precedent studies (s)

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Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2010

CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER CONSTRUCTION

STEEL AND CONCRETE PRE-FABRICATED SYSTEM

Aiyappa AnjaliSanchez JosueMasha Pekurovsky

Strom ChristianJohnson ZacharyMendiolea Joselia

Autore JeffSu Mike (Hsing Chung)

/PRECEDENT STUDIES/ ARCHITECTURE (S) SCALE

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Cross-Laminated Timber

Cross-laminated timber, or CLT, is an engineered wood product first developed by the Swiss in the 1990’s. It is primarily used in northern Europe, though there is growing interest in CLT in North America.

CLT is made by stacking planks of wood cross-wise on top of each other in at least 3 layers (2.24 inches) and up to 11 layers (11.8 inches). There is typically an odd number of layers so that the grain on the out-er layers can run at the same angle, parallel to the span direction. Low grade timber is used on the inside, while the outer layers are made of a higer grade. Soft woods such as spruce, larch, douglas, and arolla pine are generally used for CLT.

The layers are held together by a non-formaldehyde polyurethane ad-hesive and sometimes finger-jointed to increase length. An alternative is the German Brettstapel technique, in which hardwood dowels are used to fasten the layers. As moisture equilibrium between the differ-ent kinds of wood is achieved, the dowels expand and lock the planks together, creating a 100% wood product.

CLT can span distances of up to 60 feet and can be up to 15 feet wide. It can be used for walls, floors, and ceilings, and can be solely cross-laminated timber or can form composites with other materials. Panels are joined with carpentry connections, traditional fasteners, and an array of more innovative techniques.

CLT has a construction process characterized by a faster completion time and minimal waste due to its inherent prefabricated nature, in-creased safety, and less disruption to the community.

Opposed to other wood products CLT is more dimensionally stable. Crosswise gluing at high pressure reduces the expansion and shrink-age of the wood to an insignificant level. Compared to conventional timber construction products, cross-laminated timber offers entirely new possibilities when it comes to load transfer. Not only can loads be transferred in one direction (as is the case, for example, with supports, girders, etc.) but on all sides (referred to as “genuine plate and sheet action”).

The design of each project and its dimensions is based on loads, open-ings and applicable laws. The panels and openings are cut at the plant and delivered to the site as perfectly adjusted components. As soon as they are installed, these solid panels provide protection against the weather and an ideal nailing ground for ventilation systems, electric-ity, plumbing or interior finishing.

The airtightness of cross-laminated timber panel construction de-pends on the thickness of the panels and the design of the joints. Tests on cross-laminated panels showed that three-layer panels in visible

industrial quality (ISI) and five-layer panels in non-visible quality (NSI) were airtight. The exterior surfaces of all joints in the panels are taped to provide airtightness. The critical zones are thus reduced to the con-struction interfaces, i.e. doors and windows, etc.

Using CLT panels can save money. For example, reduced weight of the overall structure allows for a more economical design of the infra-structure and foundations. Cross-laminated timber weighs four times less than a concrete structure bearing an equivalent load.

Construction costs are reduced by a shorter installation period; less costly under winter conditions, the possibility of pre-ordering doors and windows, and the high degree of accuracy made possible by the CNC cutting process. The panels are cut and processed using state-of-the-art CNC equipment. This ensures excellent dimensional accuracy, both in overall panel size and for structural openings.

narrow-side bond

finger jointingsurface bond

max 60’ max 15’

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Brettstapel techniques

Lumber drying The boards must be kiln dried to a moisture content of 12% (plus or minus 2%) .

Finger jointing Trimming and finger jointing are used to obtain the desired lengths and quantity of lumber.

Panel assembly Panels are assembled in stacks of dimensional lumber - alternating layers at right angles.

Gluing The glue used is completely soluble, formaldehyde-free and tested in accordance with DIN 68141 standards. It has been approved for use in load-bearing timber construction elements and special construction methods.

PressingThe right pressure and homogeneity are critical. Vertical and hori-zontal pressing are applied.

Lumber planing The assembled panels are planed and sanded for a smooth surface.

Cutting (CNC)CNC technology allows for high precision cuts. Panels are cut to size and openings for door/windows/misc. penetrations are routed out.

Quality controlBefore product is released, it is checked at the factory (e.g., bending strength, shear strength, delamination).

FinishingInstallation of insulation and drilling for service penetrations may take place in the factory.

Packaging/ShippingPanels are transported to the building site.

construction design thickness Rw U - value[mm] [dB]external wall [W/mK]

2fire

protection

90140

224019

BBS | spruceGUTEX ThermowallGUTEX Multiplex-toplathing 60/40 verticalcomposite board 3-ply, spruce

44311 0,20[measured] [calculated]

REI 30[tested]

[mm] [material]

Optional finishing - example section buildup

Cross-Laminated Timber

Environmental BenefitsThe manufacturing process is a closed loop; no wood is wasted as all cuts and shavings are used as fuel. CLT easily lends itself to pre-fabrica-tion, saving time, money, and energy. The low/no-VOC adhesives used to bond the layers are safer than those containing formaldehyde and solvents used in other systems; Brettstapel even eliminates the need for adhesives completely. Construction of this type lasts for genera-tions with only minimal maintenace. At the end of the building’s life, the timber can be recovered and recycled.

Carbon SequestrationCLT reduces carbon in the atmosphere. Timber acts as a carbon sink, effectively absorbing and storing as much carbon per cubic meter as a car uses over a two month period. Combining this with CLT’s low embodied energy for its weight makes each cubic meter of CLT worth two tons of carbon dioxide.

Rating SystemsMost rating systems give credits for wood that has been certified by a respected third party verifier as coming from a sustainably managed forest. It is preferably locally sourced. Cross-laminated timber panels can be used to obtain LEED certification by meeting the following four credits: MR c7 certified wood MR c8 sustainable building QEI c4.4 low-emission material; composite wood and adhesives for laminates IPD innovation credit

energy from sun

photosynthesiscarbon dioxide

oxygen

watermineral salts

Every plant undergoes the process of photosynthesis, when car-bon dioxide from the air is converted into oxygen and energy, on which most organisms on earth depend in one form or another. The carbon dioxide is harbored in the plant. When a tree is cut down to make CLT, the carbon dioxide remains trapped within the wood throughout the lifetime of the building. This is natural carbon sequestration.

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Performance

Structurally efficientCross laminated timber stands out due to its high load bearing capac-ity and its dual-axis load-bearing performance when required.

Aesthetically attractiveWood interiors and exteriors add warmth and natural beauty to a in-teriors and exteriors. Wood is an emotive material. It roots us in place and soothes us.

Cost-effective & availabilityBecause it is prefabricated in the factory, and dropped into place via crane, money and time is saved. Good fire resistanceLarge size wood members have the inherent ability to provide fire resistance because of the unique charring properties of wood. CLT panels burn slowly and form protective char layer. Non-burnt wood retains significant strength. Clt assemblies typically have fewer con-cealed spaces within the wall and floors which can reduce the risk of fire spread.

Good resistance to seismic activityIn testing, 3 and 7 story CLT build structures performed very well ex-hibiting no residual deformation under the stress of a 7.2 earthquake.The CLT building showed ductile behavior and good energy dissipa-tion.

Good serviceability (e.g., shrinkage, stiffness, acoustics, etc.)

Thermal performanceThe thickness of the panels give CLT twice the thermal mass of brick and also act as an insulator. Using a wood structure significantly reduces the heat bridge effect that occurs in structures built with steel or concrete.

Easy to assemble & disassemble Do not require specialized tools or heavy equiptments

Convenience (of further add on construction)There is no restriction with regard to fixing loads in solid cross lami-nated timber components (e.g. for heavy kitchen cupboards

Savings in Construction Time

Building Type: Industrial Material CMU-Steel Wood-Concrete Siding CLT Location OH, US CO, US Norway Floor Area (ft2) 17,000 16,000 16,000 Stories 1 1 1 Construction Period

Jan 09 – Sep 09: 9 months Mar 01 – May 01: 14 months 2010, 5 days, 2 persons

Murray Grove and Vaxjo: 30% time savings


Building Type: Residential, Mid-Rise Material Brick Brick, CMU CLT Location NY, US PA, US London, UK Floor Area (ft2) 23,800 41,000 25,300 Stories 5 5 1 concrete + 8 CLT Construction Period

Feb 94 - Mar 95: 13 months Nov 92 – Feb 94: 15 months Shell: 3 days per CLT floor 30% savings, 22 weeks


Building Type: Residential, Mid-Rise Material Brick Concrete CLT Location IL, US CA, US Vaxjo, Sweden Floor Area (ft2) 111,000 127,000 115,000 Stories 6 10 7 Construction Period

Jul 01 – Aug 02: 13 months Sep 91 – May 93: 20 months Shell: 3 days per CLT floor 30% savings, 22 weeks, 2008

Cross Laminated TimberCLT Projects

Structures built with cross laminated timber have proven both the ver-satility of the material and limitations of the building range. While the range of structures varies in typology, and scale, CLT has proven itself most economically efficient in small and mid-range industiral and resi-dential projects.

Completed projects in Europe show that when compared to buildings of similar type and scale, CLT structures can be constructed far more rapidly and with less labor. Murray Grove in London, was completed within forty-nine weeks demonstrating that solid timber construction is a financially viable, environmentally sustainable and beautiful re-placement for concrete and steel in high-density housing.

An analysis of North American housing markets points to the large savings that are possible with structural wood shells. Cross laminated timber shells are marginally cheaper than non-wood structures, but the difference grows with the scale of the project.

Industrial / Norway / 2010

Ohio, NY / 2009

New York, NY / 1995

CA, US / 1993

Mid-Rise Residential / London, UK / 2009

Mid-Rise Residential / Sweden / 2008

MaterialArea (SqFt)

StoriesConstruction Time

MaterialArea (SqFt)


MaterialArea (SqFt)


CMU-Steel17,0001 9 months

CLT16,000

15 days, 2 persons

CLT23,500

1 concrete + 8 CLTShell: 3 days per

CLT 22 weeks

CLT115,00

7Shell: 3 days per

CLT 22 weeks

Brick23,800513 Months

Concrete127,0001020 Months

Competitiveness Summary

Competitiveness: Apartments

Building Type

Mid-Rise (Res & non-res)

Institutional

Retail

Industrial

Storey Class

5+

1-4

1-4

1

Competitiveness

High

High

High

Medium

Market Size

Large

Large

Large

Large

CLT

Non-wood

Wood

CLT

Non-wood

Shell Cost ($/ft2)

5 Stories8 Stories

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Pushing the limits: Engineers in Norway are currently studying the feasibility of a 20 story building in Kirkenes, northern Norway. If built, the Barents House will be the tallest wood structure in the world.

Designed by Reiulf Ramstad, the building consists of a system of col-umns and beams using glue laminated wood, with diagonal elements dealing with stability. Massive floor elements of cross laminated tim-ber (CLT) are fitted into the construction. The façade glass system is a secondary construction attached to the primary one.

The architects are in close collaboration with engineers and special-ists in constructions and fire safety, representatives from the Norwe-gian wood industry and the technical wood institute of Norway. A study has concluded that the project is technically possible to realize.

Cross Laminated TimberCLT in the Hudson Valley

There is an enormous and unsaturated market for CLT in North America. While there is an outstanding potential for CLT production throughout North America, the Hudson Valley Region has several ad-vantages over other regions. Commercially produced CLT panels in Europe are typically made from 90% C24 and 10% C16 European spruce, with larch and pine as substi-tutes. In New York State these wood types are less available than the much more prevalent hardwoods. Where the natural resources may be lacking, the region should invest in innovation as much as produc-tion.

The construction and manufacturing sectors comprise ten percent of all employment in the Hudson Valley region. CLT production can build on existing industrial skills and heritage to create a significant new industry.

0.0% 10.0%5.0% 20.0% 25.0%

2000 2010

Forest Types, New York, 2005

Hudson Valley Employment Sectors: 2000-2010North American Markets by Metro Area

White/Red Pine 5%

Elm/ Ash/ Red

Aspen/ Birch 4%

Spruce/ Fir 1%

Other 23%

Northern Hard-wood 40%

Oak/ Hickory 11%

Information

Natural Resource, Mining and Construction

Manufacturing

Trade, Transportation and Utilities

Other Services

Financial Activities

Professional and Business Services

Leisure and Hospitality

Government

Educational and Health Services

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Natural Resource Management: Continued and improved responsi-ble stewardhip of the Hudson Valley region’s natural resources. New industry would require new assessments and initiatives.

Green Manufacturing: Sustainable production of materials keeps the environment clean. Incentives to convert existing brownfields into modern production facilities.

Green Services and Skills: Employment diversification and opportu-nities grow as new industrial sectors emerge.

Green Innovation: New strategies, research, technology, and busi-ness ideas are spawned by industry.

Green Living: Planning, design, and building do not necessarily nega-tively impact cost, durability, comfort, or utility. Clean, healthy and sustainable living has the potential to increase quality of life through-out the region.Existing infracture and resources in HV

McKinstry MEP Parts delivered to site for assembly

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VendorVe

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Vendor

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DCI Engineering

Collins-Woerman Architects

Lydig Construction

Prefabricated ConstructionSustainable Living Innovations - Seattle, WA

Prefabricated Construction TypeKit-of-parts (exoskeleton)Major elements fabricated at McKinstry warehouse. All components assembled at job site, including some elements that are installed indi-vidually by trades not included in factory construction process.

Life Expectancy60-100 yearsConstruction model yields long term maintenance & durability. Steel and concrete have an unlimited lifepan when compared to typical wood frame construction. Base model is designed to seismic stan-dards.

Ecological SustainabilityAll structures have a minimum of LEED Silver certification.Construction method reduces 50% of waste from standard building practices. Design model eliminates windowless spaces and corridors to reduce building area and footprint by 20%, which yields a 20% re-duction in waste and building materials. Steel is more easily recov-ered for recycling at end of building’s lifespan.

Economic BenefitsDesigned for mid-rise, multifamily renter settings. Improved building quality with less required maintenance and upkeep yield lower risk for development team and create a better investment for finance corpo-ration. Improved crafstmanship & reduced contruction costs return savings to occupants in form of higher property value. Fixed-price proposal limits client exposure to cost overruns. Construction model produces less time lag. (Building can be designed and constructed in same economic cycle.)

Footers/slabs are poured on site during factory

Concrete floor plates are stacked on building slab

Steel exoskeleton is erected around slabs

Roof slab is lifted into place.

Walls, doors, millwork are attached to slabs. Floor is lifted into place.

Glazing systems fold up to form exterior enclosure.

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SLIOFF-SITE

CONSTRUCTION

CLIENT

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ASSEMBLY

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Top left: area map of Seattle and SLI supply area. Knowledge base inputs converge at McKinstry MEP warehouse where fab-rication occurs. Most vendor partners supply equipment to SLI during factory construction phase while others install individu-ally in the field.Bottom left: construction processTop right: diagrammatic view of SLI workflow.Bottom right: comparison of SLI and standard floor plansSLI one-bedroom floor plan Traditional one-bedroom floor plan

15% ineffective space

65% less valuable space

Craning diagram shows ability to maneuver modules over large area with minimal equipment movement.

Top left: on-site assembly of prefabricated modulesTop right: factory construction processes

Materials are sourced within a 500-mile radius of Kullman’s New Jersey factory

Prefabricated Construction TypeModular (endoskeleton)All elements are fabricated and assembled in factory and delivered to site in completed form. On-site assembly is minimal when compared to Kit-of-Parts systems.

ProcessProcurement options include a standard design-bid-build or negoti-ated bid process, with the latter providing the greatest opportunity for collaboration among client, architect, and Kullman’s team. In a ne-gotiated bid, outside architects operate with Kullman as a consultant throughout the design process, allowing them to work with their own subcontractors while ensuring that all work is compatible with Kull-man’s practices. For larger projects, prototypes or mock-ups may be built at the beginning of the design process to accurately gauge costs and test construction methods. A long, collaborative construction document phase follows.

Life Expectancy50 YearsLong term maintenance & durability. Steel and concrete have an un-limited lifepan when compared to typical wood frame construction.

Ecological SustainabilityKullman’s practices lead to a significant reduction in waste, transpor-tation, and construction site disturbances. Steel is endlessy recyclable and more easily recovered from modular construction than typical in-situ projects. Future relocation of structures is possible.

Economic BenefitsIncreases predictability of quality and cost; reduces client risk. Time and material savings are passed on to client. Reduces construction time up to 50%. Projects are more easily financed due to the guaran-teed quality and faster return on investment.

Prefabricated ConstructionKullman Offsite Construction - Lebanon, NJ

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Construction Timeline

Module breakdowns of built/proposed projects. Gray indicates factory-built modules. White indicates site-built elements

Exploded axon of typical modular construction

Module combination options

As of September 9, 2011, the MPI (Multifamily Production Index) is at 44.4%, up from 41.7% last quarter. This marks the fourth consecutive quarter of improvement in this area. (National Association of Homebuilders)

Gap between current production and potential housing construction represents 3,000,000 untapped jobs. These are jobs that could easily manifest themselves in new modular construction upstarts. (NAHB)

Influx of renters in market have produced gains in multifamily construction and will likely continue this trend. The Northeast US posted 35.1% increase in construction starts since January 2011, which is higher than the national increase of 30.4%. Issuance of building permits has increased in multifamily

construction as well, which is promising for the future. (NAHB)

Less risk for developers and more attractive investements for financial institutions.

Developer can expect to reduce construction costs by 20% due to lower labor costs. (New York Times)

Mass customization will produce economies of scale. Modular construction lends itself to multifamily housing because it is a sitatuation where customization is particularly desirable.

Prefabricated construction is predisposed to multifamily housing. It is most cost-effectve in multistory structures because there is increased reliance on stacked modules, versus construction that must react to the ground plane.

More renters mean a more mobile work force, which helps the economy adapt to recessions.

Modular construction makes it easier to integrate green technology, which is a boon to the sustainable construction and materials market. This will increase demand for such products and fuel growth in the sector.

Lack of access to construction credit remains obstacle to starting new projects and getting crews. This increases the viability of modular construction projects as they are more easily financed than insitu counterparts. (NAHB)

There is pent up demand for multifamily housing that developers have not been able to meet due to credit issues. (NAHB)

Insitu construction industry fears loss of jobs. Until there is an industry-wide shift toward prefabricated construction, standard construction jobs will be lost.

Not all modular construction companies are unionized. Unionized NYC construction worker earn $85 an hour. Workers at Capsys, NYC’s only modular construction company, earn $30 an hour. (New York Times).

Exis

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Sustainable Living Innovations

Advantages All architectural, MEP, engineering, and general contracting is inte-grated from start to finish.

All SLI designs eliminate windowless spaces to reduce building area by 20%.

Construction model is designed specifically for multifamily residenc-es. SLI does not offer options for single-family homes.

Exoskeleton increases ease and likelihood of steel recycling at end of building life.

LimitationsExoskeleton remains visible in all designs and influences aesthetic.

System appears to be optimized for Pacific Northwest. Multifam-ily residential models feature open-air walkways configured around courtyards.

Standard model uses floor-to-ceiling glazing systems and does not take into account excessive heat gain/loss or site orientation.

Considerably more on-site activity is required of trades not integrated into the factory construction process.

Maximum 6-story building height.

Kullman Offsite Construction

AdvantagesProven system with multiple built and propsed projects.

Option to build up to 33-stories.

Endoskeleton does not dictate building aesthetic.

More rapid on-site installation with less trades involved.

Kullman offers clients the choice of their own architect, and allows

LimitationsMaximum module dimensions are dictated Federal Highway Administration’s regulations.

Process is less streamlined than SLI’s workflow.

SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2010Madrid, Spain

In June 2010 ministry of housing from Spain in cooperation with US Department of Energy organized the first Solar Decathlon competi-tion in Europe in Madrid. The competition simulated the design and construction process of a real-life project. The outcome were residen-tial units powered by solar energy and connected to the municipal grid. Proposals were evaluated based on architectural design, engi-neering & construction, solar systems & hot water, energy balance, comfort conditions, appliances & functionality, affordability, industri-alization & marketability, innovation and sustainability.

There is no credit within the competition for other design issues such as water conservation or materials reuse recognized by LEED.

17 teams from all over the world had 12 days to construct on-site their designs of prefabrecated houses. About 500 engineering and architecture students and faculty members participateded in this process. During the week of the comptetition that opened on June 18, 2010 a total of 10 evaluations were judged individually and teams ranked separately for each category. The sum of all competitions dictated final score and winner.

The Solar Decatholon is an opprtunity for universities to showcase their student and faculty talent, and create awareness. The event also includes workshops for the public and professionals. Participanting teams receive a budget from the competition, grants and sposnsor-ships from leaders of the construction industry. For United States participants, entries are required to be between $200,000-600,000.

HAUS+

COMPETITION SCORE: 807.49

IKAROS


LUMENHAUS


Competition Rating System/ Metrics

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Competing entries were designed for performance in Hot and Arid climate. The Psychrometric Chart above indicates recom-meded Solar Passive strategies:1. Passive Solar Heating 2. Thermal Mass Effects3. Exposed Mass+ Night Purge Ventilation4. Natural Ventilation5. Direct Evaporation Cooling6. Indirect Evatporation Cooling Our study of the three winning entries revealed that all projects used some Solar Passive design strategies in combination with Active Solar Design Strategies. 1. Solar Power Harvesting with Solar Roof Panels2. Solar Power Harvesting with Photovoltaic units 3. Radiant Heating Flooring4. Reversable Ventilation Pump 5. Geothermal Pump6. Real-Time Reporting System 7. Shading controls

1ST AWARD

VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

HAUS+


IKAROS


LUMENHAUS


2ND AWARD

UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES ROSENHEIM

3RD AWARD

HOCHSCHULE FÜR TECHNIK STUTTGART

HAUS+HOCHSCHULE FÜR TECHNIK STUTTGART

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lumenHAUSVIRGINIA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

IKAROSUNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES ROSENHEIM

HAUS+Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart

HAUS+ began in 2008 when a group of students from the Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart accepted Solar Decathlon Europe challenge. This project was ranked 3rd in the overall competition.

North-South Orientation Orientation with the longer sides to East and West is over-exposing the building to solar radiation during the day. Starting from the morning hours on the East and up to sun-set on the West the solar energy gain is maximized. This strategy is important to allow to functioning of the photo-voltaic units that are cladding the walls. If building orien-tation would be North-South, there would not be as much solar energy collected with this strategy.For example, North facade would not be participating in the harvest of solar energy from PV units.

Solar Passive Design strategiesThis design entry combines Passive and Active strategies for solar design. An integrated “Solar Module” that consists of Solar Chimney and Direct Evaporation Cooling system al-lows to control heating and cooling of the residential unit.Solar Chimney is created with the use of two operable glass partitions and an empty void (used for vegitation) in be-tween. The exterior plane are glass louvers and the interior plane are operable windows. When closed, this module col-lects heat and participates in solar insulation of the house. When open, this module allows for cross Natural Ventila-tion. Roof Cooling is stimulated by insulated roof construction as well as raised Solar and PV units that shade the roof and allow for water to drain under the panels. Phase Changing Material as Ceiling finish allows for rapid itnerior temperature change. Unlike generic ceiling finish PCM stores collected energy during the day and slowly re-leases it during the night.

Solar Active Design StrategiesSolar Panels on the roof harvest solar energy and feed it to the urban grid. Photovoltaic Units that function as exterior rain-screen are also participating in this effort. The ambition of the project is to produce more energy than the residence consumes. Although we are used to seeing Solar Panels in-stalled with an angle to allow for direct sun rays collection, this design accomodates the panels in flat arrays.Direct Evaporation Cooling systems is used to chill the in-terior space in addition to adding humidity. Reversable Heat Pump is in place to allow for further venti-

lation if required to pull out the aggregated hot air. Radiant Floor is activated during the cold months to main-tain comfort zone conditions.

Constuction MethodThe project consists of Modular Units that were pre-fab-ricated from wood and installed on site in Madrid. This construction method allows for higher quality control and faster on-site installation than traditional methods of poured-in-place concrete. Design Flexibility Modual construction does not offer much flexibility for fu-ture expansion or additions.The question of transportation is not addressed: there is no garage or other shade or partial enclosure for either car, motor-bike or a bike.

On-Site PositioningThe proposed unit is raised from the site and the topog-raphy is addressed by means of an extensive terrace that serves for landscape and hosting neighbours.

SLEEPING AREA

ENTRY

KITCHEN

LIVING RM

photovoltaic unitsexterior cladding

roof-based solar panels

movable screen partition to block direct sunlight dur-ing the day

solar chimney

evaporation cooling

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Photovoltaic Units contribute to production of solar energy. These panels are constructed as exterior rainscreen system. Mechanically operated glass louvers control air intake and natural ventilation.

Interior view of finished HAUS+ in June 2010. Open plan layout provides for minimalist functional interior. Built-in evaporation cooling is functioning as privacy screen between the public and private zones of the house.

Kitchen appliances as well as interior lights are pow-ered by solar energy. Shading screens with auto-mated controllers are filtering natural light at win-dows and clerestories.

Section at Energy Module that consists of Passive Solar aggregation wall and integrated direct evaporation “closet”. Solar Chimney simulates thermal mass and collects solar heat during the winter months that helps to heat the building. During the summer months operable glass partitions on the interior and the exterior allow for natural ventilation.

DIRECT EVAPORATION MECHANISM

SOLAR CHIMNEY SOLAR CHIMNEY


Living

KitchenBedroom

Bathroom

The Ikaros House generates more solar power than is need-ed to run the home and is designed to accommodate four persons. Super tight insulation provided by vacum insula-tion panels, energy efficient design and efficient mechani-cal systems ensures that the home uses very little energy. Natural ventilation is optimized to keep the house cool, and excess heat from the cooling system (a heat pump) is used to make hot water.

The home is modular in construction and is most notably characterized by a zig-zag facade , which shades the home and optimizes the use of sunlight as it changes throughout the day and seasons. Prefabricated from wood, Ikaros is es-timated to cost around 27,0000 Euros but has the potential to sell back renewable energy to the grid for an annual gain of 4,600 Euros.

Interior design, architecture, construction and technology represent the decisive factors in the design of the house. The effective space comprises approximately 45 square me-ters. Private as well as common rooms are designed to be developed for a growing family.

SOLAR PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIESNatural VentilationFacade Sun Screen

SOLAR AVTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIESPhotovoltaic UnitsRadiation Cooling

CONSTRUCTION METHODSPrefabricated WoodModular DesignVaccum-Insulated PanelsTriple Glazing

TECHNOLOGYOn-board energy usage calculator

IKAROSTU Rosenheim

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Absorb Air By Day

Storage

Dispense Air at Night

Storage

Heat-Cool CeilingRadiation Cooling

Hot Water

Ventilation

Storage

SOLAR SHADINGThe east and north facades are detailed with a zig-zag win-dow unit for passive solar shading. The adjustable systems allows for an additional temerpature and light control, bringing distinctive shadows to the living space. The frame is adjustable allowing the user to control the form of the shadows in the interior space.

RADIATION COOLING AND ENERGY STORAGEIkaros is designed to produce more energy than it needs for daily function. A photovoltaic design on the roof collects air and solar energy by day and dispenses it evenly throughout the house in the evening via a ventilation system.

Ecxess energy and water are collected in a below-grade stor-age unit and re-dispensed as hot water, while reserves can also be distributed to the energy grid, providing income for the home’s owner.

The use of triple glazing and vacuum insulating allows the house to maintain a comfortable temperature without the need for excess heating controls. The house’s energy usage can be monitored and adjusted via a centrally-located com-puterized meter.

lumen HAUSVirginia Institute of Technology

Fansworth House, Mies Van der Rohe, 1951 LumenHAUS, University of Virginia, 2010

Fansworth House First Floor Plan LumenHAUS, First Floor Plan (1. Closed Plan 2. Open Plan)

The winner of the Solar Decathlon competition of 2010 is the Univer-sity of Virginia. They designed the “Lumenhaus”. Lumenhaus epito-mizes a “whole building design” construction approach, in which all the home’s components and systems have been designed to work together to maximize user comfort with environmental protection.

Lumenhaus uses technology optimally to make the owner’s life sim-pler, more energy efficient and less expensive. On the cutting edge of responsive architecture, Lumenhaus can operate completely self-suffi ciently, responding to environmental changes automatically to bal-ance energy efficiency with user comfort.

Lumenhaus is a zero-energy home that is completely powered by the sun. Other sustainable features include the use of passive energy systems, radiant heating and building materials that are from renew-able and/or recyclable sources.

The Lumenhaus is delivered as one prefabricated unit, transport-ed on a trailer and by arrival placed on the right position, like a cara-van. The house is orientated with the long transparent façades to the North and South direction this will lead to extra sunshading on the transparent South façade.

The photovoltaic’s and thermal solar collectors are located on an adjustable structure on top of the roof, this optimize the angle of the energyproducers to get a higher energy production. The photovol-taic’s making use of the bifacial effect, meaning both sides of the pho-tovoltaic panel will be used to capture energy. The top of the panel use direct sunlight to convert this to electricity, the backside is making use of indirect light. This realized a higher energy efficiency.

The load bearing structure is made of steel. The close parts of the house are filled in with SIPs (Structural Insulated Panel). Façade: The load bearing structure is made of a steel frame. façade consist of sev-eral layers

The Lumenhaus adapt on the climate during the season and day. The North and South façade exists of several layers with different properties who slides during climate changing to achieve the opti-mum climate conditions inside the house. The transparent parts of the façade consist of glass windows, fi xed in an aluminum window frame.

The Design of the lumenHAUS was inspired by the famous Fan-sworth House created by Bauhaus architect Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe. The concept of the house is based on an open flowing plan that allows to connect interior and exterior parts of the house.

The lumenHAUS is just 575 sq ft in space, but due to the openings in the north and south facade it seems more spacious thanks the en-trance of natural light and the visual connection to the exterior.

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The LumenHaus has a facade designed called the Eclipsys System. It is an advanced facade that is composed of two layers: one metal shutter and a insulating panel that is translucent. These panels slide along the North and South Facade, providing protection from direct sunlight while still at the same time allowing natural light to filter in.

The LumenHaus concept seeks to adapt the house according to fam-ily needs by adding components to increase the size of the house. It can simply start by being a two person, one room house, all the way to a 4 person 4 rooms house, just by adding the components.

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The house has movable walls that break the barrier between interior and exterior. At the same time the flexibility of its design allows the owner to change the needs of the space according to his or her life circumstances. That is possible by having furniture that can serve for different purposes and that can adapt to the owner.

In terms of electricity it is able to plug to a smart grid network that allows the excess energy it produces to feed back to the community allowing the houses to not only be a consumer of energy but also a producer.

In terms of space the house is based on prefabricated expansion rooms, which allows the house to add modules in order to increment or shrink the size of it according to family’s needs.

In terms of climatization the house posses a passive cooling and geothermal heating that maintains comfort at minimal cost to both the environment itself and the owner.

The lumenHAUS with meaning “lumen” or “the power of light” , and “haus”, as reference to the Bauhaus movement carries out design ele-ments not found in an ordinary home. All the features that make this house work posses an environmental approach that uses technology to achieve a sustainable living.

In terms of Construction, the lumenHAUS is the next level in prefabricated-homes. The entire house can be transported using just one trailer and it terms of structure its frame is made from steel. The idea of this house is to eliminate the stigma often associated with factory-built modular homes. The lumenHAUS is a solid and durable made from polished gray concrete floor and solid steel beams that makethe frame.

The concrete floor of the house has a radiant floor heating system. This particular system heats the house by means of a water to water heat pump that its intention is to extract heat from the earth during the cold months and use the Earth as a coolant in the hot months. This allows the system to be in less strain, making it more energy efficient.

The lumensHAUS Solar System has panels that are tilted at an es-pecific angle in order to achieve 90 degrees for a good collection of energy resources. The powerful array of Photovoltaic panels provides carbon neutral energy to the house. The PV, are arrange in a single array to cover the entire roof and are built in the house during con-struction.

steel frame structure radiant floor within steel frame concrete floor and roof installed steel frame with wall enclosures

interior and finishes constructed eclypsis system shutters installed photovoltaic panels installed decking and landscape assembled

1. Photovoltaic array2. Slips Wall Panel3. Zinc Cladding Spec4. PVC Membrane Roofing5. Tapered Insulation on Roof Panel6. Mapel Veneered Wood Cabinet7. Granite Countertop8. Mapel Veneered Base9. Concrete Floor on Steel Deck10. Spray Foam Insulation 11. IPE Wood Decking 12. Foundation Support13. Metal Shading/Pri vacy Screen14. Insulation Panel15. Sliding Glass door sys-tem

Detail Section

1. Shutter Shade2. Insulating Panel3. Sliding Bug Screens4. Sliding Glass Doors5. Sliding Muslin Curtains

1 2 3 4 5

energy storage

solar panels

cool air

warm air

NorthFacade

SouthFacade

Solar Energy Diagram

Natural Ventilation Diagram

Geothermal Energy System

solar panels

solar direct and indirect rays

photovoltaic units

cross ventilation

eclypsis screening system

radiant �ooring system

geothermal energy collector

earth ground

energy feed to city grid

solar panels

photovoltaic units

Solar Energy System Diagram

Natural Light & Ventilation Diagram

cool air

built-in natural light �ltration system

solar chimney

hot air

shading screen control

roof breathing zone

warm air

evap

orat

ion

cool

ing

solar heat gain

Solar Chimney Diagram

solar chimney

hot air

solar heat gain

SouthFacade

NorthFacade

Radiation and Cooling Diagram


Excess Energy Storage Diagram

cool air

warm air

sun shade

glazing

EastFacade

WestFacade

Comparative StudieslumenHaus, IKAROS, HAUS+

Solar Energy Harvesting

Solar Panels

Photovoltaic Units


Natural Ventilation

Cross Ventilation

Natural Light

Low-e Glazing

Exterior Shading System

Glass Integrated Shading

Radiant Concrete Flooring

Phase Changing Material Ceiling

Solar Chimney

Evaporation Cooling

Low Flow Toilet Fixtures

Rain-Water Harvesting

lumenHAUS IKAROS HAUS+

Comfort Control with means of Passive and Active Solar Design Strategies

Energy Production

Water Conservation

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energy storage

solar panels

cool air

warm air

NorthFacade

SouthFacade

Solar Energy Diagram



solar panels

solar direct and indirect rays

photovoltaic units

cross ventilation

eclypsis screening system

radiant �ooring system

geothermal energy collector

earth ground

energy feed to city grid

solar panels

photovoltaic units

Solar Energy System Diagram

Natural Light & Ventilation Diagram

cool air

built-in natural light �ltration system

solar chimney

hot air

shading screen control

roof breathing zone

warm air

evap

orat

ion

cool

ing

solar heat gain

Solar Chimney Diagram

solar chimney

hot air

solar heat gain

SouthFacade

NorthFacade

Radiation and Cooling Diagram


Excess Energy Storage Diagram

cool air

warm air

sun shade

glazing

EastFacade

WestFacade

precedent studies (s)

Documents

crosslaminated panels

layer panels

solid panels

airtightness of cross

planks of wood crosswise

wood products clt

outer layers

low grade timber