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Discussions with Eduardo de LunaPowerPoint presentation

Matti Pitkänen 08/09/2000

Postal address:Köydenpunojankatu 2 D 1110940, Hanko, Finland

E-mail: matpitka@luukku.comURL-address: http://tgdtheory.com

(former address: http://www.helsinki.fi/~matpitka )"Blog" forum: http://matpitka.blogspot.com/

A. Basic Ideas

B. Hierarchy of Planck constants

C. EEG, Cyclotron frequencies, and large Planck constant

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TGD

A. Basic ideas and concepts(mhtml:http://www.helsinki.fi/~matpitka/tgdppt/ideasweb.mht!ideasweb_files/frame.htm )

1. the Energy problem of Relativity

2. General Relativity

3. Why this problem was not taken seriously?

4. A possible solution to the problem

5. Toy model with 1-dimensional spacetime in 2-dimensional space-time

6. What this means for 1-dimensional spacetimes living on cylinder space-time

7. Conclusions

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1. the Energy problem of Relativity

Two great theories of Einstein:

● Special Relativity

Symmetries of space-time give rise to conservation laws. Energy, momentum, angular momentum are conserved.

Problem:No gravitation.

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2. General Relativity

Curvature of space-time gives rise to gravitational ”force”

Problem:Because space-time is curved, the symmetries of empty space-time are lost.No conservation laws.

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3. Why this problem was not taken seriously?

● Gravitational interaction is extremely weak as compared to electromagnetism. So that one can say that the conceptual problem exists but does not have catastrophic effects as long as gravitational forces are weak and can be treated as small perturbations of empty space-time with symmetries.

● But can we neglect so deep a conceptual problem just because gravitational force is weak under ordinary circumstances? What about black holes?

● What if we take this problem seriously? Can we imagine any solution to it?

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4. A possible solution to the problem

● Assume that space-time is 4-dimensional surface in some higher dimensional space-time. Assume that this higher-dimensional space-time is obtained from empty 4-dimensional space-time by replacing its points with some very small internal space.

● This higher-dimensional space-time has symmetries of empty space-time so that the resulting physical theory has also these symmetries and the notion of energy is well-defined as in Special Relativity.

● Gravity can be described as curvature of space-time surface so that the theory describes also gravitation (see the illustration).

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5. Toy model with 1-dimensional spacetime in 2-dimensional space-time

● Replacing points of 1-dimensional line with small circles makes it a thin 2-dimensional cylinder

● The 2-dimensional cylinder has symmetries of both line (translations) and circle (rotations).

● Realistic situation: replace 1-dimensional line with 4-dimensional surface and cylinder with D>4-dimensional space-time

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6. What this means for 1-dimensional space-times living on cylinder space-time

● The physics for one-dimensional space-time(s) living in 2-dimensional cylinder space-time must have symmetries of cylinder. Translations in the direction of axis of cylinder (time) imply conserved energy. Special Relativity!

● One-dimensional lines at cylinder can be also curved so that you have an analog of gravitation. General Relativity!

● You have fusion of Special and General Relativities!

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7. Conclusions

● You get a fusion of successful aspects of Special and General Relativities and get rid of their problems!

● Additional bonus: the symmetries of the small internal space explain the other symmetries and conservation laws of particle physics (electromagnetic charge, etc.).

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B. Hierarchy of Planck constants(mhtml:http://www.helsinki.fi/~matpitka/tgdppt/ideasweb.mht!ideasweb_files/frame.htm )

1. Basic Definitions and Formulas

2. Implications of scaling up of Planck constant 1

3. Implications of scaling up of Planck constant 2

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1. Basic Definitions and Formulas

● Planck Constant ћ defines unit of spin.

● Compton Length is defined as L = ћ/m where m = mass or particle.

● Relationship between energy and frequency

E = hf

where E = energy, f = frequency. h = 2πћ

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2. Implications of scaling up of Planck constant 1

Consider as an example, EEG frequency 10 Hz. Corresponding energy is extremely small for ordinary value of Planck constant.

If Planck constant h is scaled up sufficiently (for instance by a factor 1012), E = hf becomes larger than thermal energy.

This means that EEG can have quantum effects on Living matter because thermal noise does not mask it.

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3. Implications of scaling up of Planck constant 2

● When Planck constant increases, Compton length L = ћ/m increases too. You can zoom up electrons to Macroscopic size.

● If we have many zoomed up electrons, they begin to overlap and therefore form Macroscopic quantum system (for instance. superconductor).

[Superconductor is a system where electric current flows without dissipation (friction) so that there are no energy losses].

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C. EEG, Cyclotron frequencies, and large Planck constant

1. Problematic empirical finding

2. Possible solution to the problem

3. TGD predicts entire hierarchy of large Planck constants

4. Phases of matter with different Planck constants are "blind" to each other

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1. Problematic empirical finding

Radiation at EEG frequencies has effects in vertebrates. These effects are quantal and occur at multiples of cyclotron frequencies f = ZeB/m (B = Earth´s magnetic field, Z = charge of ion, m = mass of ion) of biologically important ions such as calcium (Ca2+).

Problem: quantal effects should be masked by thermal noise since the energy (E = hf) of these photons should be much smaller than thermal energy.

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2. Possible solution to the problem:

large Planck constant!

E = hf

where E = energy, f = frequency. h = 2πћ.

When h is large enough, E is above thermal energy.

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3. TGD predicts entire hierarchy of large Planck constants

Ћ(k) = λk Ћ0 Examples:

λ ≈ 211 ≈ 2000 Ћ(0) = Ћ0

k = 0,1,2, ... Ћ(1) ≈ 2000 Ћ0

Ћ(2) ≈ 4 x 106 Ћ0

Ћ(4) ≈ 1.6 x 1013 Ћ0

For k = 4, the energy of ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) photon is above thermal energy at room temperature so that ELF radiation can have quantal effects on living matter.

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4. Phases of matter with different Planck constants are "blind" to each other

● "Blindness": phases of matter with different Planck constants do not interact directly.

● Therefore they behave like dark matter with respect to each other. Hierarchy of Planck constant defines dark matter hierarchy.

● This means that EEG photons are dark photons. Dark matter would be essential for functioning of living matter!!

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