precedent studies (xxl)

THEORIES:ARCHINOMICS, ECONOMIC GARDENING, TRANSITION THEORY

CHARTER CITIES

IBA EMSCHER PARTGermany (1989-1999)

Aiyappa AnjaliAutore JeffMasha Pekurovsky

Strom ChristianSanchez Josue

Johnson ZacharyMendiolea JoseliaSu Mike (Hsing Chung)

/PRECEDENT STUDIES/ (L) SCALE

Charter Cities Theory of Paul Romer

A Charter city in a sense is a new generation of city within a special reform zone. It carries out the concept of special economic zone by increasing its size and the idea of its re-forms. The theory of this city is that it must be able to ac-commodate a city with millions of workers and residents.

The concept of the Charter city is that it must extend to all the rulers needed to support exchange in a modern market economy and structure interactions in a well run city.

The concept allows for cross-national government part-nerships that facilitate the transfer of working systems of rules to greenfield locations. By adhering strictly to two key principles — that the new rules apply only to people who choose to live under them and that they apply equally to all residents — rules can be copied from elsewhere and still achieve a high degree of local legitimacy.

For example: they are many places where the rules are so bad that they held people back. They limit the usage of land, make it difficult to start a business and sometimes are full of corruption. Because of this, the people living in these areas have a difficult time improving their lifes because the system doesn’t let them and they have to migrate to places where the law is better for them.

When workers migrate to places with a better ruling sys-tem they tend to earn salaries many times higher that what they could have earn in the place they left behind. Charter cities offer this option, by copying to rules that work, new cities can quickly give millions of people the opportunity to move where businesses have better opportunities and where rules are not strict or falsely established.

Charter cities offer a third option. They use rules that work, new charter cities can quickly give millions of people the chance to move to places that start with better rules.

Charter City Structural Guideline:

1. A vacant piece of land, big enough for a city development.2. A charter that specifies in advance the broad rules that will apply there.3. A commitment to choice, backed by voluntary entry and free exit for all residents.4. A commitment to the equal application of all rules to all residents.

The commitment of choice for Charter cities means, that no person, employer, investor or country can be coerced into participating. A Charter city works only if a country wants to create a new city by contributing land to build one. Only people willing to live there by their rules, have the freedom to do so.

The Charter used to implement the regulations, and guide-lines should be enforced and established by the city itself.It should be a foundation of the legal system that will let the city grow and prosper through these guidelines.

The Charter should be backed up by Credibility partner country. This is important in the early years of the city’s de-velopment, when private investors will finance the required urban infrastructure.

Charter Cities work by the union of three distinct roles for participating nations:

1. HOST: responsible of providing the land for develop-ment.

2. SOURCE: a country that supplies the people who move to the new city, becoming the new citizens.

3. GUARANTOR: a country that ensures that the charter will be respected and enforced for decades into the future.

A Charter city in the beginning will need a land space of about 1000 square kilometers, more less the size of Hong Kong.

In terms of Density, a good amount will be 100 people per hectare or 10,000 per square kilometer is half the density of central Paris.

A Charter city could be finance by private investors who collect fees for the services or infrastructure they provided.

If the government starts with the ownership of the land of the city, it can finance its operations by renting the land. It is as effective as a tax of 100% of the value of the land. For example Hong Kong and Singapore have used this arrang-ment extensively for private developers who build and own structures withing the city.

Hong Kong - an example of a Special Administrative Region, similar to a Charter City

The Capital of Mauritius, called Port Louis

Shenzhen City an immediate follower of Hong Kong especial administrative rules

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Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design

Canada

United States

CubaCuba

New YorkChicago

Atlanta

Miami

New Orleans

Los Angeles

San FranciscoWashington

CHARTER CITY DIAGRAM EXAMPLE

Guantanamo Bay - Potential Charter City

Canada United States Cuba

CanadianCharter forLaws and Jurisdictionsfor the GuantanamoBay Area RedevelopmentRegion

The Canadian Article Establishesthat by law, this given peaceof land from the CubanGovernment will be ruled according to Canadian Standardsgiven people working theretotality freedom to performthe speci�c jobs they will liketo accomplish.

1. In this Example Canada will Act as the GUARANTOR that ensures that the Charter will be respected and enforced for decades in the future.

The Charter will spe�cy in advance the broad rules that will apply to this area. If the government of this sector starts with the ownership of the land of the city, it can �nance its operations by renting the land for private inverstors coming in to do business.

For Example the city of Hong Kong and Singapore have used this arrangment extensively for private developers who have built structures in the city and later charge for them.

Charter from Foreign Government

Voluntary Entry of Skilled People to the Region

Vacant Piece of Land enough for city development

2. The Unites States will act as SOURCE country that will supply the people who move to the new city, becoming new citizens.

By doing this, the City Charter will become the gatewaybetween Cuba and the rest of the World, because it willbring people from other countries and people from Cuba itself to do business there. And by following the set rules and jurisdictions set by the Canadian government people living in this city will have for freedom of establishing a business compared to the rest of Cuba, setting this city as a paradise for Cubans wanting to improve their lifestyle and earning status without the necesity of leaving the country to go and work far away.

3. Cuba will act as the HOST responsible of providingthe land for development

A Charter City in the benning will need a land space of 1000 square kilometers, more less the size ofHong Kong.

The idea of providing this piece of land, is that the area where it is located its far away from a megaregion but still close enough to compete with it. The intention of the Charter City is to make a connection with the existing cities and used the already infrastructure to trade commerce throughoutthe area, creating the Charter City as an economicengine for the region.

Examples of Charter Cities Medieval to Modern World

The Idea or Theories of Charter Cities have existed in the world for a long period of time, since Medieval Ages to Colonial Eras to the Mod-ern World. All with the intention of improving the economic region of the area by applying a set of rules and guidelines that facilated com-merce throughout the region, boosting the potential for business.

The Earliest form of a Charter City was the town of Lubeck. This city was the merchant’s mecca on the lawless Baltic coast. It was a town established halfway in the 12th Century by the Germanic princeHenry the Lion. During this time, the city was sacked by Slavic Maraud-ers.

What Henry the Lion did was create a Charter a set of “most honor-able civic rights,” meaning a city with light regulation and fair laws would attract investment easily. The feudal hierarchy was set aside for an autonomous council of local burgesses that would govern Lubeck.

The Charter for Lubeck worked, and from that on the city became the leading entrepot for the budding Baltic Sea trade route, which ex-tended from London and Bruges all the way to Russia.

Hong Kong is another example of a Charter City concept. During most part of the 20th Century the economy of Hong Kong left mainland China in the dust, proving the difference that better rules can make a world of difference. By accident of history Hong Kong had its own charter, which were set laws imposed by British Colonial overseers in which the Charter became the go getters.

Hong Kong’s Charter allowed to place low taxes, minimal regulation, and legal protections for property rights and contracts. During the years of 1913 and 1980, the inflation of the city ajusted a jump more than an eightfold, making an average Hong Kong resident 10 times as rich as the average Chinese of the Main Land. During this time the Hong Kong residents were 4/5 as rich as the average Briton.

Hong Kong became a colonial experiment that humiliated China by means of a treaty signed aboard a British warship. British rule became a central factor for the success of the city in persuading capitalist to make businesses in this region.

Under the principle of “one country, two systems”, Hong Kong pos-ses the freedom that the rest of China wishes to endure. Similar to a Charter city it has independent judiciary functions under the common law framework. The basic law of Hong Kong stipulates that it should have a “high degree of autonomy” in all matters except foreign rela-tions and military defence, governs its political system.

Medieval City of Lubeck established by Henry the Lion

Location of Lubeck within European Union

Small Village of Hong Kong in the 1800s

Before the Economic Reform in main land China a the averagecitizen of Hong Kong was 10 times richer than the averagemainland Chinese. At the same time the Hong Kong Resident is 4/5as rich as a normal Briton Citizen

Hong Kong in the Modern Era

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A similar city that copy the system of Hong Kong was Schenzhen, located in the north part of neighboring Hong Kong. Schenzhen became a major city in the South of Southern China’s Guandgdong Province. It became China’s first and one of the most successful Special Economic Zone. Today it holds a sub-provincial status, with powers slightly less than a province.

Similar to the concept of Charter cities where investment and the development of Infrastructure came from foreign investors, that is exactly what happened to it.

Its modern skyscrapes and the vibrant economy were possible by rapid foreign investment since the creation of a rule or policy “re-form and opening” establishment of the SEZ in the late 1970s. This is one of the key factors related to Charter cities, where a good rule or policy can change dramastically the shape or the future of a city.

A recent example of a place with change policies is Mauritius. In the article “The Atlantic” with the title The Politically Incorrect Guide to Ending Poverty, Mauritius is mentioned as an option to improved the living conditios of the people of Madagascar.

The idea of Madagascar was to use the relationships and the closeness that it has with Mauritius to improve its economy and the development of their country where 90 percent of the people still live with less thatn $2 a day. Madagascar’s government in the begin-ing was anxious to attract foreign investment, but they understood that credibility deficit held them back.

To boost the investment in export industries, they thought of inviting the small island country of Mauritius to administer an export the processing zone on Malagasy territory. As a concept of Charter city it meant given them permission to administer and control a part of Madagascar in order to improve the economic development of its exportations.

Mauritius Capital Port Louis with a Population 147,000

Hong Kong Area Special Administrative Region within Guangdong Province Madagascar Island with Mauritius Connection

Charter CitiesRules and Networks in the Hudson Valley

RulesAmong the many concerns in Poughkeepsie and Dutchess county are visual blights, traffic congestion, crime, and diminishing job oppor-tunities. Coupled with an aging population and growing sprawl, the county urgently needs change.

Reviving industry and local economies is vital, but may require an non- traditional approach. When existing rules are difficult to change, and new rules can take many years to implement, Paul Romer’s Char-ter City strategy can be useful to look at.

While inviting a foreign government to administer an American region is an unlikely event, the charter city can be constructed under differ-ent parameters. The purpose, after all, is not just to modify or enforce what is already in place.

The purpose is to change the rule dynamics, and thus speed up the regional rate of improvement in region.

Paul Romer notes that rules are not good or bad in themselves. Rather “good rules are rules which fulfill objectives.” When the right rules are in place, they can foster innovation and creativitiy.

In the creation of a special development region, rules, and the rule making process, must be adaptible and responsive to demographic changes, but must be acutely attuned to a rapidly changing business climate and technological environment.

NetworksPaul Romer’s ideas begin with a blank area of land and plugs into a wide multinational network. In the Hudson Valley, we have to con-sider the existing local and regional networks, as we aim to graft our special region into existing network.

Poughkeepsie is situated halfway between New York City and Albany, the economic and political capitals of New York State. The existing network of industry, institutions, arts, and recreational opportunities should provide an excellent framework for an experimental develop-ment.

Rule Development ProcessUS Legislation has no time limitations

Meta-RuleSimplified process, restricted by time and organization.

Charter / Special Development Region

Subcounty / Institution

Independent government organi-zation or institutions

(ex. Sitra )

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Federal

County

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Advanced Technology

Energy Production

Heavy Industry

Culinary Institute

Vassar College

USMA West Point

OPUS 40

DIA: Beacon

Storm King Arts Center

HV National Heritage

State Parks

Private Parks

Albany - State Political Captial

New York City - State Economic Capital

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Educ

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Art

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Recr

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The Ruhr area of Germany for more than 150 years been an industrial area controlled and sustained by the iron, steel and mining industries. Their function and unsustainable use and of energy and disposal of damaging by-products had scarred the landscape by the 1970’s-80’s at which time recession and restructuring of the coal and steel industries had led many into bankruptcy causing high levels of unem-ployment, low morale and numerous “Brownfield” sites in need of restoration. The Ruhr area during this time period was one of Europe’s largest high population-density areas and the largest in Germany, with an area of 4,500 square kilometers and 5.3 million inhabitants. The region desper-ately needed attention which was received via government intervention in the form of a building exhibition assembled in attempts to revive a damaged economy and local ecol-ogy.

IBA - International Building ExhibitionThis form of exhibition has been used throughout history to display and encourage innovative building technologies and design. Most notable - the world fairs of the 19th cen-tury (London, Paris and Chicago deserve mention) showcas-ing revolutionary design and building technologies. The Weissenhof Estate- a housing estate built for exhibition in Stuttgart Germany in 1927 - an international showcase of residential architecture in the Modernist tradition featuring contributed works from Mies Van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius among other notable figures. The In-ternational Building Exhibition Berlin (IBA Berlin) - an urban renewal project in Berlin, Germany initiated in 1979 and completed in 1987 The IBA Berlin followed two distinct strategies: “careful urban renewal” and “critical reconstruc-tion.”

IBA Emscher Park comes from this, a long line in the tradi-tion of international exhibitions, but is markedly different in its regional scope and the context of rehabilitating efforts. The area targeted by IBA Emscher is 800 sq km encompass-ing 17 cities with a population of more than two million inhabitants. The theme of IBA Emscher is “Integrated Re-gional Development” (IRD) - an effort in promoting a new culture of planning, the sponsorship of identity-based proj-ects and the reclamation of former industrial landscapes. The authors of IBA took on the task of economic reconstruc-tion not by the direct force of a traditional master plan which they believed would be largely ineffective, but by single developments termed “integrated projects” struc-tured according to three programmatic themes: “The Land-scape Park” connecting former nodes of industrial activity, in turn providing a central core for new infrastructure and economic development for the region as a whole. “Ecologi-cal Regeneration” renewal of green landscapes, and more importantly -waterways and lastly “Working in the Park” creation of high quality industrial parks; conversion of old industrial structures into spaces accommodating new in-dustry culture and art.

IBA Emscher as most other IBA’s entail, held international focus groups and workshops to discuss and propose social and economic restructuring and design competitions to in-spire innovation in design and planning. In light of grim cir-cumstances facing the region - the government had gone public with its revitalization efforts, asking its citizens and professionals in the areas of urban design, architecture, engineering and ecological regenerations to shed light on viable and forward thinking regenerative solutions in a de-sign competition setting.

The specific projects included returning many brownfields to greenfields and creating parks and recreational greens-pace, surrounding 10,000 new and rehabilitated housing units of which 75 percent were prescribed social housing. Projects completed numbered 100+ including the develop-ment of a series of 22 business and technology parks. The projects have achieved lasting improvements in the living and working environment of the involved towns by up-grading the ecological and aesthetic quality of their nearby countryside. Furthermore, by reusing and preserving the impressive relics of the industrial era, the Ruhr region has been able to keep its unique identity and has branded itself as an ancient monument of industrial society infused with thoughtful and progressive design.

International Building Exhibition - Emscher ParkState of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany

(top) _The Weissenhof Estate competition of 1927 in Germany. (bottom) _Crystal Palace from London’s World Fair of 1851.(right) _The Eiffel Tower from Paris’ World Fair of 1889

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IBA Emscher - Management and Facilitation“Only when the state is involved is there are chance of attain-ing long-term development that is functional and well-de-signed. This does not exclude public-private partnerships. “

The International Building Exhibition operates as a wholly owned, limited liability subsidiary of the State North-Rhine Westphalia. IBA is an exhibition but also a supporting or-ganization for individual re-development projects. A total of 30 people were employed by the IBA Emscher Park with Professor Karl Ganser as chairman of the board. IBA’s Plan-ning Company serves as coordinator which includes a Steering Committee and a Board of Trustees. The Committee reviews projects for admission to the exhibition and the Trustees de-velop public-private partnerships to promote IBA and garner support for its initiatives. The Planning Company also plays a major role in the promotion, brainstorming, planning and presentation of the exhibitions efforts. IBA does conduct ex-tensive public outreach and marketing, although the degree of meaningful public participation varies greatly between the different projects. IBA works with local government of-ficials and community groups as a means to allow the people who live in the region the opportunity to express their own ideas and keep abreast of the urban regeneration process.

Project funding for the exhibition comes from a total of 56 state aid programs combined with economic development funds from national government. These include the estab-lished programs for urban renewal, business and housing aid, as well as funds for training schemes, the Emscher-Lippe ecology program and the action plan for coal fields. It is hoped that this combination of funding mechanisms and the interlinking of investment schemes will boost the structural policy impact. Additional funds come from private agencies. During the past years a total of EURO 2,5 billion have been invested in the region, of which about two thirds were from public funds and one third from private investment.

Using state aid, the region was encouraged to generate com-munity self-help and to improve co-operation, co-ordination and partnership between local authorities and other organi-zations.

International Building Exhibition - Emscher ParkApplicable Considerations

As cities culture and technology mutate, city planners must come to terms with and manage a profound structural transformation: from an industrial society to a globalized service- and knowledge-based society amid conditions that include a drastic demographic shift and dramatic climate changes. New city structures and urban landscapes require planning processes that are tailored to meet these challenges.

The newly revived metropolis of Emscher Park might be considered to posses longevity and innate adaptability in comparison to other more traditional cities and the sprawl that exists on their outskirts, be-cause it consists of networks. City centers which aren’t overcrowded and provide for space, light, air and a connection to nature, having still a robust industrial makeup, connected to other nodes easily ac-cessible via public transportation in which similar job opportunities and qualities of life exist. A sort of “Regional City” . This means that the ‘Ruhr metropolis’ has a chance of not exploding due to a massive urban “pile-up”. The modern concept is a decentralised one.

The Emscher region highlights fundamental questions concerned with the relationship between the city and the countryside. The ap-proach questions the historical dominance of the city over the coun-tryside and suggests that such domination may come to an end as the conventional distinctions between city and country are increasingly blurred by the greening and re-villaging of the city.

The strategy and general ethic of current local German planning is to provide livable, attractive communities that are friendly to pedestri-ans, bicyclists, and the environment. The strategy utilizes mixing of-fices, recreation, commercial shopping, and housing designed around specialized cultural centers, museums, exhibition halls, indoor and outdoor theaters, restaurants, cafes, and clubs. Safe, attractive, and walkable neighborhoods, social sustainability cultural and historic resources and accessible by public transit offer a desirable model for many American communities.

Industrial Nodes in the State of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany

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International Building Exhibition - Emscher ParkIndustrial Monuments

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Zollverian World Heritage Site

OMA Rem Kohlhaas (masterplan)

The Zollverian coal mine and coking plant was completed in 1932 and shut down in 1986. Though there had initially been an intent to demolish the complex, it was declared a historic monument due to its symbolism of the rise and fall of the coal industry. Landesentwick-lungsgesellschaft Nordrhein-Westfalen (LEG) took over the site in or-der to preserve the existing buildings.

The site was incorporated into the IBA Emscher Park project in 1989. LEG joined forces with the city of Essen and IBA to form Bauhutte Zollverein, which came up with a concept and stepped in as the re-development agency. More recently, in 2008, Stiftlung Zollverein was formed to protect the buildings, commerical use of the facility, and tourism development.

Zollverian combines industrial nature and industrial culture. For ex-ample, artist Ulrich Rückriem created a sculpture park in the industrial forest. Six entrances from other districts lead up to the path system which divides the landscape. Former rail tracks are used as both foot and bike paths.

in 1996, Foster+Partners unveiled the Essen Design Center in the old powerhouse. The exterior was returned to its original form by remov-ing additions and restoring the facade. Some of the boilers were re-tained to illustrate 1930’s technology, but the rest were taken out to accomodate galleries contained within “boxes within a box.”

In 2001, the site was included on UNESCO’s World Heritage list, and a year later Rem Koolhaas and OMA were commissioned to devise an urban development master plan. The plan calls for new informative programming to take place around the periphery of the site to pre-serve its historical integrity. The coal sky bridges were to be opened to the public, and visitors were to tour one of the former mines. OMA went on to design the regional Ruhr Museum within the coal wash-ing plant.

The Zollverein School of Management & Design by SANAA opened in 2006. The cubic structure has about the same volume that one of the mines did. The seemingly randomly placed windows actually re-spond to the program and create a different lighting experience in each room.

Zollverian attracts as man as half a million visitors per year.

Gasometer Oberhausen

Prof. Jürg Steiner, Architekt BDA Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Architektur und Design

The gasometer, completed in 1929, was originally a gas storage con-tainer for the neighboring Gutehoffnungshutte industrial site. At a height of 385 feet, it has also unintentionally served an orientation point for the city of Oberhausen. When the plant closed in 1988, locals negatively viewed the gasometer as reminder of the region’s decline.

In 1992, the city decided to turn it into an exhibition hall as part of the IBA Emscher Park project. The interior was divided into several levels, accessed via a glass elevator. A 616-step staircase to the roof was add-ed to the exterior; it is among the world’s longest industrial staircases.

The gasometer has hosted several successful exhibitions, beginning with “Fire and Flames – The History of the Ruhr Area”, which inau-gurated the tower in 1994. It was one of Germany’s most successful post-WWII historical exhibits. Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s “The Wall”, comprised of 13,000 colorful oil barrels, was shown at the IBA Finale in 1999. Today, “Licht Himmel” by artist Christina Kubisch is on perma-nent display.

The space is also used for concerts, theatre, and trade fairs. This com-plements the shopping and leisure program that occupies the former site of the Gutehoffnungshutte, which is now known as the “Neue Mitte Oberhausen”.

International Building Exhibition - Emscher ParkIndustrial Monuments

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Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord

LATZ + Partner (landscape); Peter A. Poelzig, Pahl + Weber-Pahl, Bahr und Spitzenboom, Baucoop Arthur Mandler, Düster & von Büttner, Günter Lipkowsky (architecture)

It was the city of Duisburg that suggested the abandoned Thyssen blast furnace plant be selected for the IBA Emscher Park project in 1989. Built in 1903 and used to manufacture iron for 82 years, it was not demolished after closing due to public protest. The complex was purchased with the state of North Rhine-Westphalia’s property fund. Teams of landscape architects were invited to the site to brainstorm.

Many of the buildings were kept, including the blast furnace plant as well as ladder tracks and infrastructure. The site is now a mixture of designed and wild areas. Sports facilities and playgrounds liven up the old industrial structures. The gasometer was filled with water for the purpose of diving. The blast furnace is utilized as an open-air theatre/opera/film stage, as are the former gas turbine and machine halls.

British engineer Jonathan Park has been creating art out of the com-plex every night since 1996 with his lighting installation. Different colors and specific types of LED lamp highlight components of the buildings. The lighting can also be customized to suit events.

Since IBA concluded in 1999, an administration building has been converted into a youth hostel, and the site’s rail station has been re-comissioned to serve as a transition point for tourists arriving by train. The park is open for twenty-four hours daily, and attracts 700,000 visitors per year.

MechtenbergBochum, Essen, Gelsenkirchen

The Emscher Landscape Park

Gehölzgarten RipshorstOberhausen

Landschaftspark Duisburg-NordDuisburg

Phase 1 (1969 - 1979)By the end of the 1960s began the slow retreat of the mining in-dustry. The individual mine closures have left not only structural gaps. With the loss of local employers also increased the number of unemployed.The mining areas have been left fallow mostly remained in the possession of RAG Aktiengesellschaft. The sale of this land was very hesitant. Are no longer needed or marketable land was sold mostly to the various municipalities. They settled in a timely follow-on business parks, which the pressing problem of unem-ployment could not resolve naturally. In this phase, we did not think of an economic, sustainable use, yet it took into account environmental considerations in the preparation work and new use.

Phase 2 (1980 - 1986/87)In 1979 established the Land Fund should watch as Instrument for Structural Policies of the coordinated development of the Ruhr give a new impetus.The purchase of land itself was and is handled by a subsidiary of NRW, the State Development Corporation of North Rhine-Westphalia (LEG). In the following years, LEG laid for the state of NRW a significant “floor stock” at. During the preparation of the surfaces “was followed a linear approach: rehabilitation, development plan, marketing or search for investors” (Schmidt 2002, p. 93). This procedure was lengthy and involves consider-able financial outlay. The suspected contaminated surfaces soon turned out, both financially and ecologically as unmanageable. The complex problem led to previous funds reach the limits of their capabilities. New methods and approaches therefore had to be found.

Phase 3 (since 1986/87)Until the late 1970s, urban growth meant the city into the countryside. The various basic functions (living, working, recreation, utilities) were separated spatially: residential, commercial, educational center, shopping center, etc. As a further space consumption is unsustainable, additional land requirements are possible only in the interior can be integrated (in the populated area). Alternatively, can be rehabilitated vacant land (brownfield sites) in return for space consumption. then shifted the emphasis on promoting the development and rehabilitation of soil inventories. Experience quickly showed that the clean-up, a lengthy and expensive business. To speed up the process, paid to the LEG in 1987 with greatly expanded powers, so that planning, development and marketing are located entirely in one hand. Institutionally, stand two tendencies in the eye: The outsourcing of business support from the administration, the es-tablishment of regional development agencies and the “privatization” of economic development, ie the conversion to private sector organizations. a temporary peak in the planning of and management practices has been achieved at the end of the 1980s. As part of the International Building Exhibition (IBA) Emscherpark in the ten years between 1989 and 1999 on 100 projects partly realized, partly under way have been, transformed the area into recreational areas, residential areas, industrial parks and monu-ments.In addition to an emphasis on the close linkage of the Ruhr region withits montane past and the aesthetics of buildings and equipment from that

time, the ecological aspect and sustainable development of the area was more heavily weighted. The IBA was such a middle course strives to enhance the preservation and integration of the history of the self-confi-dence of the region and its residents while bringing innovative planning methods with an image change and the problems of structural change strengthened to address.

Phase 4 - Sustainable land and urban development?The district and its population threatened marginalization. On the other hand, precisely, these brownfields a “chance of a cen-tury of urban renewal.” This applies to the district as well - in the sum of these areas - for the whole city. In most cases these areas are surrounded by densely built, not very valuable rare urban district. The (re-) utilization (conversion or land recycling) of such areas is an es-sential component of the so-called “inner development”. They met initially been a key demand of sustainability , by resources, ie in this area is gently instead of urban sprawl in the suburban area-consuming space on the redevelopment and enhance-ment of intra-or peri-urban areas. But that alone is not enough: more content elements of the concept of sustainability must be considered .For the concerns of sustainable brownfield recycling appear approaches and definitions of sustainability but insufficient (Butzin / Franz / Kogelheide 2003): The three classical dimen-sions of ecology, economics and the social need to order in the Brundtland Report dominant temporal (long term) dimension be supplemented.But more than this is for urban concerns the spa-tial - here the regional - vital dimension: the trade-offs between the three interest-spheres are often not at a single location or in a single project to solve but require negotiable compensation areas: where economic concerns (eg, jobs, industrial areas, technol-ogy centers, etc.) top priority, are there ecological requirements are difficult to enforce otherwise than on a minimal denomina-tor. This could be useful to negotiate compensatory ecological functions at other locations (urban) region and guarantee. But how can such a multi-site and longer-term compromise in time become applicable? This can only be a long term and regionally binding control function to be responsible. It makes the core of the institutional dimension. Moreover, such an institution also has the task of a neutral mediation, such as the shareholding structure and the communication process more professional. Without a doubt, the program of IBA Emscherpark key aspects of sustainability, introduced and implemented. Recall the projects Emscher renaturation (see “Nature and the City”), (“Building Women”) of municipal modernization, taking account of the rain water seepage on participatory approaches in housing construc-tion and the use of alternative energy sources (Academy Mont Cenis in Herne , Science Rheinelbe in Gelsenkirchen (see topic “Housing and Construction”). The view of the reality of land con-version in the Ruhr area of sustainability aspects, a series of more or less successful projects. They do, however, usually only single aspects of the sustainability concept.

International Building Exhibition - Emscher ParkProject Phases

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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Regional open space system Ruhr (RFR)

The preservation or creation of open space receives not least as an element of

so-called soft location factors become increasingly important. The basic free-space

policy instrument of RVR (until 1979: SVR ), which acts as a public a�airs at all about

local signi�cant open spaces in the Ruhr area, since the middle the 1980s, the

regional open space system Ruhr. It can be designated to open space development

as a model (Black-Rodrian 1988). This regional open space system is characterized by

four components:

Regional green space in urban core

Regional landscape areas outside the urban core

Regional river landscapes - nation-wide ecological network

Networking elements in the metropolitan area

The central element of this open space system is the Emscher landscape park, which

emphasizes a new east-west greenbelt the increasing importance of security

clearance as part of structural change. The RVR has developed four thematic maps,

used to describe the space functions:

Open areas of importance for habitat and species / habitat network

Recreation

Synthetic air-function card Ruhr

Soil conservation in the Ruhr

1‘ Industrially shaped landscape parks’ embody large-scale parks on

industrial waste ground

2‘ Municipal parks shaped by the post-industrial cultural landscape’ are

smaller parks which were realised in association with new residential

districts and industrial parks

3‘ Parks shaped by the pre-industrial cultural landscape’ are the remains of

predominantly agriculturally shaped cultural landscapes, the agricultural or

forestry utilisation of which will continue in a di�erent form as a park

4‘ Wild industrial woodland’ means natural woodland development on

industrial wasteland

5‘ Slag heaps and land�lls’ were prepared for free space use and in part

transformed into landmarks from an artistic point of view.

• A: Oberhausen, Mühlheim, Duisburg

• B: Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mühlheim

• C: Gladbeck, Bottrop, Essen, Gelsenkirchen

• D: Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Herten, Recklinghausen, Bochum

• E: Rechklinghausen, Bochum, Herne, Castrop-Rauxel

• F: Waltrop, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund

• G: Lünen, Bergkamen, Kamen, Kreis Unna, Dortmund

A B C D E F G

Development Area "New Emschertal"

Emscher landscape park in the "New Emschertal"Emscher park auBerhalb the "New Emschertals"Rivers / canal

Multiplex cinema /3d

Stadium

Adventure

Park

Winter sports hall

Revierpark

Adventure Aquarium

Amusement Park

Other leisure activities

Leisure Lake

Zoo

Museum

Theaher

At the beginning of the IBA 1989, the Ruhr area presented itself as an overdeveloped urban landscape, a functional area for industry and not as a growing urban cityscape. Rich in open areas and waste ground, yet dissected by motorways, highways, railway lines, water-courses, power lines and wastewater drains. Many sites were contami-nated by pollution inherited from former industries and dumps. The concept of the Emscher Landscape Park began with this reality, at the same time tying in the idea of a contiguous regional landscape park, formulated by Robert Schmidt as director of the Ruhrkohlebezirk [Ruhr coal district] in 1912.

The integration of clearly useless space, the overcoming of barriers to facilitate the redefinition and appreciation of landscapes in the Ruhr area are aims. The linking of previously isolated landscapes, the quali-fication of individual areas and projects are aims.Rich in open areas and waste ground, yet dissected by motorways, highways, railway lines, watercourses, power lines and wastewater drains. Many sites were contaminated by pollution inherited from former industries and dumps. The concept of the Emscher Landscape Park began with this reality, at the same time tying in the idea of a contiguous regional landscape park, formulated by Robert Schmidt as director of the Ruhrkohlebezirk [Ruhr coal district] in 1912.

The development of new parks on old sites, the transformation of for-mer industrial railway lines into cycleways and hiking trails and the integration of the many individual projects into a contiguous regional park along the Emscher. Based on the Emscher Landscape Park feasibility study (1990), the implementation of the landscape park took place on three distinct levels:

An overall master plan for the Emscher Landscape Park as a whole, seven framework plans for seven regional green corridors and many local individual projects. Until 1992, the Emscher Landscape Park master plan was compiled and determined as the overall conception for the landscape park by the Kommunalverband Ruhr, today the Re-gionalverband Ruhr [Ruhr Regional Association] (RVR).

IBA Emscher Park pro-

IBA Emscher ParkOriginal Industrial area

Soil conservation preservation Ruhrgebiet-Flat

Soil conservation in Ruhrgebiet

Recreation areas Charged SurfacesWater BottlesDegradation Flat

Map of the wastewater treatment

Large extent natural sandy places (> 10 ha)Unique ecological soil (> 10 ha)








four components:










Recreation






















A B C D E F G




Stadium

Adventure

Park

Winter sports hall

Revierpark

Adventure Aquarium

Amusement Park


Leisure Lake

Zoo

Museum

Theaher








four components:










Recreation






















A B C D E F G




Stadium

Adventure

Park

Winter sports hall

Revierpark

Adventure Aquarium

Amusement Park


Leisure Lake

Zoo

Museum

Theaher

Amusement Leisure LakeZooRiver Park

Park

Network of industrial culture

gram

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

The process of integration into an interconnected system, needs to continue. Moreover, the persistence of existing regional disparities, the east-west green corridors need to be balanced. Especially in the planning of infrastructure routes are preferred running in the north-south open space belt. In 1989 presented by the KVR developed fea-sibility study represents the start of the project on the basis of built in spring 1990, further planning of the landscape park. It was character-ized by three concurrent items:

1 Development of the regional master plan 2 Planning framework for the six regional green belts 3 Local planning and organizer of competitions.

Strategic guideline of this approach was to establish itself on the so-called decentralized stepping stones, a reticulated system, both de-veloped ecological potential (eg water courses, parks, dumps, land-fills) and industrial heritage objects, protects and where possible together connects. At the same time, the recreational quality improved. Local and region-al projects were coordinated and general quality objectives defined. Themes, requirements and ideas were developed for the landscape park. The framework plans for the seven regional green corridors (A to G) were prepared in parallel. They were created for a clear time period.For each green corridor, key local projects were described which, es-sentially, can be categorised as one of five types:

1‘ Industrially shaped landscape parks’ embody large-scale parks on industrial waste ground 2‘ Municipal parks shaped by the post-industrial cultural landscape’ are smaller parks which were realised in association with new residen-tial districts and industrial parks 3‘ Parks shaped by the pre-industrial cultural landscape’ are the re-mains of predominantly agriculturally shaped cultural landscapes, the agricultural or forestry utilisation of which will continue in a different form as a park 4‘ Wild industrial woodland’ means natural woodland develope on industrial wasteland 5‘ Slag heaps and landfills’ were prepared for free space use and parts were transformed into landmarks from an artistic point of view.








four components:










Recreation






















A B C D E F G

AB CD EF G

The national ecological network Natura 2000 WorldsThe regional ecological networkBiotopes of the Municipal

IBA Emscher Park Project

Development Area “New Emschertal”Emscher landscape park in the “New Emschertal”Emscher park auBerhalb the “New Emschertals”Rivers / canal

• A: Oberhausen, Mühlheim, Duisburg• B: Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mühlheim• C: Gladbeck, Bottrop, Essen, Gelsenkirchen• D: Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Herten, Recklinghausen, Bochum• E: Rechklinghausen, Bochum, Herne, Castrop-Rauxel• F: Waltrop, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund• G: Lünen, Bergkamen, Kamen, Kreis Unna, Dortmund

KVR-ForestForest areaFree area

Municipal poolWatersOriginal industrial area








four components:










Recreation






















A B C D E F G

ark Projects

International Building Exhibition - Emscher ParkSystems Integration

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Regional open space system Ruhr (RFR)The preservation or creation of open space receives not least as an element of so-called soft location factors become increasingly important. The basic free-space policy instrument of RVR (until 1979: SVR ), which acts as a public affairs at all about local significant open spaces in the Ruhr area, since the middle the 1980s, the regional open space system Ruhr. It can be designated to open space devel-opment as a model (Black-Rodrian 1988). This regional open space system is characterized by four components:

1. Regional green space in urban core2. Regional landscape areas outside the urban core3. Regional river landscapes - nation-wide ecological network4. Networking elements in the metropolitan area

The central element of this open space system is the Emscher landscape park, which emphasizes a new east-west greenbelt the increasing importance of security clearance as part of structural change. The RVR has developed four thematic maps, used to de-scribe the space functions:

1.Open areas of importance for habitat and species / habitat networkRecreation2. Synthetic air-function card Ruhr3. Soil conservation in the Ruhr

The first interim report to the Master Plan 2010 has Emscher park from 38 individual projects in five sub-regions, with the establish-ment of the east-west green corridor is the main focus. “The hardest piece of structural change is here, often even before” (Cuppers et al 2002b, p. viii).. For the five sub-regions - Delta - Average Emschertal, - Eastern Emschertal, - Eastern Channel Band and New Seseke - each with its own, but interconnected development concepts have been developed. This is a “completely new relationship with the Emscher” are created, “arise, integrated urban and landscaping

Deepening: Topic map for soil protection in the RuhrWith the topic map “soil conservation in the Ruhr area” is the ground - will enable a stronger focus and attention in planning processes - as a carrier of all Feiraumfunktionen. As a regional map, it contains mea-sures in addition to the formulation of the claim area for soil protec-tion, a kind of basis for prevention strategies. In addition, information about the qualities of the soil and damage are collected and shown in this map.

Deepening: Topic map for open areas with important habitat and species / habitat network

GREEN AREAS STUDY

Master Plan of the Emscher landscape park connections to the outside and to inside

Master Plan of the Emscher landscape parks -five sub-regions for the east-west green corridor

Transition theory diagram indicates three scales of change

The niche scale is an allegory to incubator invironment for businesses, scientific de-velopment, social enterprenuership, new design products e.t.c. Once an idea grows and gathers momentum it transcends to the meso level, where ideas/products/ser-vices reach broader autidory. The macro level is that of legislation and governance , the common landscape accepted by society. The separation between levels is rath-er fluid than static, ideas move from one scale to another in a non-linear fashion.

Transition, Systems and Complexity Theory Studies

macro level(landscape)

meso level(regime)

micro level(niche or protected space)

The theory of transitional transformation approach to man-agement is much inspired by mollecular research in biol-ogy. Scientists were observing how living cell structures re-organize themselves in response to internal viruses or environmental factors. In times such re-organization is radi-cal and result in a significantly different structural forma-tion than the origin.

Understanding society as a biological organism assums subtle rapid changes that happen over years or radical changes that occur over a period of just a few months. For example, a political revolt is a radical measure of societal self re-organization. An example of much slower smoother transition is the adoptation of sustainable practices such as LEED system in the US.

Changes in systemic re-organization are direct or indirect repsonse to persistent wicked problems. At the turn of the 21st century, this term is reffering to problems that affect all inhabitant of planet Earth such as: energy crisis with anthropogenic climate change as mani-festation, water problem illustrated by floods and periods of drought; mobility problem symptomized by traffic con-gestion and air pollution, financial instability problems with debt crisis, gap in education between metropolitan and ru-ral areas, food reserve.As long as wicked problems exist the system will be imbal-lanced and in constant re-organization. Transition man-agement approach suggests a multi-level concept for radi-cal and structural (irreversible) changes in an adaptive and gradual level.

Transition Theory is a management concept that assumes complexity and uncertainty and is also known as co-evolu-tionary: adjust, adapt and influence.

Complexity Theory is the notion that human organiza-tions, be it the stock market or the city, are comprised or small cells that form larger clusters that form the landscape (see diagram to the right). This approach seeks to explain how such complexity can be used to improve productivity and achieve complex goals. The theory is addressing rapid self organization, uncertain-ty and risk (associated with growth or self- reorganization)

The assumption is that there is not necessarily full control and management of these problems, but rather the or-ganization allows a systemic change that will resolve the

problems on the long run. Complexity theory in combina-tion with Transition Theory offeres a methodology for deep tissue change in politics, finance and society.

In the past decade Systemic Approach has gained large support from goverment agencies and business corpo-rations in Europe and US. Some industries have began adopting this as common practice.

In the construction industry the method inspired the development of Integrated Project Delivery. This process requires key decision-makers representing the client, de-sign, engineering, construction, operations seating in one room from the early project phases. Architects, Engineers and Construction companies can form contractual alliances to provide a cohesive service to private and governmetnal clients. Such workflow allows for cross-disciplinary deci-sions and transparent project management. Many conflicts or problems can be resolved with increased communica-tion on the drawing board level. The business incentive for such projects is that they can be done faster and with less errors during construction, shorty: time and money.

A fascet of Transition Theory has been succesfully applied on Urban Planning processes and governance

10-15 actors 1. consider complex problems at a high level of abstraction2. to look beyond the limits of their own discipline and back-ground3. to enjoy certain level of authority within various networks4. to establish and explain visions of sustainable develop-ment within their own networks5. to be able to think together6. to be open to innovation instead of already having spe-cific solutions in mind

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Transition Management Cycle

Complex Systems Model showing a spatial overlay of (S), (M), (L) components

Complexity Characteristics

Emergenece

Variation

Selection

Innovation from nuclei

Co-evolution

Feedback

Self-Organization

Attractors

Analogous Social Mechanisms

Niches and niche-regimes

Diferentiation

Power, Institutions, Market

Innovation Net-works

Structure and Agency

Reflexivity

Networks

Utopian Perspectives

New Governance Char-acteristics

Adaptive Governance

Keeping Options Open

Learning-by-doing and doing-by-learning

Focus on Forerunners

Integral: Multi-Domain and Multilevel

Reflexive Governance

Multi-actor Gover-nance

Long Term evnvision-ing

Linking complexity characteristics to new gevernance concepts and analogous social machanisms

According to Transition Theory govermental institutions can learn from Social Mechanisms to become more responsive and effiecient. .By allowing governance to be more transpar-ent, flexible, resilient, responsive, adoptive to change- great-er efficiency and satisfaction can be reached. The organiza-tion recognizes it’s complex structure and non-linear growth. Desicion and policy making are transparent processes that all players understand. Strategies for internal growth and future development have long-term and short term dead-lines.

Complexity Characteristics

Emergenece

Variation

Selection

Innovation from nuclei

Co-evolution

Feedback

Self-Organization

Attractors

Management Prin-ciples of TM

Creating spaces for niches (arenas, new coalitions)

Keeping Options Open

Learning-by-doing and doing-by-learning

Focus on Forerun-ners

Multi-Domain and Multilevel approach

Reflexive Gover-nance

Multi-actor Gover-nance

Multi-temproal Ap-proach

Systemic Instruments for TM

Transition Arena and Transition Pathways

Transition Experiments

Transition Agenad/ Goals

Deepening, Broaden-ing and scaling up

Complex Systems Analysis

Monitoring and Evalu-ation

Transtiion Coalition and Networks

Sustainabiliy Visions/Images

Systemic instruments used for transition management

Such management approach can be adopted by an organization of any size: world-wide business corporation, goverment agency, non-profit organization. The added value of such management systems is that the sense of involvment that participants experi-ence. On the bigger level, organizations are encouraged to form stra-tegic alliances with similar or different organizations to achieve goals, provide service or reach new markets and stimulate change.

social system

niches (micro)

patchwork of regims (meso)

problem structuring, establishment of the

transitionarena and envisioning

mobilizing actors and execut-ing projects and experiments

evaluating, monitoring

and learning

developing coalitions and

transition agendas

Rotterdam 2042Doepel Strijkers Architects (DSA) in collaboration with Dutch Research Institute for Transitions (DRIFT

In 2042 Rotterdam is a busting metropolis in which sustain-able streams flow likw blue-green threads through the port and the city. It is a true Port City (instead of a city with a port) The port and the city are connected by streams: both physi-cal and virtual. Physical streams such as energy materials, goods, water and people. Virtual streams of expertiese, information and mon-ey are continually flowing and fostering exchange. Rotterdam Master Plan is phased from 2010 through 2042, with significant milestones worked into the management plan. Key concept in achievng transition into sustainable city system is to plan change in all city levels: urban plan-ning, buildings design, agricualture, waste management, financy, governance, economy and trade. This is systemic thinking at best, suggesting processes on various levels of city management- from social activism and volunteering opportunities to municipal restracturing and transporta-tion regulations.

The overall vision is based on a range of scientific research, insights and ideas, presented by leading authorities in the field of sustainability and innovation as well as local exper-tise and experience. The project was dveloped by Dutch Re-search Institute for Transitions (DRIFT) in collaboration with DSA architects.

The residual stream emitted by the one, form input streams for the other: idustrial residual heat warms city builiding, biomass from the Westland greenhouse area and flax and hemp from the Hoekse Waard are used on a large scale as raw materials for industrial production in the port and for insulating buildings in the city. Streams of raw materials and goods traverse the Rotterdam and The Hague metropolitanregion and provide economical, ecological and socialadded value. Regional sustainable food chains generateemployment, restore the relationship between peopleand their food and contribute to the improvement of thegeneral health. Water is retained in the city and filtered,and also used to transport the streams of raw materialsand waste products back to the port.

Over the past decennia natural ecology has penetratedthe city of Rotterdam. Roofs have been made green,many buildings have chameleon facades that generateenergy and purify the air and urban farming is now anintegral part of the townscape. Green is intertwined withblue: blue roofs (roofs with solar panels), blue plains (water

plazas), floating districts and construction along thebanks of the river Maas and its harbours. The increaseddensity of the inner city has transformed the centre intoa vibrant heart of the city where it is a pleasure to live.The number of inhabitants has doubled while at the sametime the effects on the environment have halved. Theinner city has become an area with high spatial qualitywhere residents, businesses and tourists can stay,encounter each other and enjoy themselves8. Joint initia-tives set up by individuals have led to the development ofurban farming, pleasant public parks and facilities for thegeneration of sustainable energy in public areas.

Rotterdam 2042, Aerial view from a plane

Rotterdam 2042, Aerial view at port that was readapted for agriculture

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Sustainable City diagrams of current and future scenarios

City Metabolism diagrams of liner vs complex systems

Diagrams of liner vs. circular economy systems for sustainable approach towards Rotterdam 2042

City Administration

Schools, collages, universities and expertise centers Schools, collages, universities and expertise centers

Motorists, transporters, (public) companies and logistic services

Housing corporations, investors and developers

Shopkeepers, associateions and institutions

Port, Industry and Large Business

Residents of Rotterdam

Categories of planned action and changes for Rotterdam 2042. Excert from Rotterdam Climate Initiative Appendix 2

Urban Diagram- Continuous exchange or resources

Future development, Rotterdam 2042

External, slow-growth (stable) corporation

Community with shrinking economy

Economy grown from within by high growth-rate “gazelles”

External, slow-growth (stable) corporation

Community with shrinking economy

Economy grown from within by high growth-rate “gazelles”

In 1987, the City of Littleton, Colorado pioneered an entre-preneurial alternative to the traditional economic develop-ment practice of recruiting industries. This demonstration program, developed in conjunction with the Center for the New West and under the supervision of Chris Gibbons, was called “economic gardening.”

The Risk of Economic HuntingIf an outlying area was successful at attracting new indus-try, it seemed to be a certain type of business activity: the branch plant of industries that competed primarily on low price and thus needed low cost factors of production. Ru-ral towns with cheap land, free buildings, tax abatements, and especially low wage labor would “win” these relocat-ing businesses. Our experience indicated that these types of expansions stayed around as long as costs stayed low. If the standard of living started to rise, the company pulled up stakes and headed for locations where the costs were even lower, often Third World countries.

InnovationWhat we did notice in fast growing companies was a high correlation between growth and innovation. New products and processes seemed to be their lifeblood. At about the same time, we discovered works by economists Paul Romer, Paul Krugman, Brian Arthur, Annalee Saxenian and others that seemed to reinforce this point. It’s really ideas that drive companies and economies.

TemperamentThe Center for Application of Psychological Type found strong correlation between the fast growing companies and two CEO temperament types: in Myers-Briggs termi-nology, these were the Sensing-Thinking-Judging (STJ) and, even more important, the Intuitive-Thinking- Judging (NTJ).

The two temperaments represented about twenty-five percent of the total population but accounted for approxi-mately seventy-five percent of the leadership in a study of the Inc. 500 fastest growing companies.

Economic Hunting

Economic Gardening

Economic GardeningProgram Introduction

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Edge of Chaos as continuum

ChaosInnovation

Complexity +-

StabilityFrozen

Mechanical versus BiologicalBusiness managers and economists tend to speak of organizations and economies were machines (rev up the economy, steer the or-ganization) and not living, biological things. Revving up a rainforest or steering a wolf would sound ridiculous but well educated people continue to talk about organizations and economies as if they were mechanical in nature. It took Nobel Laureate scientists to show us that unpredictability in companies and economies is a deep law of living things. The emerging science was called “Complex Adaptive Systems” or “Complexity” as we came to know it.

Self-organizationThere is a related principle in complexity science called self organiza-tion. Scientists now know that nature runs large scale operations and it does it rather well but without anyone in control. There is no CEO in the ant den and there is no president of the board issuing instructions in bee hives. No squadron leader barks flight orders to a flock of geese. Ants and bees and geese operate on simple, local sets of instructions with short feedback loops and out of this order emerges. The work of the ant den and the bee hive gets done with no one in control. The flock of geese maintains its shape, identity and function with no one in charge.

Edge of ChaosThis term describes the fine line between stability and chaos where innovation and survival are most likely to take place. As a way to think about these regimes, consider what form H2O takes in each. In the frozen regime, it would be ice. In the stable regime, it would be water. In the chaotic regime, it would be steam.

Organizations and economies also operate in these three regimes. In the frozen regime, no information gets transferred and no activity takes place, so it isimpossible to adapt. In the chaotic regime, information and change takes place so fast that nothing is stable enough to retain its identity. In the stable regime, there is a regular rhythm of activity in which iden-tity is retained but adaptation to changing conditions is slow. While humans may favor stability, nature favors the line between stability and chaos (edge of chaos) because it is here that constant adaptation goes on which allows an organism to survive over the long run.

TheoryThe sustainable performance of cities or nations is strongly related to the development of firms, trade and capital flows -- and specifi-cally their related degree of network connectivity.

The research argues for an improved understanding of the rela-tional structures of corporate power excercised by cities and na-tions upon others.

TenantsThere is a strong coherence between urban development levels (place) and their share of global corporate investment (network).

The model focuses on forign direct investment (one firm invests in another firm and gains some control).

Foreign investment cia inter-urban competition will generate more development than industrialization. This leads to Entrepre-neurial Cities where the city is both a structure and agent. These cities develop new structures for producing, serving, working and living.

HypothesisThe total corproate connectivity of cities, nations or regions will reflect their overlal level of development

The relational alliances, strengths directions between nodes will reveal the corporate government structure -- giving insight into power relations.

Application To Architecture And PlanningArchinomics emphasizies adaptive planning -- going beyond lo-cal decisions to consider the changing needs and connectivity of space.

New designs much account for progression of needs, not mere housing of similar values. This must be aparent in both large- and small-scale developments, realizing that socio-economics of the user, and how the predominant industry effects the work and transoportant of the city.

The emphasis of a city being part of a network changes the way transportation and organization is considered, gicing new mean-ing to the mall, office park, and other conglomerations of program.

ARCHINOMICSA Theory by Ronald Wall

Sustainable CitiesTo call a city susatinable requires a mutlitide of factors. Climate control, climate neutral and zero carbon are terms often associat-ed but the term goes beyond to include investment, civic engage-ment, and national and international coordination. Sustainable cities are those in constant motion, incorporating new, cleaner technologies and engaging industry and socio-economics to as-sure that the city remains cutting-edge and a viable competitor as markets and society evolves.

Ronald Wall, TheoreticianRonald Wall developed the Archinomics theory in 2009 as a doc-toral student in Economic Geography at Erasmus University. Orig-inally trained as an architect, Wall began his career as an urban planner for OMA and MVRDV where his work focused on interna-tional urban development projects. He is a recipient of the Rotter-dam Design Prize and International Design Award.

His continuing work includes a world city network study for The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and the Dubai Urban Planning Council. He is a senior member of the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies in The Netherlands.

InvestorsSeek long-term commitmentsTarget social and environmental benefitsCome from mission-driven institutionsDearch for catalytic opportunities

FundsTaregt specific sectors and locationsMeet social and environmental onligationsDevelop new productsAggreate capitalDevelop sustainability

CitiesCreate common goalsBuild platform for investable strategiesDevelop oplicy for investmentsLeverage power to catalyze markets

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Headquarters

Subsidiary

City

Scarcity

Local

Regional

Global

Complexity

Sustainability

Urbanization (space)

Environmental Innovation

Governance Forces

Infrastructural Innovation

Market Forces

Economic Innovation

Social Innovation

Globalization(Society)

Planning andDesign

Spatio-EconomicPrograms

Interscaler CorporateConnectivity

Sustainability

Multinational Power and the CityMultinational companies are richer than most world nations. In 2004, Gen-eral Motors had the larger Gross National Product (GDP) than 148 of the 192 countries of the world. In 2005, Wal-Mart had a higher revenue than all of sub-Saharan Africa.

The top one hundred multinationals and their subsidiaries generate two thirds of the world’s GDP.

Multinational power strongly determines urban development. Knowing a city’s position and relation within multinational networks can determine fu-ture development.

An investment by a multinational firm can mean large changes for an urban area with enw investments in infrastructure and jobs, bringing people and technology. However, a multinational is by design a corproation with its own identity and agenda. In studying foreign direct investment, it is important to understand the goals of corporations in buying certain smaller companies and the cities they are housed in.

Local investment by multinationals will undoubtably incorporate goals of the multinational in strengthening its businesses and its own revenue potential. The same goes for the community involvement and philanthropy in which the company participates. These investments must be studied thoroughly to understand their implications and how these important decisions will shape a city in certain, intentional directions.

Transition to Design ConceptArchinomics is based on foreign direct investment and the effect of big busi-ness on the growth of an area. The theory is primarily geared towards long-term development and power dynamics, but should also be considered in the planning phases when discussing prominant industries in and around Pugh-keepsie to better understand how the industy would fare in light of interna-tional competition. It is imperative that our district include diverse businesses and industries to assure that jobs remain stable and the city grows.

CitiesCreate common goalsBuild platform for investable strategiesDevelop oplicy for investmentsLeverage power to catalyze markets

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