data collection method in nursing research
TRANSCRIPT
DATA COLLECTION METHODS IN NURSING
RESEARCH
By:- firoz qureshiDept. psychiatric nursing
Observation
It is a tool and process in which data is collected by observing and recording behavior or activities related to the phenomenon of interest.
Types of Observation Method(Based on prior knowledge)
Structured Observation * Check list or rating scale to collect data. * Needs to indicate the frequency of
occurrence of the behavior.
Unstructured observation
A combination of structured and
unstructured observation is used to collect
quantitative and qualitative type of data.
Types of observations(Based on time)
• Event sampling involves observation of events.
• Time sampling involves observation of events behavior during certain specified times.
Types of observation (Based on usage of devices)
Direct Method Investigator directly observes and collects
the data.
Indirect MethodUses video cameras to record the events
occurring.
Types of observation (Based on participation)
Concealment / intervention
No concealment / intervention
Concealment / no intervention
No concealment / no intervention
Possible drawbacks• Intervention-concealment
Ethical problems.• Intervention-no concealment
Observer bias through identification with subjects
Reactivity to observer’s presence. • No intervention- concealment
Ethical problemsLow incidence of behavior of interest in
natural settings• No concealment – no intervention
Reactivity to observer’s presence.
Tools used for Observation
• Field notes (Log/record of events)
• Anecdotes (Focus on behavior)
• Check list (Quantitative data)
• Rating scale (Qualitative data)
Sample of observation check listSl.No.
Activities of daily living
Dependent
0
Partially Dependent
1
Independent
2
1. Making the bed
2. Maintaining proper toilet habits
3. Brushing
4. Doing exercise
5. Bathing
Principles of Observation
• Determine the observer – observed relationship.
• Record responses exactly and number of interpretation, E.g. Temp 39°C and not as “high temperature”.
• Training observer.
Advantages of observation method
• Direct method of collection of data• Behavioral description • Record the behavior as it occurs• No item can be over looked• When subjects are not able to describe • Inexpensive• It can be stopped or began at any time• Simple as compared to using questionnaire • Eliminating bias because of recall• Can use the assistants to carry out observations
Disadvantages
• Observer bias• Participant observation gives rise to
unnatural behavior of the individual• Extensive training• The recording devices are expensive• It is difficult to be present to observe key
events• Consent is not taken
Observation guide
(to structure the observations) 1. What methods did the nurse employ in giving the
lesson? (e.g.,lecture/demonstration / role play)
2. How effective was she in implementing them? (circle the letter that applies)a. As effective as possible b. Above averagec. Of average effectivenessd. Below averagee. Totally ineffective
If you answered “d” or “e” why?
Observation guide (continues)3. What kinds of materials did the nurse use in the
lesson?
4. Did the nurse work with the women in a group or as individuals? (circle the letter that applies)a. Worked with the group all of the timeb. Worked with the group most of the timec. Time about evenly split between group and individual womend. Worked with individual / women most of the timee. Worked with individual women all of the time
5. What were the major strengths of the lesson?
INTERVIEW-INTERVIEW GUIDE
Two individuals are involved in conversation with each other, the first aims to get response (Interviewer) and the other gives answers (Interviewee).
Advantages• High degree of flexibility• Can be used with both literate and illiterate• High returns in response• Supplementary data can also be collected• Permits exhaustive exploration and probing• Validity can be appraised• Can observe and select right atmosphere for
interviewing
Disadvantages• Costly – time, energy and money• Trained investigators required• Language of respondents to be known• Cooperation and participation• Availability of respondents• Interviewee biases • Memory lapses in interviewee• Sensitive questions• Compulsion on interviewee to answer-data may
be unreliable
Types of Interview
• Structured• Non-structured
Data Collection using Interview Guide
A study on factors enhancing and inhibiting the quality of nursing care.
Interview Guide: • 8 questions• tape recorder• 10 nurses• 15 times • Researcher and enumerator made notes
Interview Guide
An interview guide is a set of written questions used in face-to-face situation in which the investigator asks the questions to the subjects and record their answers subsequently or after the interview
Interview Guide1. What does quality nursing care mean to you?
2. How does one ensure that quality nursing care is given?
3. Give examples, in your experience, where you think high quality nursing care was given. (Describe an incident).
4. What are some of the most important aspects to consider in the delivery of quality nursing care? Can these be prioritised?
Interview Guide - contd5. What factors (if any) prevent you from
achieving the delivery of quality nursing care to your patients (or patients generally)?
6. What factors enable or help in the delivery of quality nursing care?
7. Give examples of where improvements in nursing care delivery could have been made.
8. How would you rate the quality of care given patients in your area of work?
Role of researcher• Explores different aspects of the topic• Probes more as how, what, where & when
cares for• Minimal interceptions• Shifts transcribed verbatim from tape recorder
to on a word processor• Uses ethnograph computer software
- Numbers each line of the interview transcript- Codes each segment- Selects as required
Advantages of interview guide
• Can be used with the persons who cannot read
• Answers are immediately available
• Provides greater flexibility in interpreting questions
Structured Interview
• Includes Questions which are essential and relevant
• Questions are well framed• Based on objectives of a survey• Based on who is to be
interviewed
Interview Format1. Are you currently a member of TNAI?
□ 1. Yes□ 2. No (Script to Q3)
2. For how many years have you been a member? ___ Years
3. Do you subscribe to any nursing journals □ 1. No, no subscription □ 2. Yes, 1-2 subscription □ 3. Yes, 3 or more subscription
Non-structured Interview• Supplementary questions for probing and seeking
clarification
• Short, vague or misleading answers are clarified
• Respondents express freely, fully
• Interviewer determines the number of questions
• Communicability of the respondent and skills of the interviewer play a major role.
General rules for interviewing• Appointment• Appearance and demeanor• Familiarity with an interview schedule• Question wording• Recording responses exactly• Probing the responses to be neutral• Training the interviewers• Language familiarity• Rapport
Guide lines for successful interviewing
• Plan in advance
• Select a suitable time and place
• Friendly and informal approach
• Rapport with the interviewee
• Ability to listen with understanding, respect and curiosity.
Interview techniques
• Face to face meeting
• Through telephone
• Video recording
• Tape recording
Self administered Questionnaire method
The investigator hands over the sets of questions in written form to the respondents to write down their replies. It is a self report method.
Categories of question in questionnaire
• Open ended questions. E.g. What was the problems you faced after surgery?-----------
• Close ended questions e.g. Yes/No, Multiple choice, Matching questions, Check list type of questions, e.g. “How satisfied are you with your current position”?a) Very satisfied
b) Moderately satisfied c) Moderately dissatisfied d) Very satisfied
Questionnaire Format1. Are you currently a member of the TNAI?
□ 1. Yes □ 2. No
2. If yes; For how many years have you been a member?___ Years
3. Do you subscribe to any nursing journals? □ 1. No, no subscription
□ 2. Yes, 1-2 subscription □ 3. Yes, 3 or more subscription
Essentials of a good questionnaire
a) Short and simpleb) Logical sequence-from easy to difficult
questionsc) Personal questions should be left to the
endd) Technical terms should be avoidede) Directions to filling up the questionnaire
should be givenf) The physical appearance has to be
attractiveg) The clarity, specific language and reading
level, the length of questions, grammar, spelling of the item to be considered
Administrative techniques• A group of respondents are collected in
one place• Mailing distribution• Monitoring return• Acceptable response rate• Follow up mailing• Method of dealing with non-
respondents
Advantages• Less expensive• Self administered• Administered to a large number of people• Sent through mail• It ensures uniformity• No pressure of time on respondent• Allows for complete autonomy deals with
sensitive issues to provide sensitive answers
• No bias
Disadvantages
• Limited to the written responses• Validity of responses cannot be assessed• It does not permit deep probing• It cannot be used with illiterates• Sample may be incomplete• May fail to answer some of the items• No opportunity to clarify. May be misunderstood• Provide socially acceptable answer• Mailing may be costly and response rate may be
low.
Schedule
Schedule is a proforma containing a set of questions are being filled in by the enumerators who are specially appointed for the purpose
Administrative technique• The enumerators put the
questions and record the replies
• Handed over to the respondents to record their answers
• Enumerators explain difficult or question terms
ScheduleAdvantage- Very useful in extensive enquiries.
Population census all over the world is conducted through this method
Disadvantage- Very expensive
Difference between Questionnaires and schedules• Questionnaires and schedules are
used in research surveys• There is much resemblance in
these two methods• From a practical point of view,
same but technical point of view, there is difference between two.
Difference between questionnaire and scheduleQuestionnaire Schedules
Sent through mail Face to face data collection
No help from researcher to fill up
Interviewer / enumerator fills up
Cost is only for preparation and mailing
Cost is for appointing, training enumerator and preparing the tool
Difference between questionnaire and schedule
Questionnaire Schedules
Non response is highMany may not return-may return without answering all the questionsBias due to non response
LowGets answer for all
Bias and cheating is there
Not always clear who replies Respondent is known
Method is slow-do not return the questionnaire in time
Data is collected well in time
Difference between questionnaires and schedules
Questionnaire SchedulesResearcher and respondent do not meet each other
Direct personnel contact
Used with literates Data collected even from illiterate
Wider and more representative
Difficulty in sending enumerators over a relatively wider area
Difference between questionnaires and schedules
Questionnaire SchedulesResponse depends on quality of tool
Depends upon honesty and competence of enumerators
Appearance of questionnaire must be attractive
Not necessary
Concealment of researcher and respondent
Observation method can also be used
THANK YOU