lezgma da TaliSma azerbaijanuli identoba miiRo, rasac xels uwyobda am

xalxebisaTvis saerTo islamuri identoba. maTgan gansxvavebiT, es tendencia ar

Sexebia azerbaijanelebs somxeTSi an somxebs azerbaijanSi, aseve afxazebs

saqarTveloSi. Rrma lingvisturi da religiuri gansxvavebebisa da am xalxebis

urTierTundoblobis gamo, maT sakuTari identoba SeinarCunes.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi 1920-iani wlebis ~korenizaciis” xanmokle, magram

gadamwyveti periodis Semdeg centralurma xelisuflebam gaaaqtiura

adgilobrivi xalxebis rusifikaciis politika. kavkasielma xalxebma, Zalze

gansxvavebuli socialuri organizaciisa da Zlieri muslimuri identobis

wyalobiT, TiTqmis srulad SeinarCunes sakuTari identoba, magram didi

raodenobiT rusebis cxovrebam am regionSi gavlena iqonia maTze. adgilobrivi

mosaxleobisaTvis rusuli enis dauflebis aucileblobas ganaTlebisa da

karieris miznebi ganapirobebda. da mainc, am mxriv religias gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba hqonda: osebma, romlebic ZiriTadad marTlmadidebeli qristianebi

arian, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro metad ganicades rusifikacia. identobis

sakiTxi sabWoTa periodSi metad mniSvnelovani da rTuli iyo – erTi mxriv,

kavkasiis, rogorc regionis Taviseburebisa da, meore mxriv, centaluri

xelisuflebis politikis gamo, romelic gavlenas axdenda umciresobaTa

jgufur identobaze, ama Tu im identobis periodulad waxalisebiT an

daTrgunviT.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da identobis Zieba

104

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis ZiriTadi Sedegi, identobis sakiTxis

TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiis xalxebSi sabWoTa identobis gaqroba iyo.

gamaerTianebeli identoba, romelic akavSirebda sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs,

aRar arsebobda. es iyo faqtori, romelmac ganapiroba Zaladobrivi

konfliqtebis warmoSoba da romelic xSirad ugulebelyofili iyo am regionis

konfliqtebis Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier. sabWoTa identoba asustebda da

amcirebda konfliqtebs sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs Soris. Zmobisa da erTobis

yovelmxriv waxalisebuli oficialuri ritorika, rogorc Cans, namdvilad

axdenda gavlenas sabWoTa moqalaqeebis azrovnebaze. Tumca konfliqtisaken

midrekileba, udaod, arsebobda _ magaliTad, somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs, an

qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris, magram igi Sesustebuli iyo ara mxolod

iZulebis gziT, aramed, aseve, saerTo sabWoTa identobisa da misadmi

kuTvnilebis gulwrfeli da Rrma gancdiT. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

yvelaferi Seicvala. praqtikuladac da Teoriuladac, yovlismomcveli saerTo

identoba gaqra: praqtikulad _ radgan sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala TxuTmet

sxvadasxva respublikad, romelTagan oTxs teritoriebi hqonda kavkasiaSi

(ruseTi, azerbaijani, somxeTi da saqarTvelo), xolo Teoriulad _ radgan

kavSiris safuZveli, komunizmi, diskreditebul iqna da, faqtobrivad, arseboba

Sewyvita. realurad, individualur doneze, cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad, daiwyo

identobis Zieba. individisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi ramdenime SesaZlebloba

arsebobda: erTi nabijiT ukandaxeva da im respublikis erovnuli identobis

miReba, sadac is cxovrobda; fundamentur doneze gamocalkeveba da eTnikuri

jgufis, tomis an dabadebis adgilis identobis arCeva; an iseTi zeerovnuli

identobis miReba, rogoricaa islami muslimi mosaxleobisaTvis.

dRemde, rogorc Cans, umciresobaTa didi nawili winaaRmdegia im

respublikebis nacionaluri identuobis miRebisa, sadac cxovrobs. zog

SemTxvevaSi amas ufro rTuli forma hqonda. magaliTad, ararealuri iqneboda

imis molodini, rom azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi somxebi uecrad azebaijanelebad

igrZnobdnen Tavs. magram es im SemTxvevebSic ar moxda, roca gansxvaveba

xalxebs Soris naklebad mniSvnelovnad SeiZleba mogveCvenos. magaliTad,

lezgebi protests gamoTqvamen asimilaciis politikis winaaRmdeg, romlis

safrTxesac grZnoben; megrelebma da svanebma uecrad gaixsenes sakuTari

gansxvavebuloba danarCeni qarTvelebisagan; CeCnebma da inguSebma, romlebic

faqtobrivad erT xalxs warmoadgenen, erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba gadawyvites.

Tumca, savaraudod, am ukanasknel SemTxvevas, ZiriTadad, politikuri safuZveli

hqonda, radgan inguSebi fiqrobdnen, rom ruseTis farglebSi yofna aucilebeli

iyo sruli teritoriuli reabilitaciisa da 1943 wlidan CrdiloeT oseTis

105

mmarTvelobis qveS arsebuli (ix. Tavi VI) prigorodnis raionis

dabrunebisaTvis. ZiriTadad, eri-saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesi kavkasiis

respublikebSi dRemde warumatebeli iyo. mTavrobebma ver SeZles gaeRvivebinaT

umciresobebSi imis gancda, rom isini saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawils

warmoadgenen. es imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebi,

romlebic mTel regions moedo, umravles SemTxvevaSi win uswrebda

sabWoTAkavSiris daSlas. maSasadame, dezintegraciuli procesebi maSin daiwyo,

rodesac jer kidev naadrevia saubari eri-saxelmwifoebis mSeneblobis

politikaze, romelic respublikebSi sabWoTa identobis rRvevisaken iyo

mimarTuli.

identoba da konfliqti

regionis axali politikuri struqturiT gamowveulma identobis Ziebam

mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia mSvidobaze regionSi. rogorc Ted gurma (Ted Gurr)

aRniSna, arsebobs eTnikuri mobilizaciis ori winapiroba: Zlieri jgufuri

identoba da diskriminacia eTnikur safuZvelze1. kavkasiis erovnebebSi

jgufuri identobis gancdis gaRvivebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa eTnikuri

mobilizaciis Ria konfliqtad gadaqcevaSi. eTnikur safuZvelze arsebuli Tu

sabWoTa kavSirSi adamianis uflebaTa sruli ugulebelyofiT gamowveuli

diskriminaciis gancda 1980-ian wlebze gacilebiT adre arsebobda da bevr

adgilas droTa ganmavlobaSi Sesustda. aqedan gamomdinare, 1980-iani wlebis

dasasruls umciresobaTa mzardi konfliqturi ganwyobis ZiriTadi mizezi ara

diskriminacia, aramed jgufuri identobis gancdis gamZafreba iyo. aseTi

viTareba SeiZleba davinaxoT kofliqtebis umravlesobaSi, romlebic meore

msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi mZvinvarebda. umciresobebi maTi imJamindeli

statusis gadaxedvisaken miiswrafodnen da sakuTari respublikis arsebobis

uflebaze pretenzias gamoTqvamdnen.

ram ganapiroba es pretenziebi? SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom avtoritaruli

sabWoTa sistemis daSlis Semdeg Seqmnilma Tavisufalma atmosferom manamde

arsebuli faruli pretenziebi zedapirze amoativtiva. sabWoTa kavSirSi

mcxovrebi muslimebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mkvlevari aleqsandre

benigseni (Alexandre Bennigsen) jer kidev aTi wlis win acxadebda, rom, magaliTad,

yaraCaelebsa da balyarebs ukiduresad susti erovnuli, magram Zlieri

tomobrivi da lokaluri identobis gancda hqondaT2. aseTi viTarebidan

1 ix. Stephen Jones, “Georgia: A Failed Demotratic Tradition” Bremmer and Taras-is wignSi Nations and

Politics in Soviet Successor States, pp. 288-310, p. 291. 2 ix.Darrell Slider, “Crisis and Responce in Soviet Nationality Policy: The Case of Abkhazia”, Central Asian

Survay, vol. 4, no. 4, 1985, pp.51-68.

106

erovnul TviTgansazRvramde didi manZilia, romelic SeiZleba daZleuliyo

postsabWoTa epoqaSi mxolod erTianobisa da jgufuri identobis gamZafrebiT.

im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kavkasiaSi ormocdaaTze meti sxvadasxva

eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, cxadia, rom Tundac erTeuli amgvari SemTxvevebi

sabediswero iqneba regionSi mSvidobisa da stabilurobisaTvis. daRestnis

respublikaSi, romlis daaxloebiT ormilionian mosaxleobaSi ocdaaTze meti

eTnolingvisturi jgufia, saxalxo frontebi gaCnda bevr SedarebiT

mravalricxovan erovnebaSi, romlebic cdilobdnen privilegiebisa da

keTilganwyobis mopovebas mxolod sakuTari jgufisaTvis. amgvari, xSirad

urTierTsawinaaRmdego miswrafebebi, bunebrivia, seriozul safrTxes

warmoadgens da advilad SeuZlia iseTi sazogadoebis faqizi mravaleTnikuri

balansis darRveva, rogoric daRestania. amave dros, kavkasiis omgamovlili

qveynebis mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mxolod amZimebs am feTqebad viTarebas.

Ria da faruli konfliqtebis marTvis TvalsazrisiT, identobaTa

polarizacia, romelzec zemoT iyo saubari, gansxvavebul gamowvevas

warmoadgens. man ukiduresad mZafri forma miiRo im konfliqtebSi, romlebic

urTierTsiZulvilSi gadaizarda. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

konfliqtSi CarTuli xalxebis Zlieri jgufuri identobis SesustebisaTvis

xangrZlivi dro iqneba saWiro. miuxedavad imisa, rom mraval SemTxvevaSi

konfliqtebis gavrcelebis saSiSroeba realurad arsebobda, kavkasiis yvela

Ria konfliqti (mTiani yarabaRi, samxreT oseTi, afxazeTi, prigorodnis raioni

da CeCneTi) SeCerebul iqna. es ar niSnavs, rom maT gavlena ar iqonies mezobel

xalxebze. ufro piriqiT, kavkasiaSi arsebulma mudmivad arastabilurma

viTarebam da faqtma, rom regioni savsea yvela saxis iaraRiT, mniSvnelovnad

Seuwyo xeli eTnikuri mobilizaciis process da regionSi mcxovreb xalxebSi

daucvelobis SegrZneba warmoSva. regionuli ekonomikis mZime mdgomareobam

elementaruli saarsebo saSualebebis ukmarisoba ganapiroba; gaCnda saSiSroeba,

rom mwiri resursebisaTvis brZola eTnikur jgufebs Soris dapirispirebis

formas miiRebda. aseTi saSiSroeba arsebobda ruseTis federaciaSi 1998 wlis

ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg, iqidan gamomdinare, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis

respublikaTa umravlesobis Semosavlebi federaluri biujetis subsidiebzea

damokidebuli. regionuli gansxvaveba xSirad emTxveva eTnikur sazRvrebs;

amasTan, gansxvavebani, romlebic, SeiZleba, arc iyos eTnikurad ganpirobebuli,

xSirad swored aseTad aRiqmeba. Tu aseT SemTxvevaSi mosaxleoba ukve

mobilizebulia Zlieri koleqtiuri identobiT, eTnikuri konfliqti realur

saSiSroebad iqceva.

107

struqturuli arastabiluroba?struqturuli arastabiluroba?struqturuli arastabiluroba?struqturuli arastabiluroba?

sxva mTavari faqtori, romelic SeiZleba dagvexmaros kavkasiis

konfliqtebis arsis garkvevaSi da romelzedac miuTiTeben iseTi mkvlevarebi

rogoricaa neil makfarleini (Neil MacFarlane), aris sruqturuli

arastabiluroba. makfarleinis sityvebiT, sisuste saerTo da yvelaze

TvalSisacemi maxasiaTebelia im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romlebic

kavkasiis/kavkasiur regionul sistemas qmnian. garda sabWoTa teritoriuli

dayofis memkvidreobisa, avtori asaxelebs sxva mTavar/mniSvnelovan faqtorebs,

romlebic ganapirobeben politikur arastabilurobas kavkasiis qveynebSi.

pirveli aris sabWoTa memkvidreoba. sabWoTa epoqis dasasrulisaTvis, garda

avtonomiisa da saxelmwifo struqturis formebisa, miviReT mosaxleoba,

romlisTvisac ucxo iyo sajaro politika da undobloblad iyo ganwyobili im

saxelmwifosadmi, mTavrobisadmi da sinstitutebisadmi, romlebic marTavdnen am

respublikebs.

politikuri kulturis naklebobam xeli Seuwyo eTnikuri politikis da,

makfarleinis terminiT, ”politikuri lozungomaniis” zrdas. 1990-ian wlebSi

nacionalisti politikosebis gavlenis zrda saqarTveloSi (zviad

gamsaxurdia), azerbaijanSi (abulfaz elCibei, iskander hamidovi) da CeCneTSi

(johar dudaevi) da mTeli 1990-iani wlebis ganmavlobSi somxeTSi (orive

prezidenti ter-petrosiani da koCariani xelisuflebaSi yarabaxis talRaze

movidnen) miuTiTebs am fenomenze. arastabilurobis warmomSobi sxva

mniSvnelovani faqtori, ase rom vTqvaT, iyo ekonomikis katastrofuli

daqveiTeba mTels regionSi. amaSi Tavisi wvlili miuZRvis regionis SigniT da

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris danarCen nawilebTan sabWoTadroindeli savaWro

urTieTobebis moSlas _ rac garkveulwilad gamowveuli iyo regionSi

arsebuli konfliqtebiT da rasac mohyva blokadebi da embargoebi. Tumca, amaSi

Tanabrad miuZRvis brali sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikur struqturas, romelic

miznad isaxavda periferiuli respublikebis moskovze ekonomikuri

damokidebulebis uzrunvelyofas. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesi aris

kidev erTi mizezi kavkasiuri erTeulebis ekonomikis qaosuri mdgomareobisa,

romlis gaumjobeseba mxolod 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi daiwyo, Tumca

es aRmavloba Znelad Seedreboda am aTwleulis pirveli naxevris ekonomikur

vardnas. yvela saxelmwifo Znelad aRwevs 1990w. warmoebis dones. makfarleini

askvnis:

mokled, regionis yvela saxelmwifo sustia. maT ara aqvT SesaZlebloba

moipovon sakmarisi resursebi sakuTar sazogadoebebSi, raTa Tavi daimkvidron

rogorc WeSmaritad suvrenulma erTobebma. am qveynebis mosaxleobas naklebi

108

kavSiri aqvs sakuTar mTavrobebTan. . . (romlebic) ver akontroleben, Tu ra

xdeba maT teritoriebze. isini Rrma ekonomikuri krizisis pirispir aRmoCndnen.

es ki suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobisaTvis an

mezoblad myofi Zlieri politikuri moTamaSeebisagan Tavdasacavad sakmaris

safuZvels ver qmnis.

kavkasiis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi monawileobs Sida da gare

samkuTxedebi, es ukanaskneli TandaTan oTkuTxedad gardaiqmneba. sam

samxreTkavkasiur saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebi ayalibebs Sida samkuTxeds.

rogorc makfarleini aRniSnavs, ”am saxelmwifoTa Sida problemebi

dakavSirebulia maT Soris arsebul rTul urTierTobebTan”. am

urTierTobebis sirTule da erTmaneTTan raime nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobis

gamocdilebis arqona SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc destabilizaciis

mTavari faqtori. faqtia, rom regionis ori saxelmwifo saqarTvelo da

azerbaijani, mesame qveyanas, somxeTs mTavar safrTxed ganixilavs, rogorc

sakuTari TavisTvis, aseve mTeli regionisaTvis. somxeTs teritoriuli

pretenziebi aqvs orive qveyanasTan. es pretenziebi saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi

farulad gamoixateba, xolo azerbaijanis mimarT ufro Riad vlindeba.

erT-erTi TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli garemoeba regionis usafrTxoebis

problemebis safuZvlad moiazreba. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, somxuri

iredentizmi xels uSlis kavkasiis sam saxelmwifos Soris usafrTxoebis

sferoSi TanamSromlobas, sanacvlod, mas mohyveba nulovani Sedegi somxeT-

azerbaijanis urTierTobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo konfliqtSi

neitralitets inarCunebs, mas kargi urTierToba aqvs azerbaijanTan, radgan

orive qveyanas msgavsi problemebi aqvs teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebis

TvalsazrisiT. ufro metic, somxeT-azerbaijanis uSedego TamaSi saSualebas

aZlevs ucxo qveynebs, regionSi TavianTi interesebis dasacavad mxari dauWiron

erT an meore mxares. aqedan gamomdinare, Zlieria dapirispireba gare

samkuTxedSi Semaval TurqeTs, ruseTsa da irans Soris. sxva Sexedulebis

Tanaxmad, regionSi usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli rTuli viTarebis

safuZveli saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebis mier TavianTi ”mini-

imperiebis” SenarCunebis jiut mcdelobebSi da maT mier xalxTa

TviTgamorkvevis uflebis ignorirebaSia saZiebeli. am Sexedulebas, romelic

popularulia somxeTSi, aseve mxars uWers rusi analitikosebis nawili,

magaliTad, sergo miqoiani. Tumca, es Sexeduleba xandaxan winaaRmdegobrivad

gamoiyureba, roca ruseTis teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva xdeba CeCnebis

ajanyebis CaxSobiT, magram amave dros saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans

sayveduroben imis gamo, rom isini, rogorc miqoiani amtkicebs, yvelanairad

109

cdiloben TavianTi patara imperiebis xelSeuxeblobis dacvas. arsebobs

diametrulad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebic kavkasiis problemaTa safuZvlebis

Sesaxeb. samagierod, eWvgareSea Sedegi: sam kavkasiur qveyanas Soris

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi konsensusis miRwevis SeuZlebloba biZgs aZlevs gare

samkuTxedis aqtiurobas.

rigi mizezebis gamo, romlebic dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli momdevno

TavebSi, garkveuli periodidan ruseTi, TurqeTi da irani aqtiurad iyvnen

CarTulni kavkasiur urTierTobebSi. am sam saxelmwifos Soris iseTive

disbalansi Camoyalibda, rogoric arsebobs sam kavkasiur qveyanas Soris.

ruseTsa da irans bevri saerTo interesi hqonda imisaTvis, rom

gaerTianebuliyo mesamis – TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. maTi saerTo mizani iyo, xeli

SeeSalaT TurqeTisa da dasavleTis gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis kavkasiasa da

Sua aziaSi, rac safrTxes uqmnida maT interesebs axlo da Soreul momavalSi.

am samkuTxedSi TurqeTis sasargeblod aSS-s CarTvam kidev ufro daamZima

isedac rTuli urTierTobebi. Sedegad, gaizarda kavkasiis geopolitikuri

mniSvneloba, ramac ufro gaarTula urTierToba kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs

Soris. aman, mravali mizezis gamo, ufro Seaferxa, vidre daaCqara regionSi

arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis procesi.

pirvel rigSi, oTxive dainteresebuli saxelmwifo regionSi ufro

sakuTari interesebisTvis iRvwis, vidre samarTlianad da uangarod

konfliqtebis mogvarebisaTvis. sinamdvileSi, mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis

mxareebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli Senatris im dros, roca SvedeTi da fineTi

Suamavlis saxiT CaerTvnen molaparakebebSi. is faqti, rom ZiriTadi Zalebi

sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad moqmedebdnen, ganapirobebda konfliqtis

monawile mxareebis daeWvebas samSvidobo winadadebebis gulwrfelobaSi.

yvelaze mkafiod, ruseTis mier SeTavazebuli ”erTiani saxelmwifos” idea

uaryofil iqna azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos mier, rogorc moskovis iaraRi

regionSi Tavisi gavlenis SesanarCuneblad. meore mxriv, did saxelmwifoTa

pozicia gulisxmobs imasac, rom konfliqtis mxareebs urCevniaT, daelodon

movlenaTa ganviTarebas, vidre mowinaaRmdegesTan molaparakebebis gziT

kompromiss miaRwion. azerbaijanisa da somxeTis prezidentebis Sexvedrebi

TiTqos arRvevs am tendencias, magram maTi Sedegebi jerac ar Cans. did

saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinare geopolitikuri TamaSebi aRiqmeba, rogorc

SesaZlebloba, ”ivaWron” sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad. imis magivrad, rom axla

miaRwion kompromiss, dapirispirebuli mxareebi arCeven, daelodon ukeTes

momavals, roca gaZlierdebian da ufro xelsayreli SeTanxmebis miRwevis

SesaZlebloba eqnebaT. maTi azriT, amas, albaT, did saxelmwifoebTan aliansis

110

gziT moaxerxeben. aqedan gamomdinare, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kavkasiaSi didi

saxelmwifoebis intersebisa da moqmedebebis kvlevas. es sakiTxi ganxiluli

iqneba meTerTmete TavSi.

kkkkavkasiuri konfliqtebis arsi da mavkasiuri konfliqtebis arsi da mavkasiuri konfliqtebis arsi da mavkasiuri konfliqtebis arsi da mizezebiizezebiizezebiizezebi

sxvadasxva saxis da mimarTulebis sainformacio saSualebebis

saerTaSoriso urTierTobis, an ufro xSirad, gazeTebis cxeli ambebis

ganyofilebebSi, romlebic kavkasiur konfliqtebs exeba, iSviaTia statia,

sadac ar iyos Sexvde iseT statias, sadac axsnili ar iyos, rom konfliqti

arsebobs “muslim azerbaijanelebsa da qristian somxebs”, an “qristianul

ruseTsa da muslim CeCen meamboxeebs” Soris. uares SemTxvevaSi, saubaria

“qristian qarTvelebsa da muslim afxazebs Soris” arsebul konfliqtze.

konfliqtebis religiuri mizezebis Sesaxeb amgvari gancxadebebiT,

gacnobierebilad an gaucnobierebulad, amartiveben maT arss. sxva sityvebiT,

informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom dapirispirebuli mxareebi sxvadasxva religiis

aRmsareblebi arian, SeiZleba sakmarisi aRmoCndes im mkiTxvelisTvis, romelsac

ainteresebs, ra aris sinamdvileSi am konfliqtebis mizezebi. detalebSi

CaRrmaveba, TiTqos, saWirod ar Cans. sakiTxavia, aris Tu ara es namdvilad

swori axsna, Tu is gamoxatavs dasavleTis survils – martivi interpretacia

mouZebnos problemas, romelic sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris martivi an

advilad gasagebi gauTviTcnobierebeli moqalaqisTvis.

am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba arsebobdes survili, Teoriis moSveliebiT,

aixsnas konfliqti, rogorc religiuri, an didwilad religiuri faqtoriT

ganpirobebuli. rogorc gairkva, is, rom konfliqtSi monawile ori mxare

sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobisaa, sakmaris safuZvels ar iZleva imis

samtkiceblad, TiTqos konfliqti religiuri xasiaTisaa. religia SeiZleba iyos

konfliqtis ZiriTadi faqtori; igi SeiZleba iyos konfliqtis

sawyisi/amosavali, an konfliqtis monawile erT-erTi mxare mainc mas unda

gaiazrebdes, rogorc religiurs. SeiZleba agreTve saubari TanamorwmuneTa

darazmvaze konfliqtis pasuxad. religiis monawileobaze konfliqtSi saubari

SeiZleba mxolod maSin, Tu arsebobs erT-erTi mainc CamoTvlil pirobaTagan: 1)

erT-erTi mxare mainc mimarTavs religiur azrovnebas konfliqturi qcevis

legitimaciisaTvis; 2) mxareebis polarizacia dasabuTebulia umTavresad

religiuri identobiT da/an Teologiuri aspeqtiT.

kavkasiis konfliqtebis analizis dros da maTi arsis garkvevis

mcdelobisas, Znelia iTqvas, rom maTi mTavari sakiTxi teritoriaTa kontrolis

problemaa. rogorc ukve iqna naCvenebi, oTxi konfliqti gaCaRda sabWoTa

111

periodSi eTnikuri principiT Seqmnili avtonomiebis teritoriebze, romlebic

centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolisgan gaTavisufldnen cdiloben. yvelam

isargebla sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT da konstituciuri vakuumis fonze

damoukidebloba gamoacxada, imave dros roca amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba

miiRo TxuTmetma mokavSire respublikam. mxolod prigorodnis konfliqtis

SemTxveva gansxvavdeba danarCenebisgan. es aris konfliqti ruseTis federaciaSi

Semaval or respublikas Soris teritoriis nawilis gamo, romelsac adre

inguSebi akontrolebdnen, magram 1944 wels xelSi CrdiloeT oseTma Caigdo. (ix.

meeqvse Tavi). zemoT aRwerili xuTi konfliqti Tavisuflad SeiZleba

eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis jgufs mivakuTnoT. maT ar gaaCniaT

ideologiuri komponenti, Tu nacionalizms ar miviCnevT ideologiad, ekonomika

SeiZleba mxolod xelSemwyob faqtorad ganixilebodes. somxebis mtkicebiT,

mTiani yarabaRi ekonomikur diskriminacias ganicdida sabWoTa azerbaijanis

mxridan. mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar Tanxmdebian es sazogadoebebi konkretul

teritoriebze sxvebis kontrols, maT eTnikur kuTvnilebaSi da sxva eTnosis

warmomadgenlebis mier gansxvavebuli jgufis mimarT siZulvilSia saZiebeli.

Sesabamisad, arsebobs sxva jgufis wevrebis kontrolis qveS moqcevis SiSi.

faqtobrivad, konfliqtebis mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtori undoblobaze da

SiSze dafuZnebuli usafrTxoebis dilemaa. an kidev, SeiZleba mizezad

dasaxeldes dapirispirebuli mxareebis “sarkiseburi” nacionalizmi, romlebic

erTmaneTs ireklavs, amave dros, ganapirobebs erTmaneTs, mimarTulia

erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg, amave dros ki ar arsebobs erTmaneTis gareSe. es

konfliqtebi SeiZleba agreTve miviCnioT eTnopolitikurad, romlebic

eTnikurobis politizaciiT arian ganpirobebuli.

am eTnopolitikur konfliqtebSi religia xSirad asrulebs ori erTobis

gammijnavi faqtoris rols. eTnikurobaze saubris dros aucilebelia imis

garkveva, Tu ra gansxvavebaa or jgufs Soris. yvela SemTxvevaSi, mowinaaRmRege

jgufebi gansxvavdebian imiT, rom saubroben sxvadasxva enebze, erTmaneTisgan

gancalkevebiT cxovroben, aqvT sxvadasxva socialuri struqtura, aqedan

gamomdinare, gansxvavebuli foni da, aseve, umravles SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTis

mimarT undoblobis xangrZlivi istoria. CeCnebisa da rusebis, somxebisa da

azerbaijanelebis, inguSebisa da osebis gansxvavebuli religiuri aRmsarebloba

ueWvelad iyo damatebiTi faqtori maT Soris arsebuli dapirispirebisa da

undoblobis gaZlierebisaTvis.

eTnikurobis da ara religiis politizacia

112

sainteresoa, rom moxda eTnikurobis, da ara religiis politizacia. am

SemTxvevaSi religias, ubralod, Tavisi adgili hqonda eTnikuri identobis sxva

determinantebs Soris. amis kargi magaliTia saqarTvelo, sadac sabWoTa

periodSi sami avtonomiuri teritoria Sedioda: afxazeTi, aWara da samxreT

oseTi. mxolod aWaraSi, sadac muslimi qarTvelebi cxovroben, arsebobs

gamokveTili religiuri gansxvaveba. amasTanave, im faqtorma, rom aWarlebsa da

qarTvelebs aqvT saerTo ena da identobis sxva mravali saerTo elementi, da

gamonakliss mxolod religia warmoadgens, xeli Seuwyo Tbilissa da baTums

Soris konfliqtis eskalaciis Tavidan acilebas. meores mxriv, samxreT osebi

marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian, iseve rogorc afxazTa umravlesoba; Tumca

maT qarTvelebisagan eTnikuri identobis sxva determinantebi ganasxvavebs. am

faqtoris miuxedavad, konfliqti saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasa da

am teritoriebs Soris mwvave da sastiki iyo. omi afxazeTSi periodulad,

TiTqos, amJRavnebs mogvarebis niSnebs, magram xandaxan iseTive Znelad

mosagvarebeli Cans, rogorc CeCneTisa da mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtebi.

afxazeTi erTaderTia xuT konfliqts Soris, sadac 1998 wlis maisSi saomari

moqmedebebi ganaxlda.

religiuri konfliqtebis ganmapirobebeli zemoT naxsenebi ori

faqtoridan SeuZlebelia romelime maTganis ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobaze

saubari. konfliqtSi monawile arc erTi mxare ar mimarTavda religiur

azrovnebas konfliqturi qcevis legitimaciisaTvis. Tumca isic unda iTqvas,

rom meomar mxareTa garkveulma dajgufebebma mimarTes religiis eqstremistul

interpretacias. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis CeCneT-ruseTis omTan mimarTebaSi,

sadac islami drodadro xalxis SesakavSireblad gamoiyeneboda. amave dros,

mravali mkvlevari aRniSnavs adaTis, CveulebiTi samarTlis upiratesobas

islamis kanonebTan SedarebiT.1 religias iyenebdnen rogorc politikur iaraRs,

da ara rogorc sakuTari miznebis mqone faqtors. anatol lieveni (Anatol Lieven)

imowmebs joxar dudaevs, romelic 1994 wlis noemberSi aRniSnavda, rom SariaTi,

islamis kanonebi, iyo erT-erTi gza ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad, magram Tu rusebi Sewyvetdnen agresias, SariaTi ukana planze

gadaiwevda.2

somxeTisa da azerbaijanis SemTxvevaSi, somxeTis eklesiis kaTolikosi da

azerbaijanis Seix-ul-islami (sulieri lideri) 1988 wlis TebervalSi

SeuerTdnen TavianTi xalxis demonstraciebsa da moTxovnebs. vazgen I,

sruliad somexTa kaTolikosma, 1988 wlis 25 Tebervals, xuTi dRiT adre,

1ix. Anatol Lieven, Chechnya:Tombstobe of Russian Power, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998; Carlotta

Gall and Thomas de Waal, Chechnya: A small Victorious War, Basingstoke: Pan Books, 1997. 2Lieven, Chechnya:Tombstobe of Russian Power, p.364, damowm. Moscow Times, 22 November 1994.

113

werili miswera gorbaCovs, sadac sTxovda, gaeTvaliswebina mTiani yarabaRis

moTxovnebi somxeTTan SeerTebis Taobaze.1 is aseve gamovida somxeTis

televiziiT da mxari dauWira moTxovnebs.2 daaxloebiT amave dros, sasuliero

pirebi gamoCndnen erevanSi gamarTul Sekrebebze, sadac moiTxovdnen mTiani

yarabaRis aneqsias.3 1988 wlis miwuruls, asparezze gamoCnda samxreT kavkasiis

Sheikh-ul-Islam-i aiaTola alah-Sukur-faSazade. es mas Semdeg moxda, rac is

sastikad gaakritikes dumilis gamo. Tumca man azerbaijanis mTavrobas

TavSekavebulobisaken mouwoda. muharamis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic

SiitebisTvis glovis Tvea, faSazadem dagmo “islamis mtrebi” da morwmuneebs

mobilizaciisaken mouwoda.4 1989 wels vazgen I kidev erTi deklaracia

gamoaqveyna, sadac man daadastura Tavisi pozicia mTiani yarabaRis

TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.5

miuxedavad amisa, sulieri liderebi arasdros iyvnen Sesabamisi

moZraobebis wina rigebSi. maTi qmedebebi ganpirobebuli iyo ufro imis

surviliT, rom ar darCeniliyvnen movlenebs miRma; maTSi ar igrZnoboda

religiuri aRtkineba mtris winaRmdeg. ufro metic, isini Seikribnen, raTa

emsjelaT konfliqtis Taobaze da erTsulovnad gaemijnen Zaladobas.6

magaliTad, 1994 wels, vazgeni, faSazade da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

meTauri erToblivad mouwodebdnen somxeTisa da azerbaijanis liderebs “xelis

CamorTmevis” da mSvidobisaken.7 konfliqtis adreul etapze liderTa mier

gakeTebuli gancxadebebis ufro detaluri analizi gviCvenebs, rom isini “mxars

uWerdnen” saxalxo moZraobebs, mouwodebdnen ra “morwmuneTa

mobilizaciisaken”, magram Riad ar mimarTavdnen mosaxleobis arc erTYjgufs

da ar ubiZgebdnen xalxs Zaladobisaken; piriqiT, isini TavianT mTavrobebs

TavSekavebas urCevdnen. saerTod, sulieri liderebi naklebad iyvnen

sabrZolvelad ganwyobili, vidre zogadad mosaxleoba an TavianTi qveynebis

politikosebi. es namdvilad ar aris is, rasac SeiZleba movelodeT “religiuri

konfliqtis” SemTxvevaSi. rac Seexeba islamur fundamentalizms, Znelia mis

mxardaWeraSi faSazades dadanaSauleba. amas naTeli dasturia misi pasuxi

“Sunday Telegraph”-is kiTxvaze: swams Tu ara mas SariaTis? _ “ra Tqma unda, me

mwams SariaTis”, magram iqve RimiliT dasZina: “Seixi rom ar viyo, SesaZloa,

1ix. Jirair Libaridian, The Karabakh File, Cambridge, MA: Zoryan, 1988, pp 101-102. 2ix. A. Mansurov, Bielye Piatna Istorii i Perestroika, Baku: Yazici, 1990, pp 162-163. 3ix. Amir Taheri, Crescent in a Red Sky: The Future of Islam in the Soviet Union, London, Hutchinson, 1989,

p.171. 4iqve p.171. 5ix. V. Guroian, “Faith, Church, and Nationalism in Armenia”, in Nationalities Paper, vol. 20 no. 1, 1992. 6ix . Altstad, The Azerbaijani Turks, op. cit., p.127. 7ix. Mutafian , “Karabagh in the Twentieth Century”, op.cit., p.134.

114

sxvagvarad mepasuxa”. xalxs unda hqondes saxelmwifoebriobis formis arCevis

saSualeba.1

aravis SeuZlia imis mtkiceba, rom religiuri identoba, da ara

Teologiuri Sexedulebani, warmoadgens ZiriTad faqtors, romlebic safuZvlad

udevs mxareTa polarizacias. da mainc, isev da isev unda iTqvas, rom mxareTa

polarizacia eTnikur da politikur safuZvlebs emyareba.

religiuri SekavSireba Tu realpolitika?

religiuri SekavSirebis TvalsazrisiT, bosniis msgavsad, kavkasiaSic

aSkaraa “civilizaciuri SekavSirebis” suraTi. ruseTi marTebulad ganixileba

azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg somxeTis, xolo inguSeTis winaaRmdeg CrdiloeT

oseTis mxardamWerad. ruseTi xSirad miiCneva antimuslimur Zalad, romelic

mxars uWers muslimebis SezRudvas, dawyebuli bosniidan da kosovodan, mTeli

kavkasiis CaTvliT _ tajikeTamde. magram, amave dros, ruseTi mxars uWerda

aWarlebsa da afxazebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. kavkasiis qveynebidan ruseTi

yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobilia saqarTvelos da ara azerbaijanis mimarT.

muslimur samyaroSi Znelad Tu iarsebebs erTiani pozicia azerbaijanisa

da CeCneTis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, mraval muslimur qveyanaSi iyo

demonstraciebi, mimarTuli CeCneTSi ruseTis politikis winaaRmdeg,2 magram

CeCenTa amboxs yvelaze Zlieri mxardaWera mxolod baltiis qveynebsa da

poloneTSi hqonda.3 aseve, swored sekularuli TurqeTi, da ara islamisturi

irani yvelaze seriozulad uWerda mxars azerbaijansa da CeCneTs konfliqtebis

dros. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa iranis politika kavkasiaSi (ix. Tavi VIII),

romelic amasTanave velaze sainteresod da mkafiod aCvenebs evraziul

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi religiasTan SedarebiT,^eTnikurobis

prioritetulobas. iranis 20 milionian azerbaijanul mosaxleobaSi

iredentizmis gaZlierebis safrTxis gamo, iranma sabolood arCia somxeTis

mxardaWera azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli, iseve

rogorc irani, warmoadgens erT-erT did Siitur saxelmwifos4 samxreT

kavkasiaSi dResdReobiT saukeTeso ormxrivi urTierTobebi arsebobs

azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos Soris, maSin rodesac saqarTvelo-somxeTis

1ix. Richard G. Hovannisian, “Caucasian Armenia between Imperial and Soviet Rule: The Interlude of National

Independence”, in Suny, Transcaucasia, op. cit., p.293. 2ix. Tololyan , “National Self-Determination”, op.cit., p.91 3sazRvari naxWevansa da TurqeTs Soris ar arsebobda naxWevnis avtonomiuri respublikis Seqmnamde. is Seiqmna TurqeTsa da irans Soris 1930-ian ww. sazRvris gadanacvlebis gamo, rodesac es sazRvari TurqeTs miekuTvna; magram, amave dros, iranisaTvis am teritoriuli danakargis kompensacia moxda Soreul samxreTSi. 4yofili sabWoTa kavSiris avtonomiuri teritoriebis momoxilva ix. Svante E. Cornell,

Autonomous Territories In the Former Soviet Union: Transition and Prospects for Peace and Conflict, Uppsala: Department of East European Studies Working Paper no. 53, 1999.

115

urTierToba bevrad ufro daZabulia. zogierTi somexi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom

somxeT-azerbaijanis omi rom ara, SesaZloa konfliqti yofiliyo

saqarTvelosTan, romlis mizezi, albaT, saqarTveloSi, somxeTTan mosazRvre

javaxeTis regionSi kompaqturad mcxovrebi somexi umciresoba iqneboda (ix.

Tavi IV).1

am faqtebis fonze, niSandoblivia dasavlur mediasa da samecniero

wreebSi arsebuli Tvalsazrisi. magaliTad, samuel hanTingtoni uerTdeba rusi

analitikosebis mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom “araformaluri koaliciebi

yalibdeba civilizaciuri xazebis gaswvriv. qristianuli somxeTi, saqarTvelo,

mTiani yarabaRi da CrdiloeT oseTi upirispirdebian muslimur azerbaijans,

afxazeTs, CeCneTsa da inguSeTs”.2 mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelo oseTTan erTad

upirispirdeba azerbaijans, cota ar iyos, ucnauria. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom

saqarTvelos Tbili urTierToba hqonda dudaevis CeCneTTan, nacionalisti

gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis periodSi. Tavisi argumentis gansamtkiceblad

hanTingtoni dasZens, rom “ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovrebi muslimebi

SekavSirdnen CeCnebis meTaurobiT”, mibaZes ra CuvaSeTis respublikis magaliTs,

romelmac moqalaqeeebi gaaTavisufla CeCneTSi samsaxurisagan”.3 CuvaSeTi erT-

erTi im respublikaTagani iyo, romelmac protesti gamoTqva ruseTis qmedebaTa

gamo. CuvaSeTi ZiriTadad qristianulia da iq mcire raodenobiT arian

muslimebi, miuxedavad xalxis Turquli warmoamvlobisa. CeCneTis irgvliv

darazmvas mniSvnelovani masStabi ar miuRia. igi im CrdilokavkasielebiT

Semoifargla (daRestansa da inguSeTSi), romelTac eTnikuri da religiuri

kavSiri aqvT CeCnebTan; maT gamoxates protesti da Seecadnen ruseTis samxedro

Semotevis Tavidan acilebas, maSin rodesac centraluri aziisa da ruseTis sxva

muslimi xalxebi kvlav dumdnen.4 am Tvalsazrisma gaarTula rogorc

saqarTvelo_samxreT oseTis, aseve saqarTvelo-afxazeTis konfliqtis gageba;

dadgenilia, rom afxazebi afxazeTSi, ZiriTadad, ar arian muslimebi,

gansxvavebiT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi afxazebisagan. civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis

Teoriis damcvelebi SecdomiT miiCneven afxazebs muslimebad, an, ubralod,

ugulebelyofen am konfliqts, iseve rogorc 1990 wlis yirgizTa da uzbekTa

konfliqts oSis regionSi da 1989 wels muslimi Turqi mesxebis wmendas

muslimur uzbekeTSi.

imis mtkiceba, rom muslimebi SekavSirdnen kavkasiis romelime

konfliqtis dros, sul mcire, gazviadebaa, Tu tyuili ara. sainteresoa, rom am

1ix. Mutafian, “Karabagh in the Twentieth Century”, op. cit., p145. 2iqve., gv. 146. 3Suny, Looking Toward Ararat, op. cit., p.186. 4mTian yarabaRsa da naxWevanSi 1959-1979 ww. mosaxleobis ganawilebis Sesaxeb mimoxilva ix. Alexandre Bennigsen da S. Enders Wimbush, Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide. London, Hurst, 1985.

116

konfliqtebis warmosaxvam civilizaciaTa Sejaxebebad, iseve rogorc

iugoslaviis konfliqtisa, didi STabeWdileba ver moaxdina muslimebze

msoflio masStabiT. Tumca mas gacilebiT didi warmateba ergo dasavleTSi,

SesaZloa imitom, rom mediis roli iq ufro mniSvnelovania. faqtia, rom

dasavleTis qveynebma gasaocari daudevroba gamoiCines im SemTxvevebis mimarT,

romlebic SeiZleba qristianebsa da muslimebs Soris agresiul omebad

daxasiaTdes, rogorc es iyo bosniaSi, kosovoSi, mTian yarabaRSi, CeCneTsa da

inguSeTSi. serbebis eTnikuri wmenda bosniaSi metismetad axlo iyo evropasTan

imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo misi ugulebelyofa. amasTanave es

imdenad aSkara SemTxveva iyo, rom SeuZlebeli gaxda misi damaxinjeba da

arasworad gageba.

amis sapirispirod, kavkasiis movlenebi, maT Soris 600.000 azerbaijanelis

eTnikuri wmenda somxeTis mier okupirebul azerbaijanul teritoriebze,

miCqmalul iqna, iseve rogorc omis kanonebisa da adamianTa uflebebis

umagaliTo darRveva CeCneTSi. dasavlur mediaSi gabatonebulma arasworma

Sexedulebam da konfliqtebis gamartivebulma axsnam, misma Sedegebma

dasavleTis politikaze aRniSnul regionSi civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis scenaris

axdenil winaswarmetyvelebad qcevis safrTxe warmoSva. kavkasiis konfliqtebis

Seswavla cxadyofs, rom religias arc erT maTganSi ar hqonda gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba. religiis roli Semoifargleboda eTnikuri identobis erT-erT

determinantad yofniT. is garemoeba, rom religias, romelic SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnas morwmuneTa SesakavSireblad konfliqturi situaciis dros,

naklebad mimarTavdnen, dakavSirebulia sabWoTa aTeizmis 70 wlian

batonobasTan, romelmac udaod SezRuda religiis roli yofili sabWoTa

kavSiris yvela xalxis individualur da socialur cxovrebaSi. kavkasiis

xalxebs Soris arsebuli mravalferovani urTierTobebidan romelma Seasrula

gadamwyveti faqtoris roli, romelmac gavlena iqonia movlenebze? Cven ukve

aRvniSneT eTnikuri politikis mniSvneloba, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli

gareSe mtris winaaRnmdeg darazmvasTan. garda amisa, mWidro da xSirad

urTierTsapirispiro urTierTobaTa Camoyalibeba _ saqarTvelosTan CeCneTis

urTierTobis gaTvaliswinebiT _ Seferadebulia erTaderTi faqtoriT:

realpolitikiT. kavkasiis xalxebs Soris urTierTobis ganmsazRvreli

faqtori ara religiaze dafuZnebuli civilizaciuri dayofaa, aramed, ubralod,

nacionalizmisa da nacionaluri interesebis kombinacia.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

am Tavis mizani iyo garkveuli safuZvlis Seqmna kavkasiis TiToeuli

konfliqtis kerZo aspeqtebis analizisa da gagebisaTvis. ruseTis mier kavkasiis

dapyrobisa da sabWoTa mmarTvelobis memkvidreoba kvlevis istoriul CarCos

gansazRvravs. regionSi arsebuli arastabilurobis struqturisa da

konfliqtebis bunebis gaazreba gvexmareba am konfliqtebis msgavsebaTa,

gansxvavebaTa da urTierTkavSirebis danaxvaSi, rac am gamokvlevis mizania. axla

ki droa, gadavideT kavkasiis konkretuli konfliqtebis Seswavlaze. marTebuli

iqneba regionis yvelaze rTuli konfliqtiT dawyeba, romelsac, amave dros,

regionul da saerTaSoriso garemoze gavlenis moxdenis udidesi potenciali

gaaCnia. es aris mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris.

Tavi IVTavi IVTavi IVTavi IV

saqarTvelo: unitaruli ocnebebidan asimetriusaqarTvelo: unitaruli ocnebebidan asimetriusaqarTvelo: unitaruli ocnebebidan asimetriusaqarTvelo: unitaruli ocnebebidan asimetriul federaciamde? l federaciamde? l federaciamde? l federaciamde?

Tavisi amierkavkasieli mezoblebisagan saqarTvelo erTi ZiriTadi aspeqtiT

gansxvavdeba: eTnikurad heterogenuli mosaxleobiT. dRes, azerbaijanelebis

mier qveynis iZulebiT datovebis Semdeg, somxeTi, ZiriTadad, monoeTnikuri

saxelmwifoa. azerbaijanSi cxovroben lezgebi, qurTi TaliSebi, aseve rusebi;

azerbaijanelebi qveynis mosaxleobis 90% Seadgenen. qarTvelebi, 1989 wlis

sabWoTa aRweris monacemebiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 70%-ze mets ar

warmoadgendnen. termini qarTvelebi gamoiyeneba qarTul enaze molaparake

xalxis aRsaniSnavad _ sakuTriv qarTvelebisa da monaTesave qarTvelur enebze

molaparake sub-eTnikuri jgufebis: megrelebisa da svanebis, aseve muslimi

qarTvelebis _ aWarlebis. yvela am jgufis identoba, ZiriTadad, qarTulia,

Tumca Tanaarsebobs sxva identobasTan. eTnikuri jgufebis yvelaze viwro

gansazRvrebiT, qarTvelebis proporcia kidev ufro mcire iqneba. saqarTveloSi

mTlianad 80-mde eTnikuri jgufia. es ar aris iSviaTi movlena yofil sabWoTa

kavSirSi. saqarTvelos eTnikuri suraTi 1989 wlisaTvis aseTi iyo:

saqarTvelos demografiuli suraTisaqarTvelos demografiuli suraTisaqarTvelos demografiuli suraTisaqarTvelos demografiuli suraTi

eTnikuri jgufieTnikuri jgufieTnikuri jgufieTnikuri jgufi xvedriTi wili xvedriTi wili xvedriTi wili xvedriTi wili mTlian mosaxleobaSimTlian mosaxleobaSimTlian mosaxleobaSimTlian mosaxleobaSi

qarTvelebi 70.1

somxebi 8.1

rusebi 6.3

azerbaijanelebi 5.7

118

osebi 3.0

berZnebi 1.9

afxazebi 1.8

ukrainelebi 0.9

naTelia, rom saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi umciresobebia somxebi, rusebi

da azerbaijanelebi. es ar aris mTavari problema, Tu ar CavTvliT areulobis

mudmiv SiSs somexTa mxridan, romlebic kompaqturad cxovroben axalqalaqSi,

somxeTis sazRvarze, romlis gamoc 1918 wels damoukidebeli saqarTvelosa da

somxeTis respublikebs Soris omi mimdinareobda. rus mosaxleobaSi gare

migraciis tendencia 1980-ian wlebSi gaCnda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo im

droisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli antirusuli atmosferoTi.

azerbaijanelebi, ZiriTadad, simSvides inarCunebdnen. 1989 wlis provokacias,

romelsac safuZlad edo mcdari informacia qarTvelebsa da azerbaijanelebs

Soris samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi momxdari eTnikuri dapirispirebis

Taobaze, qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis mobilizacia mohyva; saqme kinaRam

“marneulisken msvlelobamde” mivida, rogorc es moxda imave wlis noemberSi

cxinvalis mimarTulebiT. magram es Tavidan iqna acilebuli erovnuli

moZraobis zomieri frTis gavleniT da azerbaijanis saxalxo frontTan

pirdapiri kavSirebiT1. ukanasknel wlebSi somxeTisaTvis saqarTvelos gavliT

energiisa da sxva saqonlis miwodebis sawinaaRmdego sabotaJur qmedebebSi

brals saqarTveloSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelebs debdnen.

sabWoTa nacionaluri Teoriis Sesabamisad, somxebs, azerbaijanelebsa da

rusebs ar gaaCndaT aranairi avtonomiuri statusi, ramdenadac maT TavianTi

samSoblo hqondaT kavSiris sxva respublikebSi. sabWoTa saqarTveloSi

arsebobda erTi avtonomiuri olqi da ori avtonomiuri respublika. maT Soris

yvelaze didi iyo afxazeTis assr, daaxloebiT naxevarmilioniani mosaxleobiT,

romelTagan 1989 wlisaTvis afxazebi 90.000 Seadgendnen, xolo umravlesoba,

ZiriTadad, megreli qarTvelebi iyvnen. respublikis kidev erTi assr Seiqmna

muslimi qarTvelebisaTvis _ aWarlebisaTvis, qveynis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi,

TurqeTis sazRvarze. mosaxleobaSi aWarlebis proporcia ucnobia, ramdenadac

isini aRwerebSi, 1926 wlidan moyolebuli, qarTvelebad iTvlebian; Tumca,

aWarlebi aWaraSi umniSvnelo umravlesobad miiCnevian da daaxloebiT 60-65%

Seadgenen. saqarTvelos teritoriaze erTaderTi avtonomiuri olqi osebs

ekuTvnoda. es iyo samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. im sakiTxze saubrisas, Tu

ratom ar mieniWa samxreT oseTs assr statusi, xazs usvamen CrdiloeT oseTis

1 interviu avTandil imnaZesTan, Tbilisi, oqtomberi, 1998.

119

rolsa da, rogorc saqarTveloSi amtkiceben, osebis araadgilobriv

warmomavlobas. am teritoriaze osebi ramdenime aseuli wlis win movidnen,

magram maTi miCneva axalmosulebad friad sakamaToa. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ori

osuri teritoria specifikur SemTxvevad gvevlineba sabWoTa nacionalur

politikaSi. CrdiloeT oseTi osebis samSoblodaa miCneuli; ase rom, CrdiloeT

oseTis assr samxreT osebis “mSobeli” respublika iyo. amrigad, saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi osebis avtonomiur teritorias, CrdiloeT oseTTan SedarebiT,

ufro dabali administraciuli statusi mieniWa.

amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebs Soris saqarTvelo, udaod, yvelaze metad

dazaralda Sida brZolebiT. 1988 wlidan man gadaitana ori omi eTnikur

umciresobebTan da erTi, xanmokle, oretapiani samoqalaqo omi. ruseTi yvelaze

aqtiurad ereoda saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi; rusebi sxvadasxva xarisxiT

Riad exmarebodnen ajanyebul umciresobebs; keTdeboda gancxadebebi rusebis

monawileobaze qveynis prezidentis, eduard SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

teroristul aqtebSi. am movlenebis safuZvlebi saZiebelia ara sabWoTa

periodamdel istoriaSi, rogorc somxeTisa da azerbaijanis SemTxvevaSi, aramed

swored sabWoTa epoqaSi, gorbaCovis perestroikis periodSi. Tumca adrindelma

movlenebma, XVIII saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, saufZveli Seumzada 1990-iani

wlebis ambebs.

istoriuli foniistoriuli foniistoriuli foniistoriuli foni

qarTuli identobis ZiriTadi komponenti enaa, xolo religia ukana

planzea gadaweuli; ase rom, aWarlebi, romlebic muslimebi arian, magram

qarTulad laparakoben da iziareben qarTul kulturas, Tumca ki Zlieri

Turquli elementebiT, qarTvelebis mier qarTvelebad arian miCneulni. qarTuli

ena erTaderTi saliteraturo enaa enaTa qarTveluri jgufisaTvis, romelic

aseve moicavs damwerlobis armqone svanursa da zanurs, romelTaganac

ukanaskneli iyofa erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul megrulad da lazurad,

romelzec, ZiriTadad, Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi lazebi

laparakoben. sazogadod miRebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, saqarTvloSi am

enebze molaparake xalxebi Seadgenen erT ers (nation), romlis saliteraturo

ena qarTulia1. damoukidebeli da originaluri qarTuli anbani Seiqmna ax.w. V

saukuneSi. im tomebis Camoyalibeba, romlebmac SemdgomSi qarTveli eri (nation)

Seqmnes, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis miwuruls daiwyo. dasavlur qarTuli samefo _

kolxeTi _ daarsda Zv.w. VI saukuneSi, rasac mohyva sxva samefo-samTavroebis

1 ix. Revaz Gachechiladze, The New Georgia: Space, Society, Politics, London, University College of London

Press, 1995, gv. 17.

120

Camoyalibeba. religia yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementi iyo qarTveli eris

(nation) formirebaSi. saqarTvelom qristianoba ax.w. 331 wels miiRo. amasTanave,

aRmosavlur qarTul samefoebs, romlebic dasavlur samefoebze adre

gaqristiandnen, brZola uxdebodaT zoroastrul iranis imperiasTan. am

periodSi religiuri kuTvnileba, ra Tqma unda, ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre

romelime sxva, Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi myofi an bundovani “eTnikuri”

identoba; unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnikuroba im periodSi Tanamedrove

mniSvnelobiT ar gaiazreboda. saqarTvelo, rogorc eTnikuri teritoria, X

saukuneSi Seiqmna da ganisazRvra im miwebiT, romelzec qarTul enaze

aRsruldeboda saeklesio RvTismsaxureba da locva.

IX saukuneSi abazgTa samefo _ an abxazia, romelsac qarTulad afxazeTi

ewodeba, mTels dasavleT saqarTveloze ganivrco da gadaiqca afxazTa

samefod, romlis dedaqalaqi quTaisi iyo. am samefom maleve Secvala berZnuli

ena qarTuliT. misi eqspansiis tendenciam gamoiwvia samefos gafarToeba

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. 978 wels afxazTa samefo da qarTvelTa samefo

gaerTiandnen dinastiuri kavSiriT, ramac, praqtikulad, mTeli saqarTvelos

gaerTianeba ganapiroba1. mas ewoda “saqarTvelo”, qveynis amsaxveli qarTuli

termini, romelic dRemde ZalaSia. es procesi maSin dasrulda, rodesac

Tbilisis saamiro, muslimTa da arabTa mmarTvelobis ukanaskneli naSTi,

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dabrunda da 1122 wels misi dedaqalaqi gaxda. XIII

saukunisaTvis saqarTvelo gafarTovda da gavrcelda sivrceze, romelic mis

dRevandel teritorias orjer aRemateboda, moicavda ra dRevandel somxeTsa

da azerbaijans. XIIIOsaukunis dasawyisSi monRolTa eqspansiam Seaferxa

saqarTvelos gafarToeba da, sabolood, saxelmwifos daSla gamoiwvia.

aRmocenda ori dapirispirebuli dinastia: erTi _ aRmosavleT, meore ki

dasavleT saqarTveloSi; saqarTvelom veRarasodes aRidgina is statusi,

romelic mas XIII saukunis dasawyisSi hqonda. didma regionma dakarga savaWro

gzis mniSvneloba; amave dros, samxreT kavkasiis geopolitikuri mniSvneloba,

saqarTvelos sazianod, izrdeboda2. Semdgom saukuneebSi Camoyalibebuli

regionuli wesrigis pirobebSi, saqarTvelo momwyvdeuli aRmoCnda TurqeTisa

da iranis mzard imperiebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac XVI saukunis

pirvel wlebSi es ukanaskneli gaerTianda. XV saukuneSi saqarTvelo kidev

ramdenime samTavrod daiyo, ramac daRi daasva mis beds. igi TandaTan moeqca

muslimuri imperiebis gavlenisa da mmarTvelobis qveS. aman misi kidev ufro

daqucmaceba gamoiwvia; mas Semdeg, rac 1555 wels transkavkasia gaiyo, dasavleT

1 iqve, gv. 21. 2 iqve, gv. 23.

121

saqarTvelo moeqca otomanTa batonobis, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelo _

sefianTa sparseTis gavlenis qveS.

XVIII saukunisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi axali Zala _ ruseTi gamoCnda.

Turqul-iranuli metoqeoba male samkuTxedma Secvala, mas Semdeg, rac regions

axal aqtorad ruseTi daemata. XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi saqarTvelom

moaxerxa, kvlav moepovebina avtonomiis garkveuli saxe erekle II meTaurobiT,

romelic im droisaTvis erTaderTi de faqto damoukidebeli monarqi iyo

kavkasiis regionSi. ramdenadac saqarTvelo SedarebiT avtonomiuri moTamaSe

gaxda, man miipyro ruseTis imperiis yuradReba, romelic, Tbil zRvebze

gasasvlelis ZiebaSi, sul ufro metad iyureboda samxreTiT. or mtrul

muslimur imperias Soris moqceuli saqarTvelosaTvis orTodoqsul-

qristianuli ruseTi erTaderT logikur mokavSired Canda.

ronald grigor sunim (Ronald Grigor Suny) am periodis qarTvel mmarTvelTa

dilema metad mWevrmetyvelurad aRwera: “arCevani, romlis winaSe saqarTvelos

arc ise adreuli etapis mmarTvelebi idgnen, iyo arCevani muslim mmarTvelTa

erTgul samsaxursa da damoukideblobis bundovan safasurs Soris”1. miuxedavad

amisa, erekle II 1762 wels miiRo gvirgvini da misi mmarTvelobis qveS

saqarTvelo WeSmaritad gaxda birTvi imisa, rasac suni “myife kavkasiur

imperias” uwodebs. amasTanave, viTardeboda urTierTobebi ruseTTan. 1768 wlis

ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros ruseTma saqarTvelo kavkasiaSi TurqeTis

warmatebebis SesaCereblad gamoiyena. erekle amas daTanxmda, radganac

sanacvlod otomanTa winaaRmdeg mxardaWera aRuTqves. Tumca TurqeTi safrTxes

mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos _ imereTis, da ara aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mmarTvelebs uqmnida, rac ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris kavSirebis ganviTarebas

SesaZlebelobas qmnida. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTs dapirebuli mxardaWera ar

aRmouCenia, rusi generlebi ise iqceodnen, TiTqos mowyalebis gascemdnen da

xSirad Ralatobdnen qarTvelebs, tovebdnen ra maT bedis anabara iranisa da

TurqeTis gacilebiT didi armiebis pirispir. aman erekle aiZula efiqra, rom

misTvis da saqarTvelosaTvis saWiro iyo Zlieri, werilobiTi valdebuleba

ruseTis mxridan.

1783 wels georgievskis traqtatiT saqarTvelom scno ruseTis mefis

proteqtorati. keTilganwyoba aRdga sami dapirebiT, romelTaganac ruseTs arc

erTi ar Seusrulebia: samefo gvirgvinis garantireba ereklesaTvis da misi

memkvidreebisaTvis; saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba; saqarTvelos dacva

romelime muslimuri imperiis Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi.

1 ix. Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994

(gadamuSavebuli gamocema), gv. 55.

122

1795 wels saqarTvelos, ruseTTan misi kavSiris gamo, Tavs daesxa sparseTi;

ruseTs araferi gaukeTebia saqarTvelos mxardasaWerad. 1801 wels aRmosavleT

qarTuli samefo aneqsirebul iqna ruseTis mier da tiflisis provinciad

(gubernia) iqca. aqedan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos mmarTveli iniSneboda

ruseTis mefis mier, rac 1783 wlis SeTanxmebis darRveva iyo. male saqarTvelos

eklesiamac dakarga damoukidebloba. imereTi dapyrobil iqna 1810 wels;

saqarTvelos zogierTma mmarTvelma Tavad arCia ruseTis hegemoniis aRiareba,

TviTmmarTvelobis garkveuli formis SenarCunebis sanacvlod; ase SeinarCuna

avtonomia guriam 1828 wlamde, samegrelom da svaneTma 1857 wlamde, afxazeTma ki

1864 wlamde. dasavleT saqarTvelos am regionebs quTaisis provincia, an

quTaisis gubernia ewoda. ruseTTis mmarTvelobis windauxedaobis erTi

sasargeblo Sedegi iyo 1828 wels im yvelafris gaerTianeba, rasac qarTvelebi

dRes qarTul miwebad miiCneven, mesxeTisa da javaxeTis regionebis dapyroba,

sabolood ki baTumis olqis SemoerTeba 1878 wlis berlinis xelSekrulebis

Tanaxmad1.

afxazeTis avtonomia 1864 wels gauqmda, imave wels sabolood CaaxSes

Cerqezebis ajanyeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. SesaZloa, CerqezebTan mWidro

eTnikuri naTesaobis gamo, afxazebi aRmoCndnen im periodis deportaciebis

msxverplni, romelmac, sxva movlenebTan erTad, ubixi xalxis mTliani

ganadgureba gamoiwvia. sainteresoa, rom rusuli Tvalsazrisidan logikurad

gamomdinare SexedulebiT, muslimi mosaxleoba deportaciebis ZiriTadi samizne

obieqti iyo. ramdenadac TiTqmis yvela Cerqezi, CeCeni da daRestneli muslimebi

iyvnen, am xalxebidan deportirebulebi sxvadasxvanairad SeirCnen. afxazebs

Soris, romlebic iyofodnen qristianebad da muslimebad, TiTqmis yvela

muslimi afxazi iqna gadasaxlebuli; amdenad, dResdReobiT afxazeTSi yvela

afxazi qristiania, maSin rodesac TurqeTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi

gadasaxlebul yvela afxazs muslimi winapari hyavda.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis ajanyebebis gamoZaxili afxazeTiT ar ifargleboda.

yvela araruss eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen, mkvidrdeboda aSkarad homogenuri

erebis dayofa-danawevrebis politika. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, ruseTis

xelisuflebam scada qarTveli eris arsebobis uaryofa. mosaxleobis aRwerisas,

magaliTad, 1897 wels, qarTvel mosaxleobaSi 11 gansxvavebuli “eTnikuri

jgufi” gamoyves. radganac saqarTvelos rusifikaciis mcdeloba uSedego

aRmoCnda, Semdgomi logikuri nabiji iyo qarTvelebis dayofa sub-eTnikur

jgufebad, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli erTiani nacionalizmi da

ajanyebebi. igive politika, kidev ufro meti warmatebiT, ganxorcielda

1 ix. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia, gv. 26-27.

123

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT CerqezeTSi, rogorc caristul, aseve

sabWoTa periodSi. amasTanave, qarTvel mecnierTa Tanaxmad, XIX saukunis

miwuruls ruseTma ganaxorciela RonisZiebani, mimarTuli SuRlisa da

winaaRmdegobis daTesvisaken, rac miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos dasustebas: es

iyo umciresobaTa waxaliseba konkretul teritoriebze. magaliTad, gaixsna

skolebi megrul da svanur enebze, raTa waexalisebinaT am jgufebis

gansxvavebuli identobebi. afxazTa SemTxvevaSi es strategia ufro advilad

ganxorcielda, radgan afxazuri ena ar aris dakavSirebuli qarTulTan.

Sedegad, afxazebisaTvis rusulis swavlebam gamoiwvia qarTulis, rogorc

afxazTa meore enis, TandaTanobiT Secvla rusuliT.

sabWoTa kavSiris ganmtkicebasTan erTad, es procesi kidev ufro

gamoikveTa, ramdenadac rusuli gaxda “eTnosTaSorisi komunikaciis ena”. es iyo

gadamwyveti faqtori, romelic xels uwyobda erTmaneTisagan qarTvelebisa da

afxazebis gaucxoebas; adre maT Soris kavSiri SedarebiT mWidro iyo,

problemebi ki _ naklebi: ori xalxi iziarebda saerTo istoriuli

memkvidreobis elementebs. qarTvelebs sjeraT, rom es iyo rusebis, xolo

mogvianebiT sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobis gegma: qarTvelebi ucxoebad da

“sxvad” unda warmoeCinaT afxazebisaTvis, ris Sedegadac maT Soris

antiqarTuli grZnoba Rvivdeboda1.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi politikuri Tanamonawileobis

xarisxi SedarebiT maRali iyo, gansakuTrebiT, qveynis dasavleT nawilSi.

social-demokratia gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda. mogvianebiT,

revoluciis dros, gavlenianma qarTvelma socialistebma ufro liberaluri

menSevikebis mxare daiWires, lenineli bolSevikebis sapirispirod. ramdenime

cnobil gamonakliss Soris erT-erTi iyo ioseb juRaSvili, romelic ufro

stalinis saxeliTaa cnobili. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis dros sabWoebma

aiRes Zalaufleba Tbilissa da baqoSi. Tbilisis sabWo ufro gavleniani

aRmoCnda misi Tavmjdomaris Jordanias wyalobiT, romelic amtkicebda, rom

revolucia moicavda sam jgufs: muSebs, revolucioner jariskacebsa da

progresul burJuazias. Jordanias swamda, rom burJuebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo,

ar gaucxoebuliyvnen muSebisagan, es moxda 1905 wlis ruseTis pirveli

revoluciis dros2. Tumca mSvidoba am sam jgufs Soris maleve dairRva,

ZiriTadad imitom, rom saqarTvelos avtonomiis sakiTxma mZafri reaqcia

gamoiwvia revoluciuri armiis mxridan, sadac umravlesobas socialist-

revolucionerebTan politikurad axlo mdgomi rusebi Seadgendenen. es faqti

1 iqve, gv. 30. 2 Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, gv.187.

124

warmoaCens im drois damaxasiaTebel problemas; rogorc suni aRniSnavs, sami

jgufi, romlebzec damokidebuli iyo revoluciis bedi, Jordanias Tanaxmad,

emyareboda sam gansxvavebul eTnikur da politikur jgufs: muSebi, rogorc

wesi, qarTvelebi da menSevikebi iyvnen; jariskacebi _ rusebi da socialist-

revolucionerebi; xolo progresul burJuazias umetesad somxebi Seadgendnen,

romlebic, Tavis mxriv, politikurad iyofodnen daSnakebad da ufro

liberalur jgufebad1.

1917 wlis Sua xanebisaTvis bolSevikurma Zalebma mxardaWera moipoves

jariskacebs Soris. armiis aseTi radikalizacia mniSvnelovani regresi iyo

qarTveli menSevikebisaTvis. Tumca, rodesac petrogradSi oqtombris revolucia

moxda, menSevikebma moaxerxes bolSeviki jariskacebis ganiaraReba, romlebmac

ukan, CrdiloeTisaken daixies. menSevikebis mier TavianTi mmarTvelobis

TbilisSi konsolidireba ar niSnavda problemebis mogvarebas. amis Sedegad

somxebma dakarges kontroli municipalur dumaze, sadac revoluciamde

gabatonebuli poziciebi hqondaT. aq qarTvelebis gabatonebis Semdeg am or

jgufs Soris daZabuloba warmoiSva. amave dros, rusma jariskacebma fronti

datoves da TurqeTis armia kavkasiisaken daiZra. Turqebs aRmosavleTisaken gza

misces azerbaijanelebma, magram qarTvelebisa da somxebis mxriv isini

winaaRmdegobas waawydnen. faqtobrivad, amierkavkasia mkafiod daiyo eTnikuri

mijnebis gaswvriv, rac dResac aSkaraa. mravalma faqtorma, maT Soris, TurqeTis

zewolam da bolSevikebis SiSma aiZula amierkavkasiis seimi, 1918 wlis 22

aprils ruseTisagan damoukidebloba gamoecxadebina, rasac bolSevikebi da

eserebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen, somxebma da qarTvelebma uxalisod miiRes,

azerbaijanelebma ki enTuziazmiT dauWeres mxari.

erTi Tvis Semdeg, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi amierkavkasiis federacia

daiSala Semadgenel nawilebad; saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada 26

maiss. is pirveli gamoeyo federacias, ZiriTadad, zemoTaRwerili

daZabulobebisa da, amasTanave, daSnakebTan aSkara sasazRvro konfliqtis gamo,

romlebic axalcixisa da axalqalaqis regionebis somxebisaTvis gadacemas

moiTxovdnen2. erT kviraSi TurqeTma scno saqarTvelo _ mas Semdeg, rac man

imperias dauTmo teritoriis garkveuli nawili. amasTanave, germaniasTan

urTierTobam intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo da ramdenime kviraSi germaneli

jariskacebi saqarTveloSi Camovidnen. germaniaze orinatacia didi strategiuli

Secdoma iyo. Tumca es sakiTxi im dros gadawyda, rodesac centraluri

xelisuflebis gamarjvebas, TiTqos, win araferi edga. saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo

1 iqve. 2 ix. Jurgen Gerber, Georgien: Nationale Opposition und Kommunistische Herrschaft seit 1956, Baden-Baden

Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995, gv. 20.

125

ganeWvrita omidan bulgareTisa da TurqeTis moaxloebuli gamoTiSva, rasac

germaniis mxridan omis damTavrebamde droebiTi zavis SeTavazeba mohyva da,

amrigad, saqarTvelo bedis anabara aRmoCnda1. saqarTveloSi bolSevikebi ukve

eweodnen gamanadgurebel saqmianobas, aqezebdnen glexTa ukmayofilebas

zugdidis regionsa da, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT oseTSi2. 1918 wels sabWoTa

komunam afxazeTSi 40 dRe iarseba, sanam is qarTveli menSevikebis mier ar iqna

dapyrobili3.

qarTveli menSevikebis gacxadebuli mizani iyo im drois dasavleTis

demokratiebis msgavsi saxelmwifos Seqmna. miuxedavad imisa, rom mcdelobebi

gulwrfeli iyo, im periodis viTareba am miznis miRwevis saSualebas ar

iZleoda. rogorc stiven jonsi (Stephen Jones) aRniSnavs, demokratiuli

ganviTarebisaTvis mainc da mainc xelsayreli pirobebi ar arsebobda.

saqarTvelos omi hqonda TurqeTTan, ruseTis moxaliseTa armiasa da somxebTan.

isini ekonomikur blokadaSi iyvnen moqceulni mokavSire Zalebis mxridan;

problemebs uqmnidaT bolSevikebis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba qveynis SigniT;

saxelmwifo xazinis dacarilebis Semdeg qveyana ekonomikurma qaosma da

hiperinflaciam moicva. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelma socialistebma daamkvidres

demokratiuli kanonmdebloba, kvazi-damoukidebeli sasamarTlo da

tolerantuli damokidebuleba metoqe arasocialistur jgufebsa da

organizaciebTan4.

menSevikuri mTavroba, romelic Tavdapirvelad umciresobebis mimarT

tolerantuli iyo, saxelmwifos SesanarCuneblad sul ufro aqtiurad

mimarTavda qarTul nacionalizms. umciresobebTan konfliqti ganapirobebda

urTierTobebis gauaresebas da maTi gaqarTvelebis mcdelobebs. amis Sedegi

gaxldaT mzardi daZabuloba saqarTvelos umciresobebTan, romlebic maSin,

iseve rogorc dRes, qveynis mosaxleobis 1/3-ze cota naklebs Seadgendnen. s.

jonsi sworad SeniSnavs, rom am periodis movlenebi mniSvnelovan rols

TamaSobdnen dRes yvela mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stereotipebis

ganmtkicebaSi. misi sityviT, “qarTuli mmarTvelobis praqtika ganamtkicebda

umciresobebis gaucxoebas axali qarTuli saxelmwifosagan, ganapirobebda

qarTvelebis mier umciresobaTa aRqmas “potenciur “mexuTe kolonad”5. afxazi

istorikosis giorgi otirbas (Gueorgui Otyrba) azriT, “[menSevikebi] afxazeTs

rkinis xeliT marTavdnen, vidre bolSevikebma ar daamyares kontroli 1921

1 iqve, gv. 192-195. 2 Gachechiladze, New Georgia, p. 31; Suny. The Making of the Georgian Nation, pp. 197-198. 3 ix. Robert E. Bechhofer, In Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus, London, Collins, 1921. 4 ix. Stephen F. Jones, “Georgia: the Trauma of Statehood”, in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras, New States, New

Politic:Building the Past-Soviet Nations, Cambridge University Press, 1997, gv.508. 5 iqve, gv. 509.

126

wels”1; qarTuli wyaroebi ki amtkiceben, rom afxazeTs saSinao saqmeebSi sruli

Tavisufleba hqonda miniWebuli.

saqarTvelo ruseTma 1920 wlis maisSi scno im sazRvrebSi, romelic

moicavda Tbilisisa da quTaisis yofil guberniebs, aseve soxumis olqs

(afxazeTi), baTums (aWara) da zaqaTalas (dRes azerbaijanis nawili). miuxedavad

amisa, imave wels rusma bolSevikebma daiwyes TavianTi kampania transkavkasiaSi

da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals Tbilisi bolSevikebis xelSi gadavida. TiTqmis imave

periodSi, 4 marts, dauyovnebliv iqna gamocxadebuli afxazeTis sabWoTa

socialisturi respublika. am deklaraciam afxazeTi, Tavisi sakuTari

uflebebiT, sabWoTa kavSirSi saqarTvelosagan calke mdgom xelmomwer mxared

scno. magram 1921 wlis miwuruls afxazeTi “samokavSireo xelSekrulebiT”

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida _ rogorc Cans, leninis mxridan zewolis

Sedegad. amrigad, afxazeTi ar iyo saqarTvelos nawili sabWoTa kavSiris

formirebis droisaTvis. afxazebi am faqts saqarTvelosagan damoukideblobisa

da maTi, rogorc calke erTobis kanonier safuZvlad miiCneven. afxazTa

Tanaxmad, 1921 wlis samokavSireo xelSekruleba xelmoweril iqna stalinisa da

orjonikiZis _ ori qarTvelis _ mxridan zewolis gamo2. 1931 wels saqarTvelos

iurisdiqciis qveS afxazeTis moqceva assr saxiT ukanonod, “qarTveli

stalinis” afxazebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad miiCneoda. bunebrivia, am arguments

seriozulad unda movekidoT; is iuridiuli mniSvnelobiT garkveul mandats

aniWebs afxazTa moTxovnebs. Tumca, afxazeTis assr ar iyo gamonaklisis saxiT

arsebuli aseTi tipis erToba, romelic SemdgomSi SeizRuda avtonomiis

donemde. rogorc gaCeCilaZe aRniSnavs, aseTi sabWoTa respublikebi arsebobdnen

yirimSi; doni, Tergi, stavropoli, odesa, aseve xorezmi da buxarac am tipis

sabWoTa respublikebs warmoadgendnen. yvela maTgani an mTlianad gauqmda, an

sabWoTa ierarqiaSi dabal poziciaze Camoinacvla3. bunebrivia, rom afxazeTis

ssr instituti anomalia iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi da sabWoTa nacionalur

TeoriaSi, radganac ssr statusi, ZiriTadad, eniWebodaT aSkarad did erebs,

romelTac erovnuli identobis mniSvnelovani xarisxi gaaCndaT; afxazeTi

akmayofilebda meore pirobas, xolo pirvels Znelad Seesabameboda. es ar

niSnavs, rom sabWoTa kriteriumebi udaod mkafio da samarTliani iyo;

magaliTad, im drois moskovis TvalTaxedviT, ssr statusis miniWeba

afxazeTisaTvis imdenadve marTebuli iyo, ramdenadac igive statusis boZeba

1 ix. Gueorgui Otryba, “War in Abkhazia: the Regional Significance of the Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict”, in

Roman Szporluk (ed.), The International Relations of Eurasia, vol. 1: National Identity in Russia and the Nwe States of Eurasia, Armonk, HY: ME Sharpe, 1994, gv. 284. 2 ix. Viacheslav Chirikba, “The Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict and its Aftermath”, in Mehmet Tutuncu (ed).

Caucasus:War and Peace,Haarlem, SOTA, 1998, gv.72. 3 Gachechiladze, The New Georgia,gv33.

127

CrdiloeT kavkasiis yvela erovnuli umciresobisaTvis. moskovs Zalian undoda

am nabijiT saqarTvelos dasusteba, magram is, potenciurad, damRupveli

Sedegebis momtani iyo Tavad sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis. Tumca gazviadebaa

stalinis mier afxazeTis statusis damcrobis Sefaseba mxolod nacionalistur

aqtad.

diskusia naTelyofs im siZneleebs, romelic ukavSirdeba adreul sabWoTa

xanaSi teritoriebis iuridiuli statusis saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnis

safuZvlad gamoyenebas. Tu afxazeTs SeuZlia moiTxovos damoukidebloba 1921

wlis deklaraciis safuZvelze, maSin igives gakeTeba SueZlia yirims, xorezms

da buxaras. saqme isaa, rom bolSevikebi avtonomiur da “damoukidebel”

erTeulebs qmnidnen an auqmebdnen SemTxvevis principiT; amitom Zalian Znelia

dRevandel saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobaSi maTi precedentad moSvelieba.

amasTanave, is erTaderTi arsebuli realuri safuZvelia da aseve Znelia misi

uaryofa; Tu sabWoTa kavSiris yvela erovnul mijnas CamoerTmeva iuridiuli

statusi, sazRvrebis sakiTxic, romelic moskovis mier aseve TviTneburad iqna

dadgenili, dauyovnebliv iCens Tavs. amrigad, sabWoTa kavSiris erovnuli

dayofis iuridiul safuZvlebze msjeloba ara marto avtonomiuri erTeulebis

Seqmnis sakiTxs, aramed yvela sazRvrisa da dRes arsebuli zogierTi

saxelmwifos arsebobasac eWvqveS daayenebs. aseTi midgomis praqtikuli

Sedegebis winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlebelia. am azriT, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi

sazRvrebis sakiTxi bevr msgavsebas amJRavnebs dekolonizaciis procesTan

afrikaSi; da OAU-s mier afrikis SemTxvevaSi miRebuli dadgenilebisa ar iyos,

evraziis saxelmwifoebsac ara aqvT sxva arCevani, garda sabWoTa kavSiridan

memkvidreobiT^miRebuli “koloniuri” sazRvrebis cnobisa, ramdenadac

usamarTlo ar unda iyos isini.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, afxazeTi amierkavkasiis respublikebis federaciaSi

Sevida saqarTvelosTan 1922 wels dakavSirebul erTeulad, “samokavSireo

respublikad”. es mdgomareoba man dakarga 1931 wels, rodesac afxazeTi,

stalinis brZanebis Tanaxmad, daemcro saqarTvelos (romelic jer kidev

amierkavkasiis federaciis nawili iyo) avtonomiur respublikis statusamde1.

rodesac 1936 wels amierkavkasiis federacia daiSala, afxazeTi saqarTvelos

ssr Semadgeneli nawili iyo.

sabWoTa kavSiris Camoyalibebis droidan osebi gaiyvnen or avtonomiur

erTeulad, ruseTis federaciasa da saqarTvelos Soris: CrdiloeT oseTis

assr-d da samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqad. osebi saqarTveloSi, maT

1 ix. B.G. Hewitt, “Abkhazia: A Problem of Identity and Ownership”, in Central Asian Survey, vol. 12 no. 3, 1993,

gv 267-323, am wignSi ixileTYgv. 271

128

dRevandel sacxovrebel adgilze, XIII saukuneSi, monRolTa Semosevebis

Sedegad movidnen. isini qarTveli feodalebis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqcnen.

ruseTis mier 1801 wels saqarTvelos aneqsiasTan erTad ori osi xalxi erT

saxelmwifoSi gaerTianda. 1918 wels ruseTisagan saqarTvelos gamoyofa

niSnavda samxreT osebis samudamo mowyvetas TavianTi Crdiloeli

Tanamemamuleebisagan. es waagavda 1992 wels lezgebTan dakavSirebul movlenebs.

mas Semdeg, rac qarTulma xelmZRvanelobam saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli

umciresobebisaTvis yvela politikuri da socialuri uflebebis garantirebis

piroba dado, osebis SiSi Zlivs gabaTilda. amis Semdeg bolSevikebma daiwyes

ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba osur miwebze. 1921 wels saqarTveloSi sabWoTa

xelisufleba damyarda da igi amierkavkasiis federaciul respublikaSi Sevida,

samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi Seiqmna 1922 wlis aprilSi, ori wliT adre,

vidre CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi (mogvianebiT assr) CrdiloeT

kavkasiis gaerTianebul mTielTa respublikas gamoeyofoda. saqarTvelos mier

es gadawyvetileba aRqmul iqna damoukideblobis xelmeored aRdgenis aRkveTis

mcdelobad1, marTlac, rogorc 1919-20 wlebSi, aseve 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi,

ruseTi samxreT oseTs am mizniT iyenebda.

erovnuli gamococxlebaerovnuli gamococxlebaerovnuli gamococxlebaerovnuli gamococxleba

leninis axali ekonomikuri politikis (nepi) dros saqarTvelo, iseve

rogorc mTlianad amierkavkasia, moSorebuli iyo samoqalaqo omsa da

komunizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas. mosaxleobis TvalsazrisiT, Tbilisi ar iyo

qarTuli qalaqi, ramdenadac udides erovnul jgufs aq somxebi warmoadgendnen.

qarTvelebs aseve enanebodaT is teritoriebi, romlebic dauTmes azerbaijans

(zaqaTalas regioni) da ruseTs (soWis regioni)2. aseTma movlenebma kidev ufro

gazarda imedgacrueba, ramdenadac saqarTvelo kvlav eqceoda ruseTis

batonobis qveS. meores mxriv, saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi, kavSiris sxva

xalxebTan SedarebiT, zogierTi privilegiiT sargeblobdnen. amierkavkasiis

federaciuli respublikis SeqmnasTan erTad, romlis arseboba 1936 wlamde

gagrZelda, Tbilisi gadaiqca mis dedaqalaqad da, amrigad, amierkavkasiis

administraciul, politikur da kulturul centrad. garda amisa, qarTvelebs

postebis araproporciulad didi raodenoba eWiraT federaciuli respublikis

administraciaSi. xSirad rusebi da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi umciresobebi im

drois mraval movlenas, saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis privilegirebul

1 ix. Julian Birch, “Ossetia: A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm”, in Central Asian Survey, vol. 14 no. 1, 1995, gv 43-74, am wignSi ixileTYgv. 44. 2 ix. Mark Kipnis, “The Georgian National Movement: Problems and Trends”, in Crossroads:Trends and Issues in

Contemporary Society, vol. 1, Autumn 1978, gv 193-215, am wignSi ixileTYgv. 197.

129

mdgomareobas stalinis qarTvelobis faqtors miawerdnen. mark kipnisi (Mark

Kipnis) aRniSnavda, rom miuxedavad saqarTvelos 1924 wlis ajanyebis

gamanadgurebeli dartymisa da respublikaSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli azris

Zalismieri CaxSobisa, meore msoflio omis dros, sxva erovnebebTan SedarebiT,

sabWoTa armiaSi cota qarTveli iyo gawveuli. Tumca qarTvelebi uaryofdnen am

Sexedulebas da amtkicebdnen, rom isini saerTod ar yofilan

privilegirebulni da aseTi gancxadebebi rusebis mier mogonili zRaprebi iyo.

saqarTvelom meore msoflio omSi daaxloebiT 300.000 adamiani dakarga _

TiTqmis mosaxleobis meaTedi, da rogor SeiZleboda, vinmes saqarTvelos

privilegirebuloba emtkicebina?1

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, stalinis sikvdilma saqarTvelos xelsayreli

poziciis dasusteba gamoiwvia; amis gaTviTcnobiereba aisaxa im mRelvarebaSi,

romelmac 1956 wels ifeTqa Tbilissa da sxva qalaqebSi da romelic

komunisturi partiis sayovelTaod cnobili XX yrilobis mier

stalinizmisTvis Cirqis mocxebas mohyva2. es mRelvareba xSirad ganixileboda

rogorc stalinis dacva, pasuxi xruSCovis mier stalinizmisaTvis bralis

dadebaze3, Tumca, Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan, ufro marTebuli Cans vifiqroT,

rom es iyo qarTvelTa reaqcia udides gmirad miCneuli stalinis mimarT rusul

ciliswamebaze. stalinis saqmeebi, ra Tqma unda, ucnobi iyo kavSiris mravali

xalxisaTvis, maT Soris, saqarTvelosaTvis. xruSCovis “saidumlo sityva”

partiis XX yrilobaze da stalinze Tavdasxma mravali qarTvelisaTvis rusebis

mier saqarTvelos damcirebis kidev erT mcdelobas warmoadgenda. stalinis

sikvdili gamoiwvevda rusifikaciis ganaxlebul mcdelobebs. kidev erT

qarTvelis _ beriasaTvis _ bralis dadeba am Teoriis dadasturebas

warmoadgenda4. ramdenime kviraSi daiwyo stalinis gardacvalebis mesame

wlisTavTan dakavSirebuli saprotesto demonstraciebi; qarTuli xelisufleba

mzad aRmoCnda daTmobebze wasasvlelad da demonstraciebis gamarTvis neba

darTo. magram sabWoTa jarebi, romlebic araqarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda,

demonstrantebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen; daaxloebiT 500 adamiani daiRupa5.

am sisxlian intervencias mohyva zogierTi daTmoba qarTuli erovnuli

identobis gamoxatvis winaSe, upirvelesad, kulturis sferoSi. qarTuli

nacionalizmis gamococxleba ukavSirdeboda da, amasTanave, upirispirdeboda

or calkeul, magram urTierTdakavSirebul fenomens: rusifikaciis SiSs da

1 personaluri Sexvedra avtorTan, Tbilisi, oqtomberi 1998. 2 Kipnis, gv.202-3 3 ix. i.e.Tecte Integral du Rapport Secret de M.Krouchtchev, Paris: Buchet-Chastel, 1957 4 ix. Gerber, Georgien, p.35 5 ix. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation,pp 302-303; Kipnis, op.cit [21], pp 202-203

130

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb umciresobebs, romlebic saqarTvelos dasasusteblad

moskovis gankargulebaSi myof marionetebad ganixilebodnen.

qarTuli nacionalizmis ganviTarebasTan erTad mcire adgili rCeboda

saqarTveloSi umciresobebis ganviTarebisaTvis; an qarTul sazogadoebaSi maTi

monawileobisaTvis. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSirSi qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen im

erovnebas, romlis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili umaRles ganaTlebas iRebda.

amasTanave, umciresobebi ar iyvnen igive yofaSi. magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi somxebi respublikis mosaxleobis 10% Seadgendnen, magram maTi

procentuli raodenoba studentebSi mxolod 3.6% iyo1. Tumca unda aRiniSnos,

rom, CrdiloeT kavkasiis erovnul umciresobebTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi

mcxovrebi umciresobebi gacilebiT ukeT cxovrobdnen. rogorc suni (Suny)

aRniSnavs, partiisa da respublikis institutebis qarTvelebis mier kontrols

ar gamouwvevia leninuri nacionaluri politikis egalitaruli gamoyeneba,

magram oficialurad is respublikis SigniT umciresobebis diskriminacias

adasturebda. saqarTevloSi erovnuli avtonomia niSnavda, erTi mxriv, ruseTis

centraluri xelisuflebisadmi winaaRmdegobas, xolo meores mxriv,

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis zewolas adgilobriv umciresobebze, romlebic ar

iyvnen warmodgenili xelisuflebaSi2.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi vasil mJavanaZis mosvlasTan erTad, maleve

beriisa da stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg, saqarTvelo sul ufro da ufro

“damZimda” korufciiTa da Crdilovani ekonomikiT. qarTuli ekonomika nel-nela

izrdeboda, Tumca kerZo individebs, “Crdilovan ekonomikaSi” aralegaluri

ekonomikuri moqmedebebiT, simdidris dagrovebis saSualeba miecaT3. saqarTvelo

yalibdeboda kavSiris erT-erT yvelaze korumpirebul respublikad, rac 1970-

iani wlebis. dasawyisSi mZafri kritikis obieqti iyo moskovis mxridan. aman

niadagi moamzada xelisuflebaSi eduard ambrosis Ze SevardnaZis mosasvlelad,

romelic manamde saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministri iyo. moskovis

TanadgomiT, 1972 wlis noemberSi SevardnaZem mJavanaZis Secvla moaxerxa.

rogorc Cans, SevardnaZe xelisuflebaSi movida moskovis mandatiT,

korufciasTan sabrZolvelad, rac man gaakeTa kidec; mavneblebi sasamarTlos

winaSe wardgnen, Tumca SeuZlebeli iyo aseTi praqtikis mTlianad aRmofxvra.

ufro metic, man ganaxorciela Seteva “izolacionistur” qarTul

nacionalizmze da qarTvelebs mouwodebda rusulis swavlisken, rasac, rogorc

1 ix. Richard B. Dobson, “Georgia and the Georgians’, in Zev Katx (ed.), Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities,

New York: The Free Press, 1975, gv. 177. statistika damowmebuli aqvs Suny-is, op. cit., p.304. 2 ix. Suny, op. cit., p. 304. 3 ix. Gerber, Georgien, gv. 44-50.

131

cnobilia, isini ar akeTebdnen1. es zomebi, gansakuTrebiT ki ukanaskneli,

bunebrivia, Tavdapirvelad SevardnaZis popularobas xels ar uwyobda.

breJnevisadmi misi mliqvneloba, sityvebi _ “CvenTvis, qarTvelebisaTvis, mze

CrdiloeTidan amodis da ara aRmosavleTidan”, sxva msgavsi komentarebi is

faqtebia, romlebic dResac laqad aCnia mis legitimurobas2.

1950-ian wlebSi ukve arsebobda jgufi gorgasaliani, romelsac saxeli

Tbilisis damaarseblis mixedviT ewoda. misi mizani iyo zusti informaciis

gavrceleba, maT Soris, 1921 wlis aneqsiisa da 1930-iani wlebis. represiebis

Sesaxeb. jgufSi Sedioda ori axalgazrda kaci, merab kostava da zviad

gamsaxurdia _ konstantine gamsaxurdias, qarTuli literaturis erT-erTi

cnobili warmomadgenlis Svili3.

mogvianebiT, 1960-ian wlebSi, erovnuli moZraoba Camoyalibda Tbilisis

teqnikuri universitetis studentebis aralegaluri jgufis saxiT4. gamsaxurdia

da misi mokavSireebi aqtiurad gamoexmaurnen qarTuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis

dangrevasa da religiuri saganZuris Zarcvas; ukanaskneli SemTxveva gadaizarda

skandalSi, romelmac Tbilisis umaRlesi instanciebi moicva. 1974 wels

gamsaxurdiam da misma momxreebma Camoayalibes adamianis uflebebis dacvis

jgufi, romelic 1975 wels, helsinkis SeTanxmebaze xelmoweris Semdeg,

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis helsinkis jgufad iqca5. sainteresoa, rom

gamsaxurdiam aseve wamoWra qarTveli Turqi mesxebis mZime pirobebis,

gaWirvebuli mdgomareobisa da maTi deportaciis sakiTxi. gamsaxurdia Tavidanve

iyo “Seurigeblebis” mxares, ver xedavda raime kompromiss saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gzaze da mouwodebda umciresobebTan konfliqtis Tavidan

acilebisaken, ramdenadac aseTi konfliqti daabrkoleba iqneboda

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi6. amasTanave, qarTuli nacionalisturi

inteligencia Zalze antirusulad iyo ganwyobili da SedarebiT Zlier

religiur muxts atarebda. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es moZraobebi

sabWoTa kavSirSi im drois gansxvavebuli azris gansakuTrebul nimuSebs

warmoadgendnen, maT kavSiri hqondaT im drois rus disidentebTan, maT Soris,

saxarovTan. 1977 wlis ianvarSi uSiSroebis komitetma represiebi ganaxorciela

rusuli disidenturi jgufebis mimarT, aprilSi represiebi gadmoswvda

saqarTvelos, gamsaxurdia da kostava imave TveSi daapatimres.

1 iqve., gv. 307-309. 2 damowm. Bohdan Nahaylo da Viktor Swoboda, Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the

USSR, London, Hamilton, 1990, gv.189. 3 ix. Gerber, Georgien, gv. 61-62. 4 interviu avTandil imnaZesTan, Tbilisi, oqtomberi, 1998. 5 ix. diskusia, Suny, op. cit, gv.309. 6 ix. Ghia Nodia, “The Ethnic Policies of Zviad Gamsakhurdia” in Bruno Coppetiers (ed.), Contested Borders in

the Caucasus, Brussels: VUBPess, 1996, gv. 77.

132

aseTma zomebma ver SeZlo moZraobebis alagmva. gamoCndnen dapatimrebuli

liderebis mxardamWeri axali figurebi da gaCnda ramdenime iatakqveSa gamocema

(samizdat), maT Soris, “qarTuli qronika”. axali gavleniani disidentebi iyvnen

Tamar CxeiZe da avTandil imnaZe, mogvianebiT maT SeuerTdnen giorgi Wanturia

da irakli wereTeli. 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls, sabWoTa kavSiris

konstituciis cvlilebebis dros, saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava gegma

qarTuli konstituciis Sesacvlelad, raTa amoeRoT is muxli, romelic

qarTul enas erTaderT saxelmwifo enad acxadebda, SeecvalaT is iseTi

muxliT, romelic Tanabar statuss mianiWebda rusuls da respublikis sxva

enebs. es nabiji Zalze arapopularuli iyo, iseve rogorc is rCevebi, romlebic

iTvaliswinebda umaRles saganmanaTleblo institutebSi garkveuli kursebis

rusul enaze danergvas; ori wlis win am nabijma uflebebis SezRudva

gamoiwvia1. 1978 wlis aprilSi, respublikis konstituciis cvlilebis Sesaxeb

diskusiis dros, 5000 kacisagan Semdgari jgufi, ZiriTadad, universitetis

studentebi, protestis niSnad quCaSi gamovidnen. SevardnaZis pasuxi,

Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan, Zalze brZnuli iyo: mas Semdeg, rac xalxma ar

moiwona cvlilebebi, man uari ganacxada yvela sakamaTo muxlSi cvlilebebis

Setanaze; piriqiT, dahyva saxalxo zewolas. ronald sunis (Ronald Suny) TqmiT,

“es iyo Zalzed uCveulo daTmoba saxelmwifo politikis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli,

Riad gamoxatuli dapirispirebis winaSe; naTeli niSani saxelmwifo politikis

mouqnelobisa da sifrTxilisa axal nacionalizmTan mimarTebaSi”2.

es politika realurad grZeldeboda da uCveulo saxes iRebda: sabWoTa

respublikebis mTavrobebi politikas warmarTavdnen saxalxo azris gamokiTxvis

Sesabamisad. 1978 wlis aprilis movlenebidan 6 Tvis gasvlis Semdeg SevardnaZe

dawinaurda da politbiuros wevri gaxda, rac imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom moskovi

ar ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis politikas. ufro metic,

SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros saqarTvelos ekonomikurma warmatebam kidev

ufro aamaRla misi reputacia da 1981 wels mas “socialisturi Sromis gmiris”

wodeba mieniWa. nacionaluri moZraoba Seferxda 1979 wlis aprilSi, mas Semdeg,

rac gamsaxurdia Seiwyales Tavisi Sexedulebebis monaniebisa da saxalxo

televiziiT Tavisi “Tvalsazrisis mcdarobis” aRiarebis Semdeg. radganac merab

kostavam uari ganacxada kapitulaciaze, is qarTvel disidentTa Cirqmoucxebel

liderad darCa gaTavisuflebamde, 1987 wlamde, da sikvdilamde, rodesac 1989

wels gaurkvevel viTarebaSi, avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa. meore mxriv,

1 amave periodze ix. Kipnis, op. cit., gv. 208-211. 2 Suny, op.cit., gv. 309.

133

gamsaxurdias darCa bundovani imiji da monaniebiT gamowveuli sazogado

imedgacrueba.

afxazuri separatafxazuri separatafxazuri separatafxazuri separatizmis xelaxali aRmoceneba izmis xelaxali aRmoceneba izmis xelaxali aRmoceneba izmis xelaxali aRmoceneba

1978 wlis sakonstitucio reformam daZabuloba gamoiwvia aseve

umciresobebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki afxazebs Soris, romelTac es, erTis mxriv,

1931 wlamde arsebuli statusis xelaxla mopovebis, meores mxriv ki rusul

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gaerTianebis SesaZleblobad aRiqves.

stalinis periodSi rogorc afxazeTSi, aseve saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda

kulturuli da politikuri elitebis rRvevis procesi1. afxazeTi ganicdida

uzarmazar zewolas avtonomiur respublikaSi qarTvelTa migraciis gamo, rac

afxazeTis gaqarTvelebas iwvevda. im dros, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris sxva

erovnuli umciresobebi iZulebuli iyvnen, mieRoT kirilicaze dafuZnebuli

anbani, afxazeTSi qarTuli anbani damkvidrda; mSobliur enaze moqmedi yvela

skola droebiT daixura, iseve rogorc es moxda samxreT oseTSi2. mSobliuri

miwebidan afxazebis deportacias, qarTvelTa masiur dasaxlebas da afxazuri

kulturisa da sazogadoebis dangrevis mcdelobebs travmuli efeqti hqonda,

miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazebma meore msoflio omis dros Tavidan aiciles

xalxis masiuri deportacia3.

meore mxriv, marTebulia afxazebis situciis Sedareba CrdiloeT kavkasiis

avtonomiur erTeulebTan. es Sedareba naTelyofs, rom afxazebi sargeblobdnen

avtonomiis garkveuli xarisxiT, maSin rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebi

met-naklebad pirdapir moskovidan imarTebodnen. es kavSiris ierarqiuli

struqturis Sedegi iyo, romlis Tanaxmad, moskovi Tbilisis gavliT, da ara

avtonomiuri respublikis qarTuli xelisuflebis meSveobiT marTavda

afxazeTs. miuxedavad amisa, Znelia ar daeTanxmo iurgen gerbers (Jurgen Gerber),

romelic aRniSnavs: CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebTan SedarebiT, romelTa

avtonomiuri statusi rsfsr SemadgenlobaSi formaluri xasiaTisa iyo,

afxazebs sakuTari enisa da kulturis SenarCunebis gacilebiTYdidi

SesaZlebloba hqondaT. afxazebi, osebis msgavsad, udaod iRebdnen sargebels

saqarTvelos kargi saganmanaTleblo institutebis wyalobiT4.

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, teritoriis demografiuli struqtura

SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas qarTuli mmarTvelobis yvelaze mtkice aspeqtad. unda

1 ix. John Colarusso, “Abkhazia”, in Central Asian Survey,vol, 14 no. 1, 1995, gv. 75-96, aq ix gv.78. 2 ix. Stephen F. Jones, “Georgia: A Failed Democratic Transition “, in Bremmer and Taras, Nations and Politics in

the Soviet Successor States, pp 288-310, aq ix. gv. 291. 3 ix. Darrell Slider, “Crisis and Response in Soviet Nationality Policy: The Case of Abkhazia”, in Central Asian

Survey, vol. 4 no. 4, 1985, gv. 51-68. 4 ix. Gerber, Georgien,p.128.

134

aRiniSnos, rom TviT monacemebi Zalze sakamaToa. 1886 wels afxazebi maTi

dRevandeli teritoriis mosaxleobis mxolod 41% Seadgendnen. Tumca unda

aRiniSnos, rom afxazeTi yovelTvis multieTnikuri iyo. kidev ufro met

dabneulobas warmoSobs is faqti, rom “soxumis regionis”, dRevandeli

afxazeTis, aRweris monacemebSi erT-erT did jgufs “samurzayanoelebi”

warmoadgenen. samurzayanoelTa udidesi nawili megrelebad SeiZleba iqnas

miCneuli, afxazebi maTSi umciresoba iyvnen. Tumca 1926 wlisaTvis isini 27%

Seadgendnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi afxazi mosaxleoba 28.000-dan

56.000-mde gaormagda. 1959 wlisaTvis afxazTa raodenoba Semcirda 15%-mde, 33

wlis manZilze maTi raodenoba mxolod 10% gaizarda; maSin rodesac drois am

mokle monakveTSi teritoriis mosaxleoba gaormagda 201.000-dan 404.000-mde. 1959

wlidan afxazebis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda; mosaxleoba SedarebiT swrafad

izrdeboda, Tumca 1989 wlisaTvis respublikis mosaxleobis mxolod 18%

Seadgenden _ 525.000 mosaxlidan 94.0001.

afxazeTis eTnikuri Semadgenloba, “soxumis regioni”, 1886afxazeTis eTnikuri Semadgenloba, “soxumis regioni”, 1886afxazeTis eTnikuri Semadgenloba, “soxumis regioni”, 1886afxazeTis eTnikuri Semadgenloba, “soxumis regioni”, 1886----1989198919891989

eTnikuri jgufieTnikuri jgufieTnikuri jgufieTnikuri jgufi 1886 1914 1926 1959 1970 1979 1989

afxazebiafxazebiafxazebiafxazebi 28,320

(42%)

27.3% 55.918

(27.8%)

61.193

(15%)

77.276

(15.9%)

83.097

(17.1%)

93.267

(17.7%)

qarTvelebiqarTvelebiqarTvelebiqarTvelebi

(samurzayanoelebis(samurzayanoelebis(samurzayanoelebis(samurzayanoelebis

CaTvliT)CaTvliT)CaTvliT)CaTvliT)

34.114

(50.3%)

44.8% 67.494

(33.5%)

158.221

(39.1%)

199.595

(40.9%)

213.322

(43.8%)

239.872

(45.7%)

rusebirusebirusebirusebi 971

(1.4%)

(?) 12.558

(6.2%)

86.715

(21.4%)

92.889

(19%)

79.730

(16.4%)

74.914

(14.2%)

berZnebiberZnebiberZnebiberZnebi 2.056

(3%)

10% 14.045

(7%)

9.101

(2.2%)

18.114

(3.7%)

18.642

(3.8%)

14.664

(2.7%)

somxebisomxebisomxebisomxebi 1.037

(1.5%)

11% 25.677

(12.7%)

64.425

(15.9%)

74.860

(15.3%)

73.350

(15.1%)

76.541

(14.5%)

dapirispirebebi afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris, sabWoTa periodSi

CaxSobili iyo, Tumca arcTu Sedegianad. mRelvarebebi dafiqsirda 1957 da 1967

wels, magram maT aSkarad iCines Tavi mxolod 1977 wels, breJnevis

sakonstitucio reformis dros. afxazebma es Sansi lingvisturi

uflebebisaTvis kampaniis gasaCaReblad, saqarTvelosagan gamoyofisa da

ruseTis federaciaSi gaerTianebis moTxovnisaTvis gamoiyenes, rac, Tavis mxriv,

1 ix. cxrili, Philip Petersen, “Security Policy in Post-Soviet Transcaucasia”, in European Security, vol, 3 no. 1,

Spring 1994, gv. 1-57, aq ix. gv. 14; monacemebi aRebulia: Anzor Totadze, “Population of Abkhazia”, in

Sakartvelos Respublika, 17 September 1992.

135

gansakuTrebuli pretenzia iyo, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Crdilo kavkasielebisadmi

ruseTis mopyrobas. 1977 wels sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles sabWos gaegzavna

werili, romelsac xels awerda 130 afxazi inteleqtuali; werilSi afxazeTSi

qarTvelebis damkvidreba da asimilaciuri politika, skolebSi gaqarTveleba da

ekonomikuri eqsploatacia iyo gaprotestebuli1. moskovidan Camovida komisia

partiis centraluri komitetis mdivnis ivan kapitonovis xelmZRvanelobiT,

raTa Seefasebina afxazTa pretenziebi. komisia ramdenime maTgans daeTanxma

kidec, riTac aiZula qarTuli xelmZRvaneloba, ecno zogierTi moTxovnis

legitimuroba2. SevardnaZe Zalian amayobs im periodSi eTnikuri sisxlisRvris

Tavidan acilebiT. centraluri xelisufleba zogierT daTmobaze wavida, maT

Soris, soxumSi, afxazeTis dedaqalaqSi, universitetis daarsebasa da afxazTa

kulturuli uflebebis gafarToebaze. muxedavad amisa, fundamenturi

cvlilebebi ar momxdara da afxazeTis avtonomia, erTi afxazi analitikosis

azriT, kvlav Teoriul xasiaTs inarCunebda3. mogvianebiT afxazebma amas

“totaluri fiqcia” uwodes4. amasTanave, qarTvelebi (megrelebi), romlebic

afxazeTSi mosaxleobis did nawils warmoadgendnen, am daTmobebis winaaRmdeg

gamovidnen, grZnobdnen ra, rom afxazebs metismeti privilegiebi mieniWaT,

gansakuTrebiT im dros, rodesac moskovi qarTul enaze Setevas axorcielebda.

amis sapasuxod, garkveulma qarTulma Zalebma moiZies argumenti, romlis

Tanaxmad, eWvqveS dgeboda afxazTa yofna maT miwaze; amtkicebdnen, rom iq

dasaxlebis dros maT gamodevnes is qarTvelebi, romlebic am teritoriaze

cxovrobdnen5. unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad umciresobaSi yofnisa, 1978 wlis

daTmobebis Semdeg afxazebma kontroli daamyares respublikis administraciasa

da adgilobriv ekonomikaze: mTavrobis ministrebis 67% da saolqo komitetis

mTel xelmZRvanelobas afxazebi Seadgendnen. es iyo is damoukidebloba,

romlis wyalobiTac afxazebma, mogvianebiT, TavianTi assr-s saxelmwifo

aparati saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis moTxovnis wamoyenebisaTvis gamoiyenes6.

miuxedavad amisa, afxazebi kmayofili ar iyvnen. 1978 wlis oqtomberSi

saxalxo mRelvarebam ifeTqa, demonstraciebis CasaxSobad jarebi gaigzavna da

afxazeTSi, droebiT, garkveuli tipis samxedro kanonebi iqna SemoRebuli7. 1981

1 ix. Stephen Jones, “Border Disputes and Disputed Borders in the Soviet Federal System”, in Nationalties Papers,

vol. 15 no. 1, Spring 1987, p.56. 2 ix. Slider, “Crisis and Response in Soviet Nationality Policy: The Case of Abkhazia”. 3 Otyrba, “War in Abkhazia”, p.285. 4 Hewitt, “Abkhazia: A Problem of Identity and Ownership”, p.282. 5 ix. Jones,”Georgia: A Failed Democratic Transition”, p.292. 6 ix. Darrell Slider, “Democratization in Georgia”, on Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot (eds), Conflict, Cleavage

and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp 165-200, aq ix. p170. 7 ix. Jones, “Border Disputes and Disputed Borders”, op. cit., p. 56-57.

136

wels daZabulobam aseve piks miaRwia TbilisSi, rodesac iq afxazebis

privilegiebis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebi gaimarTa. miuxedavad amisa, im

droisaTvis jer kidev arsebuli Zlieri sabWoTa avtoritaruli sistemis

pirobebSi, Ria konfliqti Tavidan iqna acilebuli. miCneulia, rom avtonomiur

respublikaSi qarTvelebisa da afxazebis nacionalizmis gamovlinebis CaxSoba

suk-s mier ganxorcielda. afxazebma demografiuli situacia afxazeTis

SeerTebisaken qarTvelTa miswrafebebis warmatebul Sedegad da afxazebis

suverenuli uflebebis darRvevis vrcel kampaniad miiCnies, romlis saboloo

mizani iyo afxazTa eTnikuri identobis dangreva da afxazTa asimilacia

qarTvelur identobaSi1. am konteqstSi, stalini ganixileba mSobliuri

saqarTvelos interesebis gamomxatvel da antiafxazurad ganwyobil

politikosad.

perestroika: gza damoukideblobisakenperestroika: gza damoukideblobisakenperestroika: gza damoukideblobisakenperestroika: gza damoukideblobisaken

mixeil gorbaCovis xelisuflebaSi mosvla saqarTveloSi respublikur

doneze xelisuflebis cvlilebis winapiroba iyo, radganac gorbaCovma

SevardnaZes SesTavaza sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministroba, asakovani

gromikos Semcvlelad. amis Sedegad, dainiSna axali partiuli lideri,

romelic warmatebiT icilebda Tavidan centridan momdinare reformebis

swrafad gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi. jumber patiaSvili, respublikis axali

xelmZRvaneli, SedarebiT konservatuli da daundobeli lideri iyo, romelmac

uari ganacxada arsebul saxalxo moZraobebTan dialogaze2. rogorc jonsi

(Jones) da parsonsi (Parsons) aRniSnaven, Tavdapirvelad perestroikis efeqti nela

aRwevda saqarTvelomde, ifiltreboda mmarTveli partiis konservatorul

filtrSi, sanam saxalxo azrma, romelic ganmtkicebuli iyo mTels sabWoTa

kavSirSi mimdinare movlenebis gaTviTcnobierebiT, ar daiwyo xelmZRvanelobaze

zewola cvlilebebis dasaCqareblad3.

saqarTveloSi saxalxo moZraobam, kavSiris romelime sxva regionTan

SedarebiT, yvelaze aSkara da gamokveTili saxe miiRo. amis mizezi, albaT,

igivea, ris gamoc saqarTvelos respublikis xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda Tavidan

aecilebina Ria dialogi arapartiul inteligenciasTan: qarTuli saxalxo

moZraobebi da grZnobebi Zlieri nacionalisturi xasiaTisa iyo. rodesac

SevardnaZem, maSin jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, 1989

wels aSS saxelmwifo mdivani, jeims beikeri Tavis moskovis apartamentebSi

1 afxazeTis perspeqtivis Sesaxeb ix. Stanislav Lakoba, “Abkhazia is Abkhazia”, in Central Asia Survey,

vol. 14 no. 1,1995, pp.97-105, aq ix. p.99. 2 ix. Suny, op.cit., p. 318-320 . 3 Stephen Jones and Robert Parsons, “Georgia and the Georgians”, in Graham Smith (ed.) The Nationalities

Question in the Post-Soviet States, New York, Longman, 1996.

137

miiwvia, rogorc amboben, es ukanaskneli ganacvifra SevardnaZis colis

gulmxurvale qarTulma nacionalizmma, romelmac ganacxada, rom “saqarTvelo

Tavisufali unda yofiliyo”. savaraudod, es moxda maleve 1989 wlis aprilis

Semdgom, rodesac TbilisSi sabWoTa jarebi idgnen da emociebi sul ufro

matulobda. es adasturebs nacionalisturi grZnobis simtkices1.

centraluri xelmZRvanelobis mier 1987 wlis ianvarSi demokratiuli

kursis gamocxadebis Semdeg qarTuli politikuri atmosfero swrafad

Seicvala. 1987 wlis dasawyisSi gamoyenebul iqna erovnuli da regionuli

organizaciebis Riad dafuZnebis SesaZlebloba, raTa dawyebuliyo qarTuli

kulturis, enisa da erovnuli identobis gamococxleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

Seqmnili organizaciebi Riad ar uWerdnen mxars sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofas,

udao iyo, rom maT ganzraxvas damoukidebeli saqarTvelosaTvis safuZvlis

momzadeba warmoadgenda, rogorc ki amis saSualebas politikuri viTareba

Seqmnida. /Tumca, Tavdapirvel etapze ekologiuri sakiTxebi ufro met

yuradRebas ipyrobda, iseve rogorc somxeTSi 1988 wels. ekologiuri sakiTxebi

arasakmarisad politikuri iyo imisaTvis, rom isini reJims gaeTvaliswinebina,

ar warmoadgenda safrTxes aqtivistebisaTvis da, amrigad, qmnida safarvels

nacionalisturi ZalebisaTvis. saqarTevloSi yuradRebis centrSi iyo “kavkasiis

sarkinigzo” proeqti, romelic, rogorc garemoze zegavlenis, aseve gzaze

istoriuli Zeglebis dangrevis gegmis gamo, mimzidveli iyo opoziciisaTvis.

demonstrantTa azriT, rkinigza ufro Soreul safrTxeebsac Seicavda,

ramdenadac qmnida pirdapir sarkinigzo gzas ruseTisaken, da, amrigad, kidev

ufro metad miajaWvavda saqarTvelos ruseTTan. garda amisa, igi, savaraudod,

respublikaSi araqarTvelebis imigracias gamoiwvevda2. am proeqts mohyva

pirveli WeSmariti satelevizo debatebi saqarTveloSi, rac sajaroobis

(glastnost) pirveli gamoxatuleba iyo3. rogorc zurab Jvaniam, SemdgomSi

saqarTvelos parlamentis spikerma aRniSna, es iyo “sakiTxi, romelic

ukavSirdeboda farTo cvlilebebis ukve momwifebul survils”4. nacionalur

moZraobas didi sargebeli moutana 1987 wlis aprilSi cixidan disidentebis

gaTavisuflebam, ramac moZraoba gamocdili liderebiT uzrunvelyo. pirvelad,

1987 wlis oqtomberSi, dafuZnda organizacia “ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba”5.

Tumca imave wels sazogadoebaSi Siga uTanxmoeba warmoiSva da misma erT-erTma

1 ix. Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest levels: The Inside Story of the Cold War, Boston:

Little, Brown&Co., 1993, p.62. 2 ix. Jonathan Aves, Paths to National Independence in Georgia, 1987-1990, London, School of Slavonic and east

European Studies, University of London, 1991, p.10. 3 ix. Stephen Jones,”The Caucasian Mountain Railway project: A Victory for Glasnost”, in Central Asia Survey,

vol. 8, no. 2, 1989, pp.47-5.9. 4 iqve., p.11, damowm. Akhalgazrda Iverieli, 26 June 1991. 5 sazogadoebisa da misi programis detaluri mimoxilva ix.,Gerber, Georgien, pp.161-70 .

138

liderma, giorgi Wanturiam, mas Semdeg, rac Tavisi ukompromiso Sexedulebebis

mxardaWera ver hpova, sazogadoeba datova. realurad, sazogadoeba sxavdasxva

politikuri Sexedulebebis mqone xalxis Sexvedris adgili iyo, romelTac,

umTavresad, sabWoTa reJimisadmi winaaRmdegoma aerTianebdaT. rogorc gerberi

(Gerber) aRniSnavs, “sxvadasxva socialuri speqtridan erT organizaciaSi

pirovnebebis gaerTianeba ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze didi

dabrkoleba aRmoCnda”1.

1988 wels viTarebam ufro daZabuli elferi SeiZina, ramdenadac

sazogadoebas ori radikaluri dajgufeba gamoeyo. erTi maTgani iyo erovnul

demokratiuli partia (edp) giorgi Wanturias xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic

farulad moqmedebda 1981 wlidan, Wanturias patimrobis droidan da romelic

partias imave saxelwodebiT SeuerTda, romliTac is 1918-1921 ww. arsebobda.

meore ki iyo wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba, zviad gamsaxurdiasa da irakli

wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT2. am orma moZraobam Camoayaliba Ria aliansi,

miuxedavad ori lideris pirovnuli metoqeobisa. am aliansma 1989 wlis

aprilamde, TbilisSi sabWoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis intervenciamde gastana.

rogorc Cans, kostava gamaerTianebeli faqtoris rols TamaSobda (misi

wyalobiT moxda politikaSi gamsaxurdias dabruneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom

Tavad kostavam uari ganacxada patiebaze). am or moZraobas erTi saerTo

Tavisebureba hqonda: kulturuli programebis dacvis nacvlad, isini aSkara

separatizmis momxreebi iyvnen, uaryofdnen ra ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis

mier arCeul zomier “baltiur” gzas. Wanturias moZraoba lobirebda natos

wevrobas da, ufro metic, hqonda Zlieri religiuri elferi, ramdenadac is

moiTxovda, rom parlamentis pirveli palata saxalxo arCevnebis Sedegad

Camoyalibebuliyo, xolo zeda palata warmodgenili yofiliyo qarTuli

eklesiis wminda sinodis saxiT.

1988 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli politikuri scena sul ufro qaosuri

xdeboda, rasac Tan axlda polarizacia radikalebsa da komunistur partias

Soris; radikalebi Zalian aqtiurobdnen mosaxleobaSi, awyobdnen gaficvebsa da

demonstraciebs. amis Sedegi iyo Ria Seteva gamsaxurdiaze, kostavasa da

Wanturiaze “pravdis” furclebidan3. miuxedavad amisa, radikaluri moZraobebis

mzardi popularoba udao gaxada 1988 wlis noemberSi TbilisSi gamarTulma

200.000 demonstraciam, mimarTulma ssrk konstituciaSi Setanili cvlilebebis

1 Gerber, Georgien,p.163 . 2 ix.Suzanne Goldenberg, Pride of Small Nations: The Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder, London, Zed, 1994,

p95; Aves, Paths to National Independence in Georgia, p.12. 3 Pravda, 15 September 1988.

139

winaaRmdeg, romlebmac kidev ufro Sekveca saqarTvelos Sigd suvereniteti1. am

periodSi saqarTvelos komunisturi partia TandaTanobiT kargavda

legitimurobasa da avtoritets qarTul sazogadoebaSi. amasTanave,

inteleqtualebma daiwyes saqarTvelos “oficiluri” istoriis gadasinjva da

sul ufro metad akritikebdnen mas; qveyndeboda statiebi, sadac gakritikebuli

da Sesworebuli iyo oficialuri Tvalsazrisi. gansakuTrebuli ganxilvis

sagnad iqca 1918-21 ww. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi.

movlenebis aseTi ganviTarebis pasuxad, komunisturma partiam xeli Seuwyo

naxevradoficialuri moZraobis, rusTavelis sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas,

romelic zomierad nacionalisturi da centridan momdinare reformistuli

politikis mxardamWeri iyo. marTalia, zogierTi zomierisaTvis mizidulobis

centrad rusTavelis sazogadoeba iqca, magram politikur scenaze sul ufro

metad dominirebdnen gulwrfeli nacionalistebi. 1989 wlis dasawyisSi partiis

mosvlam xelisuflebaSi martSi gamarTul sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo

deputatTa yrilobis arCevnebs sabWoTa elferi SesZina. sxva respublikebTan

SedarebiT, adgilebis udides raodenobaze mxolod erTi kandidati modioda,

Sesabamisad, amomrCevelTa aqtivoba breJnevis epoqis 97% uaxlovdeboda2.

amasobaSi, situaciam aseve momwifeba daiwyo avtonomiur regionebSi da

eTnosebs Soris urTierToba qarTuli politikis mTavar sakiTxad iqca.

afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma daiwyes Civili am

anklavebSi arsebuli antiqarTuli politikis gamo. ufro metic, samxreT-

aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi azerbaijanuli da somxuri mosaxleobis

zrda ukmayofilebas iwvevda qarTvelebSi. afxazeTSi qarTvelebi gansakuTrebiT

ganawyenebuli iyvnen politikis warmarTvasa da regionaul institutebSi maTi

gavlenis naklebobiT, radganac isini realurad demografiul umravlesobas

warmoadgendnen.

17 ivniss axal “afxazur werils” moawera xeli 58 afxazma “komunistma” da

Ria werilis saxiT gaugzavna kp ck XIX konferenciis prezidiums. werilSi

saqarTvelos mimarT afxazTa saCivrebi iyo gamoTqmuli3. radganac es peticia

moskovidan upasuxod darCa, “afxazurma forumma” 1989 wlis 18 marts Seqmna

peticia, romelSic ganaxlebuli iyo 1970-iani wlebis moTxovnebi mokavSire

respublikis statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb4. amasTanave, adamon nixasma, axlad

1 Aves, Paths to National Independence in Georgia, p.14. 2 Jones and Parsons, “Georgia and the Georgians”, op. cit., p300. 3ix. Elizabeth Fuller, “Georgia, Abkhazia, and Chechen-Ingushetia”, in REF/RL Research Report, 7 February 1992,

p5; aseve ixileT Stephane Yerasimos, “Caucase: Le Retour de la Russie”, p.63. 4 peticia xelmoweril iqna ara marto afxazebis, aramed mravali sxva naciis _ berZnebis, somxebisa da rusebis _ warmomadgenelTa mierac. ix., Fuller (iqve.), gv.5.

140

Camoyalibebulma samxreT oseTis saxalxi frontma1, gamoxata mxardaWera

afxazTa moTxovnebisadmi gamoyofis Taobaze, radganac mas aseve aSfoTebda

axali ritorika, romelic TbilisSi sxvadasxva lideris mxridan JRerda.

samxreT osebi gansakuTrebiT aRaSfoTa 1988 wels miRebulma kanonma, romelic

qarTuli enis poziciebs mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganamtkicebda2.

afxazTa peticia da afxazeTSi eTnosTaSorisi Zaladobis calkeuli SemTxvevebi

ZiriTadi mizezebi iyo im sapasuxo protestebisa, romlebic qarTvelma

radikalebma 1989 wlis aprilSi moawyves TbilisSi.

TbilisSi gamarTulma demonstraciebma male Seicvala orientacia, im

mravali SemTxvevis msgavsad, romelTac im periodSi hqondaT adgili sabWoTa

kavSirSi. sanacvlod, isini gadaizarda masiur demonstraciebSi saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis moTxovniT. qarxnebi gaificnen da xalxi mTeli

saqarTvelodan dedaqalaqisaken daiZra. am dros SevardnaZe da gorbaCovi did

britaneTSi imyofebodnen; saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelobam

demonstraciis dasaSlelad moskovidan specialuri Zalebis gamoyenebis

nebarTva moiTxova3. 9 aprils, sahaero gziT gadmosrolilma da Sinaganma

jarebma demonstracia daSales, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 19 (maT Soris 16 qali)

da daiWra aTobiT adamiani. opoziciis mravali warmomadgeneli daapatimres, maT

Soris, Wanturia da gamsaxurdia. intervencia miznad isaxavda nacionaluri

moZraobis daSinebas; saxalxo moZraobebs uari unda eTqvaT respublikis

xelmZRvanelobisadmi im masStabis winaaRmdegobis gawevaze, rogoriTac adre

ewinaaRmdegebodnen. realurad, intervenciam kidev ufro gaamwvava daZabuloba

da kidev ufro Searyia komunisturi partiis xelisufleba TbilisSi. SevardnaZe

TbilisSi gamoiZaxes, raTa gamoZieba daewyo; patiaSvili maleve gaiwvies da

Secvales.

ramdenime TveSi qarTuli xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli gaxda, TviTon

morgeboda gabatonebul atmosferos. partiis axalma liderma givi gumbariZem

xeli Seuwyo reJimis dacemis daCqarebas. mihyveboda ra litvis komunisturi

partiis gzas, gumbariZe daTanxmda partiis programaSi nacionaluri politikis

Sesabamisi muxlebis CarTvas. adreul Semodgomaze komunisturma partiam

moiTxova erovnuli suvereniteti, qarTuli moqalaqeoba, qarTuli kanonis

uzenaesoba sakavSiro kanonze, is aseve muSaobda umciresobis teritoriebze

qarTvelebis dasaxlebis, am teritoriebis gaqarTvelebis mimarTulebiT4.

miuxedavad nacionalistebisadmi aseTi mniSvnelovani daTmobebisa, 1989 wlis

1 “Ademon Nykhas” osurad niSnavs “saxalxo taZars”. 2 ix. Elizabeth Fuller, “Draft ‘State Program’ gamoqveynebuli qarTul enaze, Radio Liberty Research

Report, 559/88, 12 December 1988. 3 Jones and Parsons, “Georgia and the Georgians”, op. cit., p.300-301. 4 iqve., p.301.

141

aprilis Semdeg komunisturma partiam veRarasodes moipova legitimuroba.

ramdenime radikalurma jgufma uari ganacxada komunisturi partiis mier

Seqmnil politikur sivrceSi monawileobaze, isini amtkicebdnen, rom es

koloniur saxelmwifod saqarTvelos xelaxla aRiarebis tolfasi iqneboda.

maTi mizani iyo “erovnuli kongresis” calke arCevnebis Catareba, rac qveyanas

damoukideblobamde miiyvanda. Tumca yvela opoziciurma moZraobam ar miiRo

monawileoba am procesSi, da yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom maT Soris

aRmoCnda gamsaxurdia. sanacvlod, man mTeli energia mimarTa uzenaesi sabWos

arCevnebisaken, romelic 1990 wlis oqtomberSi Catarda. es arCevnebi Zalze

sakamaTo iyo, ZiriTadad, Semdegi mizeziT: im partiebs, romlebic qveynis

mxolod erT nawilSi moqmedebden, aekrZalaT arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba;

es iyo muxli, romelic miznad isaxavda erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis saarCevno

uflebebis warTmevas, riTac Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli maTi

warmomadgenloba. yovelive es gamsaxurdiam sarkinigzo blokadiT ganamtkica1.

miuxedavad amisa, arCevnebi Catarda 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers, qaosur politikur

garemoSi, Zaladobisa da sakamaTo saarCevno meTodebis gamoyenebiT. partiebs

Soris xmebis ganawilebiT gamarjveba moipova gamsaxurdias erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebelma aliansma _ mrgvalma magidam.

gamsaxurdiam Tavisi kampania aago xalxis yuradRebis mipyrobaze, uWerda

ra mxars qarTvelebis uflebebs afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi. 250 kacian

parlamentSi gamsaxurdias naCqarevad fomirebulma koaliciam umravlesoba _ 155

adgili moipova, maSin rodesac komunistebma Zlivs daikaves 16 adgili. es is

SemTxvevaa, rodesac partiuli siebi da kandidatebi mokle periodis manZilze

iyo dasaxelebuli, bevrma qudbedianma da araserizoulma politikosma moaxerxa

parlamentSi moxvedra. qarTuli parlamenti iseT pirobebSi iqna arCeuli,

romlebmac populistebsa da arainteleqtualebs xelisuflebaSi mosvlis

saSualeba misca. qarTuli inteligencia mTlianad iqna gamoricxuli. es faqti

bunebrivad aadvilebda gamsaxurdiasTvis absoluturi Zalauflebis Ziebas,

ramdenadac mraval deputats mTlianad gacnobierebulic ki ar hqonda, Tu

realurad ra Zalauflebas aZlevdnen mas2.

ufro metic, saqarTvelo am dros, danarCeni kavkasiis msgavsad, gajerebuli

iyo iaraRiT. Seiqmna Zlieri naxevrad gasamxedroebuli dajgufebebi, rogoric

iyo mxedrioni jaba ioselianis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic 1980-iani wlebis

miwuruls aRmocenda rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovani milicia saqarTveloSi.

radganac saqarTvelos Tavisi sakuTari jari ar hyavda da SeiaraRebuli

1 Suny, op.cit., p325. 2 ix. Goldenberg, Pride of small Nations, p.98.

142

konfliqtebis safrTxis pirispir idga, gamsaxurdia Seegua naxevrad

gasamxedroebuli jgufebis arsebobas, radganac isini ukeTesi jariskacebi

iyvnen, vidre misi sakuTari erovnuli mcvelebi. Tumca man yovelTvis icoda,

rom es Zalebi, iseve rogorc regionSi arsebuli sxva milicia, ufro

pirovnuli loialobis gamo iyo SekavSirebuli, vidre saxelmwifosadmi da

mTavrobisadmi erTgulebiT1 isini potenciur da Zalzed realur safrTxes

warmoadgendnen misi poziciisaTvis da, sabolood, gamoiwvies kidec misi dacema.

umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi gamsaxurdias mTavrobis pozicia, garkveuli

gagebiT, ormagi xasiaTisa iyo _ adgilobriv afxazTa uflebebsa da aWarelTa

ufro dabal uflebebs Soris; mTlianad iyo uaryofili osTa uflebebi,

romlebic saqarTvelosaTvis ucxoebad iyvnen aRqmuli. xSirad gamsaxurdia

Riad emxroboda osebis saqarTvelodan gaZevebas, miznad isaxavda ra maT

gasaxlebas ukan, samSobloSi, CrdiloeTSi.

umciresobebTan daZabulobebis eskalaciaumciresobebTan daZabulobebis eskalaciaumciresobebTan daZabulobebis eskalaciaumciresobebTan daZabulobebis eskalacia

afxazeTi: dasawyisi, 1989afxazeTi: dasawyisi, 1989afxazeTi: dasawyisi, 1989afxazeTi: dasawyisi, 1989----91919191

gamsaxurdiam Tavisi kampania afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi qarTvelebis

uflebebze aago, amdenad, misi arCeva qarTul xelisuflebasa da umciresobebs

Soris urTierTobebis gauaresebis momaswavebeli iyo. faqtobrivad, yvela

umciresoba, maT Soris, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi da aWareli muslimi

qarTvelebi aprotestebdnen gamsaxurdias reJimis mier gamocxadebul axal

politikas _ homogenizacias, gaqarTvelebas da qristianizacias, romelic

TandaTan sul ufro Sovinisturi xdeboda. amis Sedegad, osebi da afxazebi,

romelTac TavianT avtonomiur regionebSi kvazi-saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebi

hqondaT da maT garSemo SeeZloT xalxis mobilizeba, xedavdnen, rom

damoukidebel saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCena warmoudgeneli iyo,

ramdenadac es niSnavda maTi avtonomiis da, SesaZloa, aseve maTi kulturuli

uflebebis mospobas. sxva umciresobebs, romelTac ar gaaCndaT oficialuri

struqturebi, gacilebiT seriozuli problemebi hqondaT TavianTi uflebebis

daecvis kuTxiT, vidre patara avtonomiur umciresobebs, romlebic realurad

flobdnen saxelmwifo struqturebs.

mTavari problema iyo orive mxridan kompromisze wasvlis survilis

ararseboba. qarTvelebi afxazebsa da osebs ganixilavdnen mxolod ruseTis

iaraRad da saSualebad, romliTac igi cdilobda viTarebis destabilizacias

saqarTveloSi da damoukideblobisaken misi swrafvis alagmvas. miuxedavad

1yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da iugoslaviaSi arsebuli naxevradgasamxedroebuli dajgufebebis rolisa da struqturis Sesaxeb ix. Charles H. Fairbanks, “The PostCommunist

Wars”, in Journal of Democracy, October 1995.

143

imisa, rom umciresobebis mier lingvisturi da kulturuli uflebebis

moTxovnebi msgavsi iyo Tavad saqarTvelos moTxovnebisa, qarTvel

nacionalistebs afxazebisa da osebis pretenziebi arasodes uRiarebiaT

legitimurad, am pretenziebs ganixilavdnen ruseTis mier waqezebulad,

romelTac araviTari safuZveli ar gaaCnda. umciresobebis moTxovnebis aseT

ukidures interpretacias ar cvlida is garemoeba, rom xSirad isini rusuli

enis rolze koncentrirdeboda. ramdenadac rusul enas avtonomiur mxareebSi,

sakuTriv saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro Zlieri statusi hqonda,

osebisa da afxazebis didma nawilma realurad gamoacxada rusuli maT pirvel

enad; es kidev ufro anmtkicebda qarTvelebis eWvs imis Taobaze, rom

umciresobaTa ukan ruseTis idga. ufro metic, qarTvelebi umciresobebs

ganixilavdnen rogorc imigrantebs da stumrebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze,

romelTac ar hqondaT aranairi uflebebi, garda imisa, rasac qarTveli

“maspinZlebi” uboZebdnen. termini “imigranti” gansakuTrebiT osebTan da

rusebTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneboda. amasTanave, arc afxazebi aRiqmebodnen

yovelTvis avtoqtonur eTnikur jgufad, rogoric isini realurad arian.

qarTuli nacionalisturi literaturis nawilSi, romelic, rogorc Cans,

istoriis staliniseuli interpretaciis gavlenas ganicdida, afxazebi

aRwerili arian rogorc qarTveluri warmomavlobis tomebi, romlebic droTa

ganmavlobaSi Cerqezebs Seerivnen. amgvarad, isini ar ganixilebian avtoqtonur

eTnikur jgufad1. mokled, qarTvel nacionalistebs arasodes hqondaT

gaazrebuli, rom is centridanuli Zalebi, romlebsac isini, sabWoTa kavSiridan

gamoyofis mcdelobebiT, sakavSiro doneze warmoadgendnen, xels uwyobda

respublikur doneze sxva centridanuli Zalebis warmoSobas avtonomiuri

umciresobebis saxiT. Tavisi arsiT, saqarTvelSi arsebuli problema _ es aris

ormagi umciresobobis statusis problema, romelic xandaxan TviT sammagi

umciresobis statusamde farTovdeba. magaliTad, qarTvelebi umciresobas

warmoadgendnen sabWoTa kavSirSi; osebi umciresoba iyvnen saqarTveloSi;

qarTvelebi, Tavis mxriv, umciresobas warmoadgendnen samxreT oseTSi. am rTul

situacias mivyavdiT umciresobebis usafrTxoebis problemamde. Tu sabWoTa

kavSirSi status qvo Seicvleboda, maSin gasarkvevi gaxdeboda osebis (aviRoT

yvelaze naTeli magaliTi) statusi axal qarTul respublikaSi. ramdenadanac

isini am perspeqtivas TavianTTvis nakleb momgebianad miiCnevdnen, sabWoTa

kavSirSi darCenas arCevdnen. es saqarTvelodan gamoyofis tolfasi iyo, rac

samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis winaSe usafrTxoebis problemas

1 Zviad Gamsaxurdia, “Istoricheskaia Spravka ob Abkhazii” in Vestnik Gruzii, October 1989, October 1989, damowm., Gerber, Georgien, p.207.

144

ayenebda; qarTvelebs aSfoTebdaT TavianTi mdgomareoba samxreT oseTSi,

romelic saqarTvelos nawili aRar iyo.

afxazeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli daZabuloba gaamwvava

perestroikam, radganac qarTvelebmac da afxazebmac, erTi analitikosis

sityviT, dainaxes SesaZlebloba “damoukideblobis Taobaze TavianTi

moTxovnebis gamarTlebisa”1. 1988 wels afxazTa 60 liderma xeli moawera

werils sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobisadmi, romelSic gamoxatuli iyo ukmayofileba

saqarTvelosTan mimarT2. 1989 wlis martSi igive forumis mier momzadda

peticia, sadac moiTxovdnen afxazeTis respublikis reinstitucirebas sabWoTa

kavSiris mokavSire respublikad, rac saqarTvelodan gamoyofas niSnavda. am

moTxovnas mxari dauWira agreTve afxazeTis araafxazurma mosaxleobam.

afxazeTi eTnikurma mRelvarebam moicva, rasac Tan axlda Setakebebi 1989 wlis

zafxulSi; maT Sedegad aTeulobiT adamiani daiRupa da aseulobiT daiWra3.

1990 wlis agvistoSi afxazeTis uzenaesma sabWom ganaxorciela ori wlis

winandeli peticiis muxlebi da situacis marTva Tavis xelSi aiRo. man

afxazeTi sruluflebian mokavSire respublikad gamoacxada da, amrigad,

saqarTvelosagan gamoacalkeva. amasTanave, afxazeTma Riad datova karebi

saqarvelosTan urTierTobebis restruqturirebisaTvis federaciul doneze,

rogorc es 1931 wlamde iyo.

konfliqtis katalizatorad iqca gorbaCovis mier 1991 wlis martSi

samokavSireo xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebiT gamocxadebuli sayovelTao

sakavSiro referendumi. saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobam aukrZala qveynis

mosaxleobas referendumSi monawileoba. miuxedavad amisa, afxazebma da samxreT

osebma, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebis momxre iyvnen, gamarTes

referendumi da umravlesobam winadadebis sasargeblod misca xma. es nabiji

naklebad iyo ganpirobebuli ruseTTan dakavSirebis pozitiuri surviliT; es

iyo imis rwmena, rom ruseTis federaciul respublikaSi umciresobebs ukeTesi

Sansi hqondaT, vidre sul ufro mzardad Sovinistur saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam referendumi baTilad scno da 1991 wlis aprilSi

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamoacxada. ianvarSi saqarTvelo gamocxadebuli

iyo unitarul saxelmwifod, yovelgvari Siga sazRvrebis gareSe, rac

gulisxmobda qveynis yvela avtonomiuri erTeulis avtonomiuri statusis

gauqmebas. afxazebi, am konteqstSi, gamoricxavdnen damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi darCenas; aSkara iyo Ria dapirispireba. ianvarSi ukve

1 damowm., Otyrba, “War in Abkhazia”, p285. 2 ix. Elizabeth Fuller, “Georgia, Abkhazia, and Chechen-Ingushetia”, in REF/RL Research Report, 7 February

1992, p5; aseve ixileT Stephane Yerasimos, “Caucase: Le Retour de la Russie”, p.63. 3 ix. Current Digest, vol. 41 no. 29, 1989, pp. 14-16.

145

dawyebuli iyo omi samxreT oseTTan, romelmac, garkveuli droiT, TiTqmis

mTlianad miipyro qarTvel xelmZRvanelTa yuradReba. Semdeg, farTomasStabiani

eTnikuri mRelvarebis TvalsazrisiT, afxazeTis rigi dadgeboda. im droisaTvis

afxazeTi TadarigSi/rezervSi iyo. rogorc paul henze (Paul Henze) aRniSnavs,

ormxrivma araprofesiulma da sarisko samxedro avantiuram im donemde

gaamwvava situacia, rom misi ganmuxtva SeuZlebeli gaxda1.

omis eskalacia samxreT oseTSiomis eskalacia samxreT oseTSiomis eskalacia samxreT oseTSiomis eskalacia samxreT oseTSi

sabWoTa standartebiT, samxreT oseTi, afxazeTisagan gansxvavebiT, aris

teritoria mniSvnelovani raodenobis satitulo mosaxleobiT. 1989 wels

samxreTeli osebi maTi avtonomiuri olqis mosaxleobis 2/3 Seadgendnen,

daaxloebiT 65.000-s 98.000 mosaxlidan. amasTanave, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi

osebis mxolod 40% cxovrobda samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqis

teritoriaze. TiTqmis 100.000 osi mimofantuli iyo saqarTvelos sxva

regionebSi. Sedegad, samxreT oseTis saomari potenciali utoldeboda

afxazeTisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli SedarebiT patara umciresoba

iyo, romelsac eTnikuri hyavs moZmeebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. mRelvareba,

romelmac piks 1989 wels miaRwia, drois SedarebiT xanmokle periodis manZilze

ganviTarda. 1988 wlis noemberSi warmodgenil iqna kanoni, romelic qarTuli

enis ganamtkicebda poziciebs saqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze2. es SeiZleba

miCneul iqnes “kanonTa omis” sawyis etapad, romelic sariozulad daiwyo 1989

wlis dasasruls3. 1989 wlis Semodgomaze, oseTis saxalxo frontis adamon

nixasis liderma Ria weriliT mimarTa afxaz xalxs da mxari dauWira maT

moTxovnas gamoyofis Taobaze. samxreT oseTSi Tavi iCina Zaladobis calkeulma

SemTxvevebma; ivlisSi cnobili gaxda, rom rogorc osebis, aseve qarTvelTa

SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi partizanul oms awarmoebdnen; Tumca am cnobebis

utyuaroba sadaoa, bevri maTgani vrceldeboda radikaluri elementebis mier,

daZabulobis gamwvavebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, am periodSi ar momxdara

totaluri polarizacia. adamon nixasma da ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebam

erToblivi gancxadebebiT mouwodes osebsa da qarTvelebs, ar SeewyvitaT

winaaRmdegoba eqstremizmisadmi4.

1 Paul B. Henze, “Abkhazia Diary, 1997”, in Tütüncü, Caucaus:War and Peace, p.105. 2 ix. Elizabeth Fuller, “Draft ‘State Program’ gamoqveynebuli qarTul enaze, Radio Liberty Research

Report, 559/88, 12 December 1988. 3 ix. Catherine Dale, “Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Dynamics of the Conflicts”, in Pavel Baev and Ole Berthelsen

(eds), Conflicts in the Caucasus, PRIO Report 3/96, aseve: International Peace Research Institute, 1996, pp. 13-26. 4 ix. Elizabeth Fuller, “The South Ossetian Campaing for Unification” in Report on the USSR, no. 49, 1989, p 17-

20, aq ix. p.18.

146

agvistoSi miRebul iqna zomebi imisaTvis, rom qarTuli ena sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi gamosayenebel erTaderT oficialur enad qceuliyo1. aseTi

dadgenileba, aWarasTan da afxazeTTan SedarebiT, ufro metad samxreT oseTs

Seexeboda, sadac osebis 14% icoda qarTuli da romelsac avtonomiaTa

ierarqiaSi ufro dabali statusi hqonda. seqtembris dasawyisSi osurma

xelmZRvanelobam olqSi rusebisaTvis, osebisaTvis da qarTvelebisaTvis

Tanabari statusis miniWeba moiTxova. Tvis bolos olqis sabWom gadawyvita,

osuri regionis saxelmwifo enad gamoecxadebina. es naTlad mianiSnebs im

faqtze, rom seqtembris TveSi moxda konfliqtis eskalacia. ufro konkretulad,

CrdiloeT oseTTan gaerTianebisaken mimarTulma moZraobam seqtemberSi

moikriba Zalebi. adamon nixasma peticia gagzavna moskovSi, sadac CrdiloeT da

samxreT oseTis gaerTianeba moiTxova. vimowmebT Semdeg citatebs mimarTvidan:

Cven migvaCnia, rom patara osi xalxis or administraciul erTeulad

gayofa demokratiuli saxelmwifos farglebSi absurdia, rogorc

politikurad, aseve ekonomikurad. Cven moviTxovT, rom CrdiloeT da

samxreT oseTis gaerTianebis sakiTxi ganxilul iqnas nacionaluri

sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis

centraluri komitetis plenumze2.

seqtembris miwuruls daZabulobam im dones miaRwia, rom wesrigis

SesanarCuneblad damatebiTi Zalebi iqna Seyvanili. situaciis ganmuxtvis

mcdelobaTa miuxedavad, Tavi iCina dapirispirebebma eTnikur niadagze. 10

noembers olqis sabWom moiTxova samxreT oseTis gardaqmna avtonomiur

respublikad. erTi kvirac ar iyo gasuli, rom saqarTvelom gamoacxada

sakavSiro kanonebze vetos dadebis ufleba da daadastura kavSiridan

saqarTvelos gamoyofis ufleba. aman aSkarad gaamwvava daZabuloba samxreT

oseTSi. 1989 wlis Semodgomis manZilze, eTnikuri Setakebebis Sedegad, regionSi

daiRupa ramdenime adamiani, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi3. es iyo konfliqtis pirveli

etapi, romlmac 1989 wlis noembridan 1990 wlis ianvramde gastana da romelsac

biZgi misca gamsaxurdiasa da gumbariZis mier 23 noembers organizebulma

“cxinvalis marSma”; es ukanaskneli moewyo qarTvelebis dacvis sababiT,

romelbic cxinvalis mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgendnen”4. marSSi

monawileoba miiRo 12.000-dan 15.000 adamianma, romlebic samxreTidan cxinvalSi

Sesvlis mcdelobis dros osTa jgufebs Sexvdnen. SeiaraRebuli Setakeba

Tavidan acilebuli iqna sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros

1ix. Elizabeth Fuller, “South Ossetia: Analysis of a Permanent Crisis”, in Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991,

p21. 2 Fuller, “The South Ossetian Campaing for Unification” , p.19, Literaturuli Sakartvelo, 20 October 1989. 3 iqve., gv.21. 4 ix. Birch, “The Georgian/South Ossetian Territorial and Boundary Dispute”, p.182.

147

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier, romelic saqmeSi CaerTo samxreT oseTis olqis

sabWos moTxovniT da ar dauSva qarTvelTa masis qalaqSi Sesvla. Semdgomi ori

dRis ganmavlobaSi eTnikur SetakebebSi 6 adamiani daiRupa da kidev 140

daSavda1. amis Semdeg gamsaxurdiam daifica, rom regionis mTel os mosaxleobas

gaasaxlebda saqarTvelodan. cxinvalis ganapira soflebSi pirvelma Setakebebma

ifeTqa2. isini 1990 wlis ianvramde gagrZelda; semdeg ki, rogorc Cans, Sida

dapirispirebis gamwvavebam saqarTveloSi mTavari roli Seasrula daZabulobis

ganmuxtvaSi.

1990 wlis pirvel naxevarSi situacia kvlav daZabuli rCeboda, Tumca

garkveuli stabiluroba mainc SenarCunda. 1990 wlis aprilSi sabWoTa kavSiris

uzenaesma sabWom miiRo kanoni, romelic zogadad ganamtkicebda avtonomiuri

regionebisa da respublikebis poziciebs, centraluri xelisuflebis

sawinaaRmdegod. am kanonis Sedegi iyo saqarTvelos nacionalisturi

xelmZRvanelobisa da qarTul miwaze arsebul avtonomiaTa poziciebis mzardi

polarizacia, ramdenadac mas, qarTvelTa TvalTaxedviT, mohyveboda

umciresobebis interesebis identificireba moskovis interesebTan. agvistoSi

miRebul iqna qarTuli kanoni, romelmac regionul partiebs aukrZala momaval

arCevnebSi monawileoba, aman xeli Seuwyo mSeneblobis procesSi myofi myife

stabilurobis dangrevas. samxreT oseTis uzenaesma sabWom Sua seqtemberSi

upasuxa am nabijs, calmxrivad aRadgina Tavisi statusi da samxreT oseTi

gansazRvra rogorc “damoukidebeli sabWoTa demokratiuli respublika”.

saqarTvelos parlamentma dauyovnebliv gaauqma es gadawyvetileba, magram

moaxloebuli qarTuli arCevnebiT aforiaqebulma qarTulma xelmZRvanelobam

yuRadReba veRar miaqcia samxreT oseTs. samxreT oseTma, iseve rogorc

afxazeTma arCevnebs biokoti gamoucxada. rodesac 1990 wlis dekembris

dasawyisSi “axali” samxreT oseTis uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebi Catarda,

gamsaxurdiam kvlav ganacxada, rom afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi SeinarCunebdnen

TavianT avtonomias, Tumca, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, Tavdapirvelad man aWaris

avtonomiis gauqmebis miswrafebac gamoavlina. amrigad, samxreT oseTis

arCevnebdan ori dRis Semdeg, 11 dekembers, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom

gaauqma samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da meore dRes SemoiRo sagangebo

situacia regionSi, romelic “cxinvalisa da javis regionebad” iwodeboda3.

1 ix. Rachel Denber, Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Violations of Humanitarian Law and Human Rights in the

Georgian-South Ossetia Conflict, New York: Helsinki Watch, April 1992, p7, monacemebi moyvanilia Komsomolskaya Pravda, 26 December 1990. 2 ix. Alexi Zverev, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-94”, in Bruno Coppetiers (ed.), Contested Borders in

the Caucasus, Brussels: VUBPress, 1996, p43. 3 ix. Elizabeth Fuller, “Georgian parliament Votes to Abolish Ossetian Autonomy”, in RFE/RL Report on the

USSR,, 21 December 1990, p8; Denber, Bloodshed in the Caucasus, p.8.

148

amasTanave, saqarTvelom blokada gamoucxada samxreT oseTs, romelmac 1992

wlis ivlisamde, sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros jarebis

wesrigis dasamyareblad gagzavnamde gastana.1. moskovis pasuxi naTeli gaxda

ianvris dasawyisSi, rodesac gorbaCovma moaxdina samxreT osebisa da

qarTvelTa mier olqis statusis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis anulireba. magram moskovma, udaod, dakarga situaciis

marTvis unari, ramdenadac man araferi gaakeTa maSin, rodesac saqarTvelom

uari ganacxada, daTanxmeboda mis saSinao saqmeebSi uxeS CarevasTan

dakavSirebiT moskovis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas.

1991 wlis dasawyisSi sabWoTa SeiaraRebulma Zalebma, romlebic,

saqarTvelos protestis miuxedavad, imyofebodnen samxreT oseTSi, monawileoba

miiRes konfliqtis SewyvetaSi, Tumca torez kulumbegovi, samxreT oseTis

uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare, dapatimrebul iqna saqarTvelos

xelisuflebasTan molaparakebebis dros. iseve rogorc afxazeTSi, martSi

sayovelTao sakavSiro referendumi gaimarTa samxreT oseTSi, romlis Sedegi

igive iyo, rac afxazeTSi _ monawileTa 99 procentma mxari dauWira sabWoTa

kavSiris SenarCunebas, xolo vinc am azrs ar iziarebda, referendumSi ar

monawileobda da emxroboda arCevnebisadmi saqarTvelos centraluri

xelisuflebis boikots. samxreT oseTma uari ganacxada damoukideblobis

sakiTxze saqarTveloSi gamarTul referendumSi monawileobaze, radganac

samxreT oseTi aSkarad aRar miiCnevda Tavs saqarTvelos nawilad. movlenebis

aseTma ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo daZabulobis eskalacias. osebi wuxdnen, rom

isini gaasaxles cxinvalis garSemo mdebare soflebidan. qarTvelebi Ciodnen

osebis mxridan analogiuri qmedebis gamo. aleqsandre zverevis (Aleqsandre Zverev)

mixedviT, saqarTvelos mxridan brZolebSi, ZiriTadad, monawileobdnen merab

kostavas sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebic gamsaxurdiasTan iyvnen kavSirSi da,.

romlis wevrTa umravlesoba samxreT oseTis qarTveli macxovreblebisagan

Sedgeboda. maT upirispirdeboda osTa TavdacviTi Zalebi, romlebic swrafad

Seikribnen2.

cxinvalis qarTulma mosaxleobam nel-nela daiwyo samxreT oseTis

datoveba, rac safuZvlad daedo eTnikuri wmendis braldebas. Tumca

ltolvilebi mxolod qarTvelebi ar iyvnen. naklebi intensivobiT mimdinare

konfliqtiT moculi anklavidan qarTvelTa gamosvlis paralelurad, osebis

talRamac miaSura CrdiloeT kavkasias, maTi raodenoba, sxvadasxva monacemebiT,

30.000-dan 100.000-mde iyo. es, ZiriTadad, is osebi iyvnen, romlebic sakuTriv

1 ix. Zverev, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-94”, p.44. 2 iqve, p.45.

149

saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen1. 1991 wlis Sua periodSi qarTvelebi cecxls

uSendnen samxreT oseTis dedaqalaqs, rac iZulebuls xdida mosaxleobas,

daetovebina iqauroba. noemberSi ramdenime mZevali aiyvanes da cxinvals,

problemis erTxel da samudamod gadasawyvetad, alya Semoartyes qarTvelma

samxedroebma. samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelobam sayovelTao mobilizacia

gamoacxada; dekembris miwuruls, TbilisSi arsebuli Sida uTanxmoebis gamo,

farTomasStabiani Setakeba Tavidan iqna acilebuli, iseve rogorc

saqarTveloSi arsebul mraval sxva SemTxvevaSi2. rom ara es garemoeba, mxolod

varaudiT Tu warmovidgenT, ra Sedegebs moitanda yovelive samxreT

oseTisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu ara SidaqarTuli problemebi, samxreT

oseTis konfliqti ver kvalificirdeboda rogorc yvelaze “rbili”

amierkavkasiis sam konfliqts Soris.

gamsaxurdias dacema da samxreT oseTis dakargvagamsaxurdias dacema da samxreT oseTis dakargvagamsaxurdias dacema da samxreT oseTis dakargvagamsaxurdias dacema da samxreT oseTis dakargva

gamsaxurdias reJimi sul ufro metad eqceoda safrTxis qveS. es metwilad

gamowveuli iyo misi meryevi qceviT, warumateblobiT ekonomikuri

transformaciis procesis marTvaSi da, yvelaze metad, misi avtokratiuli

tendenciebiT. stiven jonsis sityviT,

gamsaxurdias sxva maxasiaTeblebi iyo erTgavri paranoia, gonebis

konspiratoruli struqtura, RvarZliani antikomunizmi da

TviTgandidebis tendencia... gamsaxurdia Tavs miiCnevda ukanasknel

qarTvel gmirad, romelic samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvas

ganasaxierebda. gamsaxurdiasaTvis brZola mimdinareobda “keTilsa

da borots” Soris... adarebda ra Tavis Tavs de gols, gamsaxurdia

amtkicebda, rom Zlieri prezidentoba Seesabameboda qarTveli

xalxis “istoriul kanonebs da maxasiaTeblebs”3.

im droisaTvis gamsaxurdiis avtokratia ukavSirdeboda Zlieri

mmarTvelobis saWiroebis gaTviTcnobierebas, raTa miRweuliyo damoukidebloba.

gia nodiam saqarTvelos konteqstSi sakiTxi Semdegnairad dasva:

damoukideblobis ideiT, rogorc sococxlisunariani politikuri

proeqtiT gataceba sakamaTos xdida demokratiasTan mis harmonias.

Camoyalibda ori sapirispiro midgoma. erTi demokratias

ganixilavda saboloo miznad, magram mas, damoukideblobasTan

1 ix. Julian Birch, “Ethnic Cleansing in the Caucasus” in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, vol. 1 no. 4, 1995, pp 90-

107. Moscow News, 19 November 1992, mTliani raodenoba gamoTvlilia – 40-55,000 osi saqarTvelodan. 2 ix. Dale, “Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Dynamics of the Conflicts”, p.14-15. 3is. Jones, “Georgia: the Trauma of statehood”, op.cit., p.522.

150

mimarTebaSi, meorexarisxovan mniSvnelobas aniWebda. am

Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, ers, vidre demokratias aaSenebda, jer

soliduri safuZveli unda Seeqmna damoukideblobisaTvis. sanam

saqarTvelo mis teritoriul erTianobas uzrunvelyofda,

SesaZloa, gonivruli iyo droebiT Zlieri avtokratiuli

mmarTvelobis arCeva. meore Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, miuxedavad

imisa, rom damoukideblobis gareSe saqarTvelo ver iqneboda

demokratiuli, es ar niSnavda imas, rom demokratia naklebad

mniSvnelovani iyo damoukideblobaze. demokratia ar iyo Soreul

momavalSi misaRwevi raRac fufuneba; gza demokratiisaken aseve

demokratiuli unda yofiliyo1.

mTeli rigi qmedebebiT, gamsaxurdia anadgurebda demokratiul

mmarTvelobas. magaliTad, man adgilobrivi xelisuflebis arCevnebi centridan

daniSnuli prefeqturebiT Secvala. 1991 wlis agvistoSi, moskovSi arSemdgari

gadatrialebis Semdeg, man akrZala komunisturi partia. imave TveSi policiam

daarbia opoziciis demonstracia2. retrospeqtivaSi, Znelia ar daeTanxmo

mkvlevrebs, romelTac, nodias msgavsad, swamT, rom gamsaxurdias praqtikuli

“avtoritarizmi” SezRuduli iyo: ufro misi stili, vidre (mo)qmedebebi aniWebda

mas diqtatoris imijs3. misi mTavari uaryofiTi mxare iyo nebismieri opoziciis

gaigiveba suk-is agentebTan. gamsaxurdias mier saqarTvelos aSkara

identifikacia Tavis personasTan iwvevda TiTqmis yvela misi mowinaaRmdegis

moazrebas qveynis moRalated. Tavis mxriv, es iwvevda gamsaxurdias adrindeli

momxreebis umetesobis Sebrunebas mis winaaRmdeg da maT dakavSirebas

opoziciasTan, romelic, unda iTqvas, ar iyo ufro Tavaziani Tavis

damokidebulebebsa da gamosvlebSi, vidre Tavad prezidenti. 1991 wlis

miwuruls poziciebi imdenad radikalizda, rom daiwyo samoqalaqo omi

ioselianisa da kitovanis samxedro formirebebsa da saxelmwifos Soris.

ianvarSi gamsaxurdia iZulebuli gaxda, dedaqalaqidan gaqceuliyo. sabolood,

man politikuri TavSesafari miiRo joxar dudaevis CeCneTSi. areuloba oseTis

xelmZRvanelobam 19 ianvars referendumis CatarebisaTvis gamoiyena, sadac xmis

mimcemTa 90% metma ruseTTan SeerTebis survili gamoxata. am referendumma

orazrovani reaqcia gamoiwvia ruseTSi, zogierTma jgufma is saxalxo arCevanad

CaTvala, romelic mxardaWeras imsaxurebda, ZiriTadad imitom, rom is

1 Ghia Nodia, “Georgia’s Identity Crisis”, in Journal of Democracy, vol. 6 no. 1, 1995, p.109. 2 Slider, “Democratization in Georgia”, p.162. 3 Ghia Nodia, “The Ethnic Policies of Zviad Gamsakhurdia”, p.80.

151

esadageboda moskovis “omis partiis” interesebs, sxvebma ki is viTarebis

gamarTulebel faqtorad miiCnies1.

axalma qarTulma reJimma, romelsac 1992 wlis martidan SevardnaZe

xelmZRvanelobda, Tavdapirvelad, erTi SexedviT, ufro Semrigebluri pozicia

daikava samxreT oseTTan mimarTebaSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, SevardnaZis

xelisuflebaSi mosvla daZabulobebis ganmuxtvisaTvis xelisSemwyob movlenad

CaiTvala. rogoric ar unda yofiliyo SevardnaZis realuri miswrafebebi, is

verasdros SesZlebda maT ganxorcielebas. axalma qarTulma xelisuflebam

vladikavkazsa da cxinvalSi SevardnaZis vizitiT Semrigebluri politikis

niSnebi gamoavlina. 1992 wlis pirvel TveebSi, sanam “saxelmwifo sabWo”,

romelsac bundovani fugurebi (maT Soris, ioseliani, kitovani da Tengiz

sigua) xelmZRvanelobdnen, Tavs imkvidrebda xelisuflebaSi, dapirispireba

Senelda. maisSi xelmoweril iqna SeTanxmeba droebiTi cecxlis Sewyvetis

Sesaxeb. magram situaciis Cawynareba gamowveuli iyo saxelmwifo sabWosadmi

loialurad ganwyobili qarTuli Zalebis CabmiT samoqalaqo omSi zviadistTa

(zviad gamsaxurdias momxreTa) winaaRmdeg, romlebmac amboxeba moawyves

samegrelosa da afxazeTis nawilSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, SevardnaZem male

daamtkica Tavisi uunaroba, gaekontrolebina mimofantuli, naxevrad

gasamxedroebuli Zalebi, romlebic qarTul armias Seadgendnen da romlebic

mxolod TavianT xelmZRvanelebs emorCilebodnen2. ramdenime TveSi, aprilis

miwuruls, cxinvalze saartilerio SeteviT omi daiwyo. maisis miwuruls

avtobusSi msxdomi osi ltolvilebi daxoces, rasac situaciis gauareseba

mohyva.

saqme gaarTula ramdenime gareSe faqtorma, ramac samxreT oseTsa da

saqarTvelos Soris konfliqtis regionalizebis safrTxe Seqmna. es iyo

ruseTis, CrdiloeT oseTisa da, mTlianad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis faqtorebi.

rusma radikalebma, maT Soris ruseTis parlamentis spikerma, ruslan

xasbulatovma (CeCeni) da vice-prezidentma aleqsandre ruckoim mkacri

gancxadebebi gaakeTes saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, maTSi samxreT

osebi ruseTis moqalaqeebad saxeldebodnen; amrigad, es politikosebi iribad

aRiarebdnen samxreT oseTis ruseTTan SeerTebas. sanam elcini SeTanxmebul

gadawyvetilebebs eZebda, rusuli vertmfrenebi utevdnen qarTul erovnul

TavdacviT SeiaraRebul Zalebs; rusuli jarebi gadasrolil iqnen CrdiloeT

1 ix. Zverev “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-94”, p.45. 2 specifikuri, araprofesiuli partizanuli dajgufebebis Sesaxeb (rogoric iyo saqarTveloSi ioseliani da sigua, azerbaijanSi ki surat huseinovi) ix. Charles H.

Fairbanks, “The PostCommunist wars”, in Journal of Democracy, October 1995.

152

kavkasiaSi ruseTis sxva teritoriebidan1. gadmocemiT, satelefono saubarSi

xasbulatovi SevardnaZes Tbilisis dabombviT daemuqra; amrigad 1992 wlis

ivnisisaTvis ruseTi saqarTvelosTan omis zRvarze idga2. ruseTis pasuxi,

metwilad, nakarnaxevi iyo CrdiloeT oseTis mier. iyenebda ra moskovSi

arsebul Zlier lobis, CrdiloeT oseTis mTavrobam gadaWra milsadeni,

romliTac rusuli bunebrivi airi saqarTvelos miewodeboda. garda amisa,

kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederaciam ivnisSi CrdiloeT oseTSi gamoiyvana

moxalise mebrZolTa batalioni, romelic mzad iyo samxreTSi sabrZolvelad.

miuxedavad imisa, rom CrdiloeT oseTis xelmZRvanelobam Tavidan aicila misi

gadaadgileba samxreT oseTisaken, situaciis seriozulobam da aqamde

lokalizebuli konfliqtis kavkasiur omSi gadazrdis SesaZleblobam, rac

saqarTvelos ruseTTan daapirispirebda, xeli Seuwyo SevardnaZisa da elcinis

daaxloebas.

22 ivniss orma liderma, CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTis liderTa

TandaswrebiT, xeli moawera soWis SeTanxmebas, oseTis liderebma SeTanxmebas

xeli ar moaweres; samxreTelebi gansakuTrebiT ukmayofiloni iyvnen misi

formulirebiT. gadawyvetileba cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb amoqmedda 28 ivniss,

ganisazRvra samSvidobo Zalebi rusebis, qarTvelebisa da osebis

SemadgenlobiT. 14 ivliss pirvelma samSvidoboebma poziciebi daikaves da mas

Semdeg cecxli ar ganaxlebula. miuxedavad amisa, konfliqti gadawyveta ar

moxerxda, Tumca, erTi SexedviT, misi SezRuduli masStabis gamo, es konfliqti

yvelaze advilad mosagvarebeli Canda amierkavkasiis sam konfliqts Soris.

konfliqtis dros daRupuli 700 adamiani sakmarisi faqtoria monawileTa

SesaSfoTeblad.

omi afxazeTSi: 1992omi afxazeTSi: 1992omi afxazeTSi: 1992omi afxazeTSi: 1992----93939393

garkveuli periodis manZilze afxazeTis xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda,

TbilisTan SeTanxmebisaTvis molaparakebebiT mieRwia. 1992 wlis ivlisSi

afxazeTis prezidentma vladislav arZinbam xelSekrulebis proeqti gaugzavna

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos, sadac SeTavazebuli iyo problebis

federaciuli an konfederaciuli gadawyveta, rac daicavda saqarTvelos

teritoriul mTlianobas. Tumca Semrigebluri nabiji uaryofil iqna

saqarTvelos axali xelmZRvanelobis mier. amasobaSi, uSedego molaparakebebis

mimdinareobisas, kvlav iCina Tavi daZabulobam3. amis pasuxad, ivlisSi,

afxazeTma aRadgina 1925 wlis konstitucia, romlis Tanaxmad, afxazeTi

1 ix. Birch, “Ossetia: A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm”, p.46-47. 2 ix. Zverev “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-94”, p.46. 3 BBC Monitoring Service:Forme USSR,, 18 June, 1992.

153

gansazRvrulia damoukidebel, magram “saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur

respublikasTan specialuri samokavSireo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze

gaerTianebul respublikad”1. amrigad, afxazeTma, praqtikulad, damoukidebloba

gamoacxada, qarTuli mosaxleobis warmomadgenlis, Tamaz nadareiSvilis

gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, romelsac afxazeTis parlamentis Tavmjdomaris

posti ekava2. afxazeTma es nakleb provokaciulad gaakeTa, vidre mTianma

yarabaRma da samxreT oseTma, ramdenadac man datova restruqturirebul

saqarTvelosTan kavSiris SesaZlebloba3. da mainc, arZinbam gamoacxada, rom

afxazeTi damoukideblad Seecdeboda dsT wevrad gaxdomas.

es yvelaferi im dros moxda, rodesac SevardnaZe dasavleT saqarTveloSi

metad arapopularuli iyo. Sua ivlisSi mas qvebis sroliTa da “iudas” ZaxiliT

daxvdnen senakSi, quTaisidan dasavleTiT4. SevardnaZe sityviT ewinaaRmdegeboda

“zviadistebis” (ase iwodebodnen gamsaxurdias momxreebi) devnas da gadadgomis

Sesaxeb gancxadebac ki gaakeTa, Tu saxelmwifo sabWo aseT nabijebs gadadgamda

5. ivlisis miwuruls arZinabs ritorika gacxarda, is amtkicebda, rom afxazeTi

“sakmaod Zlieri iyo saqaTvelosTan sabrZolvelad”, Tuki es aucilebeli

gaxdeboda; es mianiSnebs dapirebebze sagareo mxardaWeris Taobaze6. amave dros,

sadao iyo afxazeTis suverenitetis Sesaxeb deklaraciis legitimuroba.

afxazeTis parlamentis qarTvel deputatTa Tanaxmad, aseTi gadawyvetilebis

misaRebad saWiro iyo qvorumi 2/3 odenobiT, magram sxdomaze mxolod ubralo

umravlesoba iyo warmodgenli7.

saqarTvelos reaqcia gamovlinda 14 agvistos, samxedro moqmedebis saxiT,

romelsac xelmZRvanelobda Tengiz kitovani _ imJamad Tavdacvis ministri da

mTavari SeiaraRebuli formirebis, saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardiis

xelmZRvaneli; erT-erTi maTgani, vinc gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

gadatrialebis ukan idga. kitovani, aSkarad, SevardnaZis sanqciis gareSe

moqmedebda; es ukanaskneli amtkicebda, rom aseT moqmedebebze Tanxmoba ar

miucia8. ase iyo Tu ise, qarTuli Zalebi daiZrnen samegrelosken, zviadistebis

mier gatacebuli saxelmwifo ministris Zebnis sababiT, romelic, saxelmwifo

1 ix. Otyrba, “War in Abkhazia”, p.287; BBC Monitoring Service:Former USSR. 25 July 1992. 2 ‘Georgia: Georgia State Council Anxious About Abkhazia’, BBC Monitoring Service, 2 July 1992; ‘Georgia: Abkhazia Declares Sovereignty”, BBC Monitoring Service, 25 July, 1992. 3 ix. ‘Abkhazia Declares its Independence, but Wants to Remain Within a Georgian-Abkhaz “Federal State”, in

Current Digest, v44 n 30, 26 August 1992, p.24. 4 'Russia: Shevardnadze Ends Stormy Tour of West Georgia’, Reuters, 24 July 1992; ‘Georgia: Shevardnadze Fears Georgian Disintegration’, Reuters, 27 July 1992. 5 'Russia: Shevardnadze May Quit If Georgia Crushes Unrest’, Reuters, 27 July 1992. 6 ‘Georgia: Abkhazia ‘Strong Enough to Fight Georgia”, BBC Monitoring Service, 30 July 1992. 7 ‘Georgia: Deputies at Abkhaz Parliament Annual Decree on Constitution’, BBC Monitoring Service, 1 August 1992. 8 ‘Russia: Georgia Lurches towards Civil War with Rebel Region’, Reuters, 14 August 1992.

154

sabWos gancxadebiT, afxazeTSi iyo wayvanili. sabolood, SeiaraRebulma

Zalebma soxums miaRwies da cecxli dauSines parlaments, riTac aiZules

afxazeTis xelmZRvaneloba, gudauTisaken _ respublikis Crdilo-dasavleTisken

_ daexiaT1. 18 agvistos soxumi aRebul iqna. am droisaTvis afxazTa

ukandaxeulma Zalebma mxardaWera hpoves CrdiloeTidan, radganac

Crdilokavkasieli moxaliseebi, ZiriTadad, Cerqezebi da CeCnebi, movidnen maTs

dasaxmareblad2. moxaliseebi moqmedebdnen kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa

konfederaciis saxeliT, romlis wevric iyo afxazeTi. soxumi am organizacis

samyofeli iyo3.

seqtembris dasawyisSi boris elcinis Carevas mohyva SeTanxmebis miRweva

sammxrivad cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze, romelsac xeli moaweres SevardnaZem da

arZinbam da romelic warumatebeli gamodga. SevardnaZis myife pozicia aSkara

gaxada kitovanis mier ukandaxevaze uaris Tqmam, rac afxazebma afxazeTis

xelaxla dapyrobis wamowyebis winapirobad miiRes. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,

afxazebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen SeTanxmebiT, romelic ganapirobebda qarTuli

Zalebis zrdas afxazeTSi. amrigad, mxolod winapiroba iyo saWiro, raTa

afxazebs myarad egrZnoT Tavi gare mxardaWeris wyalobiT. ramdenime kviraSi,

rusuli Zalebis mier afxazebis mxardaWeris wyalobiT, qarTuli Zalebi ukan

iqnen gamodevnili; kerZod, rusuli sahaero Zalebis SenaerTebi gansakuTrebiT

bombavdnen qarTul poziciebs4.

1 oqtombers afxazTa da CrdilokavkasielTa SeiaraRebulma Zalebma

daiwyes Seteva qalaq gagraze, afxazeTis ukidures Crdilo-dasavleTSi,

romelsac qarTuli Zalebi akontrolebdnen. am Setevas mohyva afxazTa

strategiuli kontrolis damyareba afxazeT-ruseTis sazRvarze. saintereso

faqtia, rom afxazeTa jarebi SeiaraRebulni iyvnen t-72 tankebiT, didi saraketo

danadgarebiT da sxva mZime teqnikiT, romelTac afxazTa SeiaraRebaSi ar iyo5.

es mZime arsenali, romelic, erTi SexedviT, arsaidan gaCnda, iyo pirveli da

mTavari safuZveli qarTvelTa eWvisa ruseTis mxriv afxazTa daxmarebis

Taobaze. is faqti, rom omis dros daaxloebiT 100.000 Wurvi iqna gamoyenebuli,

1 ‘Georgia: Georgia Sends Tanks Into Rebel Capital’, Reutrs, 18 August 1992. ‘Georgia: Abkhazian Separatists Maintain Defiance of Georgia’, Reutrs, 19 August 1992. 2 Mary Dejevsky, ‘Georgia: Caucasus Muslims Join Battle – Abkhazi Fighters Continue Armed Resistance’, Times,

20 August, 1998. 3 ‘Mountain People Join the War on Abkhazia’s side’, in Izvestia, 26 August 1992, pp 1-2, in Current Disgest, 23 September 1992. konfedreaciis Sesaxeb ix. Dodge Billingsley, ‘Confederates of the Caucasus’, in Jane’s

Intelligence Review, February 1997. aseve ix. Otyrba, ‘War in Abkhazia’, pp.292-94. 4sakiTxis Sesaxeb SedarebiT pro-qarTuli perspeqtivisTvis ix. Svetlana Chervonnaya, Conflict

in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shado (Targmnili ariane Wanturias mier),

Glastonbury: Gothic Image Publications, 1994. 5 ‘Attack on Gagra Leaves Dozens of Dead and Wounded’, in Izvestia,2 October 1992, p2, in current digest, 11 November 1992.

155

kidev erTxel mianiSnebs afxazeTisadmi ruseTis samxedro mxardaWeraze,

ramdenadac am raodenobis SeiaraReba regionSi, ubralod, ar iyo1. ruseTis

faqtori sul ufro aSkara xdeboda, ramdenadac rusulma ”su”-ebma SeuniRbavad

daiwyes soxumis dabombva, Tumca afxazebi saerTod ar flobdnen sahaero

Zalebs. afxazuri da rusuli wyaroebi amtkiceben, rom es iyo pasuxi

saqarTvelos mxridan afxazeTSi mdebare, ruseTisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani,

eSeris laboratoriis dabombvaze2. aseve aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom

saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi teritoriidan gasrolili “dedamiwa-haeri”

WurviT rusuli vertmfrenis Camogdeba, romelsac ltolvilebi gadahyavda, is

gadamwyveti movlena iyo, romelsac mohyva konfliqtSi monawile rusuli

samxedroebis radikalizeba3. afxazeTsa da sxva konfliqtebSi rusuli

intervenciis nimuSi detalurad aris ganxiluli mecxre TavSi.

rogorc Cans, ruseTis mxardaWera Tavdapirvelad ar iyo sanqcirebuli

xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSelonebidan. magaliTad, seqtembris dasawyisSi,

elcinis Carevis dros, romelmac SevardnaZe da arZinba moskovSi miiwvia,

ruseTis prezidentma naTeli gaxada, rom ruseTis survili iyo saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos dacva, Tumca igi akritikebda SevardnaZes afxazTa winaaRmdeg

mZime SeiaraRebis gamoyenebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, omis msvlelobisas

ruseTis monawileoba sul ufro aSkara xdeboda.

zamTarSi saomari moqmedebebi droebiT Sewyda. magram Tebervlis miwuruls

saqarTvelos mier kontrolirebuli soxumis dabombvam Seqmna momenti,

romelsac qarTulma Zalebma afxazebis sayrden punqtze, gudauTaze,

saartilerio cecxlis daSeniT upasuxes4. Setevaze gadasul qarTul Zalebs

daupirispirda mZimed SeiaraRebuli afxazTa jari. afxazebma moigeries

qarTuli Seteva da martis Sua ricxvebSi soxums miaRwies5. afxazurma Zalebma

didi danakargebi ganicades soxumis aRebis dros. 15 maiss moskovSi miRweul

iqna SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze6. SeTanxmeba maleve dairRva,

ramdenadac afxazebma kvlav scades tyvarCelisa da soxumis aReba. ivnisisaTvis

tyvarCelica da soxumic afxazTa alyaSi moeqca, diplomatiuri mcdelobebis

Sedegad, moxerxda moqalaqeTa evakuacia7. ivlisis dasawyisSi afxazebma axali

Seteva wamoiwyes, romlis drosac afxazTa saartilerio cecxliT kinaRam

1 ix. Alexi Zverev, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-94”, p.49. 2 Chirikba, ‘The Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict’, p.76. 3 ix. Catherine Dale, ‘The Case of Abkhazia (Georgia)’, in Lena Jonson and Clive Archer (eds), Peacekeeping and

the Role of Russia in Eurasia, Boulder: Westview Press, 1996, p.126. 4 RFE/RL News Briefs, vol. 2 no. 10, 1993. 5 RFE/RL News Briefs,15-19 March 1993. 6 Fianacial Times,15&16 May 1993; Moscow News, 21 May 1993. 7 iqve., gv.54.

156

daiRupa SevardnaZe1. samxedro damkvirveblebma daiangariSes, rom mxolod

ivlisis pirvel dRebSi, rodesac gaaqtiurda afxazebis Seteva oCamCire-soxumis

gzis xelSi Casagdebad qarTvelTa mxridan 1000 adamiani daiRupa. es gza

soxumSi myof qarTul Zalebs amaragebda2. 6 ivliss SevardnaZem afxazeTSi

samxedro kanonebis SemoReba gamoacxada3. afxazebma warmatebas miaRwies,

gadaWres oCamCire-soxumis gza da, sabolood, 9 ivliss alya Semoartyes

soxums4. SevardnaZem sikvdils meored daaRwia Tavi, rodesac meore dRes misi

Stabi daibomba, magram is dapirda, rom darCeboda maTTan, visac “qalaqis gmir

damcvelebs” uwodebda. saqarTvelos kontrSeteva warmatebuli gamodga da

afxazTa mier qalaqis aReba Tavidan iqna acilebuli.

ivlisis miwuruls, ruseTis SuamavlobiT, e.w. “soWis SeTanxmebiT”,

miRweuli iqna droebiTi cecxlis Sewyveta.5. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, qarTuli

jarebi unda gamosuliyvnen afxazeTidan, orive mxare unda ganiaraRebuliyo,

“legaluri mTavroba” afxazeTSi unda dabrunebuliyo, misi Semadgenloba ki

mogvianebiT ganisazRvreboda. ruseTi SeTanxmebis garanti iqneboda. amis

Sedegad, qarTuli mZime SeiaraReba sazRvao gziT soxumidan foTis portSi, Savi

zRvis sanapiros samxreTSi iqna gadatanili. meore mxriv ki, afxazTa SeiaraReba

SenarCunebul iqna frontis axlos da, saomari moqmedebebis ganaxlebisTanave,

rusi “samSvidoboebis” mier afxazebs daubrunda. qarTvelebisTvis situacias

auaresebda is, rom cecxlis Sewyvetam mosaxleobis udides nawilSi didi

imedgacrueba gamoiwvia. samegreloSi amas mohyva zviadistTa mxardaWeris

aRmavloba da gamsaxurdia kvlav gamoCnda politikur arenaze, raTa

“daebrunebina” Tavisi, rogorc saxelmwifos meTauris pozicia. afxazeTSi

mebrZol qarTvel jariskacTa mesamedi zviadistebis mxares gadavida, romelTac

kontroli daamyares soxumidan foTis portSi Casul iaraRze. zviadistebi

gulwrfelad cdilobdnen, Tavidan aecilebinaT afxazeTidan qarTuli Zalebis

gamoyvana da saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleTSi ramdenime qalaqi daikaves, maT

Soris, senaki. ramdenadac zviadistTa mier SevardnaZis mTavrobis samxedro

gamowveva gaZlierda, afxazTaTvis dauZleveli aRmoCnda moqmedebis cduneba.

sinamdvileSi, zviadistebma afxazebs araCveulebrivi SesaZlebloba misces.

saqarTvelos Sida areulobis dros, 16 seqtembers, afxazebma Seteva daiwyes da

warmatebiT daikaves oCamCire. 25 seqtembers afxazTa Zalebma alya Semoartyes

soxums, riTac gadaWres qalaqis qarTuli momaragebis gza mdinare kodorze,

1 Helen Womack, ‘Georgian Leader Survives Shell Blast’, Independent, 6 July 1993. 2 Svenska Dagbladet, 7 July 1993.

3 The Times 7 July 1993. 4 Svenska Dagbladet 9 July 1993. 5 Svenska Dagbladet 28 July 1993; International Herald tribune, 29 July 1993.

157

qalaqis samxreTiT 25 kilometrze da warmatebiT Sekres rkali1. imave dRes

afxazebi ramdenime kilometriT miuaxlovdnen SevardnaZis rezidencias,

romelic qalaqis dacvis saxelmZRvanelod Cavida, igi iZulebuli gaxda,

vertmfreniT eSvela TavisaTvis. soxumi afxazebma daikaves2. Tavdapirvelad

elcinma cecxlis Sewyvetis darRvevaSi afxazebi daadanaSaula. Tumca graCovis

gancxadebebma movlenebis sruliad sxvagvari suraTi warmoaCina. graCovi

amtkicebda, rom afxazeTSi myofi qarTuli jarebis “dauyovnebliv gayvana”

konfliqts daasrulebda3. soxumis aRebis Sedegad afxazeTi afxaz

xelmZRvanelobas daeqvemdebara; ramdenime dRis Semdeg daeca oCamCire da gali4.

ruseTi “adanaSaulebda” afxazeTs da ekonomikur sanqciebs awesebda masze,

magram arafers akeTebda meomari mxareebis dasaSoriSoreblad5. afxazeTis

teritoriaze mcxovreb qarTvelTa umetesoba ZaliT iqna gamodevnili Zarcvisa

da eTnikuri wmendis sistematurma kampaniam6 safuZveli misca gaeros

damkvirvebles daskvnisaTvis, rom orive mxare damnaSave iyo adamianis

uflebebis aSkara darRvevaSi7.

saqarTvelos problemebi ar damTavrebula. zviadistebi daiZrnen, raTa

aeRoT strategiuli saporto qalaqi foTi, aseve samtredia quTaisis

maxloblad. maT Tbiliss sakvebiT momaragebis gza gadauketes8; brZolebma

saqarTvelos meore qalaqisaken gadainacvla; 20 oqtombers zviadistebs 20

kilometri aSorebda quTaiss9. ruseTma aSkarad aCvena, rom qarTvelebis

problemebi manamde gagrZeldeboda, sanam qveyana dsT-Si ar Sevidoda da rusul

jarebs ar dauSvebda Tavis teritoriaze. zviadistebi axla quTaiss daemuqrnen

da, rogorc Cans, TviT Tbilisze gegmavdnen Setevas10. radganac SevardnaZe

iZulebuli gaxda, mieRo ruseTis de faqto ultimatumi (8 da 9 oqtombers),

rasac Tan axlda Tbilisis SimSilisa da saqarTvelos mTliani dezintegraciis

perspeqtiva, ruseTma mas SesTavaza daxmareba “neitraluri samxedro operaciis

ganxorcielebaSi”11. am samxedro daxmarebam oqtombersa da noemberSi

1 International Herald tribune, 27 September 1993; Svenska Dagbladet, 26 September 1993. 2 International Herald tribune, 28 September 1993; 3 ix. ‘Russia Calls on Georgia Not to Fight Abkhazians’, International Herald tribune, 21 September 1993; 4 Anatol Lieven, ‘Georgian Forces Routed by Rebels’, The Time, 1 October 1993. 5 sabrZolo moqmedebebis mokle mimoxilva ix. Altmann and Nienhuysen , Brennpunkt Kaukasus, pp

44-49 6 ix., TviTmxilvelTa monacemebi, mag. Anatol Lieven, ‘Victorious Abkhazian Army Settles Old Scores in

An Orgy of Looting’, The Times, 4 October 1993; Lee Hockstader, ‘In Georgia, Tales of Atrocities’, International

Herald Tribune, 22 October 1993. 7 United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping, 1994 update, p164. 8 The Times, Svenska Dagbladet,International Herald Tribune, 12 and 19 October 1993. 9 Moscow News, 22 October 1993. 10 ix., S. Neil MacFarlane, Larry Minear, and St ephen D. Shenfield, Armed Conflict in Georgia: A Case Study in

Humanitarian Action and Peacekeeping, Occasional Paper no. 21, Waston Institute for International Studies, providence: Brown University, 1996. 11 The Times, 10 October 1993.

158

samegreloze SeiaraRebuli Seteva gamoiwvia. 23 oqtombers samtredia

gaTavisuflda zviadistebisagan, 1 noembers _ senaki, 3 noembers _ foTi da, sami

dRis mogvianebiT, zugdidi1. zviad gamsaxurdia afxazeTSi gaiqca, magram 1993

wlis ukanasknel dReebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos Soreul sofelSi gaurkvevel

viTarebaSi gardaicvala. mraval analitikoss sjera, rom man TviTmkvlelobiT

daasrula sicocxle, Tumca, SesaZloa, simarTle verasodes gairkves.

afxazeTSi brZolebi seqtembris miwuruls dasrulda, ris Sedegadac

afxazebma kontroli daamyares afxazeTis assr teritoriis umetes nawilze.

erTaderTi gamonaklisi iyo kodoris xeoba, afxazeTis aRmosavleTiT, aseve

galis raionis izolirebuli teritoriebi. amis Sedegad, 70.000 qarTvelma

datova afxazeTi mdinare klisuris gayolebiT, kodoris xeobis gavliT; maT

miaSures svaneTs da sxva saqarTvelos. miuxedavad amisa, qarTulma Zalebma

SeinarCunes kontroli teritoriis garkveul nawilze 1994 wlis martamde,

rodesac afxazebma wamoiwyes kargad dagegmili operacia da aiZules qarTuli

Zalebi, kodoris xeobiT gaqceuliyvnen. sasazRvro zoli svanebiTaa

dasaxlebuli, romelTac xelSi Caigdes ukan daxeuli qarTuli Zalebis iaraRi.

maT Tavidan aiciles da axlac icileben afxazuri Zalebis kodoris xeobaSi

Sesvlas. simarTle rom vTqvaT, svanebi regions akontrolebdnen Tbilisis

survilebTan SeTanxmebis gareSe2.

ruseTis SuamavlobiT miRweuli cecxlis Sewyveta amoqmedda 1993 wlis

oqtombris miwuruls da dRemde grZeldeba. gamonakliss mxolod kodoris

xeobaSi zemoTaRniSnuli mcire brZolebi warmoadgens; aseve gamonaklisia 1998

wlis maisis brZolebi da 1998 wels gamoaSkaravebuli mudmivi teroristuli

qmedebebi orive mxridan. aman xeli Seuwyo dsT samSvidobo Zalebis ganlagebas

cecxlis Sewyvetis bunebrivi xazis gaswvriv, romelic mdinare engurs miuyveba3.

orive mxares Seiqmna buferuli zonebi, sadac 12 kilometrian zolSi mxolod

policiuri SenaerTebi daiSvebian; aq mxolod piradi iaraRia nebadarTuli. am

zonis miRma arsebobs mZime SeiaraRebisaTvis akrZaluli zona4. miuxedavad amisa,

es wesebi dairRva orive mxaris mier. 1994 wlis aprilSi miRweul iqna droebiTi

samSvidobo SeTanxmeba, romelic “awesebda zogad procedurebs politikuri

gadawyvetilebis misaRwevad”5.

omis Sedegad 10.000 adamiani daiRupa. garda amisa, mZime danaklisi

ganicades qarTvelebma, romelTac sistematurad uswordebodnen galis raionSi.

1 Svenska Dagbladet, 7 November 1993. 2 ix. Dodge Billingsley, ‘Truce Means Nothing in Western Georgia’, in Jane’s Intelligence Review, June 1998, pp.

13-14. 3 ix., MacFarlane et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, pp. 11-12. 4 Billingsley, ‘Truce Means Nothing in Western Georgia’, p.15. 5 damowm. MacFarlane et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, pp. 12.

159

es jgufi _ savaraudod, 200.000 kaci _ eTnikuri wmendis obieqti iyo. es

kargadaa gadmocemuli gaeros warmomadgenlis sityvebiT, romelic gals 1994

wlis dasawyisSi ewvia; man teritorias “carieli udabno” uwoda1. am

ltolvilebis, an adgilnacvali pirebis, rogorc oficialurad iwodebian,

arsebobas mZafrad SeigrZnobs nebismieri, vinc ki Tbiliss estumreba, yvelaze

aSkarad im faqtis meSveobiT, rom erT dros cnobili sastumro “iveria”,

Tbilisis centrSi, axla ltolvilTa uzarmazari jgufis saxlia.

omisSemdgomi movlenebi afxazeTSiomisSemdgomi movlenebi afxazeTSiomisSemdgomi movlenebi afxazeTSiomisSemdgomi movlenebi afxazeTSi

omis dros arZinbas meTaurobiT Camoyalibebuli afxazTa xelmZRvaneloba

gaZlierda. Tavdapirvelad, rusuli mxardaWeriT, arZinbam avtokratiuli reJimi

daamyara. respublikis infrastruqtura omis dros daingra, afxazeTis

saxelmwifos Semosavlis wyaroebi, gansakuTrebiT, mdgradi valutis resursebi,

Zalze SezRuduli iyo. arZinbas reJims afxazeTis socialur-ekonomikuri

struqtura daexmara. afxazeTi xSirad moixsenieboda “samoTxed dedamiwaze”,

sadac didi Sromis gareSe TiTqmis yvelafris moyvanaa SesaZlebeli. amis

Sedegad, reJims ar Wirdeboda sakvebis importireba, am mxriv afxazeTi

TviTkmaria. es marTebulia aseve eleqtroenergiasTan mimarTebaSi: arsebobs

ramdenime hodroeleqtrosadguri da mosaxleoba ufro kargad maragdeba

eleqtroenergiiT, vidre Tbilisi. es faqtorebi daexmara arZinbas izolirebul

reJims, darCeniliyo xelisuflebaSi seriozuli opoziciis gareSe. aman aseve

Seaferxa konfliqtis mogvareba, radganac afxazTa xelmZRvaneloba ar ganicdis

mniSvnelovan saSinao zewolas, raTa eZebos konfliqtis swrafi gadawyvetis

gzebi.

potenciuri areulobebi saqarTveloSipotenciuri areulobebi saqarTveloSipotenciuri areulobebi saqarTveloSipotenciuri areulobebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos problemebi umciresobebTan ar Semoifargleba afxazeTiTa da

samxreT oseTiT. aWaris statusi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementia qarTuli

saxelmwifos momavalSi. garda amisa, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

axalqalaqisa da axalcixis regionis kompaqturad dasaxlebuli somxuri

mosaxleoba kidev erTi problemaa, rac abrkolebs Tbilisis mier qveynis

teritoriis srul kontrols. ufro metic, afxazeTis mosazRvre samegreloSi

xmauriani politikuri opoziciis arseboba, romelic loialurad aris

ganwyobili wina prezident gamsaxurdiasadmi, kidev erTi analogiuri

problemaa. da bolos, bundovania Turqi mesxebis dabrunebis sakiTxi, romlebic

1 damowm. MacFarlane et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, pp 12

160

meore msoflio omis dros uzbekeTSi gadaasaxles, iqidan ki 1989 wels

gandevnes. saqarTvelos momavali damokidebulia am problemebze, romelTa

efeqturad mogvareba Tbiliss dResdReobiT ar SeuZlia, aSkara separatistuli

gamowvevebisa da ekonomikuri problemebis gamo.

aWaris sakiTxiaWaris sakiTxiaWaris sakiTxiaWaris sakiTxi

saqarTvelos sam avtonomiur regions Soris aWara yvelaze anomaliuri

iyo1. arsobrivad, aWarlebi muslimi qarTvelebi arian. isini imave teritoriaze

cxovrobdnen, romelic meore msoflio omis dros uzbekeTSi gadasaxlebuli

mesxebisa da axiska Turqebis samSoblo iyo2. XV saukuneSi aWara TurqeTis

imperiaSi iqna gaerTianebuli da TandaTanobiT gamahmadianda, ZiriTadad, XVII

saukunis ganmavlobaSi. ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-78 wlebis omis dros regioni

ruseTis kontrolis qveS moeqca. 1918-22 wlebidan is saqarTvelos nawils

warmoadgenda da Semdgom avtonomiuri erTeuli gaxda. aWaris avtonomiuri

erTeulis Seqmna saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi anomalia iyo sabWoTa

struqturaSi. es iyo religiur, da ara eTnikur, safuZvelze miniWebuli

erTaderTi avtonomia. amgvarad, is arsobrivad ewinaaRmdegeboda leninur

nacionalur Teorias. praqtikulad, aWaras avtonomia eboZa 1920-ian wlebSi

sabWoTa ruseTisa da TurqeTis respublikis daaxloebis konteqstSi, romelmac

gavlena moaxdina sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebaze mTiani

yarRabaRisa da naxWevnis statusTan mimarTebaSic. TurqeTi, aWaraze xangrZlivi

batonobidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, dainteresebuli iyo mis sazRvarze

mdebare regionis avtonomiiT, iseve rogorc is dainteresebuli iyo naxWevanze

azerbaijanis iurisdiqciiT.

aWarlebis metyvelebaSi bevri nasesxebi Turquli sityvaa, maT

saqarTvelosTan saerTo identobis Zlieri grZnoba aqvT3. erTaderTi

gansakuTrebuli faqtori, romelic maT sxva qarTvelebisagan ganasxvavebs, maTi

muslimuri rwmenaa. am faqtorma gamoiwvia maTi tanjva-wameba sabWoTa kavSirSi

1920-ian wlebSi islamze Setevis dros, roca mravali maTgani deportirebul

iqna centralur aziaSi; 1930 wlidan aWarlebi oficialurad klasificirdnen

qarTvelebad4. aWaris demografiuli suraTis warmosadgenad oficialuri

statistikis nakleboba aSkaraa. isini calke nacionalobad mxolod 1926 wels

1 Darrell Slider-is gamosvlebSi, ‘Democratization in Georgia’, p.168. 2 ix., Critchlow, The ‘Punished Peoples‘ of the Soviet union, pp 51-60; Ekaterine Akhaltskai, ‘From Georgia: On

the Meskhetians’, in Nationalities Papers, vol. 24, no. 2, 1996; ‘The Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turk’s, in BITIG:Journal

of the Turkic World vol. 8:13/01, January/March 1998. 3 ix. Benningsen and Wimbush, Muslims of the Soviet Empire,p.207. 4 ix. qronologia, Mike Davis, ‘Adzhar in Georgia’, Minorities At risk Project, University of Maryland, 23

November 1995. (http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidem/mar/gadzhar.html)

161

dafiqsirdnen, rodesac maTi raodenoba mcired aRemateboda 70.000. dRes isini

160.000-dan 190.000-mde arian. gaqarTvelebis periodSi, gansakuTrebiT 1970-ian

wlebSi, totaluri asimilaciis politika ganxorcielda aWarlebis mimarT. es

politika gagrZelda 1980-ian wlebSic, rac moicavda gaqristianebis mcdelobebs,

romelTac isini Zlierad ewinaaRmdegebodnen. ufro metic, qarTvelma

nacionalistebma, gamsaxurias xelmZRvanelobiT, daayenes aWaris avtonomiis

damcrobis sakiTxi, romelic ar ganxorcielda1. aWaris avtonomiis simtkicis

sakiTxis Sefaseba Znelia. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa xanis

mogviano periodSi muslimuri grZnoba aWaraSi ar qreboda, miuxedavad misi

aRmofxvris zemoTaRniSnuli mcdelobisa. aWarlebi Tavs qarTvelebad miiCneven,

amave dros, xazs usvamen TavianT muslimur identobas, romelic maT

umravlesobaSi myofi qarTveluri mosaxleobisagan ganasxvavebs. amrigad,

specifikuri aWaruli identoba sadao ar aris. meore mxriv, zogierTi qarTveli

amtkicebda, rom aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis arseboba ukvdavyofs imas,

rasac isini “xelovnur” aWarul identobas uwodeben, da imisaTvis rom

aWarlebi gaerTiandnen maT “pirvandel” qarTul identobaSi, maTi avtonomia

unda gauqmdes2.

1989 wels aWara SeuerTda samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis mier sabWoTa

xelmZRvanelobisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs qarTuli mmarTvelobidan gamijvnis

Taobaze. aWaras gansakuTrebuli interesi hqonda avtonomiuri statusis

SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT, metwilad imitom, rom amis meSveobiT respublikis

xelmZRvaneloba cdilobs sakuTari Zalauflebis safuZvlis SenarCunebas.

Tumca, 1990 wels gamsaxurdias xelisuflebaSi mosvlam gadamwyvetad Secvala

aWaris perpeqtiva: gamsaxurdia emxroboda samxreT oseTis (Tavdapirvelad) da

afxazeTis avtonomiuri statusis SenarCunebas, maSin rodesac is ayenebda

aWaris avtonomiuri statusis gauqmebis sakiTxs3. miuxedavad amisa, gamsaxurdia,

garkveulwilad, distancirdeboda aseTi gancxadebebisagan, imdenad, ramdenadac,

is amtkicebda, rom iniciativa adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan unda wamosuliyo.

amis msgavsad, gamsaxurdias sjeroda, rom avtonomiuri sentimenti aWaraSi

ubralod aWaris xelmZRvanelobis mier iyo Sekowiwebuli, raTa SeenarCunebina

Zalauflebis dasayrdeni, da Tavad mosaxleoba ar iyo dainteresebuli aWaris

avtonomiis SenarCunebiT. magram is faqti, rom komunisturma partiam aWaraSi

gamarTul im arCevnebSi, romelmac zviad gamsaxurdia moiyvana xelisuflebaSi,

1 ix. Jones, ‘Georgia: A Faild Democratic Transition’, p.296.. 2 ix. Elizabeth Fuller, ‘Georgia’s Adzhar Crisis’, in Report on the USSR, 9 August 1991. 3 ix. Elizabeth Fuller, ‘Zviad Gamsaxurdia Proposes Abolition of Adzhar Autonomy’, in Report on the USSR, 30

November 1990.

162

65% miiRo, aSkarad cxadyofda imas, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba sxvagvarad

fiqrobda.

1991 wlis aWaris saarCevno kanonTan dakavSirebulma davam (romelic,

ZiriTadad, aWaris aramudmivi macxovreblebis iqaur arCevnebSi monawileobis

sakiTxs ukavSirdeboda), imave wlis 22 aprils gamoiwvia aWaris avtonomiis

dacvisa da regionSi adre dawesebuli antiislamuri praqtikis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli demonstraciebi. SesaZloa, maT stimuli misca xmebma imis Sesaxeb,

rom aWaris avtonomia gauqmda, an gauqmebis procesi mimdinareobda1. gamsaxurdia,

Tavis tipiur stilSi, saqarTvelos dasustebaSi adanaSaulebda kremlis

provokator agentebs. amasTanave, aWaris mRelvarebis safuZveli SeiZleba

daukavSirdes perestroikis Tanmxleb araTanmimdevrul saxelmwifoebriv

midgomas religiisadmi. qristianobis SezRudvebi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda mTel

sabWoTa kavSirSi, maTs Soris, saqarTvelosa da aWaraSi, sadac mosaxleobis

mniSvnelovan nawils qristiani qarTvelebi warmoadgenen. Tumca, islamTan

mimarTebaSi es ar momxdara. sapirispirod, gaZlierda “aTeisturi aRzrdis”

kampania, romlis samizne sagangebod aWaruli islami iyo, rac aWarlebs

aiZulebda, egrZnoT diskriminacia maTi religiis mimarT. diskriminaciis

SegrZneba, udaod, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda aWarelTa ukmayofilebaSi2. 1991

wlis ivlisisaTvis, aWaraSi vizitis dros, gamsaxurdiam xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom

adgilobriv mosaxleobas saboloo sityva unda eTqva aWaris avtonomiis

sakiTxze.

aWaris xelmZRvaneloba Tanamimdevrulad muSaobda avtonomiis dacvisTvis

da axerxebda kidec amas, ramdenadac qarTul xelmZRvanelobas yvelgan

problemebi hqonda. Tumca is stili, romliTac aWara atarebda am politikas,

radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyo sxva avtonomiuri regionebisagan – afxazeTisa

da samxreT oseTisagan. aWaris moqmedma liderma, aslan abaSiZem (romelic

xelisuflebaSi 1991 wels movida), respublika ekonomikuri damoukideblobis

mSvidobianad miRwevis rTul gzaze daayena, daaxloebiT imgvarze, romelic

TaTaristans da baSkireTs gvaxsenebs. abaSiZes pirveli koziri iyo saqarTvelos

politikuri arastabiluroba, ramac SevardnaZe aiZula, daTmobebze wasuliyo,

raTa Tavidan aecilebina problemis Seqmna kidev erTi umciresobis mxridan;

meore koziri ki TurqeTTan da ruseTTan kargi urTierTobis damyareba

gaxldaT. abaSiZe mxars uWers rusuli samxedro nawilebis yofnas mis

respublikaSi, imedovnebs ra, rom es xels Seuwyobs aWaris usafrTxoebas

SesaZlo qarTuli agresiis pirobebSi da, amrigad, aWaras uqmnis imunitets

1 Fuller, ‘Georgia’s Adzhar Crisis’, p11, damowm. Literaturuli Sakartvelo, 24 May 1991. 2 iqve., p12 da Literaturuli Sakartvelo,18 July 1991.

163

Zalismieri politikis qarTuli mcdelobebisadmi. rodesac abaSiZe,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan konsultaciis gareSe, afxazeTs stumrobda,

ruseTis Tavdacvis ministrma pavle graCovma daiwyo molaparakebebi abaSiZesTan,

aSkarad gamoxatavda ra masTan solidarobas. ramdenadac TurqeTs SevexeT, unda

aRiniSnos, rom aWaris ekonomikuri aRmavloba TurqeTTan sasazRvro kavSiris

arsebobas ukavSirdeba. baTumi saqarTvelos erT-erTi mTavari portia da

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs milsadenebis politikaSi; azerbaijanidan navTobi

eqsportirebulia milsadenebiTa da matareblebiT baTumamde, sadac isini

tankerebSi itvirTeba. TurqeTis roli scildeba ekonomikis sferos. rogorc

Savi zRvis regionSi mzardi Zala, romelsac wamyvani gare pozicia aqvs suamis

aliansSi, TurqeTis gavlena saqarTveloze Zalze didia; gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac saqarTvelos surs sagareo urTierTobaTa gamravalferovneba da

ruseTze damokidebulebis Semcireba; amgvarad, is aumjobesebs Tavis

urTierTobebs TurqeTTan. aWara warmatebulia, ramdenadac moipova dasavleT

kavkasiis orive regionuli Zalis, TurqeTisa da ruseTis, mxardaWera. am fonze,

Znelia warmoidgino saqarTvelos mier aWaris avtonomiis “moTokvis” mcdeloba.

garda amisa, TurqeTs udaod aqvs damamSvidebeli gavlena aWaraSi arsebul

nebismier separatistul ambiciaze. magaliTad, TurqeTis premier ministri mesuT

ilmazi 1998 wlis ivlisSi ewvia aWaras da ganacxada, rom TurqeTi “ upirobod

aRiarebs saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas” da “saqarTvelos

stabilurobas aranakleb mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, vidre sakuTriv TurqeTis

stabilurobas”1.

SemdgomSi abaSiZe gaxda saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli

politikosi, da misma mxardaWeram SevardnaZisadmi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa

am ukanasknelis xelmeored arCevaSi 1995 wels. abaSiZe xSirad axlavs Tan

qarTul delegaciebs sazRvargareT ekonomikur mogzaurobebSi da, moskovTan

misi mWidro kavSirebis miuxedavad, zogierTi analitikosis mieris SevardnaZis

SesaZlo memkvidred ganixileba. amasTanave, aWaris stabilurobis safasuri

sabWoTa stilis iZulebiTi reJimi iyo, rac aSkara gaxda im uwesrigobebiT da

ZaladobiT, romelic 1995 wels aWaris arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT aRiniSna. da

mainc, saqarTvelos konteqstSi aWara SedarebiT warmatebuli SemTxvevaa. man

aicila post-sabWoTa saqarTvelos areuloba da, yovel SemTvevaSi, erTi

SexedviT mainc, Tavisufalia eTnikuri daZabulobebisagan. sainteresoa, regionis

ekonomikuri aRmavloba Tu uzrunvelyofs mis mSvidobasa da ayvavebas. ZiriTadi

problema, 1998 wlis miwurulidan, moskovTan abaSiZis mWidro kavSiria. pirvel

rigSi, abaSiZe Seuvali damcvelia aWaraSi ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro

1 ix. Jamestown Monitor, vol. 4 no. 124, 29 June 1998.

164

Zalebisa, romelTa raodenoba 1995 wlis Semdeg gaizarda. 1998 wlis ivlisSi

abaSiZem ganacxada, rom is ar dauSvebda qarTuli sasazRvro Zalebis mier

TurqeTTan aWaris sazRvris gakontrolebas1. SesaZloa, Tbilisis

SesaSfoTeblad, 1998 wlis martSi umaRlesi donis aWaruli delegacia ewvia

separatistul afxazeTs2.

javaxeTis dilemajavaxeTis dilemajavaxeTis dilemajavaxeTis dilema

separatistebTan abaSiZis flirti imave wlis seqtemberSi aWaris mezobeli

javaxeTis (axalqalaqisa da axalcixis raionebi) somxur mosaxleobaze

gavrcelda. javaxkis, saqarTveloSi mTavari somxuri organizaciis, mier

wamoyenebuli avtonomiis moTxovnebis pasuxad, abaSiZem maT am ori olqis

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis nawilad gaxdoma SesTavaza3. movlenebis amgvar

ganviTarebaSi qarTvelma analitikosebma umal dainaxes moskovis xeli da

ganzraxva, moexdina saqarTvelos destabilizacia im dros, rodesac

azarbaijanidan navTobis transportirebis gzis Taobaze saboloo

gadawyvetileba unda miRebuliyo. am kuTxiT, mniSvnelovania javaxeTSi mdebare

rusuli samxedro bazebi, ara mxolod samxedro da politikuri TvalsazrisiT,

aramed aseve ekonomikuradac, ramdenadac bazebi Seadgenen regionis sxva mxriv

ganuviTarebeli ekonomikis did nawils, arian samuSao adgilebisa (bazebis

personals, metwilad, adgilobrivi somxebi Seadgenen) da socialuri

momsaxurebis, maT Soris, saavadomyofoebis erT-erTi mTavari uzrunvelmyofni.

saqarTveloSi somxebi, ZiriTadad, sam regionSi cxovroben: javaxeTSi,

Tbilissa da afxazeTSi. realurad, es sami jgufi gansxvavebulia da

erTmaneTTan susti organizaciuli kavSiri aqvT. 1979 wels afxazeTSi afxazze

meti somexi iyo; Tumca Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT ki omis dros, maTi ricxvi

TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda. afxazeTSi somxebi an neitralurni iyvnen, an

konfliqtSi afxazebs uWerdnen mxars. somxuri batalioni, romelsac “marSal

bagramianis batalioni” ewodeboda, omis dros afxazebis mxareze ibrZoda. amis

Sedegad, somxebs, qarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar mouxdaT afxazeTis

datoveba. rac Seexeba TbilisSi mcxovreb somxebs, isini qalaqis mosaxleobis

mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenen; erT dros isini aq yvelaze didi eTnikuri

jgufi iyo, magram axla mxolod 12%-ia. somxuri Temebi saqarTveloSi Sua

saukuneebidan arsebobs, Tumca “dasavleT somxeTidan” somxebis didi Semodineba

1 ix. Janestown Monitor, vol. 4 no. 139, 21 July 1998. 2 ix. Janestown Monitor, vol. 4 no. 47, 24 March 1998. 3 ix. Janestown Monitor, vol. 4 no. 174 23 September, 1998, da RFE/RL Caucasus Report, vol. 1 Nos. 31, 29

September 1998 da 32, 6 October 1998.

165

daiwyo 1828 wlis Semdeg, asvev pirveli msoflio omis dros1. maTi kavSiri

somxeTTan SenarCunebulia da, rogorc Cans, gaaqtiurda, ramdenadac kontaqtebi

SeuzRudavia da SedarebiT iafi; es aseve marTebulia Tbilisis samxreTiT,

marneulis raionis azerbaijanelebTan da azerbaijanTan maT kontaqtebTan

mimarTebaSic2. Tbilissa da afxazeTSi somexTa raodenoba izrdeboda 1970-ian

wlebamde, magram Semdeg Semcireba daiwyo, nawilobriv, qarTvelebTan eTnikuri

daZabulobebis gamo. amasTanave, didi nawili miizida qalaq erevnis zrdam,

sadac bevri migranti wavida. zogierTi ruseTSi gaemgzavra. XIX saukuneSi

TbilisSi arsebobda mravalricxovani somxuri inteligencia, romlebic 1918

wels somxeTis demokratiuli respublikis Camoyalibebisa da, SemdgomSi,

sabWoTa somxeTis Seqmnis Semdeg erevanSi wavidnen.

javaxeTis somxebi warmoSobiT erzrumis provinciidan (osmalTa imperia)

arian, isini, xan nebiT, xan ZaliT, iZulebuli iyvnen, TavSesafari ruseTSi

eZebnaT. maT dRevandel teritoriaze ruseTis mier iqnen dasaxlebulni,

sparseTTan da osmalTa imperiasTan dadebuli TurqmanCaisa da adrianopolis

xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze. TviT teritoria ruseTs im omebis Sedegad

SeuerTda, romlebic am xelSekrulebebiT dasrulda. im droisaTvis regionis

macxovreblebis, Turqi mesxebis raodenoba Semcirda, ramdenadac maTma

umetesobam, ruseTis dapyrobasTan erTad, TurqeTis imperias miaSura.

danarCenebi 1944 wels centralur aziaSi iqnen deportirebuli. javaxeTis

somxebi sargeblobdnen da axlac sargebloben farTo kulturuli avtonomiiT.

zogierTi qarTveli damkvirvebeli SeinSnavs, rom realurad regioni ufro

“somxuria” vidre “qarTuli”3. am regionSi somxurs ufro didi gamoyeneba aqvs,

vidre qarTuls. ucxoeli stumrebi amtkiceben, rom Tavdapirvelad maT

gauWirdaT ganesazRvraT, Tu romel qveyanaSi iyvnen4. es gansakuTrebiT exeba

axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebs, romlebic javaxeTis “guls” Seadgenen

da sadac mosaxleobis 90% somexia. meores mxriv, mesxeTis regioni, javaxeTis

dasavleTiT, eTnikurad SedarebiT Sereulia.

gasakviri ar aris, rom pirveli daZabulobebi aRmocenda gamsaxurdias

mmarTvelobamde da misi mmarTvelobis dros. 1989 wels, somxebi gamoexmaurnen

“maspinZlisa da stumris doqtrinas”, romelic qarTvelma nacionalistebma

1 ix. Gachechiladze, New Georgia, p.89. 2 avtorma 1998 wlis oqtomberSi 7$ gadaixada avtobusis bileTSi Tbilisidan erevnamde. avtobusebi aseve dadian Tbilisidan spitakSi, gumrSi (leninakani) da vanaZorSi (kirovakani). yoveldRe daaxloebiT sami avtobusi midis Tbilisidan erevanSi. meores mxriv, avtobusebi moZraoben marneulidan baqos mimarTulebiT yovel dila-saRamos, mgzavrobis fasi 10$-ia. 3 pirovnuli urTierToba, Tbilisi, 1998 wlis oqtomberi. 4 Igor Rotar, ‘Tbilisi Has Only Partial Control over Georgia’s Armenian Regions’, in Jamestown Prism, vol. 4 no. 10, 15 May 1998

166

wamoayenes. isini javaxeTSi somxuri avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmnas

moiTxovdnen. rodesac gamsaxurdiam adgilebze prefeqtebi daniSna,

adgilobrivma somxebma uari ganacxades daniSnuli prefeqtis miRebaze.

dRevandlamde didi undoblobaa SevardnaZis daniSnuli prefeqtisa da

Tbilisidan daniSnuli sxva oficiluri pirebisadmi. rogorc amboben,

axalqalaqis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis lideri, eTnikurad somexi, xuTjer

cema adgilobrivebisagan Semdgarma brbom1.

javaxeTis moqalaqeebi, mTlianobaSi, Tavs ar grZnoben diskriminebulad

qarTuli xelisuflebis mxridan. calkeuli regionuli moxsenebebi aCvenebs

aSkara eTnosSoris harmonias. amasTanave, arsebobs momavlis SiSi, daucvelobis

grZnoba. es aSkara gaxda 1998 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac regionSi qarTuli

samxedro nawilebi rusul SenaerTebTan erTobliv wvrTnebs atarebdnen.

gadaadgilebis dros qarTuli SenaerTebs daxvda 25 mZimed SeiaraRebuli

somexi, romlebic, gadmocemiT, flobdnen “naRmsatyorcnebs da sxva

artilerias”, ris Sedegadac qarTvelebma ukan daixies2. adgilobrivi somxebi ar

iyvnen informirebuli dagegmili wvrTnebis Sesaxeb da, rogorc Cans, panikiT

iyvnen moculni; maT sjerodaT, rom qarTuli armia modioda somxebis

deportaciis ganzeaxviT. am xmebis gamavrcelebeli ucnobia, magram sakiTxi

Zalze sainteresoa; saqarTvelos parlamentis spikeri zurab Jvania incidentSi

usaxelo “destruqciul Zalebs” adanaSaulebda3.

javaxeTis somxebma uari ganacxades qarTul armiaSi samsaxurze, iseve

rogorc lezgebma azerbaijanSi. meores mxriv, isini axalqalaqSi mdebare

rusuli samxedro bazis personalis 2/3 uzrunvelyofen4. saubrobdnen sruliad

somexTa batalionis Seqmnazec ki rusuli jaris mfarvelobis qveS. marTlac,

didi eSmakoba ar unda imis mixvedras, rom javaxeTis somxebi cdiloben

samxedro TvalsazrisiT organizebas, naklebad organizebuli gasamxedroebuli

dajgufebebis garda, romlebic arsebobdnen yarabaRis omis droidan, sadac

javaxeTis somxebis nawili ibrZoda5. javaxeTis somxebis SeiaraReba calke

sakiTxia, Tumca is ar gansxvavdeba kavkasiis sxva regionebis situaciisagan.

miCneulia, rom javaxeTSi yvela saxlSia cecxlsasroli iaraRi. is faqti, rom

adgilobriv mosaxleobas xeli miuwvdeba mZime SeiaraRebaze, bevr rameze

metyvelebs. vin dgas am movlenebis ukan? pirvel rigSi, nacionaluri

1 iqve. 2 ix.‘Standoff Defused on Georgian Border’, RFE/RL Newsline, 17 August 1998. 3 Russia Today/Reuters, 21 August 1998. 4 ix. Liz Fuller, ‘Thye Akhalkalaki Standoff: A “Misunderstanding” or Russian Meddling?”, in RFE/RL Caucasus

Report, vol. 1 no. 26, 25 August 1998. 5 ix. Ugur Akinci, ‘Javakheti: The Bottle-Neck of the Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline’, in Silk Road: A Journal of West

Asian Studies, vol. 1 no. 2 December 1997; Rotar, ‘Tbilisi Has Only Partial Control . . .’

167

grZnobebiT manipulirebs nacionaluri organizacia javaxki. rogorc fiqroben,

organizacias mWidro kavSiri aqvs nacionalistur daSnakcutunTan.

saqarTvelos asimetriul federaciad gardaqmnaze msjelobas gamoxmaureba ar

mohyolia, javaxki ki am dros javaxeTis avtonomiis sakiTxze referendumis

saWiroebas amtkicebda1. javaxkis pozicia drodadro winaaRmdegobrivia.

organizaciis zogierTi gancxadeba Tbilisisadmi Semrigebluri Cans, maSin

rodesac sxvebi _ somexTa TviTgamorkvevis moTxovnebTan dakavSirebuli _

ufro radikaluria. es areuloba garkveul safuZvels uqmnis qarTul

gancxadebebs javaxeTis politikaSi klanebis dominirebisa da regionis momaval

statusze klanebs Soris SeuTanxmeblobis Sesaxeb2.

somxeTis roli am sakiTxSi araeTgvarovania. miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom

regionis gamo somxeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris maTi damoukideblobis xanmokle

periodSi, 1918-20 wwlebSi xanmokle, magram sisxlismRvreli omi mimdinareobda,

rogorc Cans, somxeTi damamSvidebel rols asrulebda javaxkTan mimarTebaSi.

izolirebulobis gamo, somxeTi damokidebulia saqarTveloze ruseTidan

momaragebis miRebis TvalsazirisT. marTlac, saqarTvelo, iranis garda,

somxeTisaTvis momaragebis erTaderTi gzaa, Turqul-azerbaijanuli erToblivi

embargos gaTvaliswinebiT. amis Sedegad, somxeTi mudmivad amtkicebs, rom

javaxeTi saqarTvelos saSinao saqmea, gansakuTrebiT, ukanasknel xans, 1998 wlis

agvistos incidentis Semdeg gamarTul ormxriv Sexvedrebze3. somxeTis mTavroba

ramdenime wlis win Caeria kidec saqmeSi, raTa daecxro emociebi, rodesac

javaxki gegmavda calmxrivi referendumis Catarebas avtonomiis sakiTxze. orive

saxelmwifom kargad icis, Tu ra didi gavlena aqvs erevans javaxeTis somxebze,

gansakuTrebiT im dros, rodesac saqarTvelo Zlivs akavebs sxva separatistul

moZraobebs.

striqonebs Soris azris amokiTxviT, vinmes SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba

darCes, rom somxeTi am sakiTxs iyenebs saqarTvelos dasaSoreblad

azerbaijanisagan da TurqeTisagan. magaliTad, prezident koCarianis mrCevelma

sagareo politikaSi ara sarqisianma aRniSna, rom javaxeTi saqarTvelos saSinao

saqme iyo, Tumca Semdgom dasZina rom regionSi yalibdeba ori politikuri

aliansi: erTi mxriv _ iran-somxeTi, meores mxriv _ TurqeT-azerbaijani.

ruseTsa da saqarTvelos SeuZliaT, SeuerTdnen iran-somxeTis alianss. aseTi

RerZi, SesaZloa, stabilurobis RerZi gaxdes, imitom rom dRes irani da

1 ix. Asbarez, 25 February 1997 2 damowmebuli saTaurebi qarTuli presidan, 21-22 seqtemberi 1998. 3 ix mag:. Baku Daily News Summary, 1 September 1998; RFE/RL Armenia Report, 25 September 1998; Prime

News, 20-21 November 1998.

168

ruseTi, eqspansiis TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian1. amrigad,

sanam javaxeTis problemas ganixilavda, sarqisiani saqarTvelos arwmunebda,

dakavSireboda somxeTs, maSin rodesac am droisaTvis saqarTvelos ukve

mWidro kavSiri hqonda TurqeTTan da azerbaijanTan, da, aSkarad, ara ruseTTan,

rac kargad unda scodnoda sarqisians. am gancxadebis mizani, SesaZloa,

somxeTis Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, am sakiTxebs Soris arsebuli kavSiris

xazgasma iyo. garemoebaTa damTxvevis gamo, javaxeTi aseve mniSvnelovania

saqarTvelo-TurqeTis kavSirebisaTvis, rogorc yarsis TbilisTan

damakavSirebeli rkinigzis xazis samomavlo proeqtis, aseve, rac kidev ufro

mniSvnelovania, ukve dagegmili baqo-jeihanis milsadenis javaxeTze an masTan

Zalian axlos gavlis gamo; esaa ori proeqti, romelTac somxeTi

ewinaaRmdegeba2. mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis

urTierTdamokidebuleba mastabilizebeli faqtoria: saqarTvelom, ra Tqma

unda, icis, rom aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi somxeTs yovelTvis hqonda

datovebuli gasaTamaSebeli karti.

somxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTvelebis umetesobas sjera, rom javaxeTis

destabilizaciis mcdelobebis ukan ruseTi dgas. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,

axalqalaqSi mdebare ruseTis samxedro bazas udidesi strategiuli

mniSvneloba Aaqvs _ gansakuTrebiT, baqo-jeihanis milsadenis dagegmil

marSrutTan misi siaxlovis gamo, romelsac ruseTi ewinaaRmdegeba. zogadad,

ruseTis roli detaluradaa ganxiluli Semdgom TavSi. Tumca, rac Seexeba

javaxeTs, adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleobisaTvis rusul baza Zalze

mniSvnelovani sayrdenia da masze did imedebs amyareben usafrTxoebis,

dasaqmebisa da socialuri momsaxurebis perspeqtivebis gamo. is garemoeba, rom

saqarTvelos survilia rusuli bazebis TandaTanobiT gayvana misi

teritoriidan, is faqti, rom yvela am bazas (aWara, afxazeTi, da javaxeTi),

garda TbilisSi mdebare bazisa, strategiuli mdebareoba aqvs da Tbilisis

kontrolisaTvis yvelaze mouxelTebelia, kargi samomavlo winapiroba ar aris.

saqarTvelos mcdelobebi axalqalaqidan rusuli samxedro nawilebis gayvanis

mimarTulebiT gamoiwvevs problemas adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, romelic,

rogorc Cans, ruseTs somxuri mosaxleobis mxridan avtonomiurobis moTxovnis

dacvis garantad ganixilavs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rusuli jarebis gayvana, Tu

is bolo aTwleulis manZilze damkvidrebuli praqtikiT moxdeba, udaod,

datovebs didi raodenobis SeiaraRebas javaxkis xelSi. ramdenadac Tbilisi

1 “Tu baqo Seecdeba somxeTis izolirebas regionul proeqtebSi monawileobisagan, ereveani kotrzomebs miiRebs, acxadebs somxeTis prezidentis mrCeveli”, Baku Daily News

Summary, 1 September 1998. 2 ix Akinci, ‘Javakheti’.

169

rusuli samxedro bazebis mZevalia, mTavrobasTan dapirispirebuli

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SiSiT, iZulebulia, daTanxmdes maT arsebobas; es

marTebulia aWarasTan, samegrelosTan, an afxazeTTan da javaxeTTan

mimarTebaSi.

Tu arsebobs eWvi regionul politikaSi damTxvevebis Taobaze, SeiZleba

gavixsenoT, rom areulobebi javaxeTSi, samegrelosa da aWaraSi, konkretulad,

1998 wlis Semodgomaze daemTxva azerbaijanidan kaspiis navTobis mTavari

saeqsporto milsadenis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebas, rac 1998

wlis oqtomberSi unda momxdariyo, magram ramdenjerme gadaido. aSS, TurqeTi,

saqarTvelo da azerbaijani _ yvela mxars uWers baqo-jeihanis milsadens,

sxvadasxva, umTavresad politikuri, mizezebis gamo. damTxvevaze metia is faqti,

rom aslan abaSiZem javaxeTis aWaraSi inkorporaciis sakiTxi wamoWra

seqtemberSi, zviadistebi quTaisis maxloblad ajanydnen baqos dagegmil

gadawyvetilebamde 10 dRiT adre1. Tomas golcis (Thomas Goltz) sityviT, mravali

analitikosi am movlenebis ukan “ruseTis farul xels” xedavs. saqarTvelos

destabilizaciiT ruseTi an garkveuli rusuli Zalebi imedovnebdnen,

daerwmunebinaT milsadenTan biznes-interesebiT dakavSirebuli wreebi, uari

eTqvaT “arastabilur” saqarTveloze, rogorc kaspiis navTobis saeqsporto

gzaze. rogorc ar unda iyos, javaxeTi is probl;emaa, romelic Zalian

yuradRebiT da uSualo dakvirvebiT unda iqnas ganxiluli, radgan is dRes

erT-erTi mTavari potenciuri konfliqturi arealia kavkasiaSi. SesaZloa,

gadaWarbebulia misi moxsenieba “momaval mTian yarabaRad” paul goblisa (Paul

Goble) da zogierTi sxva analitikosis mier2. dRes iseTi geopolitikuri

situaciaa, rom movlenebi garkveulwilad kontroldeba saqarTvelosa da

somxeTis mier, romelTagan arc erTs ar surs situaciis gauareseba. magram

dRevandeli situacia Zalian Sorsaa stabilurobidan. saqarTvelos

xelmZRvanelobam unda SeinarCunos am sakiTxisadmi konstruqciuli midgoma,

rogorc es aqamde iyo. ueWvelia, rom saqarTvelo situacias ver akontrolebs.

javaxeTis momavali aseve, Tu ufro metad ara, damokidebulia sakiTxisadmi

ruseTisa da somxeTis poziciaze.

mesxebi an axiskamesxebi an axiskamesxebi an axiskamesxebi an axiska

javaxeTis situacias kidev ufro arTulebs mesxebis faqtori. mesxebi, an

axiska Turqebi, is xalxia, romelTa eTnikuri warmomavlobac sadaoa. isini an

gaTurqebul qarTvelebad ganixilebian, an TurqebTan Tu azerbaijanelebTan

1 ix. Liz Fuler, ‘Coup Attempt In Georgia’, in RFE/RL Caucasus Report, vol. 1, no. 34, 20 October 1998. 2 damowm. Akinci, ‘Javakheti’.

170

monaTesaveebad. maTi ena Zalian axlos dgas im TurqulTan, romelzec TurqeTSi

laparakoben. Turqi mesxebi dasavleT saqarTvelodan, dRevandeli mesxeT-

javaxeTis ”mesxuri”, aWarasa da javaxeTs Soris mdebare nawilidan gaasaxles,

TiTqosda, imitom, rom stalinis azriT, TurqeTi meore msoflio omSi germaniis

mxares CaerTveboda da Turqi mesxebi mexuTe kolona iqnebodnen sabWoTa

kavSiris TurqeTTan mosazRvre miwaze. es, udaod, iyo erT-erTi faqtori, magram

deportacia aseve ganxilul unda iqnas im zogadi logikiT, romelsac rusi

mmarTvelebi mimarTavdnen 1864 wlidan: strategiulad mniSvnelovan CrdiloeT

da dasavleT kavkasiaSi rac SeiZleba Sors gadaesrolaT muslimi umciresobebi.

am konteqstSi, 1939 wlis sabWoTa aRwerebSi, Turqi mesxebi klasificirebuli

iyvnen rogorc azerbaijanelebi1.

deportirebulTa yvelaze zusti raodenoba, 90.000-dan 150.000 Turq mesxamde,

gamoangariSebul iqna 1944 wlis 15 noembrisaTvis2. Turqi mesxebis deportacia,

gansxvavebiTYsxva deportirebuli xalxisagan, ar iyo gamarTlebuli hitleris

armiasTan TanamSromlobiT, ise rogorc es iyo CeCnebis, inguSebis, yaraCaelebis,

balyarebis da volgis germanelebis SemTxvevaSi. im faqtma, rom deportaciis

dros Turqi mesxebi ar iqnen msjavrdadebulni raime konkretuli

danaSaulisaTvis, ganapiroba maTi privilegirebuli pozicia yirgizeTSi,

yazaxeTsa da uzebekeTSi dasaxlebis Semdeg, sxva deportirebul xalxTan

SedarebiT. Tumca maTi tanjva, gansakuTrebiT, mgzavrobis dros, gacilebiT

didi iyo, 15% meti _ deportirebulTa zogierTi jgufis TiTqmis naxevari _

daiRupa gadasaxlebis pirvel wlebSi.

rodesac mravali dadanaSaulebuli xalxi reabilitirebul iqna 1956-57

wlebSi, Turqi mesxebi, yirimeli TaTrebis msgavsad, maT Soris ar aRmoCndnen.

1968 wlis dadgenilebis mixedviT, maT TavianT samSobloSi dasaxlebis igive

uflebebi eqnebodaT, rogoric sabWoTa kavSiris sxva moqalaqeebs, maTTvis

samSobloSi dabrunebis raime specifikuri uflebebis miniWebis gareSe. Turqi

mesxebi kidev ufro gawvaldnen gadasaxlebaSi. mravali mesxi dasaxlebul iqna

ferRanis velze (uzbekeTis da yirgizeTis teritoriaze). 1989 wlis ivnisSi am

teritoriaze anti-mesxurma ajanyebebma ifeTqa, rodesac centraluri aziis

axalgazrdobam gadawva mesxebis saxlebi da gamodevna macxovreblebi. am

ajanyebis mizezebi iyo Suri mesxTa ukeTesi cxovrebis donisa da ekonomikuri

keTildReobis gamo, im teritoriaze, sadac didi iyo umuSevroba. rac ar unda

daaxloebiT 90.000 Turqi mesxi xelmeored iqna gadasaxlebuli uzbekeTidan

1ix. Robert Conquest, The Nation Killers, 1970, p.48. 2 ix. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, ‘Punished Peoples’of the Soviet Union: the Continuing Legacy of Stalin’s

Deportations, New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991. aq gv.51, damowm. Robert Conquest, ‘Russia’s

Meskhetians: a Lost People’, in The Times (London), 5 August 1970.

171

sabWoTa kavSiris sxva mxareebSi. am ubedurebas kidev is erTvoda, rom zogierTi

mesxi mTian yarabaRsa da mis irgvliv daasaxles. rodesac somxebma am

teritoriaze kontroli daamyares, mesxi ltolvilebi, romlebic,

azerbaijanelebis msgavsad, muslimebi iyvnen, kidev erTxel gaxdnen iZulebulni,

gaqceviT eSvelaT TavisaTvis1.

Turqi mesxebis humanitaruli situacia aSkarad gadaudebeli problemaa,

magaliTad, stavropolsa da krasnodaris regionebSi, sadac mravali maTgani

axla cxovrobs; amasTanve, isini iq siZneleebs ganicdian adgilobrivi

xelmZRvanelobis mxridan2. maT bavSvebs mouxdaT wasuliyvnen skolebSi, sadac

mravali gansxvavebuli enaa, rac, bunebrivia, xelisSemSleli iyo maTi

ganaTlebisaTvis. mravali Turqi mesxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli imedgacrueba

damowmebulia Human Rights Watch-is Cawerili gancxadebiT:

isini gveubnebian, rom Cven zedmetni varT... sad unda vicxovroT, Tuki

isini ar migviReben Cvens winaparTa miwaze? Cven jer ar gvaqvs sxva

dasaxlebuli sivrce, ase rom, Cven unda vicxovroT am did dedamiwaze,

risTvisac Turqebma Cveni sisxlic daRvares3.

1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi Turq mesxebs ori arCevani hqondaT: an winaparTa

miwebze dabrunebis nebarTva mieRoT, an TurqeTSi emigrirebuliyvnen.

sainteresoa, rom 1970-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi zviad gamsaxurdias

xelmZRvanelobiT arsebuli disidentTa jgufi mxars uWerda Turqi mesxebis

dabrunebas. realurad, im droisaTvis maTi mcire raodenoba Tu fiqrobda

saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis sakiTxze. mudmivad idga imis problema, rom

qarTvelebma da somxebma, romlebic gadasaxlebul iqnen Turqi mesxebis

saxlebSi, aRTqma dades, rom iaraRiT aRudgebodnen win dabrunebis nebismier

mcdelobas, amdenad, amgvari moqmedeba, Tu is mTavrobis mxardaWeriT ar

moxdeboda, friad saSiS xasiaTs miiRebda. amis Sedegad, post-sabWoTa epoqaSi

Turqi mesxebi eswrafodnen qarTuli xelmZRvanelobis lobirebisaTvis

TurqeTis mxardaWeris gamoyenebas. qarTvelTa pasuxi araerTgvarovani iyo.

mravali qarTveli emxroboda im azrs, rom Turqi mesxebi unda wasuliyvnen

TurqeTSi, “romelsac isini ekuTvnodnen”. TurqeTis xelmZRvaneloba

ewinaaRmdegeba maT miRebas, albaT, imitom, rom eSiniaT eTnikuri Turqebis

masiuri migraciisa balkaneTis sxvadasxva mxareebidan, axlo aRmosavleTidan da

1 Turqi mesxebis Sesaxeb ix. Aysegul Aydingun, ‘Being Turk in a Turkic Country: The Case of the Turks of

Ahiska, the So Called Meskhetian Turks’, in Journal of the Turkic World (BITIG), VOL. 8/13 NO. 1, January-March 1998. 2 Alexander Ossipov, ‘Some remarks about Meskhetians’, in Turkistan Newsletter, no. 168, 9 October 1998; Dda igive avtoris ‘Meskhetian Turks in Krasnodar Territory in 1998: No Progress, New Problems’, Newsletter No.

3, 1998, The ‘Memorial’ Human Rights Centre, Moscow. 3 Human Rights Watch, Punished Peoples, p51, damowm. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 16 November 1990.

172

dsT-dan. igive SeiZleba iTqvas dasavleTA Trakiis da bulgareTis, aseve

kviprosis TurqebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTac uZneldebaT TurqeTis

moqalaqeobis miReba. da mainc, TurqeTs, SesaZloa, strategiuli miznebisaTvis

surs am umciresobebis SenarCuneba, an maTi dabruneba winaparTa miwebze.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, bunebrivia, aSinebs Turqi mesxebis

repatriaciis Sedegebi, iTvaliswinebs ra amis Sedegad adgilebze Zaladobis

warmoSobis maRal albaTobasa da javaxeTis somxebis gaRizianebas. marTlac,

repatriacia somexTa mier aucileblad iqneba ganxiluli somxebis

kontrbalansirebad, am teritoriaze mtruli Turqebis dasaxlebis gziT. amis

Sedegad, 1992 wlidan SevardnaZe amtkicebda, rom Turqi mesxebis dabruneba

SeuZlebeli iyo saqarTveloSi arsebuli ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebis

fonze. miuxedavad amisa, 1996 wlis dekemberSi man xeli moawera brZanebulebas,

romlis Tanaxmad, 2000 wlisaTvis unda dabrunebuliyo Turqi mesxebis

gansazRvruli raodenoba _ 5000 adamiani; es gegma ar ganxorcielebula.

rogorc liz fuleri (Liz Fuller) aRniSnavs, “SevardnaZe politikur

TviTmkvlelobas Caidenda, Tu is uzrunvelyofda deportirebuli Turqebis

saqarTveloSi dabrunebas afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebadme, rac afxazeTis

1992-93 wlebis omis dros afxazeTidan devnili eTnikuri qarTvelebisaTvis

saxlebSi dabrunebis usafrTxo pirobebs Seqmnida”1.

Turqi mesxebis dabrunebis erT-erT xelisSemSlel faqtorad miCneulia

aseve somxebis dasaxleba (rig SemTxvevebSi _ iZulebiTi) maT yofil miwebze.

javaxeTis somxebi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, ewinaaRmdegebian Turqi mesxebis

dabrunebas. 1998 wlis seqtemberSi Turqma mesxebma, zviadistebisadmi

loialurobis sababiT, demonstracia gamarTes TbilisSi, repatrirebulTa

samxreT ruseTSi deportaciis gamo2. TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli

urTierTobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, safiqrebelia, rom SevardnaZe sul ufro

metad gamoavlens pozitiur damokidebulebas Turqi mesxebis sakiTxisadmi. Tu

qarTul-Turquli urTierTobebi xangrZlivi aliansisaken viTardeba, maSin

Turqi mesxebi swored imas warmoadgenen, risac javaxeTis somxebs eSiniaT:

kontrbalanss samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebisa da rusebis

sawinaaRmdegod. yirimeli TaTrebis msgavsad, Turqma mesxebma, SeiZleba, imave

teritoriaze arsebuli separatistuli Zalebis sapirispiro da, amrigad,

saqarTveloSi arsebuli reJimisadmi megobruli rolic iTamaSon. Turqi

mesxebis dabruneba saqarTvelos strategiuli interesia, Tu ubralod

1 Liz Fuller, ‘And Home There’s No Returning’ in RFE/RL Newsline, 22 September 1998. 2 damowmebuli saTaurebi qarTuli presidan, 21 September 1998; dawvrilebiT ix. Paata

Zakareishvili, ‘Muslim Meskhs: Georgiam State’s test’, in Turkistan Newsletter, no. 168, 9 October 1998.

173

mRelvareba-areulobis damatebiTi wyaro _ es is sakiTxia, romelic dRes

saqarTveloSi ganixileba.

“zviadistebi” samegreloSi“zviadistebi” samegreloSi“zviadistebi” samegreloSi“zviadistebi” samegreloSi

rogorc vnaxeT, megrelebi, romlebic prezident gamsaxurdias mTavar

mxardamWer Zalas warmoadgendnen, ZiriTad rols TamaSobdnen 1993 wlis

konfliqtSi saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da afxazeTs Soris. arsebobda

braldebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, zviadistebs mxars

afxazebi uWerdnen. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, zviadistebis pozicia afxazeTis

konfliqtSi SedarebiT ambivalenturi iyo. xSirad amboben, rom megrelebi

yvelaze mgznebare qarTveli nacionalistebi arian; Tumca, maTma intervenciam

1993 wels Zalze Seuwyo xeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos kolafsamde miyvanas

da, amrigad, saqarTveloze ruseTis gavlenis aRdgenas, risac esoden eSinoda

gamsaxurdias. rogorc stiven ierasimosi (Stephane Yerasimos)1 aRniSnavs,

kavkasiaSi mkveTrad dapirispirebuli interesebis damTxveva savsebiT realuria.

amrigad, ukanasknel wlebSi zviadistebisadmi ruseTis mxardaWeraze miniSneba,

gansakuTrebiT, SevardnaZis sicocxlis xelyofasTan dakavSirebiT, arc iseTi

alogikuri SeiZleba iyos, rogorc es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes.

mTlianobaSi, zviadistebis SemTxveva arc ise martivia, rom eTnikuri

problema ewodos. megrelebi, romlebic zviadistebis umravlesobas Seadgenen,

aranairad ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnen separatistul umciresobad. aq aris

konfliqti ara teritoriis, aramed xelisuflebis _ saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis gamo. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, megrelebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli

identobis grZnoba. miuxedavad amisa, maTi qarTuli identoba Zalze aSkara da

naTelia da isini, rogorc Tavad gamsaxurdiac aRniSnavda, xSirad iwodebian

yvelaze patriot qarTvelebad. amrigad, megrelebis sakiTxi aris politikuri

konfliqtis problema subeTnikuri elferiT, romelic mxolod arTulebs am

politikur konfliqts. zviadistebis safrTxe qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis

aSkaraa. marTalia, Ria konfliqti 1993 wlis Semdeg ar momxdara, Tbilisis

xelisuflebam mudmivad icoda, rom misi kontrolis aRdgena dasavleT

saqarTveloze, sul mcire, ararealuri iyo. 1998 wels situacia mniSvnelovnad

gaauaresa TebervalSi SevardnaZis sicocxlis xelyofis mcdelobam, romelzec

zugdidSi myofma zviadisturma dajgufebam aiRo pasuxismgebloba. erTi kviris

Semdeg am jgufis mxardamWerebi Tavs daesxnen gaeros damkvirvebelTa misiis

Stabs zugdidSi da mZevlad aiyvanes oTxi damkvirvebeli, romelTa gacvlasac

1 Stephane Yerasimos, ‘Caucasus: Le Retour de la Russia’, in Politique Internationale, no. 1, 1994, p.58.

174

varaudobdnen imaTSi, visac SevardnaZis mkvlelobis mcdelobisaTvis

daapatimrebdnen.

amis Semdeg, oqtomberSi, samxedro ajanyebas moxda senakSi, akaki eliavas

xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic 1993 wels zviadistebis savele meTauri iyo da

amnistia miiRo. 200 jariskaciTa da oTxi mZevliT, romelTa Soris iyo

saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis ministric, eliava quTaisisaken daiZra da

moiTxova SevardnaZis gadadgoma; is amtkicebda, rom saqarTvelos teritoriuli

mTlianoba manamde ar aRdgeboda, sanam Sevardnaze prezidenti iyo1. waawydnen

ra sapasuxo saartilerio cecxls, ajanyebulebi molaparakebebze daTanxmdnen

da senakisaken daixies. mogvianebiT ajanyeba CaaxSes, xolo masSi monawile

jariskacTa umravlesoba daapatimres. Tavad eliava gaiqca2. miuxedavad amisa,

ajanyeba saintereso kiTxvas badebs: ram afiqrebina eliavas quTaisis,

saqarTvelos sididiT meore qalaqis aReba 200 kaciTa da 20 tankiT?

saqarTvelos uSiSroebis samsaxuris yofilma ufrosma irakli baTiaSvilma

ajanyebis Semdeg aRniSna: “me didi xnis manZilze vicnobdi eliavas imisTvis,

rom vicode _ is ar ecdeboda quTaisis aRebas 200 jariskaciTa da 20 tankiT. is

sakmaod windaxedulia amisaTvis. viRaca, udaod, dapirda eliavas daxmarebas da

es viRac napovni unda iqnas”3. bunebrivia gakeTda gancxadebebi, rom eliavas

ukan ruseTi idga; Tumca sxvebi Tavad SevardnaZes miawerdnen ajanyebis

provocirebas, sakuTari popularobis gazrdis imediT, rac tipiuria

regionisaTvis. es braldeba, SeiZleba, yuriT moTreuli Candes, magram naTels

hfens politikis xasiaTs regionSi. rogorc ar unda iyos, zviadistebi rCebian

Tbilisis mudmiv SemaSfoTeblad. sxva rom araferi, isini afxazeTisaTvis

moxerxebul buferul zonas warmoadgenen da, Tavis droze, efeqturad

icilebdnen Tavidan 1995 wels xorvatiaSi ganxorcielebulis msgavs nebismier

SeteviT operacias. doj bilingslis (Dodge Billingsley) sityviT, dasavleT

saqarTvelo garkveuli droiT kvlav darCeba “usafrTxoebis katastrofad”4.

mSvidobis SenarCunebamSvidobis SenarCunebamSvidobis SenarCunebamSvidobis SenarCuneba5555

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis Semdeg samSvidobo

Zalebi Cadga orive konfliqtur zonaSi; es kidev erTi faqtoria, romelic

ganasxvavebs maT mTiani yarabaRisagan, sadac cecxlis Sewyveta oTxi wlis

manZilze iyo SenarCunebuli samSvidobo Zalebis CarTvis gareSe.

1ix. Liz Fuller, ‘Coup Attempt in Georgia’, in RFE/RL Caucasus Report, vol. 1 no. 34, 20 October 1998. 2 RFE/RL Newsline, 20-22 October 1998. 3Caucasus Press, 23 October 1998, damowm. RFE/RL Caucasus Report, vol. 1 no. 35, 30 October 1998. 4Billingsley, ‘Truce Means Nothing in Wstern Georgia’, p.17. 5saqarTveloSi samSvidobo misiis sruli mimoxilva, romelsac eyrdnoba es nawili, ix. McFarlane et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, pp.49-63.

175

saqarTveloSi mSvidobis SenarCunebam gamoiwvia ruseTisa da saerTaSoriso

(gaero/euTo) samSvidoboTa problemebis erTmaneTTan adaptireba. es problemebi,

metwilad, ganpirobebulia mSvidobis SenarCunebis gansxvavebuli koncefciebiT,

romlebic aqvT gaerosa da ruseTs. gaeros koncefcia Semoifargleba cecxlis

SewyvetaSi CarTviTa da misi monitoringiT, iTvaliswinebs Zalze msubuqad

SeiaraRebul an SeuiaraRebel jarebs da saWiroebs konfliqtis orive mxaris

Tanxmobas. rusuli koncefcia, Tavisi bunebiT, ufro iZulebiTi xasiaTisaa.

magaliTad, makfarleini (McFarlane) da misi Tanamoazreebi imowmeben rusul

wyaroebs, romlebic mSvidobis SenarCunebis operaciebs gansazRvravs an rogorc

“oms meamboxeTa winaaRmdeg”, an rogorc “SezRudul oms”1. aman gamowvia

problemebi samSvidobo nawilebs Soris urTierTobebSi, romlebic, miuxedavad

amisa, garkveuli azriT, konstruqciuli iyo. rusuli samSvidoboebis mier

afxazeTis garkveul teritoriebze ar iqna daSvebuli misia, rodesac unda

gamoZiebuliyo rusebis mikerZoeba afxazebis sasargeblod. ufro metic, rusuli

samSvidobo ZalebisTvis Zneli iyo imaze daTanxmeba, rom gaeros damkvirvebelTa

misia monitorings gauwevda mas. orive SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi

moklebuli iyvnen legitimurobas, ramdenadac maT xelmZRvanelobda qveyana,

romelic marTebulad aRiqmeboda konfliqtSi monawile mxared, dapirispirebis

dros erT-erTi mxaris aqtiur mxardamWerad. saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis TanamSromloba rusul samSvidobo ZalebTan am fonze unda

iqnas ganxiluli; amis erTi magaliTia Semdegi faqti: SenaerTebi, romlebic

namdvilad ibrZodnen afxazebis mxareze, magaliTad eTnikuri somxebiT

dakompleqtebuli marSal bagramianis batalioni, swrafad gardaiqmna

samSvidobo Zalad, rusebis nominaluri kontrolis qveS2. aseTi

urTierTsapirispiro qmedebebis Sedegebi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Zneli

warmosadgeni ar aris, iqneba is ndoba Tu pativiscema qarTuli samoqalaqo

mosaxleobis mxridan.

samxreT oseTis SemTxvevaSi, Seiqmna sammxrivi samSvidobo Zalebi

gaerTianebuli sakontrolo komisiis meTvalyureobiT, romelic pasuxismgebeli

iyo konfliqtis politikuri gadawyvetilebis moZebnaze. samSvidobo Zalebs

xelmZRvaneloben rusuli Zalebi, magram maTSi Sedis qarTuli da osuri

kontingentic. sainteresoa, rom, qarTvelTa Tanxmobi, CrdiloeT osurma Zalebma

aseve miiRes monawileoba samSvidobo operaciebSi. samSvidobo Zala ar Seqmnila

romelime saerTaSoriso organizaciis zedamxedvelobiT; es iyo saqarTvelosa

da ruseTs Soris ormxrivi SeTanxmebis Sedegi. mas arc humanitaruli

1McFarlane et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, p.58. 2personaluri urTierTobebi Ekber Menemncioglu-sTan, UNHCR-is warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi, Stockholm 26 December 1998.

176

movaleobebi gaaCnda; misi ZiriTadi amocana iyo nebismieri Zaladobis

“dauyovneblivi da mkacri aRkveTa”.

evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis erT-erTi amocana

saqarTveloSi cecxlis Sewyvetis monitoringi iyo. Tumca, cecxlis Sewyvetis

metnaklebad warmatebuli faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, am organizaciis ZiriTad

mizans warmoadgenda konfliqtis gadasawyvetad molaparakebaTa warmoebisaTvis

perspeqtivis xelSewyoba. es amocana moicavda politikur wreebTan da

mosaxleobasTan kontaqts, im mizniT, rom socialur doneze daewyoT ndobis

aRdgena. amrigad, samSvidoboebi mravalmxriv iyvnen dakavSirebuli konfliqtis

gadawyvetis sakiTxTan.

ramdenime mizezis gamo, afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi situacia ufro rTulia.

pirvel rigSi, afxazeTSi ceclxis Sewyveta, udaod, yvelaze nakleb daculi iyo

sam transkavkasiur konfliqts Soris. es ganpirobebuli iyo mudmivi

partizanuli moqmedebebiT, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifos kontrols miRma myofi

qarTuli gasamxedroebuli dajgufebebis mxridan, rogoricaa “TeTri legioni”

da “tyis Zmebi”.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna afxazeTSi cecxlis Sewyvetam ganapiroba 12

kilometriani usafrTxoebis zonisa da am xazs miRma mZime SeiaraRebisaTvis

SezRuduli zonis Seqmna. ufro metic, dsT samSvidobo Zalebis amocanas,

samxreT oseTisagan gansxvavebiT, Seadgenda humanitaruli sakiTxebi _

umTavresad, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa usafrTxo dabrunebisaTvis xelis

Sewyoba, konkretulad, galis regionSi. dsT samSvidobo Zalas, realurad,

mxolod rusuli Zala warmoadgens, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi iyo msjeloba

imis Taobaze, rom, SesaZloa, maTSi monawileoba mieRo ukrainas; amas xels

uwyobda qarTvelTa mcdelobebi, SeemcirebinaT rusuli komponentis Zala

samSvidobo ZalebSi. isini Sedgeboda 3.000 samxedrosagan, romlebic afxazeTSi

mdebare rusuli bazebidan iqnen gamoyvanilni. es samxedroebi, marSal

bagramianis batalionis msgavsad, proafxazurad iyvnen ganwyobili. Zalebis sxva

nawilebic saqarTvelosadmi arakeTilmosurneebi iyvnen, rac, nawilobriv,

omisdroindel dabombvebs ukavSirdeboda. zogi samxedro, romlebic ar iyvnen

gawvrTnili samSvidobo operaciisaTvis, TandaTanobiT Canacvlebul iqnen

ukeTesad gawvrTnili nawilebiT ruseTis federaciis sxva mxareebidan.

amasobaSi samSvidobo Zalebis raodenoba Semcirda maTi Tavdapirveli

raodenobis naxevramde, nawilobriv, finansebis SezRudulobis gamo.

dafiqsirebul iqna calkeuli darRvevebi dsT samSvidobo Zalebis mxridan:

farTod gavrcelda cnobebi qrTamis aRebis, marodiorobisa da qurdobis

Sesaxeb, romlebic yvelaze saSinel danaSaulebebs warmoadgenen.

177

iseve rogorc samxreT oseTSi evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis

organizaciis SemTxvevaSi, gaerom daayena afxazeTis mxridan cecxlis

Sewyvetisa da dsT samSvidobo Zalebis monitoringis sakiTxi gaeros

damkvirvebelTa mier; aseve saqarTveloSi gaeros damkvirvebelTa misiis sakiTxi,

romelTa ricxvi Tavdapirveli 40 kacidan dRevandel 130 personamde gaizarda.

gaeros damkvirvebelTa misiam aseve mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa galis raionSi

mravali qarTvelis xelmeored dabrunebaSi 1996-1997 wlebSi, “adgilobriv

adgilnacval pirTa dabrunebis perspeqtivebis dadgenaSi”; aseve adgilobriv

xelisufalTaTvis adamianTa uflebebis saerTaSoriso normebis gacnobaSi1. aqve

unda daveTanxmoT makfarleinsa da mis Tanaavtorebs imis Taobaze, rom dsT

samSvidobo Zalebma da gaeros damkvirvebelTa misiam warmatebas ver miaRwies

iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa usafrTxo dabrunebis TvalsazrisiT.

samSvidoboebis saeWvo umoqmedoba dabrunebuli moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg afxazi

samxedroebis represiebis dros, 1995 wlis martSi 20-mde dabrunebulis

mkvleloba, romelic dafiqsirebul iqna gaeros misiis warmomadgenelTa mier,

miCneul unda iqnas gaeros marcxad. am misiis SezRuduli mandati aRniSnuli

Zalebis monawileTa imedgacruebis mizezi iyo: gaeros wesdebis VI muxliT

gaTvaliswinebuli sadamkvirveblo misia gacilebiT warumatebeli aRmoCnda,

vidre VII muxliT miniWebuli samSvidobo misia. es SezRuduli mandati

seriozulad abrkolebs saqarTveloSi gaeros damkvirvebelTa misiis

efeqturobasa da legitimurobas. kvlav rCeba dsT samSvidoboebisa da maTdami

loialobis problema; metic, 1998 wlis maisis movlenebma daadastura, rom

samSvidoboebma araferi gaakeTes 300.000 repatrirebuli qarTvelis Zaladobrivi

gamoZevebis SesaCereblad.

miuxedavad amisa, regionSi mainc dabrunda mosaxleobis nawili, rac, Tavis

mxriv, garkveuli Serigebis garkveul safuZvels qmnis; Tumca es mxolod

Canasaxovani etapi iyo, romelic mogvianebiT, 1998 wlis maisis movlenebis gamo

Sewyda; azerbaijan-somxeTis SemTxvevaSi aseTi ram ar momxdara. mTlianobaSi,

samSvidobo misias saqarTveloSi aqvs pozitiuri da negatiuri aspeqtebi.

pozitiuri, ra Tqma unda, aris is, rom samSvidobo Zalebma gadamwyveti roli

Seasrules Zaladobisaken farTomasStabiani Semobrunebis aRkveTaSi. Tumca 1998

wlis maisis movlenebi cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis udidesi darRveva iyo

mTel kavkasiaSi. negatiuri movlenaa samSvidobo Zalebis gaSla, raTa

gayinuliyo situacia, ris politikuri mizanSewoniloba Zalzed sadao iyo.

SesaZloa, Cafiqrebuli iyo xanmokle politikuri mogvareba, rac safuZvlianad

1 McFarlane et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, p.53.

178

Secvlida situacias. magram es ar moxda da xuT-eqvs weliwadSi, romelic

saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdeg gavida, gaiyina aranormaluri

situacia. ufro aRmosavleTiT, mTiani yarabaRis SemTxvevaSic, SesaZloa ase

momxdariyo, iq rom samSvidobo Zalebi ar yofiliyvnen. rogorc makfarleini

(MacFarlane) aRniSnavs, es situacia xels aZlevda osebsa da afxazebs imisaTvis,

rom Tavidan aecilebinaT qarTul iurisdiqciaSi dabruneba. faqtobrivad,

samSvidobo Zalebma usafrTxoebis damatebiTi xarisxi mianiWes osur da

afxazur mxareebs, ramac, Tavis mxriv, am anklavTa xelmZRvanelobas misca

aucilebeli sivrce da gabeduleba seriozuli molaparakebebisa da

kompromisebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis.

gadawyvetilebgadawyvetilebgadawyvetilebgadawyvetilebaTaaTaaTaaTa Zieba Zieba Zieba Zieba

saintersoa is faqti, rom am ori konfliqtis gadawyvetis ZiebaSi aqtiurad

CaerTo ori damoukidebeli struqtura. afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi, pirdapiri

mediatori gaero iyo, maSin rodesac samxreT oseTSi gadawyvetilebis moZebna

evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacias daekisra. unda

aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad mediatori organizaciebisa, saqarTvelo-afxazeTis

konfliqtSi, sul mcire, sami politikuri aqtoria: afxazuri xelisufleba,

ruseTi da, SesaZloa, afxazeTSi moqmedi qarTveli partizanebi; xolo samxreT

oseTis SemTxvevaSi oTxi monawilea: saqarTvelo, ruseTi da, aseve, samxreT

oseTisa da CrdiloeT oseTis xelmZRvaneloba. moTamaSeTa es mravalricxovneba

arTulebs konfliqtebis gadaWras, mTiani yarabaRis SemTxvevis msgavsad.

zogadad, es ori konfliqti hgavs mTiani yarabaRis SemTxvevas: xangrZlivi

cecxlisSewyveta, magram, amave dros, gayinuli pozicia politikur

gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT, rac qmnis gamouval mdgomareobas.

afxazeTi: cudidan uaresisaken?afxazeTi: cudidan uaresisaken?afxazeTi: cudidan uaresisaken?afxazeTi: cudidan uaresisaken?

sainteresoa im faqtis kvlav gameoreba, rom 1992 wels afxazeTi teqnikurad

ar gamoyofia saqarTvelos; im arsiT, rom is daubrunda mis 1925 wlis

konstitucias, romlis Tanaxmad, “afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika,

specialuri samokavSireo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, gaerTianebuli iyo

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikasTan”; es iyo urTierTobaTa

gansazRvra, romelic dRes anaqronistulad Cans. miuxedavad amisa, mas Tan sdevs

is faqti, rom afxazeTi teqnikurad ar gamocxadebula sruliad damoukideblad

da ar ganuxorcielebia de iure gamoyofa, Tumca ki omma gamoiwvia de faqto

gamoyofa.

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Tavdapirveli molaparakebebma, 1993 wlis dekemberSi, gamoiwvia “gagebis

memorandumis” gaformeba; romelic, imas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Ria

dapirispirebebis Sewyvetidan cota dro iyo gasuli, swrafad iqna miRweuli. es

SeTanxmeba ganaxlebul iqna ufro detaluri saxiT, ramac ganapiroba

“samomavlo SeTanxmebis garkveuli debulebebis gageba, romelic saxelmwifos

iTvaliswinebda yofil saqarTvelos ssr-is sazRvrebSi . . . maTs Soris

federaluri sakanonmdeblo organosa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

umaRlesi organos dafuZnebas, romelic imoqmedebda SeTanxmebuli kompetenciis

farglebSi”.1

es SeTanxmeba bunebrivad iyo Zalian bundovani da meti araferi, garda

Semdgomi molaparakebebis Suqpirisa; an ki, erTi analitikosis sityvebiT, ara

gadawyvetileba, aramed am ukanasknelis mimarTulebiT muSaobis gancxadeba.2

ufro metic, is xelmoweril iqna ruseTis mxridan orive mxareze mniSvnelovani

zewolis pirobebSi, ris Sedegadac kargad ar ganmtkicda arcerTi mxaris mier.

molaparakebebis pirveli raundebi, 1994 wels, sasikeTos gviqadda. afxazebi

principulad daTanxmdnen ltolvilTa dabrunebas. es iyo saTuo, rogorc

qvemoT vnaxavT. Tumca, afxazeTis politikur statusTan dakavSirebiT, am

SemTxvevaSi afxazuri mxaris ganzraxva iyo saqarTvelosTan urTierTobebis ori

suverenuli saxelmwifos kavSiris safuZvelze restuqtuireba.

Tumca, afxazTa realuri mizani iyo sruli damoukidebloba. es naTeli

gaxda Semdgom molaparakebebze, romelmac kulminacias miaRwia 1994 wlis

noemberSi, rodesac afxazebma gamoacxades, rom isini “ar daeTanxmdebodnen

aranair gadawyvetilebas, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda afxazeTis, rogorc

saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawilad yofnis ideaze”.3 26 noembers afxazeTma

gamoacxada damoukidebloba; am gadawyvetilebam gamoiwvia saomari moqmedebebis

ganaxleba. orive mxarem moaxdina Zalebis mobilizacia xelmZRvanelobis

gadawyvetilebis Sedegad. qarTvelTa mobilizacia ganxilul unda iqnes

ruseTis CeCneTTan mimarTebaSi arsebuli problemebis konteqstSi, romelmac im

droisaTvis iCina Tavi/im droisaTvis gamoaSkaravda. SeiZleba qarTvelebma

ifiqres, rom ruseTi yuradRebas gadaitanda da ar Caereoda qarTul

operaciaSi.4 Tumca es ar momxdara. am droisaTvis ruseTis urTierTobebi

afxazeTTan mniSvnelovnad gauaresda politikur doneze, magram adgilobrivi

rusi samSvidoboebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom afxazeTis mxareze unda

Careuliyvnen. 1993 wlis ivlisis soWis SeTanxmebis darRvevis Semdeg kremlma

1 ‘Report of the Secretyary-General concering the Situation in Abkhazia, Georgia’, 6 March 1995. 2 Dale, ‘The case of Abkhazia (Georgia)’, p129 3 iqve. 4 ix. Zverev, ‘Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-94’, p59.

180

blokada daawesa afxazeTze; es blokada gamowveuli iyo afxazebis mier

kompromisze wasvlis surviliT, rac gacxadda qaRaldze, ltolvilTa

dabrunebis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa urTierTobebi kvlav

uaresdeboda, radganac izrdeboda elcinis siZliere mis opoziciasTan

SedarebiT. afxazTa daxmarebis yvela mTavari/ZiriTadi miznis miRwevis Semdeg,

rusuli jarebi mudmivad ganlagdnen saqarTveloSi da axla qveyana met-

naklebad back in the fold. afxazebi, TavianTi ukompromiso damokidebulebebiT,

aRelvebda/aSfoTebda ruseTs, Tumca is potenciurad sargeblis momtani iyo Tu

saqarTvelo kvlav moindomebda moskovidan daSoriSorebas.

CeCneTis omi iyo is movlena, romelmac yvelaze metad Seuwyo xeli

afxazeT-ruseTis urTierTobebis gauaresebas. pirvel rigSi, afxazeTi ver

darCeboda pro-rusuli am konfliqtSi im mxardaWeris Semdeg, romelic man

miiRo CeCeni ajanyebulebisagan. afxazeTi inarCunebda Tavis neitralitets,

magram praqtikulad CeCneTis mxareze ixreboda. afxazeTidan zogierTi

moxaliseebi monawileobdnen CeCneTis brZolebSi, Tumca es axlosac ver miva im

mxardaWerasTan, rac maT miiRes CeCnebisagan saqarTvelosTan omSi. muxedavad

amisa, ruseTis samxedroebSi garkveulma elementebma maleve ieWves rom

afxazeTi ifarebda sawvrTnel bazebs CeCeni ajanyebulebisaTvis. Although this

probably not the case, Georgia’s generally AaSkarad pro-rusuli pozicia am konfliqtSi

xels uwyobda saqarTvelosadmi ruseTis damokidebulebis gaumjobesebas.

bunebrivia CeCnebi ibrZodnen afxazebTan erTad da ase rom isini ar iyvnen

qarTvelebis megobrebi, (Tumca situacia gansxvavebuli iyo gamsaxurdias dros,

romelic Zalian karg urTierTobebs inarCunebda dudaevTan); ufro metic,

saqarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba principulad uWerda mxars ruseTis teritoriul

mTlianobas, ramdenadac es xelisSemwyobi iyo sakuTaris aRdgenaSi. konfliqtSi

ruseTis aqamde dafaruli politikis gamoaSkaravebam gamoiwvia saSiSi

mdgomareobis Seqmna afxazebis mxridan. ruseTSi Zalebi kvlav uWerdnen mxars

afxazeTs politikurad, samxedro da ekonomikuri kuTxiT, magram afxazeTi

mTlianad da Tavidan bolomde veRar daamyarebda imedebs omis ganaxlebis

SemTxvevaSi. pirvel rigSi, axla ruseTs hqonda CeCnuri separatizmis gacilebiT

mware gamocdileba da amrigad naklebad eswrafoda sazRvargareT

gamoyofisaken mimarTuli Zalebis mxardaWeras; naTelia, rom separatizmis

zogadi tendencia a/k avtonomiur umciresobebs Soris gadamwyvet rols

TamaSobda imave tendenciis CrdiloeTiT, CeCneTisaken gavrcelebaSi. es faqti

ironiul sicils hgvris saxeze qarTvel da azerbaijanel analitikosebsa da

oficialur pirebs.

181

ramdenadac afxazeTs SevexeT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom konfliqtis

gadawyvetaSi arsebiT miRwevebs ar hqonia adgili 1999 wlis dasawyisidan.

sazogadoebriv doneze, kvlav aris arakeTilganwyoba afxazebsa da qarTvelebs

Soris, metwilad im simxecis gamo, romelic omis dros orive mxarem Caidina da

ramac genocidis ormxrivi braldeba warmoSva. am arsiT, afxazeTis konfliqts

kidev erTi sxva msgavseba aqvs mTian yarabaRTan: mzardi da Rrma ormxrivi

undobloba im xalxs Soris, romelTac es Seexo. magaliTad, ukanasknelma azris

gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom afxazTa 87% ewinaaRmdegeba qarTveli ltolvilebis

adreul dabrunebas.1 ekonomikuri kavSirebi ar arsebobs; ekonomika iaraRad iqna

gamoyenebuli azerbaijan-somxeTis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metic, politikur sferoSi

Rrma uTanxmoebaa ZiriTadi sakiTxebis irgvliv, maT Soris Semdeg sakiTxebzec:

• saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis cnoba

• momavalSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos federaciuli an konfederaciuli

xasiaTi

• erTiani Tu calkeuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sakiTxi.2

mxareebi ZiriTadad Tanxmdebian urTierTobebis gagrZelebaze erTi saxelmwifos

farglebSi. ufro metic, isini Tanxmdebian im principze, rom afxazeTis statusi

referendumiT unda ganisazRvros. Tumca problema kvlav ltolvilebs

ukavSirdeba. saqarTvelo amtkicebs, rom qarTvel ltolvilTa repatriaciamde

referendumis Catareba eTnikuri wmendis aRiarebis tolfasi iqneba. afxazebs,

aSkara demografiuli mizezebis gamo, referendumis Catareba qarTvelTa

dabrunebamde surT. rac Seexeva ltolvilTa dabrunebis sakiTxs, saqarTvelo

moiTxovs yvela im qarTvelis dabrunebas, romlebic uZulebulni gaxdnen

TavianTi saxlebidan gaqceviT eSvelaT TavisaTvis. Tumca, afxazebi galis

regionis qarTul mosaxleobas adanaSaulebs “mkvlelobebsa da sxva simxeceSi,

aseve maTi afxazi, somexi da berZeni mezoblebis ZarcvaSi, da amtkiceben, rom

adgilobrivma qarTulma mosaxleobam, romlebic erTwliani omis dros mowmeni

iyvnen an monawileobdnen samoqalaqo afxazTa, somxeTa, rusTa da berZenTa

winaaRmdeg qarTveli jariskacebis sastik ZalmomreobaSi, afxazeTis datoveba

amjobina, eSinodaT ra SurusZierbis aqtebis . . . qarTvelTa an sxva romelime

eTnikuri jgufis afxazeTidan gamogdeba ar iyo afxazuri mTavrobis politika

an ganzraxva”.3 bunebrivia qarTvelebs eSinodaT TavinTi sicocxlis xelyofisa

da mravalma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs vidre galis realuri dapyroba daiwyeboda;

1 ix. MacFarlale et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, p75 2 ‘Report of the Secretyary-General concering the Situation in Abkhazia, Georgia’, 6 March 1995. 3 Chirikba, ‘The Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict’, pp 76-77., nawilobriv damowmebulia afxazeTis mTavrobis gancxadebebi.

182

miuxedavad amisa, totaluri destruqcia da regionis Zarcva, adamianis

uflebaTa damcvelTa damkvirvebelTa moxsenebebi adasturebs humanitaruli

kanonebis aSkara darRvevas. zedmetia imis Tqma, rom damoukidebeli

damkvirveblebi, Zalzed edavebian afxazTa mier movlenebis am aRweris

ucxoelTa mier gamoyenebas. ramdenadac adamianis uflebaTa darRvevas SevexeT,

sazogado daskvna identuri iqneba gaeros faqtTa moZiebis misiis 1993 wlis

oqtombris daskvnisa; saxeldobr is, rom orive mxare TavianT Tavs

adanaSaulebda humanitaruli kanonebis aSkara da did darRvevebSi.1

es pasaJi naTelyofs, rom ukanaskneli movlenebis aRqma, iseve rogorc

istoriisa, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba orive mxaridan. praqtikulad,

gansxvavebebi gamoixata molaparakebebis mcire progresSi. mokled, is situacia,

romelic Seexeba iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs afxazeTSi, gvagonebs

CrdiloeT oseTis prigorodnis regions, romelic VI TavSi iqneba ganxiluli.

afxazebi itoveben uflebas uari Tqvan nebismieri pirovnebis dabrunebaze,

romlebic “monawileobdnen dapirispirebebSi”; sayovelTaod cnobili faqtia,

rom Znelia, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, aseTi monawileobis gansazRvra. sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, gamarjvebuli uflebas itovebs win aRudges eTnikur wmendas, raTa

Tavidan aicilos omis Sedegad miRweuli situaciis Secvla.

afxazTa mxridan gadaadgilebul qarTvelTa repatriaciis uaryofis

daJinebis mizezi uadvoa: afxazeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis gandevnam, rusuli,

somxuri da berZeni mosaxleobis Semcirebis paralelurad, afxazebi

demografiul mravalricxovnobaSi datova, Tumca afxazebi jer kidev Sors

arian umravlesobaSi yofnidan. maSin rodesac afxazebi omamde regionis

mosaxleobis 1/5-ze naklebs Seadgendnen, axla isini TiTqmis regionis

mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi arian.2 gadaadgilebul qarTvelTa mTlianad, an

maTi naxevaris dabrunebas kvlav mohyveba afxazTa meore poziciaze gadasvla

demografiulad, rac aSkarad daabrkolebs maTs SesaZleblobas gavlena

moaxdinon regionSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze. qarTvelTa repatriaciis

Tavidan acileba, afxazTa perspeqtividan, umaRlesi/upirvelesi prioritetia.

arsobrivad, yarabaRis somxebis ficis msgavsad, rom aRarasodes gaxdebian

anklavi, afxazebis mizania aRarasodes iqcnen umciresobad maTs mSobliur

miwaze.

1 ‘United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia’, in United Nations Peace-Keeping Information Notes, Update December 1994, p164. 2 saqarTvelos mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda 40.000-iT 1998 wlis apirlSi; rusuli da somxuri mosaxleobac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. Tumca raodenoba cnobili ar aris, magram SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom omisa da ekonomikuri danakargebis gamo somxuri da rusuli mosaxleoba Semcirda 40-50.000 aTasiT TiToeuli. TiTqmis yvela berZeni saberZneTSi wavida, amis Sedegad afxazebi daaxloebiT mosaxleobis 50% Seadgendnenm, arc erT qarTvels Tu ar miecema dabrunebis ufleba.

183

am situaciis Sedegia is, rom orive mxare fundamenturad ar eTanxmeba

afxazeTis momaval statusze referendumis droulad Catarebas, rasac isini

oriveni principulad uWerebn mxars. ufro metic, sazogadoebriv doneze

nebismieri daaxloeba susti aRmoCnda. makfarleini miuTiTebs or sazogadoebas

Soris NGO-uri kavSirebis praqtikul ararsebobaze, an ki “paraleluri

araoficialuri dialogis ararsebobaze or mosaxleobas Soris, rac, rogorc

SeiniSneba, aRmocenda samxreT oseTis or SemTxvevaSi”. rogorc isini swored

askvnian, urTierTobebi or erTobas Soris sakmaod gaRizianebuli rCeba, _

gaRizineba, romelic SeiZleba mxolod gaizardos drosTan erTad, Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT mimdinare dabali intensiurobis konfliqts galis regionSi,

xelmeored dasaxlebuli qarTvelebis kvlav gamoZevebas da molaparakebebis

CixSi moqcevas. iTqva ra es, ukanasknel wlebSi adgili hqonda NGO-ebis

gacvlis organizebis mcdelobebs London-based International Alert meSveobiT.1

gaerom, romelsac araviTari roli ar hqonda cecxlis SewyvetaSi, magram

aqtiuri iyo konfliqtis politikuri gadawyvetis ZiebaSi da mTavri

saerTaSoriso mediatori iyo afxazeTSi, kraxi ganicada konfliqtis

gadawyvetis miRwevaSi, miuxedavad windaukan momosvlis ramdenime raundisa da

sakonferencio diplomatiisa. pirdapiri saubrebi gaimarTa or prezidents

Soris 1997 wels, pirvelad 1994 wlis Semdeg, magram afxazebi gansakuTrebulad

aramosurneni iyvnen kompromisze wasvlisa, uaryofdnen avtonomiis SeTavazebebs

da misdevdnen TavianT mizans dabrunebodnen “samokavSireo SeTanxmebas”, imis

msgavs, romelic warmarTavda urTierTobebs 1931 wlamde.2 amrigad

molaparakebebma kraxi ganicada da mas araviTari gaumjobeseba ar mohyolia.

piriqiT, rogorc Cans mxareebi axla kidev ufro daSordnen. konfliqtis

gadawyvetis ukansknel mcdelobebs adgili hqonda 1998 wlis aprilSi.

SeTanxmebis proeqti gulmodgined damuSavda dsT-s meTvalyureobis qveS,

romelic Semdegs uzrunvelyofda (miuxedavad imisa, rom weris dros mTliani

detalebi jer kidev ar iyo gacxadebuli): galis regionSi erToblivi qarTul-

afxazuri administraciis daarseba, ruseTis, gaeros da euTos

warmomadgenlobiT, romlis ZiriTadi amocana iqneboda qarTvel ltolvilTa

repatriacia, rac Tavis mxriv gzas gauxsnida afxazeTze qarTuli ekonomikuri

sanqciebis moxsnas. rac Seexeba afxazeTis statuss, saqarTvelo unda

restruqtuirebuliyo asimetriul federaciad, afxazeTis, rogorc Semadgenel

nawilTan, erTad. afxazi iqneboda federaluri senatis Tavmjdomare.3 Tumca,

1 personaluri urTierToba S. Neil McFarlane-Tan, September 1999. 2 ix. Elizabeth Fuller, ‘Georgia: Diplomats Seek Solutions to Abkhaz Dispute’, RFE/RL Report, 9 June 1997; Paul

Goble, ‘Analysis from Washington: Peace in the Caucasus?’, RFE/RL Report, 17 June 1997; 3 ix. RFE/RL Newsline, 29 and 30 April 1998, and May 1998.

184

afxazurma mxarem TiTqmis dauyovnebliv gamoricxa es gadawyvetileba, dagmo ra

es winadadeba rogorc afxazeTze gavlenis/zewolis moxdenis SeTanxmebuli

rusul-qarTuli mcdeloba.1 afxazeTis sagareo saqmeTa minsitrma aseve aRniSna,

rom afxazeTi ar iyo dainteresebuli afxazeTis statusis ganxilviT, romelic

ukve gansazRvruli iyo respublikebis konstituciaSi. mxolod saqarTvelosTan

politikuri urTierTobebis sakiTxi SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo.2 afxazeTi aseve

moiTxovda dsT-s samSvidoboebis gayvanas da rusuli mediatorobis dasrulebas.

am movlenebis Semdgom, TiTqmis dauyovnebliv, afxazeTSi usafrTxoebis

mxriv situacia mkveTrad gauaresda, gansakuTrebiT galis regionSi. maisis Sua

xanebisaTvis, qarTulma partizanulma operaciebma galSi, maTs Soris SedarebiT

didi raodenobiT afxazuri policiisa da milicielebis mkvlelobis SemTxvevam,

gamoiwvia daZabulobaTa eskalacia or xelisuflebas Soris; afxazuri mxare

amtkicebda, rom qarTuli xelisufleba asponsorebda partizanul oms, an ki

sul mcire maT Tavisufali moqmedebis nebas aZlevda.3 samagieros misazRvelad,

afxazebma daiwyes im qarTvelTa saxlebis gadawva, romlebic ukan daubrundnen

TavianT saxlebs galSi, sul 30.000_40.000 adamiani.4 21 maiss saqarTvelom Tavisi

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi srul sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi moiyvana da situacia

srulmasStabiani omis zRvarze idga.5 qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, daaxloebiT

30.000 qarTveli iZulebuli gaxda galis regionidan gaqceviT eSvela

TavisaTvis.6 retrospeqtivaSi ise sCans, rom TiTqos mxolod qarTuli armiis

afxazeTSi argagzavnis Taobaze saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam aicila

Tavidan farTo masStabiani omisaken mibruneba. da mainc, movlenebma safuZveli

Cauyares gaeros warmomadgenelis liviu botas Sexedulebis rwmenas imis

Taobaze, rom arc erT mxares ar surda mSvidoba. zedmetia imis Tqma, rom am

movlenebma samSvidobo gegmebi CaSala. 1998 wlis Semodgomaze SevardnaZesa da

arZinbas Sexvedris mcdelobebi unayofo aRmoCnda. 1999 wlis dasawyisSi,

TurqeTi drodadro iCenda gaubedavobas mediatoris rolis pasuxismgebloba

aeRo Tavis Tavze konfliqtSi: 6 ianvars, afxazeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma,

Sambam, ganacxada, rom Sexvedrebi, “ormxrivi ndobis aRsadgenad”, gaimarTeboTa

TurqeTSi, TebervalSi, zogierTi CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikis

monawileobiT.7 momavali dagvanaxebs SeZlebs Tu ara TurqeTi iyos ufro

warmatebuli mediatori, vidre ruseTi, orive mxarisaTvis. Tumca misi ZiriTadi

1 RFE/RL Newsline, 18 May 1998. 2 Prime- News (Tbilisi) 11 May 1998. 3 ix.The Jamestown Monitor, 19 May, 1998. 4 RFE/RL Newsline, 22 May 1998. 5 Reuters, 22 May 1998; Voice of America, 25 may 1998. 6 ix.The Jamestown Monitor, 26 May, 1998. 7 ‘Shamba on Conflict Settlement’, Georgian Times, 8 January 1999, p2.

185

xelisSemSlelia meomar mxareebze konkretuli berketebis ararseboba da

ruseTis udao/aSkara mcdeloba Tavidan aicilos TurqeTis mier konfliqtis

gadawyvetaSi centraluri rolis dakaveba.

konfliqti afxazeTSi rCeba meryevi da kiTxvis niSnis qveS, rac metwilad

dakavSirebulia qarTul-rusul urTierTobebTan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTi

Sewyvets iyos afxazeTis poziciis faruli garanti da Tu saqarTvelo

moaxerxebs Seqmnas ukeT gawvrTnili da aRWurvili armia, maSin SesaZloa

saqarTvelo daubrundes samxedro arCevans regionze kontrolis dasamyareblad.

samxreT oseTi: gadawyvetileba horizontzeasamxreT oseTi: gadawyvetileba horizontzeasamxreT oseTi: gadawyvetileba horizontzeasamxreT oseTi: gadawyvetileba horizontzea????

samxreT oseTSi movlenebis ganviTareba ufro imedismomcemia. miuxedavad

imisa, rom politikuri molaparakebebi CixSia Sesuli, rac afxazeTis situacias

gvaxsenebs, socialur doneze gaumjobesebebi/ukeTesobebi aRniSvnis Rirsia.

prezident SevardnaZis mrCevlis, arCil gegeSiZis sityvebiT, or xalxs Soris

ufro metad/i daaxloeba iyo, vidre or xelisuflebas Soris.1 damkvirveblebi

aRniSnaven/iuwyebian or erTobas Soris urTierTobebSi sul ufro mzardi

daRlilobisa da normalizaciis survilis Sesaxeb.2 es gadaizarda praqtikaSi,

ramdenadac orive mxridan sul ufro izrdeba kontaqtebi NGO-ebs Soris,

euTosa da misi “araoficialuri dialogis” aqtiuri monawileobiT. yvelaze

imedismomcemia gancxadebebi Siga gadaadgilebul pirTa orive mimarTulebiT

spontanuri dabrunebis Sesaxeb; kerZod qarTvelebis dabruneba TavianT

saxlebSi samxreT oseTSi, da osebis dabruneba TavianT saxlebSi, centralur

saqarTveloSi. gadmocemiT am moZraobebs arcerTma mxarem xeli ar SeuSala.

repatriacia orive mxaris Tavsebadi survili iyo _ ZiriTadad im faqtis gamo,

rom orive mxarem Seifara gadaadgilebul pirTa mniSvnelovani zomis jgufebi.

SevardnaZem da ludvig Cibirovma, samxreT oseTis liderma, ganacxades, rom 1998

weli iqneboda yvela ltolvilis dabrunebis weli.3 Tumca, suraTi mTlianad

naTeli ar aris, ramdenadac dabrunebis Taobaze afxazTa poziciam aSkarad

iqonia gavlena samxreT oseTis parlamentze, romelmac 1997 wlis dasawyisSi

miiRo msgavsi gadawyvetileba, entitling/iwoda mxolod “im eTnikurad qarTveli

ltolviebis dabrunebas, romlebic cnobdnen samxreT oseTis konstitucias da

ar monawileobdnen/CarTulni ar iyvnen 1992 wlis brZolebSi”. samxreT oseTis

1 personaluri urTierTobebi avtorTan, December 1998. 2 MacFarlane et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, p72. 3 ix.The Jamestown Monitor,vol. 3 no. 217, 19 November 1997.

186

xelmZRvanelobam dabrunebuli qarTvelebi aiZules xeli moeweraT dokumentze,

riTac scnobdnen samxreT oseTis konstitucias.1

mTlianobaSi, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, situacia samxreT oseTSi

mniSvnelovnad/gacilebiT ufro imedis momcemia, vidre afxazeTSi. erTis

SexedviT, samxreT oseTis SemTxveva konfliqtis gadawyvetis down-up SemTxvevaa,

sadac socialuri progresi politikuri progresis mamoZravebeli Zalaa.

SevardnaZe periodulad aqebda ruseTis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielebul

samSvidobo mcdelobes samxreT oseTSi, xedavda ra maT pozitiur Zalebad,

gansxvavebiT afxazeTis SemTxvevisagan. politikur sferoSi movlenebi

SedarebiT nela viTardeba, magram sul cota ritorikis doneze mniSvnelovan

progress hqonda adgili. mniSvnelovani zrda/ganviTareba/win waweva, marTalia

semantikis sferoSi, aris is, rom termini “samxreT oseTi” kvlav miRebulia

saqarTveloSi. oriode wlis win mravali qarTveli gausworebda ucxoels am

termins da daarwmunebda mas regioni moexseniebina an rogorc “cxinvalis

regioni”, an “Sida qarTli”. rogorc Tavad SevardnaZe aRniSnavda:

SegiZlia naxoT ra xdeba samxreT oseTSi _ aravin ar gaRiziandeba am

saxeliT. regionis xelmZRvaneloba ki ar abrkolebs xalxis TavianT saxlebSi

dabrunebas, aramed qarTvelebsa da osebs iq dabrunebis stimuls aZlevs . . .

saqarTvelo_oseTis konfliqtis saboloo gadawyveta arc ise Sorsaa.2

sxva gancxadebaSi, SevaqrdnaZe aRniSnavda, rom “is moqmedebebi, romelmac

biZgi misca 1990-91 wlebSi eTnikuri osebis saqarTvelodan masiur wasvlas, iseve

kriminaluri iyo, rogorc eTnikuri qarTvelebis gandevna samxreT oseTidan”.

imave movlenis Sesaxeb CibirovTan erTad gakeTebuli gancxadeba “mzard

ormxriv ndobaze”, “pozitiur ganviTarebebze” da amis msgavs movlenebze

miuTiTebda.3 molaparakebebSi garRvevis nakleboba nawilobriv ukavSirdeba

oseTis mxaris meryeobasa/yoymanobas da daRlilobas/daqanculobas, raTa

kompromisze wavides. konfliqtis gamo samxreT oseTi naklebad zaraldeba

ekonomikurad, vidre afxazeTi da mTiani yarabaRi, radganac arsebobs

ekonomikuri kavSirebi da ar moqmedebs blokada. ramdenadac ar arsebobs

kompromisze wasvlis dauyovneblivi survili, osuri xelmZRvanelobas TavianTi

regionisaTvis igive statusis miRweva/mopoveba surT, rac afxazeTs

restruqtuirebul qarTul federaciaSi. amis Sedegad, isini moiTxoven, rom

saqarTvelo gaxdes “simetriuli” da ara “asimetriuli” federacia.4 statusis

sakiTxi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT avtonomiis done/xarisxi, romelic unda

1 ix.The Jamestown Monitor,vol. 3 no. 6, 9 January 1997. 2 Georgian Radio, 13 May 1998. 3 ix.The Jamestown Monitor,vol. 3 no. 217, 19 November 1997. 4 ix.The Jamestown Monitor,vol. 4 no. 105, 2 June 1998.

187

eboZos samxreT oseTs, molaparakebebis procesis erT-erT ZiriTad problemad

rCeba. problemaze yuradReba gamaxvilebulia, rogorc es zemoT aRiniSna,

afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebis erTmaneTTan fardobiTobiT: erTis

gadawyveta aucileblad migviyvans mniSvnelovan Sedegebamde meoris irgvliv

mimdinare molaparakebebis procesSi.

SesaZloa ufro didi problema, ramac waaxdina samSvidobo procesi

samxreT oseTSi, iyo samxreT oseTis urTierTobis sakiTxi CrdiloeT oseTTan

_ alaniasTan. qarTvel oficilur pirebs Zalzed naTeli pozicia hqondaT am

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. nebismieri gadawyvetileba moiTxovs samxreT oseTisagan

uari Tqvas CrdiloeT oseTTan gaerTianebis nebismier ganzraxvaze.1

sainteresoa, rom CrdiloeT oseTis oficialurma pirebmac es

midgoma/damokidebuleba gamoxates, gansakuTrebiT aleqsandre zasoxovis,

sabWoTa xanis yofili sakavSiro donis figuris, 1998 wels Sua xanebSi

CrdiloeT oseTis _ alaniis _ prezidentad arCevis Semdeg. zasoxovi, romelsac

yvela SefasebiT mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs samxreT oseTze, kategoriulad

uaryofda samxreT oseTis liderebis miswrafebebs unifikaciisaken, sanacvlod

ki iwonebda federaluri saxelmwifoebis koncefcias, rogorc “idealur

struqturas kavkasiis regionebisaTvis maqsimaluri TviT-determinaciis uflebis

misaniWeblad”.2 amasTanave/Tumca samxreT osebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen TavianT

CrdiloeT TanamoZmeebTan unifikaciaze, rogorc Soreul politikur mizanze,

uaris Tqmas. marTlac, osi figurebi aTi wlis manZilze amtkicebdnen, rom

aralogikuri iyo patara osi xalxisaTvis or gansxvavebul saxelmwifod

gaxleCa. 1997 wlis martSi TiTqmis srulebiT Sewyda molaparakebebi, rodesac

samxreT oseTis oficialuri pirebi sought “specialuri urTierTobebis”

aRiarebas samxreT oseTsa da CrdiloeT oseTs _ alanias _ Soris, rogorc

“erTi xalxis ori nawilisa, romlebic iswrafian xelaxali gaerTianebisaken”.3

amis msgavsad, ludvig Cibirovma 1996 wels Tavad daafiqsira/gamoxata

Tavisi rwmena, rom “erT dRes” samxreT oseTi gaerTiandeboda CrdiloeT

oseTTan _ alaniasTan.4 rogorc McFarleine da misi momxreebi

aRniSnaven:L”principulad oseTis sakiTxis gadawyvetis formulireba Zneli ar

aris . . . Tu oseTis xelmZRvaneloba uars ityvis gamoyofis mcdelobebze da

daTanxmdeba avtonomiis formas respublikis farglebSi”. miuxedavad amisa,

ganagrZoben isini, “federalizmis, rogorc konstituciurad maorganizirebeli

1 ‘Georgia: President And South Ossetian Separatists Sign Declaration’, RFE/RL, 28 August 1996. 2 Liz Fuller, ‘. . . But Bright in South Ossetia’, in RFE/RL Caucasus Report, vol. 1 no. 12, 19 May 1998. 3 ix.The Jamestown Monitor,vol. 3 no. 46, 6 March 1997. 4 OMRI Daily Digest, 28 August 1996

188

principis gancxadeba, kvlav rCeba mtkinveul gansasazRvrad da orazrovnad”.1 am

gagebiT, es situacia mTian yarabaRs gvagonebs, sadac azerbaijanis

xelisuflebam kraxi ganicada praqtikulad ganexorcielebina is, rasac “maRali

donis avtonomiaSi” gulisxmobs. orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans siaSkaravis

nakleboba nawilobriv ganpirobebulia xelisuflebis mxridan am principebis

codnis naklebobiT, amrigad uneblie/Zalauneburi, da nawilobriv

usafrTxoebiT _ to as far one is willing to compromise – hence voluntary.

ramdganac samxreT oseTs SevexeT, unda aRiniSnos, rom Rrmad swamdaT

SevardnaZe moaxerxebda gadawyvetilebis miRwevas 2000 wlis saprezidento

arCevnebamde, raTa am arCevnebSi misi statusi amaRlebuliyo. nebismier

SemTxvevaSi, is am sakiTxs sifrTxiliT unda moekidos. Zalzed Soreuli

miznisaTvis gamiznuli kompromisma is SeiZleba warmoaCinos rogorc qarTveli

eris moRalate mterTan aSkara gaerTianebiT; es braldeba xSirad esroles mas

1993 wels ruseTis moTxovnebis miRebis gamo. igive marTebulia oseTis

mxarisaTvisac. adamon nixasis fraqciam ukanasknel xans Cibirovi moixsenia

“saqarTvelos marionetad”, daadanaSaula is damoukidebeli oseTis arsebuli

statusis gayidvaSi, raTa dabrunebodnen sabWoTa xanis statuss, rac maTTvis

miuRebelia.2 aseTi grZnobebi/SegrZnebebi aCvenebs/warmoaCens kompromisis

miRwevis sirTules: TiToeuli mxaris dajgufebebi udaod ar moiwoneben

nebismier gadawyvetilebas, romelic ar daakmayofilebs maTs maqsimalistur

miswrafebebs.

samxreT oseTis konfliqti aSkarad midis Serigebisaken da

molaparakebebiT gadawyvetisaken. masSi CarTuli mosaxleoba xelmeored

aRadgens dakargul ndobas da daTanxmdnen/miiRes/scnes Tanaarsebobis

saWiroeba; ufro metic, is praqtikaSic gadaitanes. samxreT oseTis gamocdileba,

gansakuTrebiT euTosa da njo-ebis saqmianoba/moqmedebebi sazogadoebriv

doneze, ufro detalurad unda gaanalizdes da misi elementebi SesaZloa

xelisSemwyobi aRmoCndes msgavsi Serigebis stimulirebisaTvis afxazeTsa da

mTian yarabaRSi.

1 MacFarlane et al., Armed Conflict in Georgia, p71. 2 ix. ‘Osetian-Georgian Discussions on Status of South Ossetia’, Georgian Times, 8 January 1999.

SUMMARIES

Irakli Chkhaidze

The Cultural Roots of Georgian Nationalism on the Light of Modernist Theory

The paper aims to analyze the cultural roots of the Georgian nationalism in comparison with

European nationalism. The Modernist Theory is taken as a framework of the research. The peculiar

aspects of nationalism, concerning the cultural roots of the phenomenon, are discussed in particular.

On the modern stage of scientific development an up to date analyses of the 60’s and 70’s of the

19th century deserves particular interests. In this respect, the Modernist Theory of nationalism is an

unique approach, leading to the primary target of our study. The unique image of the past is

reconstructed through the analyses of the National Movement of the 19th century.

David Matsaberidze

Correlation of Ethnic, Religious and Political Factors in the Caucasian Conflicts

(Post-Soviet Period)

The paper aims to analyze the correlation of ethnic, religious, cultural and political factors in post-

Soviet Caucasian conflicts. The Soviet time Caucasian ethnic politics is the central issue of our research,

as it served as a basis for ethnic clashes among central governments and ethnic minorities in newly arisen

independent states after the dissolution of the USSR. In the framework of the paper ethnicity is analyzed

as an independent feature, serving as a justification for the post-Soviet Caucasian conflicts. The regional

political-economical and ethno-cultural Soviet legacy plays no secondary role in the post-Soviet

developments of the Caucasus.

Malkhaz Toria

The Role of Perception of Past and Politics of Memory in the Formation of Conflicting

Identities

(The Case of Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict)

The roots of an ethnic conflict can be found in peculiarities of perception and remembrance of the

past and history. In each society social norms effect on what, when and why should be remembered. On

the other hand, the identity of particular nation is based and determined by these norms. Historical texts

and historiography play the key role in the formation of collective memory and Conflicting Identities.

Special importance is ascribed to the perception of past during an ethnic conflict. Conflicting

parties refer to their past in order to establish territorial and other political rights by claiming historical

priority vis-à-vis other groups.

The fact, that Georgians and Abkhazians interpret their history and past in their own way, thus

differently, served as a basis for flaming of Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. The ”War of Histories”

occurred by the beginning of the 20th century and particularly sharpened by the end of 80’s of the 20th

century.

190

Most of Abkhazian historians are tended to blame Georgian counterparts for distortion and

obliteration of their “Great History”. They argue that the Georgians “took away “heir memory”. They

believe that Abkhazians were living on the territory of Abkhazia from unmemorable time.

“Unfortunately”, Abkhazians were assimilated by Georgians. On the other hand, their Georgian

colleagues stress the indigenousness of Georgians on the territory of Abkhazia and consider them to be

inhabited on “Georgian” territory at a later date. The Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict is a classic example of

conflicts of memory. The Georgian and Abkhazian people were the different “memory communities”.

Historians’ activities were not innocent acts of memory, but an attempt to shape the memory of others.

Maia Kvrivishvili

Processes and Structures of Georgians’ Identity on the edge of the 19-20th

Centuries

The issue of identity – a permanent construction, dynamic system of various processes and

structures, bearing capacity of forming into a stable organization (in particular time and space) is

discussed in the framework of the essay. The concept of identity is closely tied with the following

concepts: ethnos, nation and culture. The paper aims to highlight the process of the formation of

Georgians’ identity and identification at the turn of the 20th century.

The criteria of the identity elaborated by Georgian society are analyzed in particular, as they

contribute to the self-awareness of nation, quiet often in relation with other entities.

Giorgi Garakanidze

Towards the Mythoritual Genesis of One of the Folk Sample

The paper deals with the genesis of Adjarian dance and performance “ohoi-nano”. The analysis has

shown that initially “ohoi-nano” was a part of religion faith and was referring to the God – Telifinu of

Khetian Pantheon. The abovementioned dance described a ritual performance of telifinu myth. The

materials encountered in our paper state that such rituals were widespread on the territory of whole

Georgia.

Shota Khinchagashvili

Understanding the Modern Islamist Movement in the North Caucasus: a Question of

Legitimacy of Violence

The article tries to discuss how the social concept of legitimacy of violence is ‘vulnerable’ in the

light of its ambiguity due the cultural (religious) factors. There is a moderate try to pose an issue of

understanding the causal implications of the emerging violent fundamentalism. A paper stresses on the

importance of the revolutionary ideology of Jihad as well as its direct relevance to the main interest of

survey – the limits of the “unavoidable” violence in the given societies and period. Accordingly,

understanding the main concepts of Islamism and respective phisical force in social life could serve as a

better ground for the future researches in that direction.

191

Bejan Djavakhia

“Different Europes” at the Beginning of Middle Ages

The general basis for the rise of the Middle Ages was an unified and monolithic substance, but on a

later stage, different preconditions served as a basis for it’s further development. These preconditions are

quiet divergent for the Western and the Eastern Europe, determining the various ways of their

development. The new people, most of them to be the oldest population of Europe – Kelts and old

Germans in paticular, were actively participating in the World historical processes, thus changing the

essence of Europe and the Middle Ages.

As for the Bizantian Civilization, often termed as the Eastern Christian space, the Eastern culture –

Hellenistic East and the governmental structure of Rome, served as a basis for it’s different way of

development.

Ihab Qazem

About the Terms by Arabic and Persian origin

Describing Professions and Positions in “Zaakiani”

Analyzed material taken from text of second volume “Georgian version of “Shah-name”” edited in

Tbilisi on 1934 (pp.369-445). In the text of georgian version about Zohak – “Zaakiani” we found 18

terms by Arabic and Persian origin describing professions and positions.

Georgian akim – i – “doctor” < arabic-pers. hakīm – “scholar”, “phylosofist”, “doctor”; georgian

gušag –i - “person on duty” < aramaic gōšakayān < mid.persian ٭gōšak < aincent iranian gaušaka اا

gōšitan – “to hear”; georgian dastaskar-i – “surgery” < pers. dastakārī – “professionalism”, in the

dictionary of M.A. Gaffarov – “professional surgery”; georgian vazir-i – “minister”, “helper of a king” <

pers. vazīr < mid. pers. vičir – “fair decision”, av. vičira “receiver of a fair decision”; georgian mgosan- i

–“singer” < pers. kūs “litavras” اا kūs-ān with m- > mgosan – i; georgian moabad –i – “smart”, “magic” <

mid. pers. magapat – “chief religion person”; georgian mošait – i - “layer” < arabic-pers. moš‘abed –

“jockey”; georgian munağimi – i – “astrologist”, “astromonist” < arabic-pers. monağğem - “astrologist”,

“astromonist”; georgian mutrib – i – “musician”, “singer” < arabic-pers. mutrib (the same mention);

georgian salar-i “commander in chief” < pers. sālār – “commander”, “lieder”; georgian sapadar –i

“commander in chief” < arabic-pers. safdār “chief of armed group” , “commander”; georgian šanša “king

of the kings” < pers. šāhanšāh (the same mention); georgian šariar-i “king” < pers. šahrīyār (the same

mention); georgian palavan i “hero”, “strong man” < pers. pahlavan (the same mention); georgian

čopan-i < pers. cūpān || šabān < mid. pers. šūbān (the same mention); georgian xadum –i “server”,

“eunuch” < arabic-pers. xādam “server”; georgian ğalad –i “executor” < arabic-pers. ğallād (the same

mention); georgian ğašuš-i “spy” < arabic-pers. ğāsūs (the same mention).

Nana Kimeridze

192

For interpretation of closed literature cycles

Culture is a totality of semiotic systems, among which the language is primary and is the basic of

secondary (literature and atc.) tertiary semiotic systems. “The literary history code is meant to be the

constituent part of secondary semiotic system, subcode of which is the bible code. Thas, “literary history

code” is polyphonic.

The represented analytical literary texts are monothematic and develop the topic “metamorphosis”,

with various language and structural means. “The literary history code” and its constituent “bible code”

play significant role in the understanding of the above mentioned texts.

From one side we have a monolithic text, in which the central topic progressively developed in the

spiral way and it becomes clear for the reader that the literature has generally cycle character. From the

other side, the texts different by structure, genre, epoch and style of E.Jandl and K.Riha on the basis of

monothematic character represent also the closed cycle, in which the development in spiral way is

alternated the effect of mirror reflection.

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