precedent studies (m/l)

BETA

VER

SIO

N

U

LES TERRASSESIvry-sur-Seine, France (1980)

LOW2NO COMPETITIONUrban District Helsinki, Finland (2011)

MISS SARGFABRIKVIenna, Germany (2000)

Johnson ZacharySu Mike (Hsing Chung)Sanchez Josue

Autore JeffO. Strom ChristianMasha Pekurovsky

Aiyappa AnjaliMendiolea Joselia

/PRECEDENT STUDIES/ DISTRICT (M/L) SCALE

Strategy design.

Indicator design.

Low2No is a carbon-conscious urban development in the Jätkäsaari neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland. The centrally-located site previously served as Helsinki’s main port and drew industrial traffic to the heart of the city. Once these functions were relocated to the new Vuosaari Harbor at the city’s eastern edge, six large logistical spaces—includ-ing Jätkäsaari—became available for redevelopment. This presented a rare opportunity to reconsider Helsinki’s urban structures and systems.

In 2009, five teams of architectural and engineering firms were selected to propose ideas for this new development. The competition was facilitated by SITRA, a public agency concerned with energy and sustainability in Finland. Also known as the Finnish Innovation Fund, SITRA is in charge of several projects that aim to bridge the gap among envi-ronment, economy and society. The agency addresses this goal through departments dedicated to energy, mechani-cal industry, municipal programs, public leadership/man-agement, and public synergy programs.

SITRA’s Energy Program built the competition around their existing objective to reduce Finland’s energy consump-tion and emissions. Low2No is geared toward changing individual and collective behavior to serve this objective. SITRA believes that sustainability-based economic growth will eventually transform patterns of consumption and daily routines. Their “Finnish Vitality Program” is notable for its attempt to generate enthusiasm for a bio-based economy that will ultimately function as a social model.

Submissions Requirements _ A design that combines strategy and approach _ An indicator of sustainability with quantifiable feedback

loops to evaluate set goals against current performance _ A vision that will inspire stakeholders to overcome the

challenges of systemic change

Low2No Long Term Goals _ Implement an innovative and sustainable urban develop

ment solution in Helsinki _ Develop a framework applicable to other contexts _ Develop a metric of indicators to evaluate performance _ Spur innovation in the field of energy efficiency and sus-

tainable development _ Inspire and support startup initiatives _ Foster leadership among population for social entrepre-

neurship projects _ Attract a young and educated population

Studies in this chapter cover three Low2No entries:c_life by Sauerbruch Hutton & ARUPRebuilding 2.0 by REXReciproCity by BIG

C_life, Sauerbruch Hutton’s winning collaboration with ARUP, stands out for its long term vision and short term strategies that respond to Finland’s desire for a modern in-formation economy with office and commercial space, resi-dences, and infrastructure. C_life proposes an aggressive strategy to achieve an overall negative carbon emissions value for the development. The redesigned Jätkäsaari site will use energy produced on-site via solar and geothermal technologies as well as wind farms located outside Helsinki.

C_life also includes strategies for how efficiency, sustain-able systems, and mobility can be layered into the city at the scale of a critical mass in order to spur change and improve the lives of its citizens. Other competition entrants will con-tinue to be involved in various parts of the district through the life of the project. SITRA’s vision is that this will stimulate financial development and disseminate the know-how gen-erated by the competition to the community.

SITRA believes that in addition to cutting emissions, en-ergy efficiency enhances the competitive edge and creates new business opportunities. Manufacturing, distribution, construction, renovation and land-use planning need sus-tainable energy solutions. For this reason, SITRA is ready to invest in companies that promote the intelligent use of energy.

Reflecting its own commitment to transparency and change, SITRA has commissioned an independent review study for the course of the 2009-2011 competition. This will provide feedback on the agency’s performance and inter-action with design practices.

Low2No . HelsinkiProgram Introduction

City of Helsinki

c_lifeREX BIG

“Growing well-being and new business through diminishing energy use of individuals and communities.”

SITRA Energy Program

built enviornment people business

ports relocated to eastern Helsinki at Vuosaari

WSP

collaboration on future projects

stage 01

stage 02

SITRA++

BLOCK XXXXX

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N

Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design

BIG Architects and ARUP’s proposal for low-carbon devel-opment showcases current work flows in climate oriented design. The proposition combines passive and active so-lar methodologies to produce an architecture that is well-adapted to Finland’s climate.

Quantifiable performance is designed to exceed certain as-pects of existing sustainable accreditation systems such as LEED (US), BREAM (UK), Green Star (Australia), DGNB (Ger-many), CASBEE (Japan) and GB Tool (international). Report-ing systems of resource consumption are integrated into the design. Feedback loops for heating, cooling, electricity, water, waste, and air quality provide instant feedback to determine carbon footprints. A life-cycle of 50 years is simu-lated to indicate long-term reductions in carbon emissions.

ReciproCity’s strategies are organized by the following de-sign scales:

Block Scale _ Outdoor comfort (courtyard configuration) _ Solar access _ Site access _ Energy delivery _ Storm water flows

Building Scale _ Façade performance _ Building systems _ Daylight utilization _ Waste storage _ Local energy generation _ Water efficiency _ Materials efficiency

Unit Scale _ Indoor comfort _ Daylighting _ Waste separation

Diagrams to the right show the concept of constant feed-back for optimization. This highly technological and analyti-cal approach at the core of the design process—as well as the core of the project’s life-cycle—summarizes the best strategies that contemporary technology can offer.

ReciproCity defines three primary areas of design consid-eration:

Solar access and sky exposureSolar access rights are examined and standardized to maxi-

mize heating gain during Helsinki’s cold months. This strat-egy also accounts for maximizing daylight to residential and office units to reduce the need for artificial lighting. A heat-ed atrium typology is also presented as part of the response to the shortened days of winter. This would establish a year-round community space with indoor nature.

Outdoor comfort (wind)Pedestrian comfort is studied with consideration of the macro and micro climates produced by wind effects. Com-puter simulations were used to design pedestrian corridors that are protected from prevailing winds but still allow for desired natural ventilation. Techniques are also applied to reduce wind speed increases among buildings.

Building design/InfrastructureReciproCity’s design team believes that there is often a per-formance gap between design phase energy modeling and the reality of a finished building’s daily use. They propose the following methods to drive higher building perfor-mance:

_ Commissioning of the building by an external party during construction and occupation

_ Use in-house monitoring processes to gauge building operations and performance

_ Agree to publish energy and water use data for annual review by an outside agency

(June 25, 2009: etur adipiscing elit. Aliquam mattis feu-giat magna non porttitor. Cras quis nisl metus. Morbi so-dales, neque nec congue rutrum, mi sem mattis massa, sed dapibus urna elit eu nunc. Sed mauris tortor, bibendum et blandit placerat, vestibulum eu lorem. Nunc condimentum, libero ac euismod aliquet, elit mi interdum nisi, ac fringilla magna ante vitae enim. Ut vitae aliquet elit. Proin vehicula, purus ut convallis tincidunt, libero nunc egestas tellus, at vestibulum lorem tellus sed libero. Aenean id est metus, et luctus magna. Aliquam nec euismod metus.

Etiam lectus ante, lacinia sed aliquam vel, auctor lacinia ri-sus. Pellentesque lacinia nisi sit amet purus tincidunt non iaculis turpis fringilla. Sed iaculis nulla nec elit euismod pel-lentesque. Integer consectetur risus nec ligula vestibulum vel aliquam purus facilisis. Vestibulum pulvinar mattis justo, in sagittis nisl adipiscing id. Vivamus in ante in lacus adipi-scing consequat ac a enim. Praesent sed lorem non diam placerat ultrices. Cras et massa eu sapien elementum dignis-sim at sed risus. Nam tristique justo a quam porta consecte-tur. Proin pharetra leo vitae mauris feugiat tincidunt.

ReciproCityBIG Architects

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


ReciproCityBIG Architects

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


ReciproCity’s proposal for Jatkasaari’s first block suggests that form is generated through studies of solar rights and comfort conditions. Mixed-use program is distributed through the build-ing housing SITRA’s office, NGO incubators, offices, retail, private residences and communal facilities. Both buildings rely on en-closed spaces; one in the form of an atrium, the other in the form of internal courtyard.

Competition model and rendering shows proposed city block

29

Finland must draw boundaries between city and nature.

CASE STUDY: Growth Boundaries for Portland, Oregon.

In 1973, the State of Oregon required each municipality to draw a boundary which would contain within it the anticipated growth for the next twenty years. Urbanization could not advance beyond these boundaries without specific justification and legislative action. Currently, all 241 of Oregon’s cities are surrounded by Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB).

While Portland has had multiple limited expansions of its UGB in recent years, the overall ‘Smart Growth’ effectiveness of the strategy was confirmed by a 53% increase in the density of new development after the first ten years. More importantly, the creation of the UGB as a measurable framework (with powerful land use and planning mandates plus public hearings on progress and modifications) was an essential precedent for sustainable planning.

40Toolkit / Transfer of Development Rights

Case Study: Helsinki and Kuhmo

Development rights are transfered for a new building

A restorative easment is placed on an eco-system services area

Sending site

Receiving site

Developer in Helsinki

Landowner in Kuhmo

I get to build more in

Helsinki!

My forest will grow undisturbed in perpetuity!

23

Sprawl is putting Finland out of balance.

54Toolkit / Measuring Accessibility

Systemic change requires that policy makers, planners, developers and citizens have a common understanding of the underlying patterns that shape their community’s carbon footprint.

Combined with other factors—such as infrastructural capacity and natural systems—Access Score Maps can provide this common understanding and inform decisions such as the drawing of Growth Boundaries, empowering different stakeholders to align their actions towards a common, sustainable future.

POLICYMAKERS PLANNERS

ANALYSIS/INDICATORS

TOOLKIT

STAKEHOLDERS

DEVELOPERS CITIZENS

POPULATION ACCESS MAP

SERVICE ACCESS MAP

NATURAL SYSTEMS

INFRASTRUCTURAL CAPACITY

COMPOSITE TOOL FOR URBAN DECISION-MAKING AND DETERMINATION OF GROWTH BOUNDARIES

CITY

How Access Maps can be used

Rebuilding 2.0REX

REX’s Rebuilding 2.0 proposal is based on the view that “Finnish his-tory can be seen as a series of deliberate national projects, periods of systemic change in which the entire society participates.” Finland has rebuilt itself before through collective national initiatives, and must do so again to progress and find balance.

REX views sprawl as a primary threat to Finland’s balance. While the country’s population is steadily moving to urban areas, people are in fact settling in the suburbs more than in the cities. Thus, there is a growing environmental footprint that can be reduced by limiting sprawl.

Rebuilding 2.0 recognizes that systemic behavioral change is ac-complished through economic and legislative initiatives on multiple scales. The proposal comes with a five-point “Toolkit” consisting of building concepts, indicators and planning instruments to help stake-holders make better decisions and engage in rebuilding a carbon neu-tral Finland.

Redeveloping the Jätkäsaari site is an opportunity to generate in-creased density and diversity at the building scale. Residential towers will repurpose Finland’s steel capabilities for sustainable and adapt-able construction while providing light, air and views to its inhabit-ants. Headquarters for SITRA will unite the need for community-build-ing with the seemingly contradictory demand for flexibility. A large urban infill zone will offer 50,000 m3 of open-ended space, capable of being “tuned” to meet the specific and changing needs of its neigh-borhood while affording greater stakeholder participation.

Although the proposal reduces energy consumption by 39% and car-bon emissions by 50% relative to a comparable code compliant proj-ect, REBUILDING 2.0 recognizes that urbanity itself is the embodiment of sustainability. It is dense, diverse, evolving and full of people—living and working, meeting and sleeping, growing up and making things.

Participating Firms: _ REX/Croxton Collaborative/NOW _ Transsolar Energietechnik _ Magnusson Klemencic Associates _ Bureau Bas Smets _ 2×4 _ Arup _ Front _ Jonathan Rose Companies

1. Growth Boundaries are limits between developed and un-developed areas that prevent sprawl from moving into natural areas. These boundaries focus future growth in the right places and restrict it where it might risk environmental inbalance. This increases and encourages urban density instead of sprawl.

3. Ecological Balance Plan While Finland has a Sustainability Ac-tion Plan, the EBP supplements its shortcomings and adds a com-prehensive future-oriented framework at the scales of building, site, and infrastructure to take the plan beyond LEED standards.

2. Transfer of Development Rights is an economic tool to create a market for trading natural resources, much like carbon emissions trading. Here the approach applies to all resources. Develop-ments in one part of the country are offset by natural resource fostering in another.

4. Measuring Accessibility REX devised a three-dimensional mapping tool to aid in the visualization and legibility of travel and access patterns around urban areas. This measurement system helped inform their suggestions for growth boundaries.

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


111

Identifying the mix

The future of Jätkäsaari depends on its ability to accommodate and adapt to a rich variety of future uses. The current plan does not provide enough vibrancy at the street wall necessary to draw residents and activate the vast open public spaces. The Rebuilding is designed to meet these needs in the Urban Infill volume. More than just ground level retail, the Infill can absorb a diverse mix of uses such as restaurants, studios, galleries, gyms, theatres, supermarkets, places of worship, medical facilities and

community spaces, as well as innovative combinations of living and working spaces. This strategy allows for a high degree of flexibility, and provides a street wall that can be incrementally programmed and implemented to accommodate numerous feasible market uses. The Rebuilding is a laboratory for testing social, cultural and market viability for future mixed use buildings in Helsinki’s five new development areas. Some of these lots are dedicated to common uses for The Rebuilding’s residents, or as Urban Rooms that host

interim public functions that anticipate some of the amenities planned for Jätkäsaari’s later phases. Over the years, the neighbourhood will grow, these pioneer organizations will relocate to their own buildings, and the Urban Rooms will become available for re-consideration and further development. Urban Rooms can house an assortment of uses such as exhibition, event and workshop spaces, indoor playgrounds and playing fields.

JÄTKÄSAARI PHASING

Possible urban rooms Possible infill

Welfare housing

Church

School

Office

Public forum

Subway station

1 2 3 4 5 6

Elderly care clinic

Library

Cinema

Botanical garden

Farmers market

Soccer field

Beach/volleyball

Garage

Playground

Shopping mall

5. Repopulating the Block At the urban scale, REX defines its strategy not as a radical breach, but as a “subtle evolution” of the urban core. REX explores typical Finn-ish block typologies and devises a formula of its own to redefine the block. The urban strategy focuses on flexibility and hybridization of space, materials and utilization on several scales. The classical perim-eter block becomes capped with two slender steel residential towers to increase density and diversity.

The perimeter block at street level is what REX calls “Urban Infill” which can thereby be “tuned” over time to meet the specific and changing needs of its neighborhood. The scale of the infill and its potential con-struction methods are variable, making it accessible to a broader set of stakeholders, including private individuals and smaller builders/devel-opers. The solution is open to multiple authors.

Hybrid ‘urban infill’ has multiple authors and is flexible over time.

Vision / 112

The volume of Urban Infill can be zoned, planned and negotiated like any group of lots, except that they must comply with the maximum height of 14 meters imposed by the Headquarters above, guaranteeing that all construction comply with the Finnish Building Code for P2 construction. The resulting Infill can be extensions of The Rebuilding, or separate structures framed with firebreaks and party walls, depending on their purpose and construction materials. This strategy allows for lightweight, sustainable and easily recyclable construction techniques such that this part of the

building can be “tuned” over time to meet the specific and changing needs of its neighbourhood. The scale of the Urban Infill is variable and its potential construction methods common, making it accessible to a broader set of developers, including individuals and smaller builders.

The property lots of the Urban Infill can be defined at any increment deemed suitable, since construction within this zone is structurally independent of the Residential Towers and Headquarters.

The Infill Buildings’ greatest asset is that it reopens the possibility to build small within the urban core. Individual building investments in suburbia do not create urban space as a byproduct of the investment, but with every brick an individual lays in a perimeter block, so also is laid a brick of city

Tuning the mix

HYBRIDALL URBAN ROOMS

UNDEFINED BY 2012

TUNE THE MIX NOW AND INTO THE FUTUREDEFINED BY 2012

ALL INFILL

Vision / Rebuilding Urban Infill

Vision / 92

The operable panels utilize a relatively simple mechanism common in minivans, enabling them to be manually slid horizontally. During summer, the open balconies provide an identical experience to a typical balcony. During winter, the operable panels can be kept closed, increasing usable interior area and solar gain while reducing thermal loss.

3 m

3 m

2 m2 m

6 m2 of usable interior space

maximal solar gain

low thermal loss

WINTER

SUMMER

TYPICAL BALCONY NEW BALCONY TYPE

6 m2 of unusable exterior space

minimal solar gain

high thermal loss

6 m2 of shaded exterior space6 m

2 of shaded exterior space

3 m of surface area7 m of surface area

During summer, the operable panels slide horizontally like a van door, providing the identical experience to a typical balcony.

During winter, the operable panels remain closed, increasing usable interior area and solar gain, and reducing thermal loss.

A new Finnish balcony typology

Vision / Rebuilding Residential Towers

Vision / 84

A nimble façade chassis

The Residential Towers’ façade system enhances the flexibility fostered by its structural system. Recognizing the intrinsic life cycle differences between a curtain wall’s support system and its glazing units, the facade is composed of an immutable mullion “chassis” on a flexible 1,5 meter grid, and cassettes that can be easily interchanged or replaced by new technologies.

1,5 m 1,5 m


1,5 m

Vision / 84

A nimble façade chassis

The Residential Towers’ façade system enhances the flexibility fostered by its structural system. Recognizing the intrinsic life cycle differences between a curtain wall’s support system and its glazing units, the facade is composed of an immutable mullion “chassis” on a flexible 1,5 meter grid, and cassettes that can be easily interchanged or replaced by new technologies.

1,5 m 1,5 m


1,5 m

Vision / 8�

To facilitate adaptation to new glass technologies, the entire triple glazed insulated glass unit can be easily removed; to facilitate maintenance, the external lite of glass can be field dismounted, and the micro louvers cleaned, repaired or replaced.

01 Ventilation grille02 Split mullion03 Fastener04 6mm and 4mm laminated glazing05 Soft coating on surface 506 Argon filled cavity07 6mm glazing08 Integrated blinds09 Hard coating on surface 210 Structural sealant11 8mm clear heat protection glazing12 Vacuum insulated panel13 Dismountable insulated glass unit14 Removable glazing


Removable cassettes, removable outer lites

Vision / 90

Full-height operable façade panels facilitate a new, sustainable balcony typology.

1,5 m

Operable panels refresh an oldtypology


01 Ventilation grille02 Split mullion03 Fastener04 6mm and 4mm laminated glazing05 Soft coating on surface 506 Argon filled cavity07 Structural Sealant08 25cm standard expanded insulation09 Thin film voltaics10 8mm clear heat protection glazing

11 Hard coating on surface 212 Integrated blinds13 6mm glazing14 30mm vacuum insulated panel

Rebuilding 2.0REX

“Nimble” Solutions Rebuilding 2.0 is highly concerned with flexible solutions on many scales, particularly when the solutions can be based on Finnish history and typologies.

The base of the perimeter block is flexible and open to programmatic diversity, and diversity can itself be tuned.. “Urban Rooms” suggests a block scenario that is open to the public. On the opposite end of the spectrum, “All Infill” is a more closed scenario.

Likewise, the floor plans that are nimble and adaptable are in theory resilient. The scenarios to the right explore relationships between ownership and shared resources. The concept model is open to dif-ferent possibilities.

The facade solution is flexible in that its grid is composed of replace-able cassettes, such that as material technology evolves, the cassettes can be replaced by more energy efficient, sustainable options.

The facade also plays on Finnish balcony typologies but proposes a new solution that saves energy during winter months.

99

Maintaining speculative value

The ideal headquarters should retain its speculative value by accommodating multiple occupation scenarios.

One company, shared amenities Multiple companies, private amenities Multiple companies, shared amenities One company, shared amenities Multiple companies, private amenities Multiple companies, shared amenities

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


77

Typical Finnish housing construction Finland’s construction industry is heavily dependent upon carbon intensive concrete. Typical Finnish residential blocks are constructed of pre-cast load-bearing walls, hollow-core floor slabs and cast-in-place slip-form cores.

Steel is far less carbon intensive, far easier to recycle and far faster to erect than concrete. Each of Finland’s three typical concrete construction components should therefore be replaced with steel alternatives, or concrete components best used in combination with steel.

Replace concrete bearing walls with steel columns

The overwhelming number of pre-cast load-bearing walls should be replaced by a relatively small number of steel columns. Interior walls should be converted to non-load-bearing partitions of either drywall with metal studs or autoclave concrete block. Both have better acoustics and fire resistance—and less embodied carbon—than concrete walls.

Replace hollow-core slabs with Bubble Decks

One-way hollow-core floor slabs should be replaced by two-way Bubble Deck slabs that eliminate the need for beams between columns. The Bubble Deck should make use of low-carbon Complimentary Cementing Materials (CCM’s) and I-crete to further reduce their embodied carbon. Performance-based aggregate mixes can reduce carbon intensive cement up to 30%.

Replace concrete cores with steel exoskeletons

Most importantly, to provide lateral stability, cast-in-place cores should be replaced by steel exoskeletons. This innovation frees the Residential Towers’ cores of their structural obligations, such that they can be optimally placed for solar exposure and their floor plans easily reconfigured and adaptively re-used.

iCrete TechnologySorting Control of Aggregate Matrix –Performance-Based Mix DesignCan Reduce Cement by 20-30%

iCrete Mix DesignStandard Mix Design

iCrete TechnologySorting Control of Aggregate Matrix –Performance-Based Mix DesignCan Reduce Cement by 20-30%

iCrete Mix DesignStandard Mix Design

81

The resulting structural system is highly sustainable, recyclable, reconfigurable and adaptive to site orientation.

A Sustainable Tool

The Residential Tower’s steel and Bubble Deck system embodies 63% less carbon than an identically dimensioned tower using typical Finnish concrete construction.

An agile tool

The Residential Tower’s slender profile, floating core and conventional, yet open and “tunable”, base allow it to easily assimilate into the urban fabric, while its core may remain optimally placed to the north.

An adaptable tool

The Residential Tower’s exoskeleton and floating core increases flexibility of the interior layout over time.

N

OPTION A

OPTION B

OPTION C

OPTION A

OPTION B

EAST TOWERWEST TOWER

OPTION C

1 BEDROOM52m2

2 BEDROOM55m2

2 BEDROOM69m2

3 BEDROOM81m2

2 BEDROOM67m2

3 BEDROOM79m2

2 BEDROOM57m2

2 BEDROOM55m2

1 BEDROOM45m2

2 BEDROOM78m2

1 BEDROOM48m2

1 BEDROOM52m2

3 BEDROOM96m2

2 BEDROOM70m2

STUDIO41m2

3+ BEDROOM122m2

2 BEDROOM65m2

3 BEDROOM81m2

2 BEDROOM67m2

STUDIO30m2

STUDIO38m2

STUDIO41m2

North

Option A

Option B

Option C

West

OPTION A

OPTION B

OPTION C

OPTION A

OPTION B

EAST TOWERWEST TOWER

OPTION C

1 BEDROOM52m2

2 BEDROOM55m2

2 BEDROOM69m2

3 BEDROOM81m2

2 BEDROOM67m2

3 BEDROOM79m2

2 BEDROOM57m2

2 BEDROOM55m2

1 BEDROOM45m2

2 BEDROOM78m2

1 BEDROOM48m2

1 BEDROOM52m2

3 BEDROOM96m2

2 BEDROOM70m2

STUDIO41m2

3+ BEDROOM122m2

2 BEDROOM65m2

3 BEDROOM81m2

2 BEDROOM67m2

STUDIO30m2

STUDIO38m2

STUDIO41m2

Option A

Option B

Option C

Vision / 80

A nimble structural chassis

The resulting structural system is highly sustainable, recyclable, reconfigurable and adaptive to site orientation.

A Sustainable Tool

The Residential Tower’s steel and Bubble Deck system embodies 63% less carbon than an identically dimensioned tower using typical Finnish concrete construction.


TON

S C

O2

Magnusson Klemencic AssociatesSitCarbon for RE X7/7/2009

CARBON COMPARISON FOR RESIDENTIAL TOWERS

2,672

996

ConventionalConcrete

Proposed

Finland’s Steel IndustryREX proposes a new construction paradigm for Finland’s residential blocks. Typical Finnish residential blocks are constructed of pre-cast load-bearing walls, hollow-core floor slabs and cast-in-place slip-form cores.

Rex recommends that Finland, with SITRA’s help, must convert its significant steel industry to produce clean structural steel. Steel is far less carbon intensive, easier to recycle, and faster to erect than concrete. Each of Finland’s three typical concrete construction components should therefore be replaced with steel alternatives, or concrete components used in combination with steel.

Replace concrete bearing walls with steel columnsThe overwhelming number of pre-cast load-bearing walls should be replaced by a relatively small number of steel columns. Interior walls should be converted to non-load-bearing partitions of either drywall with metal studs or autoclave concrete block. Both have bet-ter acoustics and fire resistance—and less embodied carbon—than concrete walls.

Replace hollow-core slabs with Bubble DecksOne-way hollow-core floor slabs should be replaced by two-way Bubble Deck slabs that eliminate the need for beams between col-umns. The Bubble Deck should make use of low-carbon Complimen-tary Cementing Materials (CCM’s) and I-crete to further reduce their embodied carbon. Performance-based aggregate mixes can reduce carbon intensive cement up to 30%.

Replace concrete cores with steel exoskeletonsTo provide lateral stability, cast-in-place cores should be replaced by steel exoskeletons. This innovation frees the residential towers’ coresof their structural obligations, such that they can be optimally placed for solar exposure and their floor plans easily reconfigured and adap-tively re-used.

Finland’s post-war rebuilding was based on creating a steel industry literally overnight; Finland’s next rebuilding should be based in part on reinvigorating this same industry.

The tower’s slender profile, floating core and conventional yet open base allow flexibility and urban assimilation

The residential tower’s steel and Bubble Deck system embodies 63% less carbon than an identically dimen-sioned tower using typical Finnish concrete construction

_80 c_life: city as living factory of ecology

“to change our behaviours, we have to cooperate with each other.” “we need to learn from and for our children!”

a day in the lifeAfter hitting the snooze button for the third time Luukas wakes up to the smell of freshly brewed coffee and the sound of his roommate yelling “We’re out of milk!” from the kitchen. Urgh, he forgot to buy the milk yesterday, and he’s going to be late to class again.

After he gets out of the shower, he rinses the empty milk-carton and puts it into the recycling bin below the sink, stuffs his laptop (that’s on standby) and lab assignment into his bag and is on his way in record time. Halfway down the stairs he realises he forgot to switch off the coffee machine and rushes back in. Anything else? The hallway light! Ok, ready to go. He runs past the piles of bills in the hallway and decides to ignore them for now.

would like to• Remember to turn off his laptop before he goes to bed• Buy eco alternatives when he shops – but they’re so

expensive!• Do more for the environment than give 10 euros a month

to Greenpeace

home assistantThe Home assistant is smart grid device that controls the household power appliances, heating and cooling systems, lights and sockets, etc. The house is fitted with intelligent sockets that measure consumption and are individually controllable from a central location. The assistant can be automatic (e.g. switch on devices at off-peak times), timer-controlled, or can switch off device standby.

It can display detailed consumption and costs for the various areas of the house, and compare the household to others in the neighbourhood. Display could be linked to an energy minimizing smart home system.

a day in the lifePeter and Hanna are beaming with pride. This evening Tyko has just presented his ideas on 10 ways to save energy at the kindergarten science fair.

The whole family was involved in helping him put it together and it has been the topic of dinner discussions for the past two weeks. “Mamma, look at my beautiful finger painting!!” Liisa is home, waving a coloured piece of paper; the parents of kids of the painting laboratory have organised a car pool system, and take turns picking the girls up from the playgroup.

would like to• Opt for low impact energy sources• Set a good example for the kids• Use the apartment sauna only once a week

foodprintAn application designed to help people gain more holistic information on their food purchases. It visually provides food information, including its estimated total eco footprint.

Information of CO2 footprints is naturally presented along with other standard food information, to encourage informed, carbon neutral decision making. Foodprint is a smart phone application enabled with tag or bar code recognition.

display shows key consumption zones highlighted by size and colour.

People can explore the eco footprint, costs, menu suggestions and other related information via their smartphones.

Products can be viewed by source and method of production, eco footprint, and links to farmers and/or local traders that cater for direct delivery of local produce.

Individual areas can be selected and show primary energy using appliances.

Appliances can be selected and controlled via smart grid – from timer controls to utilising low peak times.

People can set start times based on dynamic pricing or fixed timeframes.

netbook 800x600 smartphone 480x320

age: 22 occupation: undergraduate student in Helsinki relationship status: single lives in: shared 45-60 sqm studio apartment reason for relocation: to live in hip city area originally from: small town in Finland

Luukas Peter, Hanna, Liisa and Tykoage: 35, 33, 3 and 6 occupation: Peter, salesman, Hanna, school teacher relationship status: married, children lives in: 80-120 sqm apartment in the city reason for relocation: cut down on commuting and spend more time with children originally from: the suburbs

organic

non-organic







to Greenpeace

















organic

non-organic







to Greenpeace

















organic

non-organic







to Greenpeace

















organic

non-organic

_81c_life: city as living factory of ecology

“we’re willing to contribute to the common cause.” “i want to be a role model for my son and younger generations.”

a day in the lifeIt’s Saturday evening and Fredrik is busy in the kitchen singing at the top of his voice; Josefiina is splitting her sides laughing. “Fredrik! Think about the neighbours...!” Fredrick is busy preparing the three course meal for the church group dinner. After the evening is over and the last guests have left, Josefiina and Fredrick go for a walk into the centre to see the new beautiful art sculpture: it represents the energy usage of the area, and the couple donated some money to finance the installation.

would like to• Produce and sell their own energy• End the day in their private sauna• Play an active role in the community and meet new

people

clean energy source selectorThis display shows various sources of energy production, with carbon footprint and price for each type. People can see their usage of different energy sources, and can then modify their desired consumption (e.g. pay more, but use more green energy).

They can charge their next bill based on this preference. This shifts more funds towards green energy, educates people about energy sources and indicates to the energy provider who is willing to shift to green sources and by what amount.

Dynamic pricing offers extend long-term purchases based on personal value systems to short range decisions. Display could be linked to an energy minimizing smart home system.

a day in the life“Niko, please don’t forget to switch off the computer when you’ve finished with it! The electricity bill was really high last month.” Katariina scolds her son. She wishes she could get him to do more outdoor activities, but when 8-year-old Niko isn’t at home playing computer games, he is doing the same with friends.

She wishes they could afford to take a holiday but money is tight this time of year. Katariina is thinking about getting a pre-paid energy card to help them keep track of what they are spending – she likes the idea of showing Niko just how much his hours on the computer cost!

would like to• Have access to sport and school facilities for Niko• Use public transport more• Spend more time with her son

pure air travel A mobile phone wallpaper that shows individuals how “clean” or “dirty” their travel is. The visualisation starts off as a coloured smoke background. GPS systems track speed and recognise the travel means being used (e.g. car vs bike), then calculate the carbon being used.

Accordingly, the background becomes cleaner or dirtier. Bluetooth systems tell the phone when public transport is being used. The devices are additionally powered by solar energy when available.

People can see the breakdown of the various energy sources and costs in euros and CO2

The selector allows people to shift to greener, more expensive sources of energy and gives an indication of extra costs and savings in CO2

Shows one day of travel and the cost in CO2. The screen turns darker when consumption is higher.

fredrik and Josefiina katariinaage: both 55 occupation: Fredrik, city administration, Josefiina, senior manager relationship status: married lives in: 80-150 sqm apartment reason for relocation: to be able to “walk to cultural attractions, have space in the city centre, be close to Baltic sea” originally from: the suburbs

age: 38 occupation: service employeerelationship status: single mother lives in: 55-70 sqm rented Hippas apartment reason for relocation: access to community services and facilities originally from: 1960s housing settlement

netbook 800x600 mobile phone 480x320

organic

non-organic


“i contribute by recycling and by not owning a car.” “we have to make a difference now!”

a day in the lifeIt has been a good day so far. The beautiful woman in the local organic grocery store, Aija, actually smiled at him, so he took the courage to say hello. She recommended some regional specialities, one thing led to another and now they are meeting for a beer at the local bar tonight. It’s a bit fancy for his tastes but it seems like a good place to invite a lady…

… What a great evening. Aija and Semyon laughed all night, and found out that they both moved to the neighbourhood for similar reasons. She’s invited him to join her local food coop – they order fruit and vegetables grown by local by farmers, and share the costs of delivery. This weekend they’re having a grill-party with seasonal foods. Looks like Finland could be the right place…

would like to• Learn about Finnish culture and make friends• Spend time hiking in the forests and swimming in the

lakes• Exercise regularly and bike whenever he can

carbon clockInspirational art installation compares the consumption levels of individuals and the c_life block in real time. As people approach, their individual carbon footprint can be shown anonymously in the centre and related to the community. The impact of daylight can be mapped over the clock, representing this vital feature of Finnish life. The installation creates a peripheral awareness of consumption patterns.

The clock would use low consumption e-ink displays and be partially powered by localised energy sources.

a day in the lifeIts six pm. Tom changes into his running gear, logs into his Nike-run account and plans his route home through the city. He doesn’t own a car, and anyway, marathon season is coming up and Tom has a strict training routine.

While online, he sees the Dopplr notification that Dick is in town on business this week. What attracted him to the online travel community is their carbon calculator, as he wanted an easy way to keep track of his long-term carbon consumption, and was pleasantly surprised by how useful it’s turning out to be for staying in touch with friends.

As he runs home he passes that new eco-reflection mirror in the centre of town, and stops for a moment to check out its visualisation of his carbon consumption. He’s pleased to see that his is quite low compared to the people standing near him.

would like to• Carbon offset while travelling• See radical change of legislation and consumer

behaviour• Use an energy broker to keep track of his consumption –

he really doesn’t have time to do it himself

eco-reflectionMirror surface located in semi-public spaces where people can casually check their appearance and their consumption behaviour at the same time. The mirror presents different interactions depending on its state, and shows carbon emission of an average person’s activities.

The mirror projection system is activated by sensors when people approach it to minimise energy consumption. Uses efficient energy recovery systems already in place in the building.

A 24 hour clock that shows the day/night cycle, time and average consumption for an individual, a housing unit, and the c_life block.

Semyon Tomage: 42 occupation: bus-driver relationship status: single lives in: shared 55-70 sqm apartment reason for relocation: competitive rent, integrate into a new community more easily than a more established one originally from: Russia

age: 35 occupation: designer at Nokiarelationship status: single lives in: 75 sqm apartment reason for relocation: It is within biking distance from the city centre, he can socialise with an international crowd, strong personal eco-commitmentoriginally from: London

e-ink screen large sreen projection

When people are not directly in front of the wall, the mirror displays eco footprints of different neighbouring cities with their respective green goal line.

For people in general, the mirror displays slowly ascending bubbles with various sizes and colours showing the carbon emission of an average person’s activities.

For people who want to track their own carbon emission, their ‘shadows’ are reflected in different sizes and colours in relation to their carbon footprints.

Demonstration DiffusionIn order to facilitate significant and enduring change, SITRA has devel-oped a system to help guide individual and collective consumption choices while fostering a sense of community. They seek to change behavior patterns in the following realms:

PhysicalCommunity boundaries, heating needs, transport infrastructure, light conditions, water and food supplies, available technologyPersonalPersonal green values, consumption behaviors, transport behaviors, self-awareness of impact on climate and options to modify itSocialCommunity identity, values, beliefs, memories, needs, and habits; shared acceptance of green values, awareness of pollution conditions and associated risksCulturalCommitment of public administration and business organizations to green values, public/private incentives for sustainable behaviors, con-tinuous improvement and maintenance programs

SITRA’s goals for physical, personal, social, and cultural change will be targeted with specific strategies in the following categories:

Engagement and Awareness _ Make behaviors easier and convenient _ Present meaningful and contextual information _ Enable choices _ Create tools for evaluation

Community Action _ Utilize reputation as behavioral enforcer _ Share common values _ Create a pool of shared knowledge/resources _ Enable support networks

Self-assessment & Positive Reinforcement _ Incentivize sustainable living choices _ Set targets to make information measurable and actionable _ Simulate impact or alternatives _ Provide immediate feedback _ Reward to create and sustain change

Cultural Leadership _ Facilitate open dialogue between public & private _ Create public incentives to sustain change _ Provide feedback loops to constantly re-inform and modify policies

Clean Energy Source Selector application Consumption Simulator

Eco-reflection public installationFoodPrint application

c_lifeLifestyle & Behavioral Changes

Engagement & Awareness Self-assessment & Positive Reinforcement Community Action Cultural Leadership

Clean Energy Source SelectorThe Clean Energy Source Selector displays each household’s sources of energy production and the associated price and carbon footprint for each. Residents can see which percentage of their energy use comes from wind, water, oil, coal, etc., and modify their consumption ac-cordingly. This allows customers to control their monthly charges as well as make informed deci-sions on energy providers without being locked into yearly contracts.

Eco-ReflectionAn installation system of mirrored walls located in public areas will allow Jatkasaari residents to simultaneously check their appearance and their energy use habits. As people approach the mir-rored surface, sensors activate an integrated digital display that presents visual data on their personal and community-wide energy consump-tion. This makes personal energy choices public in the hopes of shifting individual consumption habits.

Consumption SimulatorThe Consumption Simulator is a user-friendly “design” tool that allows residents to create vir-tual models of their homes and any elements within that draw power. This not only provides a real-time breakdown of energy consumption by room and appliance but also charts larger pat-terns over time. The simulator suggests changes to improve efficiency and offers parameters to visualize how those changes would affect energy and financial savings over time.

FoodPrintFoodPrint is a smartphone application that helps shoppers choose food based on their total eco-footprint, which takes into account farming prac-tices, packaging methods, and total distance traveled. This information will be presented af-ter scanning the item’s bar code and encourages intelligent food choices.

Energy CurrencyRather than merely showing the ultimate finan-cial cost of energy use, Energy Currency mon-etizes the idea of “spending” and saving energy. The system runs off of prepaid credits that ren-der smart phones as energy debit cards. Before using an appliance (a blender, for instance), the Energy Currency application shows the expected energy consumption to better inform “purchas-ing” decisions. The remaining balance can be used in the community as normal currency for goods and services.

Public Service RightsNot unlike Energy Currency, energy-based public service rights will allow residents to use their en-ergy savings as credits for access to community events and services. Saved energy is calculated by measuring the amount of energy consumed against certain energy targets or allowances. This promotes involvement in cultural, entertain-ment, and wellness events in the community.

Green Mortgage, Rent & TaxesUnder the supervision on the Jatkasaari Climate Neutral District, certain mortgage, rent and tax benefits will be used as incentives for reducing individual carbon footprints. Cheaper mortgag-es will be made available to residents who live and work in the same area, while renters will see benefits in the form of reduced rents and lower taxes in exchange for energy-saving habits.

Dynamic Pricing & Flexible RatesRather than flat rate energy fees, dynamic pricing and flexible rates will respond to patterns in use as well as the overall quantity consumed. The rates follow a phone bill model where energy consumed at peak hours is delivered at a higher billing rate. Other variables will include degree of use and continuous use habits. Each billing period’s invoice will serve as a feedback loop to influence future use.

Eco-CredentialsEco-Credentials allow residents to keep up with the Joneses in sustainable habits. Monthly re-ports indicate the energy bills, recycling habits, amount of waste, and water consumption of their immediate peers. This information is used to generate an energy score relative to the en-ergy patterns of their neighbors.

Stairwell Art InstallationsStairwell art installations reprogram vertical circulation cores as cultural and social spaces with rotating art exhibits. Frequent installation changes encourage stair use by transforming utilitarian space into active spaces for informal meetings and chance encounters.

Car SharingCar share pools are multiple bookings of a single car by people going in the same direction. While managing reservations from A to B, the car shar-ing service suggests pooling solutions when possible. A shared solution costs less than a pri-vate booking. For longer car trips, people enter details such as date, time, origin, destination, preferred dates etc. and the system intelligently matches people who want to do the same trip, considering minimum deviation from route to pick up travellers, compatibility of dates etc.

Barter BankSupervised by the Jätkäsaari CND (Climate Neu-tral District), the barter bank is a list of items that people make available to the community (e.g. tools, toys, baby furnishings, etc.). Bank mem-bers consult the list when they wish to use an item, and can then borrow it. Members rate oth-ers as good borrowers and lenders, creating a self-monitoring system. To be a member, people must be willing to make their own items avail-able to the group.

Low2No Branded ProductsProducts are given a Low2No branding certifi-cation if they adhere to certain low carbon pro-duction or green value standards. This takes into account production methods, as well as trans-port and delivery. For events and workshops this could take the form of Low2No sponsorship, supervised by the Jätkäsaari CND (Climate Neu-tral District), which would also help to make the brand more recognisable.

Home LabHome labs are housing systems that offer com-petitive rent and teach sustainable behaviours to lodgers . The home labs are rent-only apart-ments, with limited-period contracts. To be eli-gible to rent the houses, lodgers respect the dis-trict’s eco philosophy. The more closely people follow the desired behaviours, the less they pay. Lodgers are supported by local eco-associations that provide support and teach sustainable be-haviours. Lodgers learn long-term sustainable techniques, transferable to more conventional housing.

Eco-DiplomaParticularly aimed at high school and university students, this is a course made up of study about sustainable habits, and practical hours (e.g. 10 hours of study/40 hours of service). At the end of the course, participants get a diploma that they can list on their CV or that could be equivalent to a school or university unit.

Data Visualization OlympicsJätkäsaari and its advanced information infra-structure is a huge source of data about people’s and communities’ consumption behaviours. SI-TRA organises a biennial international festival where artists and designers from all over show innovative/engaging/stunning ways to visualise environmental data. This renders Jatkasaari, Hel-sinki, and Finland in general as an international showcase for innovation.

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


To execute c_life’s first block, SITRA has teamed up with Finnish real estate giant SRV and social housing developer VVO. Together they represent the client team.

Block XXXXX will offer housing for 500 people and is expected to be completed by 2014.

The first stage of Jatkasaari’s redevelopment will offer communal amenities such as eco-laundry facilities, public saunas, car & bike shar-ing services. Energy infrastructure will include geothermal pumps, facade-mounted photovoltaics, and solar panels. Block XXXXX will also tap into the district’s larger carbon neutral bio-heat network.

Construction MethodsAlthough the original proposal specified cross-laminated timber as the main structural solution, Finland’s fire code prohibits this con-struction method for buildings over 4 stories tall. This is mostly due to public concerns dating from the 19th century. Because of SITRA’s role in Jatkasaari’s redevelopment, they managed to alter the code to allow its own offices to be built from a hybrid of CLT and prefabricated concrete panels. Other buildings in the development will rely on more traditional and videly accepted steel and concrete construction.

The Peloton Strategy business model refers to the development of new products and services that do not exist today.

“Value Driven” “Human Centric” concepts For example providing conditions or services when the resident does not have to rely on car tranportaion to do work or leisure activities. Studies of social adaptation to ecological life-style related to product coises and consumption patterns.

Block XXXXXLow2No Development

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam mat-tis feugiat magna non porttitor. Cras quis nisl metus. Morbi sodales, neque nec congue rutrum, mi sem mattis massa, sed dapibus urna elit eu nunc. Sed mauris tortor, bibendum et blandit placerat, ves-tibulum eu lorem. Nunc condimentum, libero ac euismod aliquet, elit mi interdum nisi, ac fringilla magna ante vitae enim. Ut vitae aliquet elit. Proin vehicula, purus ut convallis tincidunt, libero nunc egestas tellus, at vestibulum lorem tellus sed libero. Aenean id est metus, et luctus magna. Aliquam nec euismod metus.

Etiam lectus ante, lacinia sed aliquam vel, auctor lacinia risus. Pellen-tesque lacinia nisi sit amet purus tincidunt non iaculis turpis fringilla. Sed iaculis nulla nec elit euismod pellentesque. Integer consectetur risus nec ligula vestibulum vel aliquam purus facilisis. Vestibulum pulvinar mattis justo, in sagittis nisl adipiscing id. Vivamus in ante in lacus adipiscing consequat ac a enim. Praesent sed lorem non diam placerat ultrices. Cras et massa eu sapien elementum dignissim at sed risus. Nam tristique justo a quam porta consectetur. Proin pharetra leo vitae mauris feugiat tincidunt.

Vivamus in ante lacus. In viverra luctus ipsum, iaculis suscipit justo fringilla eu. Cras nec lectus sit amet libero vulputate pharetra. Prae-sent id nisi eu leo bibendum luctus pulvinar vel magna. Pellentesque ipsum nibh, pellentesque a adipiscing sit amet, imperdiet nec odio. Praesent at erat ipsum, blandit porta libero. Duis adipiscing lectus varius metus convallis accumsan. Cras placerat rhoncus aliquet. Duis mollis venenatis sapien, vel sagittis risus condimentum eget. Nullam mauris quam, pharetra quis viverra non, fringilla ac dolor. Etiam arcu augue, placerat eu vestibulum ac, aliquam in augue. Nullam ac frin-gilla tellus. Aenean at metus id ipsum aliquet pulvinar non vitae nisl. Mauris dui diam, adipiscing sit amet pretium eget, auctor semper pu-rus. In nec ipsum lacus, in malesuada lorem.

Nulla pretium tincidunt ante, ut accumsan massa blandit non. Pel-lentesque eros diam, viverra at vulputate ut, placerat sodales nisi. Morbi sollicitudin odio eget nisl elementum porta. Ut tincidunt nulla id ligula ullamcorper sollicitudin non malesuada mauris. Mauris sa-pien est, laoreet sed ullamcorper at, suscipit sit amet nibh. Aliquam libero neque, euismod non porta sit amet, pulvinar nec dolor. Nulla blandit, dolor et feugiat sollicitudin, felis erat ullamcorper leo, vel varius metus neque non lectus. Vivamus diam sem, bibendum nec tincidunt bibendum, malesuada a justo. Curabitur nec nibh eu eros congue pellentesque. Quisque eu lorem nisl. Nam mattis neque nec odio convallis pulvinar. Donec luctus, orci at mollis accumsan, felis lacus tempus neque, vel viverra nulla lectus sit amet est. Nam accum-san auctor pellentesque.

Sed fermentum felis sed mauris suscipit et auctor lectus consequat.

c_lifeAnatomy

The forest layer of Block XXXXX would occupy and influence the ground level areas and rooftops of Jatkasaari’s low level buildings. Na-tive woodland species including birch, pines, and berry species will support local biodiversity and create different light intensity spaces from bright to dappled to shady, establishing a variety of atmospheric moods:

_ Public/semi-private atrium _ SITRA semi-private atrium _ Public space/office spill-out area _ Residential play space _ Private recreation area _ Public street _ Public park edge

The fruit, vegetable and herb layer incorporates the south-facing residential tower facades and balconies and would consist of native fruit, vegetable, and herb species. The plants would provide culinary, medicinal, ecological, visual and aromatic value. Vegetation in this layer will generally be low growing plants and small bushes:

_ Balcony greenhouses providing 10% of a couple’s annual veg etable and fruit requirement

_ Native climbing plants and berry species grown on the facade to promote biodiversity

_ Summer solar shading by leafy vegetation grown in the windows _ Rainwater storage on the roof for slow release irrigation to bal

conies.

The grassland scrub area is located on the roofs of the towers. This area would only be planted with suitable native grass and wild bushes and will be the wildest of all of the ecological layers. The space for man and nature here is clearly defined. Green roofs elements will include the following:

_ Wild ecological areas providing food and habitat opportunities in a safe and protected environment

_ Residential saunas in small timber huts with fantastic views across the neighboring park, coast and city

_ Opportunities for contemplation and relaxation among hardy hill top grassland scrub vegetation rich with berries and wildlife.

Forest Layer

Fruit, vegetable and herb layer

Grassland scrub layer

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N



2_attract local food co-operatives to the local Jätkäsaari area

As presented in the approach for a Jätkäsaari Climate Neutral District (CND), we recommend attracting local food co-operatives to the Jätkäsaari area. The food co-ops would help to reemphasize the connection between the community and food growers, and promote more sustainable, organic and local food. Their presence will help contribute to reducing the carbon associated with everyday lifestyle choices.

3_reusing food waste

The third strategy is to develop an approach to convert local food waste in Jätkäsaari into a useful resource. Systems will be explored to turn food waste into compost or energy. The integrated Kitchen Worm Farm is one of those systems that will collect most of the kitchen organic waste and turn it into high quality compost and liquid fertilizer for the pocket balcony greenhouse. Alternative options are to collect all organic waste and grease from restaurants in Jätkäsaari to serve as biofuel.

worm farm

peppers tomatos

herbs

lettuce

berries

root crops

berries

leafy vegetables

organic waste nutrients

direct sunlight

thermalinsulation

base heat from dwellings

low carbon electricity warm water from CHP

60% water demand fromharvested rain water

residential dwelling

lightingservice path

growing wall

growing wall crops

growing bed level 2

growing bed level 1

City as Living Factory of Ecology c_life proposal recommends attracting local food to the Jätkäsaari area. The food co-ops would help to reemphasize the connection be-tween the community and food growers, and promote more sustain-able, organic and local foods. Their presence will help contribute to reducing the carbon associated with everyday lifestyle choices.

Reusing Food WasteAnother strategy is to develop an approach to convert local food waste in Jätkäsaari into a useful resource. Systems will be explored to turn food waste into compost or energy. The integrated Kitchen Worm Farm is one of those systems that will collect most of the kitchen or-ganic waste and turn it into high quality compost and liquid fertilizer for the pocket balcony greenhouse.

Miss ZargfabrikBKK-3 Architects, Vienna (2000)

Mission And VisionMiss Sargfabrik was born as a protest to common forms of urban housing in Vienna. Citizens were unhappy with the high cost of apartment living and the unaccommodating design for large or growing families. This group mobilized to form a new type of urban housing where residents and management work together to create a community that is adaptable to various household types and provides both luxury and basic needs services within the facility. Employ-ing two architects, the building owner and residents, this body assures that events and activities are made available to both the facility’s community and the general public. Thefacility includes two buildings, one previously adapted as housing from a coffin factory.

Planning ProcessMiss Sargfabrik opened in 2000 after ten years of planning and construction. The designers, BKK-3 Architects, were part of the planning anf fianncing phases from the start, and eventually became some of the original tenants.

In registering the facility with the Vienna City Council, the landlord deisgnated the building as a hostel, allowing for certain housing regulations to be avoided. For example, this designated allowed one parking space for ten housing units, as opposed to the 1 : 1 ratio required of residential fa-cilities. Tis allowed parking facilities to be kept low, saving money that could be used for public space.

Governing StructureThe orginal group of citizens that first intiiated Miss Sarg-fabrik continue to maintain their community as a non-profit organization. Participation in the organization is voluntary for residents The association manages familities and events, and makes final decisions on joining units for growing fam-ily size. As proprty owner, the organizations owns all units and residents pay a extra fee on rent to provide funding for weekly events.

Public Space And EventsMiss Sargfabrik includes luxury amenities to create a sense of community within the residents. Included are a restau-rant, Turkish bath, community gardens, conference room, performance center and kindergarten. All residents are re-quired to pay an additional fee with rent to support these programs. Events are also open to the public by fee. Upon completion in 2000, more than half the community was al-ready rented. Today, a long wait list remains of interested potential residents.

TENANTASSOCIATION

BKK-3 ArchitectsLandlordResidents

VIENNA CITY COUNCIL

HostelRegistration

MISS SARGFABRIK

RESIDENTS

EVENTS

FUND PARKING

1 : 10

Zoning

Exemptions

Funds Saved for

Programming

Funds Saved for

Programming

Voluntary Participationin Decisionmaking

MandatoryFee

MandatoryFee

Planning/Construction

Unit Formation Decisions

Management of Amenities and Programming

Angled and Duplex Floor Plans

Community-based Governance

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


Section : Patio

Section : Floor Plans

Section : Public Space

West Elevation

Section : Circulation

Miss ZargfabrikBKK-3 Architects, Vienna (2000)

N

Miss Sargfabrik2000

Sargfabrik1996

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


For The PeopleMiss Sargfabrik was envisioned as a building to suit a 21st century life-style. The architects describe it as “evolutionary architecture”, leaving room for adaptation as the needs of the inhabitants change. There are different types of unit: three of them are specifically designed with consideration for those in wheelchairs, and there are “flex-boxes” to suit the capricious student. There are options to create duplexes or triplexes on some of the upper levels. The ground floor contains a row of live/work maisonettes with public entrances on the street as well as private entrances.

No Two AlikeResidents contributed to the design of each apartment, resulting in a complex full of unique experiences. The units range from 540 square feet to 645 square feet. Large windows allow plenty of light and air. Miss Sargfabrik is most interesting in section. As reflected on the west facade of the building, each unit’s ceiling height varies from about 7 feet to 10 feet. An especially unique condition is the sloping floors, which challenges the inhabitant’s creativity - a challenge exceedingly welcomed by eager residents. In addition, some units feature a mez-zanine level.

CommunityOne of the focal points of the building is the community library/kitch-en/entertainment room/telework station/laundry room. Though de-signed to foster interaction between residents, the community space can be broken into more intimate modules. There are also terraces and a space for teenage hangouts to bring people together. The com-munity spaces of the nearby Sargfabrik are open to residents of Miss Sargfabrik as well.

Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8 Level 9

“Les Terrasses” Apartment complex (eight separate buildings built be-tween 1971 to 1980) was designed by architect Jean Renaudie in the Paris suburb of Ivry sur Seine, France. Wanting to challenge the way in which people live Renaudie designed surreal housing that challenged the typical preconceptions about urban living. Rejecting the struc-tures of functionalism, Renaudie focused on creating housing that stimulated social exchange. The mixing of public and private space is fundamental in his design intending an interconectivity in the social dimension as well aesthetic.

The Housing Complex Ivry-sur-Siene emerged as an idea established in 1958 by the French Government introduced legislation to promote the setting up of ZUPs or also known as Priority Zones of Urbanization, in order to facilitate large scale development.

The government began the process of decentralisation, by giving the employers financial incentives to relocate to the provinces. This leg-islation as well as local and national politics and activism allowed for creative and innovative design to flourish within Ivry-sur-Siene. Re-naudie’s invitation to participate and spearhead the design of Ivry - cart-blanche as it were, was the ideal opportunity for Renaudie to practice all his theories on urban design and housing. He took into consideration not a particular site or commission but the town centre in its totality. The end result of Renaudie’s design was 447 homes, of-fices, shops and a school.

“Each building represented a strong rejection of the entrenched cur-rents of austerity and uniformity underlying Modernist architecture and planning. Renaudie’s intricately arraged geometric volumes and winding passageways introduced an extreme level of intentional complexity and whimsicality, a reaction that slightly anticipated the coming wave of architectural Postmodernism. (A Right to Difference)”

Chaotic Design: Forging complexity of space and social relations.

Early study drawings done by Renaudie. Unit aggregation

Town planning - overall alyout of Las Terrasses

“Les Terrasses” : Mixed-Use Apartment ComplexDiscovery, Diversity, Complexity

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


The spaces in Les Terrasses offer different apartments for different people-all equipped with a garden terrace. The apartment’s them selves are often disturbing and unpractical, and instead of making things comfortable they push the boundaries of everyday life. There are random room heights, shapes and sizes require inhabitants to agree with an unconventional way of life.

Crux to Renaudie’s socialist intentions was to provide individuality of space/light and views to his dwellings. Two of the more famous dwell-ings - the Casanova building housing 82 apartments (oriented at 90 and 45 deg. angles) and Jeanne Hachette containing 40 apartments and additional retail spaces (even more sprawling and dynamic, utiliz-ing a variety of angles) all haphazordley organized and extremely indi-vidualized. The diagonal was implemented in this project as a blatant rejection of modernist building practices.

Alluding to the differences in spatial layouts of the Hachette dwellings:“These are not differences of a mere sales-promotional kind. They are the product of a long process alternating chance and invention, capri-cious happenings and careful assesmnets. They cannot be explained or even justified, their rationale being concealed in a thicket of forms and deliberations. (A Right to Difference, pg. 50)”

Function of the city (CIAM): Living, Working, Circulation, Cultivating body and mind. Renaudie found this to be a limited definition of ur-banity however - his thinking was that the contemporary city must extend this definition and accomodate the mixing of these functions. The city should be regarded as a living organism in which some piec-es/functions/usages die while new ones are allowed to grow - the city must be designed for its continuous growth and re-use.

“Towers in the Park”

Levittown, L.I. Mass Produced Suburb. circa 1950

Typical Mass Housing in the Innovative Mass Housing - New Brutalism

Government-Built Public Housing, Successfully Integrated Government-Built Pub-urbs of

Variations of Individual-

Park in the Towers

Unlike traditionally modern approaches to city planning and zoning in which life and space is systematically organized into neat little containers of function and design, Renaudie’s built environment allows for urban functions and circulation and to intertwine and occur in a more playful/organic manner.

“Les Terrasses embodies a real urban density, mixes several social lev-els, organizes urban life on a multitude of storeys, blurs the limits be-tween private and public areas and supply a little piece of garden to every apartment. (A Right To Difference)”

Multi-tiered public spaces consisting of stores, art galleries, nurseries, public walkways, and open public plaza. It is not a linear sequence of space, but rather a maze-like space where one enters from the street level and end up in another level of elevated public terrace. Each level is served by its own circulations connecting to other levels to form networks and nodes of gathering spaces. Public and private spaces are so mixed that you have some difficulties to see a clear limit be-tween them.

An Ivry Resident: “Living in Ivry is like living in a village everybody knows everybody and most people have visited each others apart-ments wanting to see all the different spatial arrangments. (A Right To Difference)”

_Semi-PrivateContains public paths and open areas, private dwellings are interspersed throughout.

_Public Retail/street level with access to uper levels via stairs.

“Les Terrasses” : Mixed-Use Apartment ComplexPublic/Private Intergration

Publically Ac-

A gradient exists between public and private spaces, never fully be-

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


Shown here are some of the many pockets of impromptu social gath-erings that occur at multiple levels - embedded in Renaudie’s design.

“Renaudie brings back the idea of agora, the center of social gather-ing. The forms in Tour Jeanne Hachette are haphazard and disorderly; but it works within its own internal system and network. (A Right to Difference)”

Social Experiment:Renaudie aspired in his planning and design to affect the way people related to each. “The overlapping of spaces, the interface between dwellings, the prospect from one terrace onto another, the continuity of circulation from one building to the next: all were augmented in his work so that the opportunities for social contact could be in turn multiplied. (A Right to Difference)”

“Les Terrasses” Mixed-Use Apartment ComplexThe Terrace Concept

The idea in Renaudie’s terraced approach to the stacking of building units is to provide every owner the opportunity to enjoy a private gar-den. The terraced design provides a connection to a natural environ-ment and to the town, opening up views and interactive social spaces.The terraces while providing private sanctuaries at the same time serve as social gathering points where neighbors can interact with each other and socialize within the boundaries of their individual dwellings.

The terraces grant residences an important connection to nature and to their environment. When it rains, you see it raining in your flat be-cause it is raining in your terrace. You see the water falling on the grass and the owner will go out to see it. The rain in the terraces allow the blackbirds to arrive.

The terraces allow residents to take part in the design of the building itself through the introduction of personalized vegetative landscap-ing effects. Plantings and wild ground cover create patio archi-tecture and provide seasonal variation. The “Green Roofs” provide a soft and natural touch to otherwise agressively angular design and cold grey concrete materiality. Residents alter the exterior finishes of the building, softening corners and sharp edges.

The volumes are organized to create a continuous succession of terraces that descend or cascade - creating a kind of “visual pub-lic domain.” The addition of 35 cm of topsoil allows the cultivation of plants and larger trees and shrubs- the building aglomeration becomes one large garden. The green terreses connect resi-dences to nature and to a feeling of ownership, provide them with an oulet for creative expression, an inlet for peace and relaxation .

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


“Les Terrasses” : Mixed-Use Apartment ComplexUnit Development

“Renaudie’s revolt was not merely agianst a social order: it was against the totality of our preconceptions. Spaces in his building are pur-posely disconcerting. They are only partially segmented and closed; they include transitional areas with no prescribed function. Collec-tive spaces in the dwelling are uncommonly generous, even if at the expense of individual bedrooms, which are necessarily small. (A Right to Difference)”

Jean Renaudie’s floor plans for “Les Terrasses” housing complex deviate dramaticlaly from traditional housing design. The floor plans incorporate a diverse collection of units in which each is different, distancing itself from a more traditional, repetitive unit aggregation. Each Unit is designed in a way that maximizes its space by using the diagonal in linking interior program, at the same time this diagnal axis allows public space (living and dining) to share the same views towards the terraces.

An interesting feature about the layout of the units was that- all share the vertical and horizontal circulation through the center of its attachment, making the circulation core at the center between typically three to four units, eleminating the need to introduce ad-ditional circulation cores for each particular apartment.

Most of the units posess a terrace which in addition to being ac-cessible via the common spaces, can also be accessed through private bedrooms (due to the unusual angular arrangment of inte-rior program) which allows for the public and private parts of the apartment to share a common exterior space in turn enriching the experience of the garden and spatial interconnectivity.

The diagrams shown in the right side show Renaudie’s final floor plans for floors 3, 7 and 8. Each one has been studied, through isolation of the units, and analyzed in respect to connectivity and shared program. Most of them have the kitchen and utility area (incl. laundry room) close together, sharing common waterwalls and electrical runs. At the perimeter of the units exist living and dining areas, also bedrooms. In some units the owner has the option whether to have the bedrooms enclosed with a partition wall or just have it open as an extention of the living room area.

Building Type: Downtown

Flat #10 4 Rooms

Flat #16 3 Rooms

Flat #20 3 Rooms

First floorSecond floor

First floor Second floor

First floor

Second floor

Flat #4 1 Room

Flat #1 2 Rooms

16 Apartment Units for the Third Floor

Flat #5 3 Rooms

Flat #11 2 Rooms

Flat #18 3 Rooms

First floor

Second floor

First floor

Second floor

Flat #2 3 Rooms

First floor

Second floor

Flat #3 3 Rooms

First floor

Second floor

Configuration Study

period prior to late 19thperiod late 19th : village homesperiod late 19th : buildingsperiod beginning 20th : flats

period beginning 20th : villas

period begining 20th : small groupperiod begining 20th : grouvv

years : 50years : 30

BETA

VER

SIO

N

BETA

VER

SIO

N


Geometric Analysis

Aggregation Study

EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAMS TO COME........................

precedent studies (m/l)

Documents

sitras energy program

new development

field of energy efficiency

indicator design

finlands energy consumption

indicator of sustainability

public agency

long term vision