Religious Reformation and Education

The Enlightenment and

Education

Thirty Year War

1618-1648 Religious war Peace of Augsburg -1955

Ruler established religion Divided into creeds:

Lutherans Calvinist Roman Catholic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine

Scene of Thirty Years War Battle

http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/riley/787/30/

Henry VIII (1491-1547)

Established the Church of England

Protestant Reformation affected education:

“defend the faith” against rival creed

Need to learn how to read the bible

Demand for universal literacy

THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIIIhttp://tudorhistory.org/w

ives/

Catherine of Aragon 1509 - 1533Divorced

He married Catherine of Aragon (widow of his brother, Arthur) in 1509The king cited a verse from the biblical book of Leviticus that stated that a man who took his brother's wife would be punished by childlessness. The union produced one daughter, Mary.

Anne Boleyn 1533 - 1536Executed

Henry married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in 1533;

She gave him another daughter, Elizabeth, but was executed for infidelity (a treasonous charge in the king's consort) in May 1536.

Jane Seymour 1536 - 1537Died

He married Jane Seymour by the end of the same month.

Jane died giving birth to King Henry's lone male heir, Edward, in October 1536.

Anne of Cleves 1540 Jan. - JulyDivorced

Early in 1540, Henry arranged a marriage with Anne of Cleves, after viewing Hans Holbein's beautiful portrait of the German princess.

Unfortunately, Henry found her unattractive and the marriage was never consummated.

Kathryn Howard 1540 - 1542Executed

In July 1540, he married the adulterous Catherine Howard

She was executed for infidelity in March 1542.

Katherine Parr 1543 - 1547Widowed

Catherine Parr became his wife in 1543

King Henry married her so she could provide for the needs of both him and his children until his death in 1547.

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html

Love Letter to Anna Boleyn

Mine own sweetheart, these shall be to advertise you of the great loneliness that I find here since your departing, for I ensure you methinketh the time longer since your departing now last than I was wont to do a whole fortnight:  I think your kindness and my fervents of love causeth it, for otherwise I would not have thought it possible that for so little a while it should have grieved me, but now that I am coming toward you methinketh my pains been half released....  Wishing myself (specially an evening) in my sweetheart's arms, whose pretty dukkys I trust shortly to kiss.  Written with the hand of him that was, is, and shall be yours by his will.

H.R.

Act of Royal Supremacy (1534)

In November the statute of the Royal Supremacy declared the King (Henry VIII) to be Supreme Head of the English Church, and an oath was prescribed, affirming the Pope to have no jurisdiction in the realm of England.

The actual ministry of preaching and of the sacraments was left to the clergy, but all the powers of ecclesiastical jurisdiction were claimed by the sovereign.

http

://w

ww

.new

adve

nt.o

rg/c

athe

n/01

498a

.htm

Act of Royal Supremacy (1534)

The Act of Supremacy required that the King, as Supreme Head of the Church, "shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempt, enormities whatsoever they be which by any manner, spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may be lawfully reformed" (26 Henry VIII, i).

Act of Royal Supremacy cont

The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559) established the Church of England as a compromise between radical Calvinism and conservative Catholicism.

The Crown had absolute control in the appointment of bishops.

Act of Royal Supremacy

The Archbishop was bound under the same penalties to consecrate the bishop within twenty days after the King's command.

This enactment, which an Anglican bishop in recent times has aptly described as "the Magna Charta of tyranny" remains in force to the present day.

Within the last few years the Law Courts have ruled that no opposition to the episcopal confirmation of a person nominated by the Crown can be allowed.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Lutheranism was established in northern and eastern Germany, Sweden, & Denmark.

Calvinism was established in urban areas of Europe such as Switzerland, Netherlands, & Scotland

Roman Catholicism was established in Spain, Portugal, France, & Italian states. (Hapsburg empire)

Map of Europe

Catholic

Catholic

Catholic

Calvinist

Calvinist

Portrait of Martin Luther

http: //www.research. ibm.com/

image_ apps /luthp.htm

l

Martin Luther dealt the symbolic blow that began the Reformation when he nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church.

Martin Luther

That document contained an attack on papal abuses and the sale of sins by church officials.

Reformation was more important than a revolt against ecclesiastical abuses.

He believed it was a fight for the gospel. The gospel--the teaching that Christ's own

righteousness is imputed to those who believe, and on that ground alone, they are accepted by God.

Martin Luther: Educational Theory

Universal literacy (Translated Bible into German)

Vocational education: religious, political, & economic

Parents needed to cultivate literacy, religion, & character

Vernacular schools taught religion, writing, arithmetic, music, & gymnastics.

State officials supervised elementary, secondary, & colleges.

John Calvin (1509 – 1564)

Calvinism is a system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century.

Calvinism

Calvin's system of theology and Christian life forms the basis of the Reformed tradition, a term roughly equivalent to Calvinism.

God chose numerous people for eternal salvation.

People are innately corrupt (Adam & Eve) Disciplining children (corporal punishment) Old Deluder Satan Act

Calvinist Schools

Dual track school system Vernacular schools taught catechism,

reading, writing, arithmetic, & history Classical Latin grammar schools prepared

ministers, lawyers, & future leaders (Latin, Greek Hebrew)

Once children were nurtured in the right values & Christian duties, then they were ready for more formal schooling.

Anglican Reformation

Adopted a laissez-faire educational policy Upper class students attended humanist

schools and received a classical education. Academic freedom was affected-Thirty-Nine

Articles of the Anglican faith. Act of Supremacy of 1562-required teachers

to swear an oath.

Saint Ignatius of Loyola

Inigo Lopez de Loyola, who later took the name Ignatius, was the youngest son of a nobleman of the mountainous Basque region of northern Spain.

Trained in the courtly manner of the time of King Ferdinand. (Virgin Mary-chivalry devotion)

Graduated from University of Paris

Society of Jesus 1540

Ignatius and a small band of friends extended prayer and meditation according to his Spiritual Exercises.

The first Jesuits were ordained to the Catholic priesthood in Venice and offered themselves in service to Pope Paul III.

Ignatius was elected General Superior and served in that post until his death in 1556 at the age of 65.

Jesuit Method

Stressed classroom management. Lesson Plan Cycle:

Praelectio =introduction Repetitio =repetition of subject matter Exercitatio =written exercise Concertatio =oral & public exam (contest) Argumentum scribendi =elaborate on

classical themes

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement: 1600 to 1789 Age of Reason French Revolution

“Philosophes” were major group Rejected the Calvinist & Catholic view Thought the fewer rules, the better Humanity’s Natural Goodness

Characteristics

Attacked superstition, ignorance, and acceptance of authority

Scientific Method Demolished old ideas

Looked @ the world Scientifically Natural Laws (Newton)

View of man changed (We’re not all the same?

Further Changes

Art became more refined Fluid oratory was replaced w/ clarity Religion

Suspicious Impressed w/ scientific findings Deism

Education

Schools resisted philosophes’ ideas Education was classical humanism (rigid

discipline and authoritarian) Students thought sinful, arrogant & indifferent Schoolmasters

Controlled by religious denominations Schools

Elementary Secondary Higher Education

New Ideas in Education

Increased emphasis on the sciences: Physics, Chemistry and Biology

Art became more refined Fluid oratory replaced by simple clarity Built around Child’s Natural Development

(Emotional, Physical, and Intellectual) John Locke (Tabula Rasa)

Educated Citizens Jean Jacques Rousseau

Emile

John Locke

www.herodote.net/Images/Locke.jpg www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s38.1.jpg

Jean Jacques Rousseau

http://newschool.edu/het/profiles/image/Rousseau.gif

www.leeds.ac.uk/library/adopt-a-book/pies.jpg

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

Children are naturally good People develop through various stages

As a result education must be individualized Mental activity is a direct development of

bodily activity Educators should control the educational

environment People should reason their way through their

own conclusions (Discovery Learning Today)

Rousseau’s Five Stages of Development Stage 1: Infancy (birth to two years) Stage 2: ‘The age of Nature’ (two to 12) Stage 3: Pre-adolescence (12-15) Stage 4: Puberty (15-20) Stage 5: Adulthood (20-25)

Mathematics in Enlightenment

Use of Arabic numbers Francois Vieta introduced math symbols Calculus was introduced for tabulating the

motions of planets Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton

Inventions of Enlightenment

Telescope Microscope Pendulum Clock Thermometer

Deism

Deist is defined as: “One who believes in the existence of a God or supreme being but denies revealed religion, based on the light of nature and reason.”

People became suspicious of religion Impressed by findings in science

Other Prominent Philosophers

Thomas Paine Voltaire David Hume Immanuel Kant

Resources

www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rous.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment

www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Locke.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum_clock

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltelescope.htm

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blthermometer.htm?once=true&

http://members.tripod.com/~mr_sedivy/enlite.html