research and collection of data
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RESEARCH AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER
1)RESEARCH
2)METHOD OF COLLECTED DATA
3)MEARUREMENT SCALE
THIS IS RESEARCH
RESEARCH
COLLECTED THE DATA
MEASUREMENT OF SCALE
CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH
WHAT IS RESEARCH OR SEARCH?
SEARCH IS ONE TIME PROCESS .
AND RESEARCH IS SEARCHING THE DATA AGAIN AND AGAIN ON CONTINOUS BASIS.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
The main of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and not yet discover
It is process from known to the unknown
It is systematic efforts to gain some knowledge
In simple word research mean search again and again in a systematic manner for collected information on pre-determined topic.
OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH
To know the truth To collected the information To increase the knowledge To know the answer of the question
TYPE OF RESEARCH
Basically four type of research
1)descriptive vs analytical 2)applied vs fundamental 3)quantitative vs qualitative 4)conceptual vs empirical
DESCRIPTIVE VS ANALYTICAL In this we can describe
the situation
For describe the situation ,we collected the data through different collection methods
For ex-human behavior
In this we can analysis the situation
For analysis data , data will be already available(historical data)
For example-population data
APPLIED VS FUNDAMENTAL
Applied research is basically aim to find a solution for immediate
problem facing by a society and organization.
Fundamental basically concerned with generalization and formulation of theory.
QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE
Quantitative technique generally
used to measured the quantity and
amount
Qualitative technique generally
used to measured the quality or preference of consumer
CONCEPTUAL VS EMPIRICAL
It is based on some concept , idea and theory. this is basically used by philosopher and researcher to built new concept
it is relies on individuals researcher and oneself observation without regard any theory and system
PROCESS OF RESEARCH
Research Problems
Design research
& Sample design
Review the Literature
formulateHypothes
is & Objective
s
Collect data
Analyse Data & Test Hypothesis
Interpret data & Report Writing
CHAPTER 2: METHOD OF COLLECTED DATA
WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHOD VS METHODOLOGY?
METHODS VS METHODOLOGY
1)Questioner2)Interview3)Schedule4)Observation
a)Internal sourceb)External source
Methodology is a technique that give the detail which method is relevant for which condition and where they effectively applicable.
Basically two type of data collection method
1)primary data collection
2)secondary data collection
1) Primary data: The primary data are those which collected fresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character.
2) Secondary data: The secondary data are those which have already collected by someone else and it is historical based data.
PRIMARY DATA(FEATURES)
Fresh data First hand data Original data Current data More expensive, time consumed
SECONDARY DATA(FEATURES)
Passed through many hands Old (historical) data Not original Less time consume Less cost
METHOD OF COLLECTED PRIMARY DATA
There are four method
1) questionary method 2) interviews method 3) observation method 4) schedules method
OBSERVATION METHOD
In simple observation involves planning, selection, watching, understanding and then recording.
INTERVIEW METHOD
An interview is a conversation between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee.
Questionnaires and schedules
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCHEDULE AND QUESTIONNAIRE
Schedule Questionnaire
Direct method of primary data collection
Indirect Method of primary data collection
Direct contact with respondent Response may be through post only
Limited geographical area Largely dispersed area
High degree of reliability Less reliable
High response to question Low response
High cost and time required Low costly and less time consuming
Secondary data
COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data means data that are already available and which have already collected and analyzed by someone else.
Sources of secondary Data:Sources
Company Accounting
Records
Company reports
In house Journal
Internal Computer databases
ExternalInternal
Computerized Data Bases
Reports of association
Govt. Publication
Others publicationBooks/publi/projects
reports
CHAPTER 3:MEARUREMENT OF SCALE
WHAT IS THE NEED OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
The term measurement means assigning numbers or some other symbols to the characteristics of certain objects. When numbers are used the researcher must have a rule for assigning a number to an observation in a way that provides an accurate description.
There are two reasons for which numbers are usually assigned .
1) Number permits statistical analysis of the data.
2) They facilitate the communication of measurement results.
3) For ex: preference of consumer
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALE
1) Nominal scale
2) Ordinal scale
3) Interval Scale
4) Ratio Scale
Self Rating Scale
5) Graphic Rating Scale
6) Itemized Rating Scale
NOMINAL SCALE
It basically assign the number. It doesn’t give any order or priorities to individual.
For ex:
. What is your gender?a) Maleb) Female
3.In Which department do you work
a) Marketing [1]
b) HR [2]
c) IT [3]
d) Operation [4]
ORDINAL SCALE
In this type of scaling we can order or give priorities to the individual one.
- If there are 4 different types of fertilizers and if they are ordered on the basis of quality as
Grade A, Grade B, Grade C, Grade D .
ORDINAL VS INTERVAL
Ordinal basically give order but it does not mean that interval time will be equal in all levels
For ex: If ram position in his
class is 10 and sham is 40. it doesn’t said that ram position is four time goods than sham..
But this assumption will be cover by interval. The interval time is equal in all interval level
They have one difficulty of comparison.
INTERVAL VS RATIO SCALE
But this assumption will be cover by interval. The interval time is equal in all interval level
They have one difficulty of comparison.
Easy to compare
Easy to calculate
SELF RATING SCALE
The dictionary meaning “ construct your own rating scales to gather data on certain program outcomes”.
Self rating scale are;
1) Graphic Rating
2) Itemized rating scale
a) Likert scale
b) Semantic Differential scale
c) Stapel's scale
d) Multidimensional scale
e) Thurston scales
f) Guttman Scale
g) The Q sort techniq
THANK YOU