Propertiesof Materials

H

Notes:1. Properties of materials vary greatly depending upon manufacturing

processes, chemical composition, internal defects, temperature, previous load-ing history, age, dimensions of test specimens, and other factors. The tabulatedvalues are typical but should never be used for specific engineering or designpurposes. Manufacturers and materials suppliers should be consulted for infor-mation about a particular product.

2. Except when compression or bending is indicated, the modulus of elas-ticity E, yield stress sY, and ultimate stress sU are for materials in tension.

H1

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H2 APPENDIX H Properties of Materials

TABLE H-1 WEIGHTS AND MASS DENSITIES

MaterialWeight density g Mass density r

kN/m3 kg/m3

Aluminum alloys 26–28 2,600–2,8002014-T6, 7075-T6 28 2,8006061-T6 26 2,700

Brass 82–85 8,400–8,600

Bronze 80–86 8,200–8,800

Cast iron 68–72 7,000–7,400

ConcretePlain 23 2,300Reinforced 24 2,400Lightweight 11–18 1,100–1,800

Copper 87 8,900

Glass 24–28 2,400–2,800

Magnesium alloys 17–18 1,760–1,830

Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu) 87 8,800

Nickel 87 8,800

PlasticsNylon 8.6–11 880–1,100Polyethylene 9.4–14 960–1,400

RockGranite, marble, quartz 26–28 2,600–2,900Limestone, sandstone 20–28 2,000–2,900

Rubber 9–13 960–1,300

Sand, soil, gravel 12–21 1,200–2,200

Steel 77.0 7,850

Titanium 44 4,500

Tungsten 190 1,900

Water, fresh 9.81 1,000sea 10.0 1,020

Wood (air dry)Douglas fir 4.7–5.5 480–560Oak 6.3–7.1 640–720Southern pine 5.5–6.3 560–640

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APPENDIX H Properties of Materials H3

TABLE H-2 MODULI OF ELASTICITY AND POISSON’S RATIOS

MaterialModulus of elasticity E Shear modulus of elasticity G

Poisson’sGPa GPa ratio n

Aluminum alloys 70–79 26–30 0.332014-T6 73 28 0.336061-T6 70 26 0.337075-T6 72 27 0.33

Brass 96–110 36–41 0.34

Bronze 96–120 36–44 0.34

Cast iron 83–170 32–69 0.2–0.3

Concrete (compression) 17–31 0.1–0.2

Copper and copper alloys 110–120 40–47 0.33–0.36

Glass 48–83 19–35 0.17–0.27

Magnesium alloys 41–45 15–17 0.35

Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu) 170 66 0.32

Nickel 210 80 0.31

PlasticsNylon 2.1–3.4 0.4Polyethylene 0.7–1.4 0.4

Rock (compression)Granite, marble, quartz 40–100 0.2–0.3Limestone, sandstone 20–70 0.2–0.3

Rubber 0.0007–0.004 0.0002–0.001 0.45–0.50

Steel 190–210 75–80 0.27–0.30

Titanium alloys 100–120 39–44 0.33

Tungsten 340–380 140–160 0.2

Wood (bending)Douglas fir 11–13Oak 11–12Southern pine 11–14

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H4 APPENDIX H Properties of Materials

TABLE H-3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

MaterialYield stress sY Ultimate stress sU

Percentelongation

(25 mm gageMPa MPa length)

Aluminum alloys 35–500 100–550 1–452014-T6 410 480 136061-T6 270 310 177075-T6 480 550 11

Brass 70–550 200–620 4–60

Bronze 82–690 200–830 5–60

Cast iron (tension) 120–290 69–480 0–1

Cast iron (compression) 340–1,400

Concrete (compression) 10–70

Copper and copper alloys 55–760 230–830 4–50

Glass 30–1,000 0Plate glass 70Glass fibers 7,000–20,000

Magnesium alloys 80–280 140–340 2–20

Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu) 170–1,100 450–1,200 2–50

Nickel 100–620 310–760 2–50

PlasticsNylon 40–80 20–100Polyethylene 7–28 15–300

Rock (compression)Granite, marble, quartz 50–280Limestone, sandstone 20–200

Rubber 1–7 7–20 100–800

SteelHigh-strength 340–1,000 550–1,200 5–25Machine 340–700 550–860 5–25Spring 400–1,600 700–1,900 3–15Stainless 280–700 400–1,000 5–40Tool 520 900 8

Steel, structural 200–700 340–830 10–40ASTM-A36 250 400 30ASTM-A572 340 500 20ASTM-A514 700 830 15

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APPENDIX H Properties of Materials H5

TABLE H-3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (Continued)

MaterialYield stress sY Ultimate stress sU

Percentelongation

(25 mm gageMPa MPa length)

Steel wire 280–1,000 550–1,400 5–40

Titanium alloys 760–1,000 900–1,200 10

Tungsten 1,400–4,000 0–4

Wood (bending)Douglas fir 30–50 50–80Oak 40–60 50–100Southern pine 40–60 50–100

Wood (compression parallel to grain)Douglas fir 30–50 40–70Oak 30–40 30–50Southern pine 30–50 40–70

TABLE H-4 COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION

Coefficient ofMaterial thermal expansion a

10�6/°C

Aluminum alloys 23

Brass 19.1–21.2

Bronze 18–21

Cast iron 9.9–12

Concrete 7–14

Copper and copper alloys 16.6–17.6

Glass 5–11

Magnesium alloys 26.1–28.8

Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu) 14

Nickel 13

Coefficient ofMaterial thermal expansion a

10�6/°C

PlasticsNylon 70–140Polyethylene 140–290

Rock 5–9

Rubber 130–200

Steel 10–18High-strength 14Stainless 17Structural 12

Titanium alloys 8.1–11

Tungsten 4.3

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