introduction to enlightenment period renaissance, reformation, and scientific revolution
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Introduction to Introduction to Enlightenment PeriodEnlightenment Period
Renaissance, Reformation, and Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
RenaissanceRenaissance
Cultural movement of intellectual inquiryCultural movement of intellectual inquiry Literature, philosophy, art, politics, Literature, philosophy, art, politics,
science, and religion science, and religion Printing PressPrinting Press
ReformationReformation
Attempts to reform the Catholic Church Attempts to reform the Catholic Church and corruption and corruption Led to formation of several Protestant Led to formation of several Protestant
denominationsdenominations
Martin LutherMartin Luther
Identified sale of indulgences and clerical Identified sale of indulgences and clerical offices as corruptionoffices as corruption
Considered many sacred doctrines to be Considered many sacred doctrines to be false or superstitiousfalse or superstitious
Shocked by the licensing of brothels and Shocked by the licensing of brothels and tax on priests who kept a mistresstax on priests who kept a mistress
Lutheran DenominationLutheran Denomination
John CalvinJohn Calvin
Helped spread Protestantism throughout Helped spread Protestantism throughout EuropeEurope
Later to spread into the AmericasLater to spread into the Americas Calvinism and Presbyterian denominationsCalvinism and Presbyterian denominations
Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
New ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, New ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry anatomy, chemistry
Rejected old doctrines in scienceRejected old doctrines in science
Used reason and investigation to explain Used reason and investigation to explain things rather than superstition and things rather than superstition and
fearfear Heliocentric, Scientific Method, and the Heliocentric, Scientific Method, and the
application of mathematicsapplication of mathematics
Scientific MethodScientific Method
Using reason and inquiry to investigate, Using reason and inquiry to investigate, acquire new knowledge, and to modify acquire new knowledge, and to modify former knowledgeformer knowledge
Collecting data and evidence to test a Collecting data and evidence to test a hypothesishypothesis
Used to document knowledge so that Used to document knowledge so that others can build onothers can build on
Reduces bias and strengthens objectivity, Reduces bias and strengthens objectivity, thus credibilitythus credibility
Heliocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory
Sun is center of universe and planets Sun is center of universe and planets revolve around itrevolve around it Replaced the geocentric theoryReplaced the geocentric theory
Copernicus - circle orbitsCopernicus - circle orbits Kepler - elliptical orbitsKepler - elliptical orbits Galileo - used telescope and math to Galileo - used telescope and math to
observe and back the hypothesis observe and back the hypothesis
Reason and InquiryReason and Inquiry
The Enlightenment Period will apply these The Enlightenment Period will apply these same methods of thinking to: same methods of thinking to:
GovernmentGovernment Absolute PowerAbsolute Power Individual RightsIndividual Rights
Enlightenment PeriodEnlightenment Period1717thth and 18 and 18thth Centuries Centuries
Characteristics of EnlightenmentCharacteristics of Enlightenment
Everything had a cause and effectEverything had a cause and effect RationalismRationalism – truth can be arrived at solely – truth can be arrived at solely
by reason, or rational, logical thinkingby reason, or rational, logical thinking Reasoning to Solve Social ProblemsReasoning to Solve Social Problems
Questioning of established ideasQuestioning of established ideas Did not attack religion, but superstitionDid not attack religion, but superstition Disliked Absolute MonarchyDisliked Absolute Monarchy aka – Age of Reasonaka – Age of Reason
PhilosophersPhilosophers
Published work in books, plays, pamphlets, Published work in books, plays, pamphlets, newspapers, and “encyclopedias”newspapers, and “encyclopedias”
At this time (1700s), the educated wrote in At this time (1700s), the educated wrote in FrenchFrench
Writings criticized the church, government, Writings criticized the church, government, slave trade, torture, taxes, and warslave trade, torture, taxes, and war
Wrote in a questioning styleWrote in a questioning style
PhilosophersPhilosophers
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes - England - England People enter into a social contract in which People enter into a social contract in which
they exchange freedom and rights for they exchange freedom and rights for security and ordersecurity and order
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
Published the Published the LeviathanLeviathan In the beginning, people lived in anarchyIn the beginning, people lived in anarchy Life is violent and dangerousLife is violent and dangerous People choose a leader to rule themPeople choose a leader to rule them
People give Monarch absolute powerPeople give Monarch absolute power A social contract creates stabilityA social contract creates stability
People only have the right to protect themselvesPeople only have the right to protect themselves
PhilosophersPhilosophers
John LockeJohn Locke - England - England All people have natural rights All people have natural rights
Life, liberty, and propertyLife, liberty, and property Government should protect those rightsGovernment should protect those rights Government power comes from the Government power comes from the
consent of the peopleconsent of the people
John LockeJohn Locke Published Published Two Treatises of GovernmentTwo Treatises of Government People have made a social contractPeople have made a social contract But have kept:But have kept:
The right to live The right to live The right to enjoy libertyThe right to enjoy liberty The right to own propertyThe right to own property
Rulers must preserve these rightsRulers must preserve these rights If not, people have the right to overthrow such If not, people have the right to overthrow such
ruler and replace him for breaking the social ruler and replace him for breaking the social contractcontract
PhilosophersPhilosophers Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu – France – France
Separation of powers among branches of Separation of powers among branches of government – Checks and Balancesgovernment – Checks and Balances
VoltaireVoltaire – France – France Supported natural rights but felt that few Supported natural rights but felt that few
people people really had the ability to rule – freedom really had the ability to rule – freedom of religion of religion and freedom of speechand freedom of speech
Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau – France – France Direct Democracy – but people should give up Direct Democracy – but people should give up
some of their freedom for the common good some of their freedom for the common good – all – all people are born equalpeople are born equal
Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu
Published Published The Spirit of the LawsThe Spirit of the Laws Promoted separation of powersPromoted separation of powers
Legislative – makes the lawsLegislative – makes the laws Executive – administers the lawsExecutive – administers the laws Judicial – interprets and applies the lawsJudicial – interprets and applies the laws
These powers should check each otherThese powers should check each other Will later influence the U.S. ConstitutionWill later influence the U.S. Constitution
MontesquieuMontesquieu
VoltaireVoltaire
French PhilosopherFrench Philosopher Spent time in prisonSpent time in prison Published novel Published novel CandideCandide Ridicules oppressive government, Ridicules oppressive government,
prejudice, and bigotryprejudice, and bigotry Later fought in cases of injustice, Later fought in cases of injustice,
particularly against religious prejudiceparticularly against religious prejudice
VoltaireVoltaire
Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau
““History repeats itself”History repeats itself” Published The Social ContractPublished The Social Contract ““People are born good, but environment, People are born good, but environment,
education, and laws corrupt themeducation, and laws corrupt them Free and good people will only remain if Free and good people will only remain if
governed by popular sovereigntygoverned by popular sovereignty Choose government to live underChoose government to live under
RousseauRousseau
Political CriticismPolitical Criticism
Political and Social Institutions should be Political and Social Institutions should be changed to benefit everyone instead of changed to benefit everyone instead of just just certain groups certain groups
Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty – laws and government – laws and government created by and subject to the will of the created by and subject to the will of the peoplepeople
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots – some Monarchs – some Monarchs began to adopt Enlightenment began to adopt Enlightenment philosophies and ruled with the respect of philosophies and ruled with the respect of subject’s rightssubject’s rights
Impacts on FutureImpacts on Future
Philosophers promoted nationalism and Philosophers promoted nationalism and individual rightsindividual rights
Revolutions inspired by nationalistic ideas Revolutions inspired by nationalistic ideas growing out of the Enlightenmentgrowing out of the Enlightenment
British Colonial AmericaBritish Colonial America Spanish Colonial AmericaSpanish Colonial America FranceFrance HaitiHaiti