materials and materials properties for workshop 2011

8/3/2019 Materials and Materials Properties for Workshop 2011

1/23

MATERIALS AND MATERIALS PROPERTIES

MATERIALS

There are several ways to classify materials.

For instance by the type of bonding between the atoms.One way of classifying materials are :

1. Ceramics,

2. Metals and

3. Polymers based on atomic structure and chemical composition.

4. Composite materials

5. Carbon

6. Biomaterials

7. Nanomaterials8. Semiconductors

9. Thin Film

10.Refractory

New materials has resulted in more classes.

Traditional classification of materials are:

1. Ceramics

A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallicsolid prepared by the action ofheat and

subsequent cooling.[1] Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly

crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., aglass). Because mostcommon ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to

inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the noncrystalline glasses.

Example usage of ceramics products:

Bricks, Pipes, Tiles, Refractories(Kiln Lining, Steel making crucibles),

Tableware, Sanitaryware, Disc Brakes, etc..

2. Metals

A metal is an element,compound, oralloy that is a good conductorof bothelectricity and heat. Metals are usually malleable and shiny, that is they reflectmost of incident light. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positiveions (cations). Those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which areresponsible for the conductivity. The solid thus produced is held by electrostaticinteractions between the ions and the electron cloud, which are called metallicbonds.

1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic


2/23

Category of metals:

a) Base Metals: Iron, Nickel, Lead, Zinc, Cooper, etc..(refer to periodic table)

b) Ferrous metals: (Containing Iron). This can include pure iron, such as wroughtiron, or an alloy such as steel. Ferrous metals are oftenly magnetic.

c) Noble metals : Noble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion oroxidation.e.g. Tantalum, Gold, Platinum Silver, Rhodium.

d) Precious metals: Aprecious metalis a rare metallic chemical element of higheconomic value. Chemically, the precious metals are less reactive than mostelements, have high lusterand high electrical conductivity. E.g. Gold, Silver,Platinum, Palladium. Etc.

Metals AlloysAn alloy is a mixture of two or more elementsin solid solution in which themajor component is a metal. Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle orchemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals asalloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable

characteristics. The aim of making alloys is generally to make them lessbrittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color andluster. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys ofiron (steel, stainlesssteel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest proportion both byquantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbongives low, mid and high carbon steels, with increasing carbon levels reducingductility and toughness. The addition ofsilicon will produce cast irons, whilethe addition ofchromium,nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than10%) results in stainless steels.

SteelSteel is an alloythat consists mostly ofiron and has a carbon contentbetween 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is themost common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elementsare used, such as manganese, chromium,vanadium, and tungsten.[1] Carbonand other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in theiron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount ofalloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements,precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, andtensile strengthof the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content canbe made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile thaniron.

Alloys with a higher than 2.1% carbon content are known as cast iron becauseof their lowermelting point and goodcastability.[1] Steel is also distinguishablefrom wrought iron, which can contain a small amount of carbon, but it isincluded in the form ofslaginclusions. Two distinguishing factors are steel'sincreased rustresistance and betterweldability.

Unified Numbering system (UNS)

2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_gradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_latticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(casting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(casting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_gradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_latticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(casting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldability


3/23

The unified numbering system (UNS) is an alloy designation system widely acceptedin North America. It consists of a prefix letter and five digits designating a materialcomposition. A prefix of S indicates stainless steel alloys, C for copper, brass, or bronzealloys, T for tool steels, etc. The first three digits often match older three-digit numberingsystems, while the last two digits indicate more modern variations. For example, CopperAlloy No. 377 (forging brass) in the original three-digit system became C37700 in theUNS System. The UNS is managed jointly by the ASTM Internationaland SAEInternational. A UNS number alone does not constitute a full material specificationbecause it establishes no requirements for material properties, heat treatment, form, orquality.

Some common materials and translations to other standards:

UNS K11547 is T2 tool steel

UNS S17400 is ASTM grade 630, Cr-Ni 17-4PH precipitation hardening stainlesssteel

UNS S30400 is SAE 304, Cr/Ni 18/10, Euronorm 1.4301 stainless steel

UNS S31600 is SAE 316 UNS S31603 is 316L, a low carbon version of 316

UNS categories[1]

UNS series Metal type(s)

A00001 to A99999 Aluminum and aluminum alloys

C00001 to C99999 Copper and copper alloys

D00001 to D99999 Specified mechanical property steels

E00001 to E99999 Rare earth and rare earthlike metals and alloys

F00001 to F99999 Cast irons

G00001 to G99999 AISI and SAE carbon and alloy steels (except tool steels)

H00001 to H99999 AISI and SAE H-steels

J00001 to J99999 Cast steels (except tool steels)

K00001 to K99999 Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys

L00001 to L99999 Low-melting metals and alloys

M00001 to M99999 Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys

N00001 to N99999 Nickel and nickel alloys

P00001 to P99999 Precious metals and alloys

R00001 to R99999 Reactive and refractory metals and alloys

S00001 to S99999 Heat and corrosion resistant (stainless) steels

T00001 to T99999 Tool steels, wrought and castW00001 to W99999 Welding filler metals

Z00001 to Z99999 Zinc and zinc alloys

SAE Steel GradesThe Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) designates SAE steel grades. These arefour digit numbers which represent chemical composition standards for steelspecifications. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) originally started a very

3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Iron_and_Steel_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Iron_and_Steel_Institute


4/23

similar system. Over time they used the same numbers to refer to the same alloy, butthe AISI system used a letter prefix to denote the steelmaking process. The prefix "C"denoted open-hearth furnace, electric arc furnace orbasic oxygen furnace, while "E"denotes electric arc furnace steel.[1][2]

Prior to 1995 the AISI was also involved, and the standard was designated the

AISI/SAE steel grades. The AISI stopped being involved because it never wrote any ofthe specifications.[3]

Carbon steels and alloy steels are designated by a four digit number, where the firstdigit indicates the main alloying element(s), the second digit indicates the secondaryalloying element(s), and the last two digits indicate the amount of carbon, in hundredthsof a percent by weight. For example, a 1060 steel is a plain-carbon steel containing0.60 wt% C.[4]

An "H" suffix can be added to any designation to denote hardenability is a majorrequirement. The chemical requirements are loosened but hardness values defined forvarious distances on a Jominy test.[2]

Major classifications of steel[1]

SAE designation Type

1xxx Carbon steels

2xxx Nickel steels

3xxx Nickel-chromium steels

4xxx Molybdenum steels

5xxx Chromium steels

6xxx Chromium-vanadium steels

7xxx Tungsten steels8xxx Nickel-chromium-vanadium steels

9xxx Silicon-manganese steels

Carbon and alloy steel grades[5]

SAEdesignation

Type

Carbon steels

10xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max)

11xx Resulfurized

12xx Resulfurized and rephosphorized

15xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% to 1.65%)

Manganese steels

13xx Mn 1.75%

Nickel steels

4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-hearth_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jominy_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-hearth_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jominy_test


5/23

23xx Ni 3.50%

25xx Ni 5.00%

Nickel-chromium steels

31xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 0.65% or 0.80%

32xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 1.07%

33xx Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50% or 1.57%

34xx Ni 3.00%, Cr 0.77%

Molybdenum steels

40xx Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042 S[3]

44xx Mo 0.40% or 0.52%

Chromium-molybdenum (Chromoly) steels

41xx Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%

Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels43xx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%

43BVxx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.12% or 0.35%, V 0.03% min

47xx Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%

81xx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%

81Bxx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.12%[3]

86xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%

87xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%

88xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%

93xx Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo 0.12%

94xx Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%

97xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.20%, Mo 0.20%

98xx Ni 1.00%, Cr 0.80%, Mo 0.25%

Nickel-molybdenum steels

46xx Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%

48xx Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%

Chromium steels

50xx Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%

50xxx Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min

50Bxx Cr 0.28% or 0.50%[3]

51xx Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%

51xxx Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min

51Bxx Cr 0.80%[3]

5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41xx_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41xx_steel


6/23

52xxx Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min

Chromium-vanadium steels

61xx Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min

Tungsten-chromium steels

72xx W 1.75%, Cr 0.75%

Silicon-manganese steels

92xx Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%

High-strength low-alloy steels

9xx Various SAE grades

xxBxx Boron steels

xxLxx Leaded steels

1. Polymers

A polymeris a large molecule(macromolecule) composed of repeating structural

units. These subunits are typically connected by covalentchemical bonds.

Although the termpolymeris sometimes taken to refer toplastics, it actually

encompasses a large class comprising both natural and synthetic materials with a

wide variety of properties.

Natural polymeric materials such as shellac, amber, and naturalrubberhave

been used for centuries. A variety of other natural polymers exist, such ascellulose, which is the main constituent of wood and paper. The list of syntheticpolymers includes synthetic rubber, Bakelite,neoprene, nylon,PVC,polystyrene,polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile,PVB, silicone, and many more.

PlasticsA plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organicsolids used in the manufacture of industrial products. Plastics are typicallypolymers of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improveperformance and/or reduce production costs. Monomers of plastic are eithernatural or synthetic organic compounds.There are two types of plastics:

a) T hermoplastics andThermoplastics are the plastics that do not undergo chemical change in theircomposition when heated and can be moulded again and again; examplesare polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride andpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

b) T hermosetting polymers.

6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synthetic_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synthetic_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylonitrilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylonitrilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_butyralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synthetic_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synthetic_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_rubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylonitrilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_butyralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer


7/23

Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, theystay solid.Examples are Bakelite, Vulcanized Rubber, Melamine resin, Epoxyresin,etc.

Examples of engineering plastics include:

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

Polycarbonates (PC)

Polyamides (PA)

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)

Polysulphone (PSU)

Polyetherketone (PEK)

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

Polyimides

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)

Polyoxymethylene plastic (POM)

Examples of commodity plastics: polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE).

1. Composite materials

Composite materials, often shortened to composites or called compositionmaterials, are engineered or naturally occurringmaterials made from two ormore constituent materials with significantly different physical orchemicalpropertieswhich remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic ormicroscopicscale within the finished structure.

7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenylene_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyetherketone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyetheretherketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyimidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_sulfide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyoxymethylene_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroscopic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenylene_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyetherketone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyetheretherketonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyimidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_sulfide)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyoxymethylene_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroscopic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_scale


8/23

MATERIALS PROPERTIES

A material'sproperty is an intensive, often quantitative property of a material,usually with a unit that may be used as a metricof value to compare the benefits

of one material versus another to aid in materials selection.

Materials properties that relate two different physical phenomena often behavelinearly (or approximately so) in a given operating range, and may then bemodeled as a constant for that range. This linearization can significantly simplifythe differentialconstitutive equationsthat the property describes.

Materials properties:

1. Acoustical properties

2. Atomic properties

3. Chemical properties

4. Electrical properties

5. Enviromental properties

6. Magnetic properties

7. Manufacturing properties

8. Mechanical properties

9. Optical properties

10.Radiological properties

11.Sensorial properties12.Thermal properties

1. Acoustical properties:

8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(metaphysics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_range&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(metaphysics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operating_range&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_equation


9/23

a) Acoustical absorption:

Acoustic absorption is that property of any material that changes theacoustic energy ofsound waves into another form, oftenheat, which it tosome extent retains, as opposed to that sound energy that material reflects orconducts. Acoustic absorption is represented by the symbol A in calculations.

Absorption is not a single mechanism of sound attenuation: propagationthrough a heterogeneoussystem is affected by scattering as well.

b) Speed of sound:

The speed of sound is the distance travelled during a unit of time by a soundwave propagating through an elastic medium. In dry airat 20 C (68 F), thespeed of sound is 343.2 metres per second (1,126 ft/s). This is 1,236kilometres per hour (768 mph), or about one kilometer in three seconds orapproximately one mile in five seconds

1. Atomic properties:

a) Atomic mass

The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of a specific isotope, most oftenexpressed in unified atomic mass units. The atomic mass is the total mass of

protons, neutrons and electrons in a single atom.

b) Atomic number

In chemistryand physics, the atomic number(also known as the proton number)

is the number ofprotons found in the nucleusof an atomand therefore identical to

the charge numberof the nucleus. It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z.

The atomic number uniquely identifies achemical element. In an atom ofneutral

charge, the atomic number is also equal to the number ofprotons.

c) Atomic weight

Atomic weight (symbol:Ar) is a dimensionlessphysical quantity, the ratio of

the average mass ofatoms of an element (from a given source) to 1/12 of the

mass of an atom ofcarbon-12 (known as the unified atomic mass unit).[1][2]

The term is usually used, without further qualification, to refer to the standard

atomic weights published at regular intervals by the International Union of

Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)[3][4] and which are intended to be

applicable to normal laboratory materials. These standard atomic weights are

reprinted in a wide variety of textbooks, commercial catalogues, wallcharts

etc.,

1. Chemical properties:

a) Corrosion resistance

Corrosion is the disintegration of an engineered material into its constituent

atoms due to chemical reactions with its surroundings. In the most common

9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(solid_mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(solid_mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction


10/23

use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation ofmetals in reaction

with an oxidant such as oxygen. Formation of an oxide ofiron due to

oxidation of the iron atoms in solid solution is a well-known example of

electrochemical corrosion, commonly known as rusting. This type of damage

typically produces oxide(s) and/orsalt(s) of the original metal. Corrosion can

also occur in materials other than metals, such as ceramics orpolymers,although in this context, the term degradation is more common.

b) Hygroscopy

Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract and hold watermolecules

from the surrounding environment. This is achieved through eitherabsorption

oradsorption with the absorbing or adsorbing material becoming physically

'changed,' somewhat, by an increase in volume, stickiness, or other physical

characteristic of the material, as water molecules become 'suspended'

between the material's molecules in the process. While some similar forces

are at work here, it is different from capillary attraction, a process where

glass or other 'solid' substances attract water, but are not changed in the

process (for example, water molecules becoming suspended between the

glass molecules).

c) pH

In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity orbasicity of an aqueous

solution.[1] Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25 C

(77 F). Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions

with a pH greater than 7 are basic oralkaline. pH measurements are

important in medicine, biology, chemistry, agriculture, forestry,food science,

environmental science, oceanography,civil engineering and many other

applications.

d) Reactivity

Reactivity in chemistry refers to

the chemical reactions of a single substance, the chemical reactions of two or more substances that interact with eachother, the systematic study of sets of reactions of these two kinds,

methodology that applies to the study of reactivity of chemicals of allkinds, experimental methods that are used to observe these processes, theories to predict and to account for these processes.The chemical reactivity of a single substance (reactant) covers its behaviourin which it decomposes,

10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering


11/23

it forms new substances by addition of atoms from another reactant orreactants, reactions in which it interacts with two or more other reactants to form twoor more products.The chemical reactivity of a substance can refer to the variety of circumstances (conditions that include temperature,pressure, presence of catalysts) in which it reacts, in combination with the variety of substances with which it reacts, the equilibrium point of the reaction (i.e. the extent to which all of it reacts), the rate of the reaction.

a) Specific internal surface area:Explain the physical adsorption ofgasmolecules on a solidsurface and

serves as the basis for an important analysis technique for the measurement

of the specific surface area of a material.

b) Surface energy

Surface energy quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurwhen a surface is created. In the physics ofsolids, surfaces must be

intrinsically less energetically favorable than the bulk of a material, otherwise

there would be a driving force for surfaces to be created, removing the bulk of

the material (see sublimation). The surface energy may therefore be defined

as the excess energy at the surface of a material compared to the bulk.

c) Surface tension

Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquidthat allows it to resist

an external force. It is revealed, for example, in floating of some objects on

the surface of water, even though they are denser than water, and in the

ability of some insects (e.g. water striders) to run on the water surface. This

property is caused by cohesion of similar molecules, and is responsible for

many of the behaviors of liquids.

1. Electrical properties

a) Conductivity

Conductivity may refer to:Electrical conductivity, a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electriccurrentConductivity (electrolytic), also the specific conductance, is a measurement ofthe electrical conductance per unit distance in an electrolytic or aqueoussolutionIonic conductivity, a measure of the conductivity through ionic charge carriers

11
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_conductivity


12/23

Hydraulic conductivity, a property of a porous material's ability to transmitwaterThermal conductivity, the intensive property of a material that indicates itsability to conduct heatRayleigh conductivity, describing the behavior of apertures concerning theflow of a liquid or gas

b) Dielectric constant

The relative permittivity of a material under given conditions reflects the

extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines offlux. In technical terms, it

is the ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in a material by an

applied voltage, relative to that stored in a vacuum. Likewise, it is also the

ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor using that material as a dielectric,

compared to a similar capacitor that has a vacuum as its dielectric .

c) Dielectric strength

In physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings:

Of an insulating material, the maximum electric field strength that it canwithstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e., without experiencingfailureof its insulating properties.For a given configuration of dielectric material and electrodes, the minimumelectric field that produces breakdown.the maximum electric stress the dielectric material can withstand withoutbreakdown.

d) Electrical conductivity

Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical

resistance, orvolume resistivity) is a measure of how strongly a material

opposes the flow ofelectric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that

readily allows the movement ofelectric charge. The SIunit of electrical

resistivity is the ohmmetre (m). It is commonly represented by the Greek

letter (rho).

Electrical conductivity orspecific conductance is the reciprocal quantity,and measures a material's ability to conduct an electric current. It iscommonly represented by the Greek letter (sigma), but (esp. in electricalengineering) or are also occasionally used. Its SI unit is siemens permetre

(Sm

1

) and CGSE unit is reciprocal second (s

1

):

e) Permeability

In electromagnetism, permeability is the measure of the ability of a material

to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself. In other words, it is

the degree ofmagnetization that a material obtains in response to an applied

magnetic field. Magnetic permeability is typically represented by the Greek

12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayleigh_conductivity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayleigh_conductivity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field


13/23

letter. The term was coined in September, 1885 by Oliver Heaviside. The

reciprocal of magnetic permeability is magnetic reluctivity.

We can simplify it by saying, the more conductive a material is to a magneticfield, the higher its permeability.

In SI units, permeability is measured in the henries per meter (Hm1

), ornewtons perampere squared (NA2). The permeability constant (0), alsoknown as the magnetic constant or the permeability of free space, is ameasure of the amount of resistance encountered when forming a magneticfield in a classical vacuum. The magnetic constant has the exact (defined)[1]

value 0 = 4107 1.2566370614106 Hm1 or NA2).

f) Permittivity

In electromagnetism, absolute permittivity is the measure of the resistancethat is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium. In otherwords, permittivity is a measure of how an electric field affects, and is affectedby, a dielectric medium. The permittivity of a medium describes how much

electric field (more correctly, flux) is 'generated' per unit charge. Less electricflux exists in a medium with a high permittivity (per unit charge) due topolarization effects. Permittivity is directly related to electric susceptibility,which is a measure of how easily a dielectric polarizes in response to anelectric field. Thus, permittivity relates to a material's ability to transmit (or"permit") an electric field.In SI units, permittivity is measured in farads permeter(F/m); electricsusceptibility is dimensionless. They are related to each other through = r0 = (1 + )0

where r is the relative permittivity of the material, and = 8.85 1012 F/mis the vacuum permittivity.

g) Piezoelectric constant

Piezoelectricity ( /p iez oilktrsti/) is the charge which accumulates in

certain solid materials (notably crystals, certain ceramics, and biological

matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins)[1] in response to applied

mechanical stress. The wordpiezoelectricitymeans electricity resulting from

pressure. It is derived from the Greekpiezo orpiezein (), which means

to squeeze or press, and electricorelectron (), which stands for

amber, an ancient source of electric charge.[2] Piezoelectricity is the direct

result of the piezoelectric effect.

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanicalinteraction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystallinematerials with no inversion symmetry.[3] The piezoelectric effect is a reversibleprocess in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internalgeneration of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force)also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of amechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field). For example, lead

13
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heavisidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_susceptibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosymmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heavisidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_susceptibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosymmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate


14/23

zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when theirstatic structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension.Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their staticdimension when an external electric field is applied to the material.

h) Seebeck coefficient

The thermopower, orthermoelectric power(also called the Seebeckcoefficient) of a material is a measure of the magnitude of an induced

thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature difference across that

material.[1] The thermopower has units ofvolts perkelvin (V/K),[1] although it is

more often given in microvolts per kelvin (V/K).

The term thermopoweris a misnomer since it measures the voltage orelectricpotential (not the electric power) induced in response to a temperaturedifference. Note that the unit of thermopower (V/K) is different from the unit ofpower (watts).

The phenomenon quantified by thermopower is called the Seebeck effect.The Seebeck effect and two related phenomena (the Peltier effect andThomson effect) are together called the "thermoelectric effect".

1. Environmental properties

a) Embodied energy

b) Embodied water

c) RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substance)compliance

There are a variety of other properties to consider in an environmental impactassessment that effect the ecological or human environment that may be difficult

to quantify (unlike most of the properties listed on this page) including pollution(extraction, transportation, manufacture), scarcity/abundance, habitat destruction,renewability, recyclability, wars fought over materials, labor exploitation, etc.These can be subjective, dependent on context, or inadequately measured.

1. Magnetic properties

a) Curie Point

b) Diamagnetism

c) Hysterisis

d) Permeability

1. Manufacturing properties

a) CastabilityCastability is the ease of forming a casting. Castability can be thought of ashow easy is it to cast a quality part. A very castable part design is easily

14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebeck_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltier_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microvolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebeck_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltier_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting


15/23

developed, incurs minimal tooling costs, requires minimal energy, and hasfew rejections.

b) Extruding temperature and pressureExtrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectionalprofile. A material is pushed or drawn through a die of the desired cross-section. The two main advantages of this process over other manufacturingprocesses are its ability to create very complex cross-sections and workmaterials that are brittle, because the material only encounters compressiveand shearstresses. It also forms finished parts with an excellent surfacefinish.

c) HardnessHardness is the measure of how resistant solidmatteris to various kinds ofpermanent shape change when a forceis applied. Macroscopic hardness isgenerally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior ofsolid materials under force is complex; therefore there are different

measurements of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation hardness, andrebound hardness.Hardness is dependent on ductility, elasticstiffness, plasticity, strain, strength,toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity.Common examples ofhard matterare ceramics, concrete, certain metals,and superhard materials, which can be contrasted with soft matter.

d) Machinability ratingThe term machinability refers to the ease with which a metal can be

machined to an acceptable surface finish. Materials with good machinabilityrequire little power to cut, can be cut quickly, easily obtain a good finish, anddo not wear the tooling much; such materials are said to be free machining.The factors that typically improve a material's performance often degrade itsmachinability. Therefore, to manufacture components economically,engineers are challenged to find ways to improve machinability withoutharming performance.Machinability can be difficult to predict because machining has so manyvariables. Two sets of factors are the condition of work materials and thephysical properties of work materials.The condition of the work material includes eight factors: microstructure, grainsize, heat treatment, chemical composition, fabrication, hardness, yield

strength, and tensile strength.Physical properties are those of the individual material groups, such as themodulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and workhardening.Other important factors are operating conditions, cutting tool material andgeometry, and the machining process parameters.

e) Machining speeds and feeds

15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhard_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhard_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machining


16/23

The phrase speeds and feeds (orfeeds and speeds) refers to two separatevelocities in machine tool practice, cutting speed and feed rate. They areoften considered as a pair because of their combined effect on the cuttingprocess. Each, however, can also be considered and analyzed in its ownright.

1. Mechanical properties

a) Compressive strengthCompressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstandaxially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength isreached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be made to have highcompressive strength, e.g. many concrete structures have compressivestrengths in excess of 50 MPa, whereas a material such as softsandstonemay have a compressive strength as low as 5 or 10 MPa.Measuring the compressive strength of a steel drum

Compressive strength is often measured on a universal testing machine;these range from very small table top systems to ones with over 53 MNcapacity.[1] Measurements of compressive strength are affected by thespecific test method and conditions of measurement. Compressive strengthsare usually reported in relationship to a specific technical standard that may,or may not, relate to end-use performance.

b) DensityThe mass density ordensity of a material is defined as itsmass per unit

volume. The symbol most often used for density is (the Greek letter rho). Insome cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density isalso defined as its weight per unit volume;[1] although, this quantity is moreproperly called specific weight. Different materials usually have differentdensities, so density is an important concept regarding buoyancy, purity andpackaging. Osmium and iridium are the densest known metal elements atstandard conditions for temperature and pressure but not the densestmaterials.Less dense fluids float on more dense fluids if they do not mix. This conceptcan be extended, with some care, to less dense solids floating on more densefluids. If the average density (including any air below the waterline) of anobject is less than water (1000 kg/m3) it will float in water and if it is more thanwater's it will sink in water.In some cases density is expressed as the dimensionless quantities specificgravity (SG) orrelative density (RD), in which case it is expressed in multiples

of the density of some other standard material, usually water or air/gas. (Forexample, a specific gravity less than one means that the substance floats inwater.)The mass density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. (Thevariance is typically small for solids and liquids and much greater for gasses.)Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object andtherefore increase its density. Increasing the temperature of a substance (withsome exceptions) decreases its density by increasing the volume of that

16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_(container)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_testing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_(container)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_testing_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_density


17/23

substance. In most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results inconvection of the heat from bottom to top of the fluid due to the decrease ofthe density of the heated fluid. This causes it to rise relative to more denseunheated material.

c) DuctilityIn materials science, ductility is a solid material's ability to deform undertensile stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to bestretched into a wire. Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability todeform undercompressive stress; this is often characterized by the material'sability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. Both of these mechanicalproperties are aspects ofplasticity, the extent to which a solid material can beplastically deformed without fracture. Also, these material properties aredependent on temperature and pressure.

d) Fatigue limitFatigue limit, endurance limit, and fatigue strength are all expressions

used to describe a property of materials: the amplitude (or range) ofcyclicstress that can be applied to the material without causing fatigue failure.Ferrous alloys and titanium alloys. have a distinct limit, an amplitude belowwhich there appears to be no number of cycles that will cause failure. Otherstructural metals such as aluminium and copper, do not have a distinct limitand will eventually fail even from small stress amplitudes. In these cases, anumber of cycles (usually 107) is chosen to represent the fatigue life of thematerial.

e) Flexural modulusIn mechanics, the flexural modulus is the ratio ofstress to strain in flexural

deformation, or the tendency for a material to bend. It is determined from theslope of a stress-strain curve produced by a flexural test (such as the ASTMD 790), and uses units of force per area. [1] It is anintensive property.Flexural modulus:

For a 3-point deflection test of a beam, where: wand h are the width andheight of the beam, L is the distance between the two outer supports and disthe deflection due to load Fapplied at the middle of the beam

f) Flexural strength

g) Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, orfracture strength, a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as amaterial's ability to resist deformation under load. The transverse bending testis most frequently employed, in which a rod specimen having either a circularor rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture using a three point flexuraltest technique. The flexural strength represents the highest stress

17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_point_flexural_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_point_flexural_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_point_flexural_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_point_flexural_test


18/23

experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. It is measured interms of stress, here given the symbol .

h) Fracture toughness

In materials science, fracture toughness is a property which describes theability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture, and is one of themost important properties of any material for virtually all design applications.The fracture toughness of a material is determined from the stress intensityfactor(K) at which a thin crack in the material begins to grow. It is denoted K Ic

and has the units of .The subscript Icdenotes mode I crack opening under a normal tensile stressperpendicular to the crack, since the material can be made deep enough tostand shear (mode II) or tear (mode III).Fracture toughness is a quantitative way of expressing a material's resistance

to brittle fracture when a crack is present. If a material has much fracturetoughness it will probably undergo ductile fracture. Brittle fracture is verycharacteristic of materials with less fracture toughness.[1]

Fracture mechanics, which leads to the concept of fracture toughness, wasbroadly based on the work ofA. A. Griffithwho, among other things, studiedthe behavior of cracks in brittle materials.A related concept is the work of fracture (wof) which is directly proportional to

, where Eis the Young's modulus of the material.Note that, in SI units,wof is given in J/m2.

i) HardnessHardness is the measure of how resistant solidmatteris to various kinds ofpermanent shape change when a forceis applied. Macroscopic hardness isgenerally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior ofsolid materials under force is complex; therefore there are differentmeasurements of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation hardness, andrebound hardness.Hardness is dependent on ductility, elasticstiffness, plasticity, strain, strength,toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity.Common examples ofhard matterare ceramics, concrete, certain metals,and superhard materials, which can be contrasted with soft matter.

j) Plasticityk) In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a

material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to appliedforces. For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a newshape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the materialitself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior iscalled yield.

18
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_intensity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_intensity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Arnold_Griffithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Arnold_Griffithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Work_of_fracture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhard_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_intensity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_intensity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Arnold_Griffithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Work_of_fracture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhard_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)


19/23

l) Poissons ratioPoisson's ratio (), named afterSimon Poisson, is the ratio, when a sampleobject is stretched, of the contraction or transverse strain (perpendicular tothe applied load), to the extension or axial strain (in the direction of theapplied load).When a material is compressed in one direction, it usually tends to expand inthe other two directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. Thisphenomenon is called the Poisson effect. Poisson's ratio (nu) is a measureof the Poisson effect. The Poisson ratio is the ratio of the fraction (or percent)of expansion divided by the fraction (or percent) of compression, for smallvalues of these changes.

m) Shear modulusIn materials science, shear modulus ormodulus of rigidity, denoted by G,or sometimes Sor, is defined as the ratio ofshear stress to the shear strain:[1]

where

= shear stress;Fis the force which acts

A is the area on which the force acts

in engineering, = shear strain. Elsewhere, xy= xis the transverse displacementlis the initial lengthShear modulus is usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousands ofpounds per square inch (kpsi).The shear modulus is always positive.

n) Shear strainA strain is a normalized measure of deformation representing thedisplacement between particles in the body relative to a reference length.

o) Shear strengthShear strength in engineering is a term used to describe the strength of amaterial or component against the type ofyield orstructural failure where the

material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends toproduce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to thedirection of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails inshear.In structural and mechanical engineeringthe shear strength of a componentis important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for themanufacture/construction of the component (e.g.beams, plates, orbolts) In a

19
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Poissonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_strainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearing_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/e.g.http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/e.g.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_(structures)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Poissonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_strainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearing_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/e.g.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_(structures)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw


20/23

reinforced concrete beam, the main purpose ofstirrups is to increase theshear strength.Forshear stress applies

where1 is major principal stress2 is minor principal stressIn general: ductile materials fail in shear (ex. aluminum), whereas brittlematerials (ex. cast iron) fail in tension. See tensile strength.To calculate:Given total force at failure and the force-resisting area (e.g. the cross-sectionof a bolt loaded in shear), shear strength is:

p) SoftnessSoftness may refer to:The opposite of one of the many types ofhardness.A texture which is the opposite ofroughness.

q) Specific modulusSpecific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulusper mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weightratio orspecific stiffness. High specific modulus materials find wideapplication in aerospace applications where minimum structural weight is

required. The dimensional analysis yields units of distance squared per timesquared.

r) Specific weightThe specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weightper unitvolume of a material. The symbol of specific weight is (the Greek letterGamma).A commonly used value is the specific weight ofwateron Earth at 5C whichis 62.43 lbf/ft3 or 9807 N/m3. [1]

The terms specific gravity, and less often specific weight, are also used forrelative density.

s) Tensile strengthUltimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) orultimate strength,[1][2]is the maximum stress that a material can withstandwhile being stretched or pulled before necking, which is when the specimen'scross-section starts to significantly contract. Tensile strength is the oppositeofcompressive strength and the values can be quite different.

20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardnesshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/texturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_roughnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necking_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necking_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardnesshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/texturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_roughnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necking_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_strength


21/23

The UTS is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the stressversus strain; the highest point of the stress-strain curve is the UTS. It is anintensive property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the testspecimen. However, it is dependent on other factors, such as the preparationof the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and thetemperature of the test environment and material.Tensile strengths are rarely used in the design ofductile members, but theyare important in brittle members. They are tabulated for common materialssuch as alloys, composite materials, ceramics, plastics, and wood.Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unitarea. For some non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled components)it can be reported just as a force or as a force per unit width. In the SI system,the unit is pascal (Pa) or, equivalently, newtons per square metre (N/m). Thecustomary unit is pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in or psi), or kilo-poundsper square inch (ksi), which is equal to 1000 psi; kilo-pounds per square inchare commonly used for convenience when measuring tensile strengths.

t) Yield strengthu) The yield strength oryield point of a material is defined in engineering and

materials science as the stress at which a material begins to deformplastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and willreturn to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yieldpoint is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible.In the three-dimensional space of the principal stresses (1,2,3), an infinitenumber of yield points form together a yield surface.

v) Knowledge of the yield point is vital when designing a component since itgenerally represents an upper limit to the load that can be applied. It is also

important for the control of many materials production techniques such asforging, rolling, orpressing. In structural engineering, this is a soft failuremode which does not normally cause catastrophic failure orultimate failureunless it accelerates buckling.

w) Youngs modulusYoung's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus, is a measure of thestiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterizematerials. It is defined as the ratio of the uniaxial stressover the uniaxialstrain in the range of stress in which Hooke's Law holds.[1] In solid mechanics,the slope of the stress-strain curve at any point is called the tangent modulus.The tangent modulus of the initial, linear portion of a stress-strain curve is

called Young's modulus. It can be experimentally determined from the slopeof a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample ofthe material. In anisotropic materials, Young's modulus may have differentvalues depending on the direction of the applied force with respect to thematerial's structure.It is also commonly called the elastic modulus ormodulus of elasticity,because Young's modulus is the most common elastic modulus used, but

21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-strain_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_propertieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds-force_per_square_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_surfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physic

materials and materials properties for workshop 2011

Documents