research design mixed method

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Dr Elham Ahmadnezhad is a researcher at the Department of Disaster

and Emergency Management, National institute of health research,

Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Im a medical doctor and now I

am studying PhD of Epidemiology. My interest is Disaster Epidemiology.

My Email: [email protected]

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Briefly History

Why Mixed Methods?

Type of Research designs

Criteria for Choosing a Strategies

Alternative Strategies and Visual Models

Data Collection Procedures

Data Analysis and Validation Procedures

Report Presentation Structure

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1959: Concept of mixing different methods by Campbell & Fiske.

(Psychologists)

1973: Combined the Qualitative & Quantitative data by S.D. Sieber.

1979: Converging or triangulating different Qualitative &

Quantitative data sources by Jick.

1989-2003: Expanded procedures for Mixed methods By Tashakkori

&Teddli and then Creswell.



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Quantitative data can reveal generalizable information for a large

group of people

These data often fail to provide specific answers, reasons,

explanations or examples Qualitative research provides data about meaning and context

regarding the people and environments of study

Findings are often not generalizable because of the small

numbers & narrow range of participants

Both methodshave strengths and weaknesses

When used together, these methods can be complimentary

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Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods

Mixed MethodsResearchMethods

QualitativeresearchMethods

QuantitativeresearchMethods

Sequential

Concurrent

Transformative

Narratives

Phenomenologies

Ethnographies

Grounded theory

Case Studies

Experimental

designs

Non-

Experimental

designs, such as

survey



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Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy

TheoreticalPerspective

IntegrationPriorityImplement

ation

Explicit

At data collectionEqual

No SequenceConcurrent

At data analysis

QualitativeSequential-Qualitative

first

At datainterpretation

ImplicitQuantitative

Sequential-Qualitative

first

With somecombination



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What is implementation sequence of the quantitative and

qualitative data collection in the proposed study?

What prioritywill be given to the quantitative and qualitative data

collection and analysis?

At what stage in the research project will the quantitative and

qualitative data and finding be integrated?

Will an overall theoretical perspective(e.g., gender, race/ ethnicity,lifestyle, class) be used in the study?



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Sequential Explanatory Design

QUAN Data Collection

QUAN Data Analysis

Qual Data Collection

Qual Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre analysis



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Sequential Exploratory Design

QUAL Data Collection

QUAL Data Analysis

Quan Data Collection

Quan Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre Analysis



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Sequential Transformative Design

QUAN qualVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framwork

QUAL quanVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framework



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Concurrent Triangulation StrategyQUAL Data CollectionQUAN Data Collection

QUAN QUAL

Quan Data AnalysisQual Data Analysid

Data ResultsCompared



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Analysis of Findings Analysis of Findings


Concurrent Nested Strategy


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Concurrent Transformative Strategy



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Identify and be specific about the type of data. Some forms of data

such as interviews and observations can be either quantitative or

qualitative. Although reduction information to numbers is the

approach used in quantitative research, it is also used in qual.

Research.

Recognize that quantitative data often involve random sampling, so

that each individual has no equal probability of being selected and

the sample can be generalized to the larger population. In

qualitative data collection, purposeful sampling is used to that

individuals are selected because they have experienced the central

phenomenon.



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Relate the procedures specifically to the visual model. For e.g, in a

sequential explanatory model, the general procedures can be

detailed even further. A discussion of this approach might include

describing the use of survey data collection followed by both

descriptive and infertial data analysis in the first phase. Then

qualitative observations and coding and thematic analysis within an

ethnographic design might be mentioned for the second phase.



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Its related to the type of research strategy chosen for the procedures.

Some of the more popular approaches:

Data transformation: In the concurrent strategies involve creating

codes and themes qualitatively, then counting the number of times

they occur in the text data. This quantification of qualitative data

enables a researcher to compare quantitative results with the

qualitative data. For instance, in a factor analysis of data from a

scale on an instrument, the researcher may create factors or

themes that then can be compared with themes from the

qualitative database.



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Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of quantitative data in thefirst phase can yield extreme or outlier cases. Follow-up qualitative interviews

with these outlier cases can provide insight about why they diverged from the

quantitative sample.

Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes and specific

statements from participants in an initial qualitative data collection. In the next

phase, use these statements as specific items and the themes for scales to

create a survey instrument that is grounded in the views of the participants. A

third, final phase might be to validate the instrument with large sample

representative of a population.

Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a survey at one

level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results about a sample. At the

same time, collect qualitative interviews (e.g., with individuals) to explore the

phenomenon with specific individuals in families.



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It is necessary the validationof both qualitative

and quantitative phases of study. Each of

methods has the specific ways, for thequalitative data, the strategies that will be used

to check the accuracy of the findings need to be

mentioned.



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For a sequential study, mixed method researcher typically organize

the report of procedures into quantitative data collection and

qualitative data analysis followed by qualitative data and collection

and analysis. Then, in the conclusions or interpretation phase of

the study, the researcher comments on how the qualitative findings

helped to elaborate on or extend the quantitative results.

Alternatively, the qualitative data collection and analysis could

come first followed by the quantitative data collection and analysis.

In either structure, the writer typically will present the project as

two distinct phases, with separate headings of each.



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In concurrent study. The quantitative and

qualitative data collection may be presented in

separate section, but the analysis and

interpretation combines the two forms of data

to seek convergence among the results. The

structure of this type of mixed methods study

does not as clearly make a distinction between

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In a transformative study, the structure typically

involves advancing the advocacy issue in the beginning

of the study and then using either the sequential orconcurrent structure as a means of organizing the

content of the study. In the end of the study, a separate

section may advance an agenda for change or reformthat has developed as a result of the research.



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research design mixed method

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