unit 6 chapter 18 science and enlightenment. the protestant reformation gave way to other...
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 6Chapter 18
Science and Enlightenment
The Protestant Reformation Gave Way to Other
Revolutions
*Science
*Enlightenment
Scientific Revolution“Prove It”
Scientific Revolution Fueled By
Scholasticism of the Late Middle Ages
Humanism of the Renaissance
Growth of Universities
Growth of Literacy (printing press)
Protestant Reformation
Age of Exploration
Political Rivalries in Europe
Medieval View of the WorldSynthesis of Christian theology and scientific beliefs of the time
St. Thomas Aquinas studied Aristotle attempting to harmonize science with Christian thought (scholasticism)
Science was used to understand GodFour Elements of the Material World – earth, water, air and fire
Gave rise to alchemy – the idea that if you change those elements you get differences in the material world
Four Elements of the Human Body – blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile
Disease caused by evil spirits, punishment by GodPtolemy went unquestioned (“geocentric” theory - earth-centered universe)
Major Scientists
Astronomy
Copernicus 1473-1543
Tycho Brahe 1546-1601
Johannes Kepler 1571-1630
Galileo 1564-1642
Francis Bacon 1561-1626
Isaac Newton 1642-1727
Medicine and Chemistry
Paracelsus 1493-1541
Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564
William Harvey 1578-1657
The Women-Folk
In the Middle Ages, women who sought learning were hampered by the idea that a woman’s appropriate role was that of a homemaker (unless they joined a convent)As a result of Humanism, some women were encouraged to read the classics and Christian textsBy the 17th century, however, this enthusiasm will wane, and education was only available to a privileged few
Margaret Cavendish Maria Merian Maria Winkelmann
Debates on the Nature of Women(querelles des femmes)
Middle Ages -Male view of women not very favorable Women inherently base Easily swayed an prone to vice Sexually insatiable
Early Modern Era – women began to speak out, argued that education was the key to women’s abilityScientific Revolution – Didn’t help much. Reaffirmed traditional medieval ideas about women
Anatomical skeletons of male and female pelvis’s reasserted the idea that women were only meant to be childbearers, and a males larger skull proved his intellectual superiority
As science and medicine were upgraded to professional crafts, women lost traditional roles as midwives
Widespread growth of literature allowed for the spread and continuation of sexist ideas
Typical for the Time
“which one shows to the curious, but which has no use at all, any more than a carousel horse”
-Jean de La Bryere on how an educated woman was like a gun that is a collectors item
Science and Religion
Deism – by product of the Scientific Revolution - Perceived god as a “watchmaker” who created the universe but has little influence
Blaise Pascal
Benedict de Spinoza
Key Concept
Church had to defend itself on two fronts Protestant Reformation which challenged the
Pope using theological grounds Scientific Revolution which challenged his
authority on scientific or mathematical grounds
Consequences of the Scientific Revolution
The growth of a well-respected, competitive scientific international community
The development of a rational method for obtaining scientific knowledge versus basing conclusions on ancient established sources
It’s impact was on how people thought, however it was not applied to economic and social improvement until the 18th century (no improvement in the standard of living for most folks)
Enlightenment
Philosophers, Social Critics, et al develop new ideas on the role of mankind and government and applied it to social issues and politics (used new scientific methods from the scientific revolution) Models of government produced were imitated in later constitutions (including U.S.)Challenged absolute monarchies who aligned themselves with the church (confusing when Pope and monarch divinely appointed – what happens when they disagree?)
Enlightened Thinkers
PhilosophesRene Descartes – 1596-1650Jean-Jacques Rousseau – 1712-1778Voltaire – 1694-1778 Denis Diderot – 1713-1784Immanuel Kant – 1724-1804Thomas Hobbes – 1588-1679 John Locke – 1632-1704 Montesquieu – 1689-1755Adam Smith – 1737-1790Marquise de PompadourMary Wollstonecraft – 1759-1797
(add)
David Hume – philosopher that says desire rather than reason governs human behavior
Edward Gibbon – criticizes Christianity
Cesare Beccaria – one of the first to condemn death penalty and torture
Enlightened MonarchsUsed enlightened ideas (often combined with absolute rule)
Toleration Justice Improvement of people’s lives
Examples
Frederick II of Prussia Catherine the Great of Russia Maria Theresa of Austria Joseph II of Austria1. Give examples of how they initiated “enlightened reform” within their respective
realms (pp.615-621)2. What overall effect did the Enlightenment have on France ? (summarize pp.
622-623)3. What was the overall influence of the Enlightenment ? (summarize pp. 623)
Thoughtful Exercises to Help You Achieve “Enlightenment”Which “philosophes” or other
enlightenment thinkers influenced each of the “enlightened absolutes”?
Say What?
Identify which enlightened thinker would have said the following:
“Dare to Know”
“I think, therefore I am”
The mind is a “tabula rasa”
“Ecrasez l’ infame!”(crush the horrible
thing!)
“All men are born free, but everywhere they are in
chains”
it should be operated by and “invisible hand”
We should then love them with true affections,
because we should learn to respect ourselves”
“it’s against natural law”
“life is nasty, brutish and short”