DIO – February 2011DIO – February 2011

Small actions big consequences: Small actions big consequences: the impact of globalisation on the the impact of globalisation on the

livestock sector in the Southlivestock sector in the South

Animal health Department

Dio – February 2011Dio – February 2011

Context Context Far more than climate change Far more than climate change

globalization related activities have a globalization related activities have a serious impact on the livestock sector, serious impact on the livestock sector, especially in the South. especially in the South.

globalisation = "changes in social globalisation = "changes in social attitudes, technology and transport attitudes, technology and transport which enables companies and private which enables companies and private persons to sell or buy a product persons to sell or buy a product anywhere”anywhere”

Impact of globalisation on our environment

A “traditional” Sunday meal in England—beef, potatoes, carrots, broccoli, beans, blueberries, and strawberries—made from imported ingredients generates nearly 650 times the transport-related carbon emissions than the same meal made from locally grown ingredients (almost 38 kilograms of carbon dioxide compared with just 58 grams) Brian Halweil, Worldwatch Institute.

Some minced meat bought in

2009 at the local supermarket

(Belgium)

piglet born in Canada,

fattened in Australia,

slaughtered in Belgium.

Impact of globalisation in the southImpact of globalisation in the south

Three field cases showing that Three field cases showing that minor minor animal movements had devastating animal movements had devastating effects effects on livestock breeding andon livestock breeding and the the livelihoods of poor African farmerslivelihoods of poor African farmers : : 1) the choice of a new trade partner and 1) the choice of a new trade partner and

ECF in the Comoros ECF in the Comoros 2) genetic improvement and import of ticks 2) genetic improvement and import of ticks

in Ivory Coast in Ivory Coast 3) restocking and health insurance in 3) restocking and health insurance in

BurundiBurundi

1. East Coast Fever 1. East Coast Fever in the Comorosin the Comoros

Union of Comoros, Federation of 3 autonomous islands

600,000 inhabitants of which 51% live on Grand Comore.

25,000 heads of cattle.

Import Beef:First Europe (BSE)Then MadagascarIn 2002 from Tanzania

.November 2002 abnormally high mortality on high plateau near a herd of 300 cows recently imported from Tanzania.

In 1.5 year time the epidemic spread over the whole island, 5000 animals died

Cause of the epidemic Experts from OVI suspected ECF

ILRI

Important features of ECF:Protozoan first infecting host lymphocytes ( lymphoblast with schizonts) and then erythrocytes (piroplasms) of the hostIn the vector first gut epithelial cels and then salivary glands (sporozoites) infectedAccording to breed and immunity: endemic or epidemic situationLong immunity if host survives the disease endemic stability against local strains infection and treatment method (Tanzania vaccination with Muguga cocktail) healthy carriers

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus is the most important vector for T. parva

Clinical signs: lymphadenopathy, fever, anorexia, ocular and nasal discharge, corneal opacity, diarrhea. Terminally ill animals develop pulmonary edema, severe dyspnea and a frothy nasal discharge

Schizonts in lymphocytesSchizonts in lymphocytesMultilocus genotyping: Multilocus genotyping:

strains of strains of Theileria parvaTheileria parva identical to those of the identical to those of the Muguga cocktail vaccine Muguga cocktail vaccine used for the immunisation used for the immunisation of cattle in Tanzania. of cattle in Tanzania.

Rhipicephalus Rhipicephalus appendiculatusappendiculatus present on present on Grand Comore but not Grand Comore but not (yet) observed on the two (yet) observed on the two other islands.other islands.

Diagnosis of ECF confirmed

Actual situation in Grand Comores

No treatment and infection treatment was established, an endemic stability developed: morbidity controlled with drugs and mortality limited to calves

Up to now the other islands have not been infected (yet). Meanwhile, VSF-B started a dairy industry on the island of Anjouan

2. Genetic improvement of dairy cattle and tick 2. Genetic improvement of dairy cattle and tick import in Ivory Coastimport in Ivory Coast

The project APROLAIT SUD, The project APROLAIT SUD, was financed by the Belgian was financed by the Belgian Cooperation and aimed to Cooperation and aimed to develop milk production in develop milk production in Azaguié (50 km north of Azaguié (50 km north of Abidjan). Local farmers Abidjan). Local farmers received credits and technical received credits and technical support to buy dairy cattle support to buy dairy cattle and to start milk and meat and to start milk and meat production. production.

In an attempt to improve their In an attempt to improve their dairy cattle the farmers buy dairy cattle the farmers buy from a M.P. cattle, recently from a M.P. cattle, recently imported from South Africa.imported from South Africa.

From then onwards the From then onwards the project is confronted with project is confronted with uncontrollable tick uncontrollable tick populations and populations and considerable mortality due considerable mortality due to tick-borne diseases.to tick-borne diseases.

In Africa this tick species, notorious for its high reproductive and vectorial capacity and broad acaricide resistance, was only known to occur in Southern Africa.

In a sample of ticks collected at Azaguié and sent to ITM some Rhipicephalus microplus (Boophilus microplus) are discovered.

Current situation Farmers at Azaguié still suffer from heavy

losses due to the heavy tick loads. Most acaricides do not offer a satisfactory result. Pasture improvement has been recommended to control ticks.

Local Boophilus species: B. decoloratus, B. annulatus and B. geigyi are being replaced by B. microplus

With the aid of RIPROSAT the presence of B.microplus was demonstrated in a second West-African country (Benin).

3. Restocking and health insurance in Burundi3. Restocking and health insurance in Burundi or the importance of the “One health” principle.or the importance of the “One health” principle.

Establishment of health insurance in Establishment of health insurance in the South is heavily supported by the South is heavily supported by some NGO’s and health insurance some NGO’s and health insurance companies from the North.companies from the North.Insurance premiums still too high for Insurance premiums still too high for the poorest (membership has to the poorest (membership has to subsidized or alternative ways of subsidized or alternative ways of income generation sought)income generation sought)In Gitega (Burundi) the NGO ODAG In Gitega (Burundi) the NGO ODAG distributes goats to vulnerable distributes goats to vulnerable families + cross-breeding with families + cross-breeding with Toggenburg goats from Kenya.Toggenburg goats from Kenya.

Neither sanitary border control nor Neither sanitary border control nor quarantine requirements exist.quarantine requirements exist.

High mortality (up to 55%) especially High mortality (up to 55%) especially in the genetically improved goats.in the genetically improved goats.

Mainly tick borne diseases (import of Mainly tick borne diseases (import of exotic strains of exotic strains of BabesiaBabesia and and CowdriaCowdria?)?)

Substantial amounts of money have Substantial amounts of money have to be spent on acaricides for tick to be spent on acaricides for tick control lowering the income of the control lowering the income of the farmer and the resistance of local farmer and the resistance of local livestock against endemic diseases.livestock against endemic diseases.

What is needed to prevent reoccurrences?What is needed to prevent reoccurrences? All persons/organisations importing or exporting All persons/organisations importing or exporting

animals or animal products must be aware of the risk of animals or animal products must be aware of the risk of transboundary diseases and act consequently,transboundary diseases and act consequently,

Each country has to organise an effective Each country has to organise an effective epidemiosurveillance system adapted to its resources,epidemiosurveillance system adapted to its resources,

Establishment of sanitary border control, an animal Establishment of sanitary border control, an animal quarantine system and an adequate legislation that is quarantine system and an adequate legislation that is enforced by the local authorities,enforced by the local authorities,

Training in field sampling,Training in field sampling, Equipment and consumables to carry out basic Equipment and consumables to carry out basic

laboratory diagnosis in well defined centres disposing of laboratory diagnosis in well defined centres disposing of trained personnel.trained personnel.

Small actions big Small actions big consequences: consequences: Swine flu – how Swine flu – how it startedit started

Thanks for your Thanks for your attentionattention