pfr article 1-2 fc cases

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G.R. No. L-57062 January 24, 1992 MARIA DEL ROSARIO MARIATEGUI, ET AL., petitioners, vs. HON. COURT OF APPEALS, JACINTO MARIATEGUI, JULIAN MARIATEGUI and PAULINA MARIATEGUI, respondents. BIDIN, J.: This is a petition for review on certiorari of the decision * of the Court of Appeals dated December 24, 1980 in CA-G.R. No. 61841, entitled "Jacinto Mariategui, et al. v. Maria del Rosario Mariategui, et al.," reversing the judgment of the then Court of First Instance of Rizal, Branch VIII ** at Pasig, Metro Manila. The undisputed facts are as follows: Lupo Mariategui died without a will on June 26, 1953 (Brief for respondents, Rollo , pp. 116; 8). During his lifetime, Lupo Mariategui contracted three (3) marriages. With his first wife, Eusebia Montellano, who died on November 8, 1904, he begot four (4) children, namely: Baldomera, Maria del Rosario, Urbana and Ireneo. Baldomera died and was survived by her children named Antero, Rufina, Catalino, Maria, Gerardo, Virginia and Federico, all surnamed Espina. Ireneo also died and left a son named Ruperto. With his second wife, Flaviana Montellano, he begot a daughter named Cresenciana who was born on May 8, 1910 ( Rollo , Annex "A", p. 36). Lupo Mariategui and Felipa Velasco (Lupo's third wife) got married sometime in 1930. They had three children, namely: Jacinto, born on July 3, 1929, Julian, born on February 16, 1931 and Paulina, born on April 19, 1938. Felipa Velasco Mariategui died in 1941 ( Rollo , Ibid ). At the time of his death, Lupo Mariategui left certain properties which he acquired when he was still unmarried (Brief for respondents, Rollo , pp. 116; 4). These properties are described in the complaint as Lots Nos. 163, 66, 1346 and 156 of the Muntinglupa Estate ( Rollo , Annex "A", p. 39). On December 2, 1967, Lupo's descendants by his first and second marriages, namely, Maria del Rosario, Urbana, Ruperto, Cresencia, all surnamed Mariategui and Antero, Rufina, Catalino, Maria, Gerardo, Virginia and Federico, all surnamed Espina, executed a deed of extrajudicial partition whereby they adjudicated unto themselves Lot No. 163 of the Muntinglupa Estate. Thereafter, Lot No. 163 was the subject of a voluntary registration proceedings filed by the adjudicatees under Act No. 496, and the land registration court issued a decree ordering the registration of the lot. Thus, on April 1, 1971, OCT No. 8828 was issued in the name of the above-mentioned heirs. Subsequently, the registered owners caused the subdivision of the said lot into Lots Nos. 163-A to 163-H, for which separate transfer certificates of title were issued to the respective parties ( Rollo , ibid ). On April 23, 1973, Lupo's children by his third marriage with Felipa Velasco (Jacinto, Julian and Paulina) filed with the lower court an amended complaint claiming that Lot No. 163 together with Lots Nos. 669, 1346 and 154 were owned by their common father, Lupo Mariategui, and that, with the adjudication of Lot No. 163 to their co-heirs, they (children of the third marriage) were deprived of their respective shares in the lots. Plaintiffs pray for partition of the estate of their deceased father and annulment of the deed of extrajudicial partition dated December 2, 1967 (Petition, Rollo , p. 10). Cresencia Mariategui Abas, Flaviana Mariategui Cabrera and Isabel Santos were impleaded in the complaint as unwilling defendants as they would not like to join the suit as plaintiffs although they acknowledged the status and rights of the plaintiffs and agreed to the partition of the parcels of land as well as the accounting of their fruits ( Ibid ., Rollo , p. 8; Record on Appeal, p. 4). The defendants (now petitioners) filed an answer with counterclaim (Amended Record on Appeal, p. 13). Thereafter, they filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds of lack of cause of action and prescription. They specifically contended that the complaint was one for recognition of natural children. On August 14, 1974, the motion to dismiss was denied by the trial court, in an order the dispositive portion of which reads: It is therefore the opinion of the Court that Articles 278 and 285 of the Civil

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Page 1: Pfr Article 1-2 FC Cases

G.R. No. L-57062 January 24, 1992

MARIA DEL ROSARIO MARIATEGUI, ET AL., petitioners, vs.HON. COURT OF APPEALS, JACINTO MARIATEGUI, JULIAN MARIATEGUI and PAULINA MARIATEGUI,respondents.

 BIDIN, J.:

This   is   a   petition   for   review   on certiorari of   the decision * of   the  Court   of  Appeals   dated  December   24, 1980 in CA-G.R. No. 61841, entitled "Jacinto Mariategui, et al. v. Maria del Rosario Mariategui, et al.," reversing the judgment   of   the   then   Court   of   First   Instance   of   Rizal, Branch VIII ** at Pasig, Metro Manila.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

Lupo Mariategui died without a will on June 26, 1953 (Brief for   respondents, Rollo,   pp.   116;   8).   During   his   lifetime, Lupo Mariategui contracted three (3) marriages. With his first wife, Eusebia Montellano, who died on November 8, 1904,   he   begot   four   (4)   children,   namely:   Baldomera, Maria del Rosario, Urbana and Ireneo. Baldomera died and was   survived   by   her   children   named   Antero,   Rufina, Catalino,   Maria,   Gerardo,   Virginia   and   Federico,   all surnamed Espina. Ireneo also died and left a son named Ruperto.  With  his   second wife,   Flaviana  Montellano,  he begot  a daughter  named Cresenciana who was born on May 8, 1910 (Rollo, Annex "A", p. 36).

Lupo Mariategui and Felipa Velasco (Lupo's third wife) got married   sometime   in   1930.   They   had   three   children, namely:   Jacinto,   born   on   July   3,   1929,   Julian,   born   on February  16,  1931 and Paulina,  born on April  19,  1938. Felipa Velasco Mariategui died in 1941 (Rollo, Ibid).

At   the   time   of   his   death,   Lupo  Mariategui   left   certain properties which he acquired when he was still unmarried (Brief for respondents, Rollo, pp. 116; 4). These properties are described in the complaint as Lots Nos. 163, 66, 1346 and 156 of the Muntinglupa Estate (Rollo,  Annex "A", p. 39).

On December 2, 1967, Lupo's descendants by his first and second  marriages,   namely,  Maria   del   Rosario,   Urbana, 

Ruperto, Cresencia, all surnamed Mariategui and Antero, Rufina, Catalino, Maria, Gerardo, Virginia and Federico, all surnamed   Espina,   executed   a   deed   of   extrajudicial partition whereby they adjudicated unto themselves Lot No. 163 of the Muntinglupa Estate. Thereafter, Lot No. 163 was   the   subject  of   a   voluntary   registration  proceedings filed by the adjudicatees under Act No. 496, and the land registration court issued a decree ordering the registration of the lot. Thus, on April 1, 1971, OCT No. 8828 was issued in the name of the above-mentioned heirs. Subsequently, the registered owners caused the subdivision of the said lot   into   Lots   Nos.   163-A   to   163-H,   for  which   separate transfer certificates of title were issued to the respective parties (Rollo, ibid).

On April  23,  1973,  Lupo's  children by his  third marriage with Felipa Velasco (Jacinto, Julian and Paulina) filed with the lower court an amended complaint claiming that Lot No. 163 together with Lots Nos. 669, 1346 and 154 were owned by their common father, Lupo Mariategui, and that, with the adjudication of Lot No. 163 to their co-heirs, they (children  of   the   third  marriage)  were  deprived  of   their respective shares in the lots. Plaintiffs pray for partition of the estate of their deceased father and annulment of the deed  of  extrajudicial  partition  dated  December  2,   1967 (Petition, Rollo, p. 10). Cresencia Mariategui Abas, Flaviana Mariategui Cabrera and Isabel Santos were impleaded in the complaint as unwilling defendants as they would not like   to   join   the   suit   as   plaintiffs   although   they acknowledged the status and rights of  the plaintiffs and agreed to the partition of the parcels of land as well as the accounting   of   their   fruits   (Ibid., Rollo,   p.   8;   Record   on Appeal, p. 4).

The   defendants   (now  petitioners)   filed   an   answer  with counterclaim   (Amended   Record   on   Appeal,   p.   13). Thereafter, they filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds of lack of cause of action and prescription. They specifically contended that the complaint was one for recognition of natural   children.   On   August   14,   1974,   the   motion   to dismiss  was   denied   by   the   trial   court,   in   an   order   the dispositive portion of which reads:

It is therefore the opinion of the Court that Articles 278 and   285   of   the   Civil   Code   cited   by   counsel   for   the defendants are of erroneous application to this case. The motion to dismiss is therefore denied for lack of merit.

SO ORDERED. (Ibid, p. 37).

However, on February 16, 1977, the complaint as well as petitioners' counterclaim were dismissed by the trial court, in its decision stating thus:

The   plaintiffs'   right   to   inherit   depends   upon   the acknowledgment   or   recognition   of   their   continuous enjoyment  and possession of   status  of  children of   their supposed   father.   The   evidence   fails   to   sustain   either premise,   and   it   is   clear   that   this   action   cannot   be sustained. (Ibid, Rollo, pp. 67-68)

The plaintiffs elevated the case to the Court of Appeals on the ground that the trial court committed an error ". . . in not   finding   that   the   parents   of   the   appellants,   Lupo Mariategui and Felipa Velasco (were) lawfully married, and in   holding   (that)   they   (appellants)   are   not   legitimate children of their  said parents,  thereby divesting them of their inheritance . . . " (Rollo, pp. 14-15).

On December 24, 1980, the Court of Appeals rendered a decision declaring all the children and descendants of Lupo Mariategui, including appellants Jacinto, Julian and Paulina (children of the third marriage) as entitled to equal shares in   the   estate   of   Lupo   Mariategui;   directing   the adjudicatees in the extrajudicial partition of real properties who   eventually   acquired   transfer   certificates   of   title thereto, to execute deeds of reconveyance in favor, and for   the   shares,   of   Jacinto,   Julian   and   Paulina   provided rights   of   innocent   third   persons   are   not   prejudiced otherwise the said adjudicatees shall  reimburse the said heirs the fair market value of their shares; and directing all the   parties   to   submit   to   the   lower   court   a   project   of partition   in   the   net   estate   of   Lupo   Mariategui   after payment   of   taxes,   other   government   charges   and outstanding legal obligations.

The   defendants-appellees   filed   a   motion   for reconsideration of said decision but it was denied for lack of merit. Hence, this petition which was given due course by the court on December 7, 1981.

The petitioners submit to the Court the following issues: (a)   whether   or   not   prescription   barred   private respondents' right to demand the partition of the estate of Lupo  Mariategui,   and   (b)   whether   or   not   the   private 

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respondents,   who   belatedly   filed   the   action   for recognition,  were able to prove their  successional  rights over   said  estate.   The   resolution  of   these   issues  hinges, however, on the resolution of the preliminary matter, i.e., the   nature   of   the   complaint   filed   by   the   private respondents.

The complaint alleged, among other things, that "plaintiffs are the children of the deceased spouses Lupo Mariategui . .   .   and   Felipa  Velasco";   that   "during   his   lifetime,   Lupo Mariategui  had repeatedly  acknowledged and confirmed plaintiffs   as   his   children   and   the   latter,   in   turn,   have continuously  enjoyed such status  since   their  birth";  and "on the basis of their relationship to the deceased Lupo Mariategui  and  in  accordance with  the  law on  intestate succession, plaintiffs are entitled to  inherit shares  in the foregoing estate (Record on Appeal, pp. 5 & 6). It prayed, among others, that plaintiffs be declared as children and heirs   of   Lupo  Mariategui   and   adjudication   in   favor   of plaintiffs their lawful shares in the estate of the decedent (Ibid, p. 10).

A   perusal   of   the   entire   allegations   of   the   complaint, however,   shows   that   the   action   is   principally   one   of partition. The allegation with respect to the status of the private respondents was raised only collaterally to assert their rights in the estate of the deceased. Hence, the Court of   Appeals   correctly   adopted   the   settled   rule   that   the nature of an action filed in court is determined by the facts alleged in the complaint constituting the cause of action (Republic vs. Estenzo, 158 SCRA 282 [1988]).

It  has been held that,   if   the relief  demanded  is  not the proper one which may be granted under the law, it does not   characterize   or   determine   the   nature   of   plaintiffs' action, and the relief to which plaintiff is entitled based on the facts alleged by him in his complaint, although it is not the relief demanded, is what determines the nature of the action   (1  Moran,   p.   127,   1979   ed.,   citing   Baguioro   vs. Barrios, et al., 77 Phil. 120).

With   respect   to   the   legal   basis   of   private   respondents' demand for partition of the estate of Lupo Mariategui, the Court of Appeals aptly held that the private respondents are legitimate children of the deceased.

Lupo Mariategui and Felipa Velasco were alleged to have been lawfully married in or about 1930. This fact is based on the declaration communicated by Lupo Mariategui to Jacinto who testified that "when (his) father was still living, he was able to mention to (him) that he and (his) mother were able to get married before a Justice of the Peace of Taguig,   Rizal."   The   spouses   deported   themselves   as husband and wife, and were known in the community to be such. Although no marriage certificate was introduced to   this   effect,   no   evidence   was   likewise   offered   to controvert  these facts.  Moreover,  the mere fact that no record   of   the  marriage   exists   does   not   invalidate   the marriage, provided all requisites for its validity are present (People vs. Borromeo, 133 SCRA 106 [1984]).

Under these circumstances, a marriage may be presumed to have taken place between Lupo and Felipa.  The  laws presume that a man and a woman, deporting themselves as husband and wife, have entered into a lawful contract of  marriage;   that   a   child  born   in   lawful  wedlock,   there being   no   divorce,   absolute   or   from   bed   and   board   is legitimate;  and  that   things  have  happened according   to the ordinary course of nature and the ordinary habits of life   (Section  5   (z),   (bb),   (cc),   Rule   131,   Rules   of   Court; Corpus   v.   Corpus,   85   SCRA   567   [1978];   Saurnaba   v. Workmen's Compensation, 85 SCRA 502 [1978]; Alavado v. City  Gov't.   of   Tacloban,  139  SCRA  230   [1985];  Reyes   v. Court of Appeals, 135 SCRA 439 [1985]).

Courts look upon the presumption of marriage with great favor as it is founded on the following rationale:

The basis of human society throughout the civilized world is that of marriage. Marriage in this jurisdiction is not only a civil contract, but it is a new relation, an institution in the maintenance   of   which   the   public   is   deeply   interested. Consequently, every intendment of the law leans toward legalizing   matrimony.   Persons   dwelling   together   in apparent matrimony are presumed, in the absence of any counterpresumption or evidence special to that case, to be in   fact  married.  The reason  is   that  such  is   the common order of society and if the parties were not what they thus hold themselves out as being, they would be living in the constant   violation   of   decency   and   of law . . . (Adong vs. Cheong Seng Gee, 43 Phil. 43, 56 [1922] quoted in Alavado vs. City Government of Tacloban, 139 SCRA 230 [1985]).

So much so that once a man and a woman have lived as husband and wife and such relationship is not denied nor contradicted, the presumption of their being married must be   admitted   as   a   fact   (Alavado   v.   City   Gov't.   of Tacloban, supra).

The   Civil   Code   provides   for   the   manner   under   which legitimate filiation may be proven. However, considering the effectivity of the Family Code of the Philippines, the case at bar must be decided under a new if not entirely dissimilar   set   of   rules   because   the   parties   have   been overtaken   by   events,   to   use   the   popular   phrase (Uyguangco vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 76873, October 26, 1989). Thus, under Title VI of the Family Code, there are   only   two   classes   of   children   —   legitimate   and illegitimate. The fine distinctions among various types of illegitimate   children   have   been   eliminated   (Castro   vs. Court of Appeals, 173 SCRA 656 [1989]).

Article 172 of the said Code provides that the filiation of legitimate children may be established by  the record of birth appearing in the civil register or a final judgment or by the open and continuous possession of the status of a legitimate child.

Evidence on record proves the legitimate filiation of the private respondents. Jacinto's birth certificate is a record of birth referred to in the said article. Again, no evidence which   tends   to   disprove   facts   contained   therein   was adduced before the  lower court.   In the case of the two other  private respondents,   Julian and Paulina,   they may not   have   presented   in   evidence   any  of   the   documents required by Article 172 but they continuously enjoyed the status of children of Lupo Mariategui in the same manner as their brother Jacinto.

While   the   trial   court   found   Jacinto's   testimonies   to   be inconsequential   and   lacking   in   substance   as   to   certain dates   and   names   of   relatives   with   whom   their   family resided, these are but minor details.  The nagging fact  is that   for   a   considerable   length  of   time  and  despite   the death of Felipa in 1941, the private respondents and Lupo lived   together   until   Lupo's   death   in   1953.   It   should   be noted that even the trial court mentioned in its decision the   admission   made   in   the   affidavit   of   Cresenciana Mariategui Abas, one of the petitioners herein, that " . . . Jacinto,   Julian   and   Paulina  Mariategui   ay   pawang  mga 

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kapatid   ko   sa ama . . ." (Exh. M, Record on Appeal, pp. 65-66).

In view of the foregoing, there can be no other conclusion than that private respondents are legitimate children and heirs of Lupo Mariategui and therefore, the time limitation prescribed in Article 285 for filing an action for recognition is   inapplicable to this  case.  Corollarily,  prescription does not run against  private respondents with respect to the filing of   the action for partition so  long as the heirs  for whose benefit prescription is invoked, have not expressly or impliedly repudiated the co-ownership. In other words, prescription of an action for partition does not lie except when the co-ownership is properly repudiated by the co-owner (Del  Banco vs.   Intermediate Appellate Court,  156 SCRA 55 [1987] citing Jardin vs.  Hollasco,  117 SCRA 532 [1982]).

Otherwise   stated,   a   co-owner   cannot   acquire   by prescription   the   share  of   the  other   co-owners  absent  a clear repudiation of co-ownership duly communicated to the other co-owners (Mariano vs. De Vega, 148 SCRA 342 [1987]).   Furthermore,   an   action   to   demand  partition   is imprescriptible and cannot be barred by laches (Del Banco vs. IAC, 156 SCRA 55 [1987]). On the other hand, an action for   partition  may  be   seen   to  be   at   once   an  action   for declaration   of   co-ownership   and   for   segregation   and conveyance   of   a   determinate   portion   of   the   property involved (Roque vs. IAC, 165 SCRA 118 [1988]).

Petitioners   contend   that   they   have   repudiated   the   co-ownership when they executed the extrajudicial partition excluding   the   private   respondents   and   registered   the properties   in   their  own names  (Petition,  p.  16; Rollo,  p. 20).   However,   no   valid   repudiation   was   made   by petitioners   to   the   prejudice   of   private   respondents. Assuming   petitioners'   registration   of   the   subject   lot   in 1971   was   an   act   of   repudiation   of   the   co-ownership, prescription had not yet set in when private respondents filed  in 1973 the present action for partition (Ceniza vs. C.A., 181 SCRA 552 [1990]).

In   their   complaint,   private   respondents   averred   that   in spite of  their  demands,  petitioners,  except the unwilling defendants   in   the   lower   court,   failed   and   refused   to acknowledge and convey their lawful shares in the estate of   their   father  (Record on Appeal,  p.  6).  This  allegation, though denied by the petitioners in their answer (Ibid, p. 

14),   was   never   successfully   refuted   by   them.   Put differently,  in spite of petitioners' undisputed knowledge of   their   relationship   to   private   respondents   who   are therefore their co-heirs, petitioners fraudulently withheld private   respondent's   share   in   the   estate   of   Lupo Mariategui. According to respondent Jacinto, since 1962, he had been inquiring from petitioner Maria del Rosario about   their   (respondents)   share   in   the  property   left  by their deceased father and had been assured by the latter (Maria  del  Rosario)   not   to  worry  because   they  will   get some   shares.   As   a  matter   of   fact,   sometime   in   1969, Jacinto constructed a house where he now resides on Lot No. 163 without any complaint from petitioners.

Petitioners' registration of the properties in their names in 1971  did  not  operate  as   a   valid   repudiation  of   the   co-ownership.   In Adille  vs. Court  of  Appeals (157  SCRA 455, 461-462 [1988]), the Court held:

Prescription,  as  a  mode of   terminating a   relation of  co-ownership, must have been preceded by repudiation (of the   co-ownership).   The   act   of   repudiation,   in   turn,   is subject   to  certain  conditions:   (1)  a  co-owner  repudiates the co-ownership; (2) such an act of repudiation is clearly made   known   to   the  other   co-owners;   (3)   the   evidence thereon  is  clear  and conclusive;  and  (4)  he has  been  in possession   through   open,   continuous,   exclusive,   and notorious   possession   of   the   property   for   the   period required by law.

xxx xxx xxx

It   is   true   that   registration  under   the   Torrens   system  is constructive notice of  title,  but   it  has  likewise been our holding that the Torrens title does not furnish shield for fraud. It  is therefore no argument to say that the act of registration   is   equivalent   to   notice   of   repudiation, assuming   there   was   one,   notwithstanding   the   long-standing   rule   that   registration   operates   as   a   universal notice of title.

Inasmuch as petitioners registered the properties in their names in fraud of their co-heirs prescription can only be deemed   to   have   commenced   from   the   time   private respondents   discovered   the   petitioners'   act   of defraudation  (Adille  vs.  Court  of  Appeals, supra).  Hence, prescription definitely may not be invoked by petitioners 

because   private   respondents   commenced   the   instant action barely  two months  after   learning that  petitioners had registered in their names the lots involved.

WHEREFORE,   the   petition   is   DENIED   and   the   assailed decision of the Court of Appeals dated December 24, 1980 is Affirmed.

SO ORDERED.

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JOSE R. PAÑGANIBAN, complainant, vs.ELIAS BORROMEO, respondent.

The   Respondent   in   his   own   behalf.Office of the Solicitor-General Hilado for the Government.

MALCOLM, J.:

These   proceedings   looking   to   the   disbarment   of   the respondent attorney are before us on the representations of   the Solicitor-General   that the respondent appear and show   cause,   if   any   he   has,   why   he   should   not   be proceeded   against   for   professional   malpractice.   The respondent admits that, in his capacity as notary public he legalized the document which is the basis of the complaint against  him,  and that  the  document  contains  provisions contrary to law, morals and good customs, but by way of defense  disclaims  any  previous  knowledge  of   the   illegal character of the document.

On   November   25,   1931,   Alejandro   Pabro   and   Juana Mappala husband and wife, subscribed a contract before the notary public Elias Borromeo, who was at that time a regularly   admitted  member   of   the   Philippine   Bar.   The contract in question had been prepared by the municipal secretary   of   Naguilian,   Isabela.   Attorney   Borromeo cooperated in the execution of the document and had, at lease, some knowledge of  its contents, although he may not have been fully  informed because of a difference in dialect. The contract in substance purported to formulate an agreement between the husband and the wife which permitted the husband to take unto himself a concubine and the wife to live in adulterous relationship with another man, without opposition from either one of them.

Two   questions   are   suggested   by   the   record.   The   first concerns   the   points   of   whether   or   not   the   contract sanctioned   an   illicit   and   immoral   purpose.   The   second concerns the point, on the supposition that the contract did sanction an illicit and immoral purpose, of whether a lawyer  may   be   disciplined   for  misconduct   as   a   notary public.

The   contract   of   the   spouses,   it   will   be   recalled,   was executed   at   a   time  when   the   Spanish   Penal   Code,   as 

modified   by   Act   No.   1773   was   in   force.   Conceding, however, that the more liberal provisions of the Revised Penal   Code   should   be   given   application,   it   is   herein provided that the consent or pardon given by the offended party   constitutes   a   bar   to   prosecution   for   adultery   or concubinage. In this instance, if the spouses should retain their present frame of mind, no prosecution of either one by the other could be expected. Nevertheless, we think it far from the purpose of the Legislature to legalize adultery and   concubinage.   They   still   remain   crimes,   with   the qualification that prosecution cannot be instituted  if   the offended party consent to the act or pardon the offender. This is a matter of future contingency and is not matter for legalization in wanton disregard of good morals. We hold the contract to contain provisions contrary to law, morals and   public   order,   and   as   a   consequence   not   judicially recognizable.

Passing to the second question, we think there can be no question   as   to   the   right   of   the   court   to   discipline   an attorney who,  in his capacity as notary public,  has been guilty of misconduct. To the office of notary public there is not attached such importance under present conditions as under   the   Spanish   administration.   Even   so,   the   notary public   exercise   duties   calling   for   carefulness   and faithfulness.  It   is for the notary to inform himself of the facts to which he intends to certify, and to take part in no illegal enterprise. The notary public is usually a person who has been admitted to the practice of law, and such, in the commingling of his duties as notary and lawyer, must be held   responsible   for   both.  We   are   led   to   hold   that   a member of the bar who performs an act as a notary public of   a   disgraceful   or   immoral   character  may   be   held   to account by the court  even to the extent of  disbarment. (See 2 Thornton on Attorneys At Law, pp. 1258, 1259; In re Chappell   [1909],  115 N.Y.S.,  868; In re Bernard [1912], 136   N.Y.S.,   185; In   re Arctander   [1879],   1   N.W.,   43; In re Terrell [1903], 2 Phil., 266; In re Adriatico [1906], 7 Phil., 173;  U.S. vs.  Kilayko [1916],  34 Phil.,  796;  De  la  Cruz vs. Capinpin and Albea [1918], 38 Phil., 492.)

It   now   becomes   necessary   to   pronounce   sentence.   As mitigating   circumstances,   there   may   be   taken   into consideration (1) that the attorney may not have realized the   full   purport   of   the   document   to   which   he   took acknowledgment,   (2)   that   no   falsification   of   facts   was attempted, and (3) that the commission of the respondent 

as a notary public has been revoked. Accordingly, we are disposed in this case to exercise clemency and to confine our   discipline   of   the   respondent   to   severe   censure.   So ordered.

Page 5: Pfr Article 1-2 FC Cases

.M. No. 804-CJ May 19, 1975

SATURNINO SELANOVA, complainant, vs.ALEJANDRO E. MENDOZA, City Judge of Mandaue City, respondent.

AQUINO,

Saturnino Selanova charged Judge Alejandro E. Mendoza of Mandaue City with gross ignorance of the law for having prepared  and   ratified  a  document  dated  November  21, 1972, extrajudicially liquidating the conjugal partnership of the   complainant   and   his   wife,   Avelina   Ceniza.   One condition of the liquidation was that either spouse (as the case may be) would withdraw the complaint for adultery or concubinage which each had filed against the other and that they waived their "right to prosecute each other for whatever   acts   of   infidelity"   either   one   would   commit against the other.

Judge Mendoza in his comment on the charge purposed to convey the impression that he was aware of the invalidity of the agreement but he nevertheless ratified it and gave it his nihil obstat on the assurance of the spouses that they would ask the Court of First  Instance of Negros Oriental (where   they  were   residing)   to   approve   the   agreement. That pretension is disbelieved by the Judicial Consultant.

Respondent Judge alleged that he relied on the provision that   "the   husband   and   the   wife  may   agree   upon   the dissolution   of   the   conjugal   partnership   during   the marriage,   subject   to   judicial  approval"   (Par.  4,  Art.  191, Civil Code).

He   argues   that   to   give   the   prohibition   against   an extrajudicial liquidation of the conjugal partnership during the marriage "an unqualified and literal legal construction" would   lender   nugatory   the   aforequoted   provisions   of article 191. He cites Lacson vs. San Jose-Lacson, L-23482, L-23767   and   L-24259,   August   30,   1968,   24   SCRA   837   as authority for the propriety of an extrajudicial agreement for   the  dissolution  during   the  marriage  of   the   conjugal partnership   as   long   as   the   agreement   is   subsequently approved by the court.

However,   the   respondent   overlooks   the   unmistakable ruling of this Court in the Lacson case that judicial sanction for the dissolution of the conjugal partnership during the marriage should be "secured beforehand."

Respondent Judge surmised that Selanova's complaint was instigated by a lawyer whose case was adversely decided by   the   Judge.  That   speculation was  denied by  Selanova who   also   belied   Judge   Mendoza's   version   that   the complainant and his wife, Avelina Ceniza, "together with their parents", came to the office of Judge Mendoza and solicited   his   help   in   the   amicable   settlement   of   their marital imbroglio.

According to Selanova, in 1972 his father was already dead and his mother was ninety-one years old. They could not possibly have come to Judge Mendoza's office. Selanova said that only he and his brother-in-law, Arcadio Ceniza, an alleged   classmate  of   Judge  Mendoza,  were   the  persons who went to the Judge's office. But that version may be inaccurate   and   oversimplified,   considering   that   the agreement was signed before Judge Mendoza not only by Selanova but also by his wife and two witnesses, Lamberts M. Ceniza and Florencio C. Pono.

Judge  Mendoza   retired  on   February   27,   1975  when  he reached the age of seventy. In his letter of April 8, 1975 he asked for a compassionate view of his case considering his forty-three years' service in the government (he started his public career in 1932 as a policeman and became a justice of   the   peace   in   1954).   He   also   cited   the   financial predicament of his big family occasioned by the delay in the payment of his retirement and terminal leave pay.

The case was not referred to a Judge of the Court of First Instance   for   investigation   because   actually   no   factual issues necessitate a hearing and presentation of evidence. Respondent Judge admitted that  he was responsible   for the   execution   of   the   questioned   document,   an extrajudicial "Liquidation of Conjugal Properties", which he caused   complainant   Saturnino   Selanova   and   his   wife, Avelina Ceniza, to sign.

In that instrument Judge Mendoza divided the two pieces of   conjugal   assets   of   the   spouses   by   allocating   to   the husband a thirteen-hectare riceland and to the wife the 

residential   house   and   lot.   The   last   paragraph   of   the instrument,  which licensed either spouse to commit any act   of   infidelity,   was   in   effect   a   ratification   of   their personal   separation.  The  agreement   in  question   is   void because it contravenes the following provisions of the Civil Code:têñ.£îhqwâ£

ART. 221. The following shall be void and of no effect:

(1) Any contract for personal separation between husband and wife;

(2) Every extrajudicial agreement, during marriage, for the dissolution of the conjugal partnership of gains or of the absolute   community   of   property  between  husband  and wife;

xxx xxx xxx

Even  before   the  enactment  of   the  new Civil  Code,   this Court held that the extrajudicial dissolution of the conjugal partnership without judicial approval was void (Quintana vs. Lerma, 24 Phil. 285; De Luna vs. Linatoc, 74 Phil. 15, De La Rosa vs. Barruga, L-2368, June 30, 1950, 4 ROP Digest 171, sec. 29).

On   the  other   hand,   disciplinary   action   had   been   taken against   notaries  who   authenticated   agreements   for   the personal separation of spouses wherein either spouse was permitted to commit acts of infidelity.

Thus, in Panganiban vs. Borromeo, 58 Phil. 367, a lawyer was severely  censured  for  having notarized a document containing "an agreement between the husband and the wife which permitted the husband to take unto himself a concubine and the wife to live in adulterous relationship with another man, without opposition from either one of them". The document was prepared by another person.

In   that   case   this   Court   noted   that  while   adultery   and concubinage are private crimes, "they still remain crimes" and a contract legalizing their commission is "contrary to law, morals and public order, and as a consequence not judicially recognizable". Since the notary's commission was already revoked,  this  Court  did not disbar him. The fact 

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that  he   "may  not  have   realized   the   full   purport  of   the document   to   which   he   took   acknowledgment'   was considered mitigating.

Severe censure was also administered to a notary of Cebu City who ratified a document entitled "Legal Separation", executed by husband and wife, wherein they agreed that they   separated   mutually   and   voluntarily,   that   they renounced   their   rights   and   obligations,   and   that   they authorized each other to remarry, renouncing any action to which they might be entitled and each promising not to be   a   witness   against   the   other.   Those   covenants   are contrary   to   law,  morals  and good customs and  tend  to subvert the vital foundation of the legitimate family (Biton vs. Momongon, 62 Phil. 7).

In   the Santiago case   respondent   lawyer   prepared   for   a married couple (who had been separated for nine years) a document wherein it was stipulated, inter alia,  that they authorized each other to marry again,  at the same time renouncing   whatever   right   of   action   one   might   have against   the  other.  When   the  husband   inquired   if   there would  be  no   trouble,   respondent   lawyer  pointed   to  his diploma which was hanging on the wall and said: "I would tear that off if this document turns out not to be valid." The husband remarried.  The respondent was suspended from   the  practice  of   law   for  one  year   for  having  been ignorant of the law or being careless in giving legal advice (In reSantiago, 70 Phil. 66).

In Balinon vs. De Leon, 94 Phil. 277, Attorney Celestino M. de Leon prepared an affidavit wherein he declared that he was  married   to  Vertudes  Marquez,   from whom he  had been   separated,   their   conjugal  partnership  having  been dissolved,   and   that   he   was   consorting   with   Regina   S. Balinon his "new found life-partner," to whom he would "remain loyal and faithful" "as a lawful and devoted loving husband  for   the  rest  of"  his   life  "at  all   costs".  Attorney Justo   T.   Velayo   notarized   that   affidavit.   This   Court reprimanded   Velayo   and   suspended  De   Leon   from   the practice of law for three years.

In   the   instant   case,   respondent   Judge,   due   to   his unawareness of the legal prohibition against contracts for the personal separation of husband and wife and for the extrajudicial   dissolution   of   their   conjugal   partnership, prepared   the   said   void   agreement   which   was acknowledged   before   him   as   "City   Judge   and   Notary 

Public Ex-Officio". (Because he was admitted to the bar in 1948 and,  consequently,  he did not  study the new Civil Code in the law school, he might not have been cognizant of its aforecited article 221).

Taking  into  account   that  circumstance  and his  apparent good   faith   and   honest   desire   to   terminate   the  marital conflict between the complainant and his wife, we are of the opinion that a drastic penalty should not be imposed on him. But he deserves a severe censure for his mistake in preparing and notarizing the aforementioned immoral and illegal agreement. Such severe reprimand should not be an obstacle to his enjoyment of retirement privileges, assuming that  there  are no causes   for  depriving  him of such benefits.

WHEREFORE, the respondent is severely censured.

SO ORDERED.

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G.R. No. 80965 June 6, 1990

SYLVIA LICHAUCO DE LEON, petitioner, vs.THE HON. COURT OF APPEALS, MACARIA DE LEON AND JOSE VICENTE DE LEON, respondents.

MEDIALDEA, J.:

This is a petition for review on certiorari of the decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 06649 dated June 30, 1987 the decision of the Regional Trial Court of Pasig in SP   Proc.   No.   8492   dated   December   29,   1983;   and   its resolution dated November 24, 1987 denying the motion for reconsideration.

The antecedent facts are as follows:

On October 18, 1969, private respondent Jose Vicente De Leon and petitioner Sylvia Lichauco De Leon were united in wedlock before the Municipal Mayor of Binangonan, Rizal. On August 28, 1971, a child named Susana L. De Leon was born from this union.

Sometime   in   October,   1972,   a   de   facto   separation between the spouses occured due to irreconcilable marital differences,   with   Sylvia   leaving   the   conjugal   home. Sometime in March, 1973, Sylvia went to the United States where she obtained American citizenship.

On  November   23,   1973,   Sylvia   filed  with   the   Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco, a petition for dissolution of  marriage against   Jose Vicente.   In   the said divorce  proceedings,   Sylvia  also  filed  claims   for   support and distribution of properties.   It  appears,  however,   that since Jose Vicente was then a Philippine resident and did not have any assets in the United States, Sylvia chose to hold   in   abeyance   the   divorce   proceedings,   and   in   the meantime, concentrated her efforts to obtain some sort of property settlements with Jose Vicente in the Philippines.

Thus, on March 16, 1977, Sylvia succeeded in entering into a   Letter-Agreement   with   her   mother-in-law,   private respondent Macaria De Leon, which We quote in full, as follows (pp. 40-42, Rollo):

March   16,   1977 

Mrs.   Macaria   Madrigal   de   Leon 12   Jacaranda,   North   Forbes   Park Makati,   Metro   Manila 

Dear Dora Macaria:

This letter represents a contractual undertaking among (A) the undersigned (B) your son, Mr. Jose Vicente de Leon, represented   by   you,   and   (C)   yourself   in   your   personal capacity.

You hereby bind yourself  jointly and severally to answer for the undertakings of Joe Vincent under this contract.

In consideration for a peaceful and amicable termination of   relations   between   the   undersigned   and   her   lawfully wedded   husband,   Jose  Vicente   de   Leon,   your   son,   the following are agreed upon:

Obligations of Jose Vicente de Leon and/ or yourself in a joint and several capacity:

1.   To   deliver   with   clear   title   free   from   all   liens   and encumbrances   and   subject   to   no   claims   in   any   form whatsoever the following properties to Sylvia Lichauco-de Leon hereinafter referred to as the wife:

A. Suite 11-C, Avalon Condominium, Ortigas Ave., corner Xavier St., Mandaluyong, Rizal, Philippines.

B.   Apartment   702,   Wack   Wack   Condominium, Mandaluyong, Rizal, Philippines.

C. The rights to assignment of 2 Ayala lots in Alabang, Rizal (Corner lots, 801 s q. meters each). (Fully paid).

D.   2470  Wexford   Ave.,   South   San   Francisco,   California, U.S.A.   (Lot  18 Block 22 Westborough Unit  No.  2).   (Fully paid).

E. 1) The sum of One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000)

2) $30,000

3) $5,000

2.   To   give  monthly   support   payable   six   (6)  months   in advance every year to any designated assignee of the wife for the care and upbringing of Susana Lichauco de Leon which is hereby pegged at the exchange rate of 7.50 to the dollar   subject   to  adjustments   in   the  event  of  monetary exchange   fluctuations.   Subsequent   increase   on   actual need upon negotiation.

3.   To   respect   the   custody   of   said   minor   daughter   as pertaining   exclusively   to   the   wife   except   as   herein provided.

Obligations of the wife:

1.   To   agree   to   a   judicial   separation   of   property   in accordance with Philippine law and in this connection to do all that may be necessary to secure said separation of property   including   her   approval   in   writing   of   a   joint petition or consent decree.

2. To amend her complaint in the United States before the Federal Court of California, U.S.A. entitled "Sylvia Lichauco de Leon vs. Jose V. de Leon" in a manner compatible with the objectives  of   this  herein agreement.   It   is   the stated objective of this agreement that said divorce proceedings will continue.

3.  All   the properties herein described for  assignment  to the wife must be assigned to Sylvia Lichauco de Leon upon the   decree   of   the   Court   of   First   Instance   in   the   Joint Petition   for   Separation   of   Property;   except   for   the P100,000,   $30,000   and   $5,000   which   will   be   paid immediately.

4. This contract  is  intended to be applicable both in the Republic  of   the  Philippines  and   in   the  United  States  of America. It is agreed that this will constitute an actionable document   in   both   jurisdictions   and   the   parties   herein waive their right to object to the use of this document in the event a legal issue should arise relating to the validity of this document. In the event of a dispute, this letter is 

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subject   to   interpretation   under   the   laws   of   California, U.S.A.

5. To allow her daughter to spend two to three months each year with the father upon mutual convenience.

Very truly yours,

(Sgd.)   Sylvia   de   Leon   t/   SYLVIA   L.   DE   LEON CONFORME: s/t/MACARIA   M.   DE   LEON with   my   marital   consent: s/t/JUAN L. DE LEON

On the same date, Macaria made cash payments to Sylvia in   the   amount   of   P100,000   and   US$35,000.00   or P280,000.00,   in   compliance   with   her   obligations   as stipulated in the aforestated Letter-Agreement.

On March 30, 1977, Sylvia and Jose Vicente filed before the then Court of First Instance of Rizal a joint petition for judicial   approval   of   dissolution   of   their   conjugal partnership, the main part of which reads as follows (pp. 37-38,Rollo):

5. For the best interest of each of them and of their minor child,  petitioners  have  agreed   to  dissolve   their   conjugal partnership and to partition the assets thereof, under the following terms and conditions-this document, a pleading being   intended  by   them  to  embody  and  evidence   their agreement:

xxx xxx xxx

(c)   The   following   properties   shall   be   adjudicated   to petitioner Sylvia Lichauco De Leon. These properties will be free of any and all liens and encumbrances, with clear title and subject to no claims by third parties. Petitioner Jose Vicente De Leon fully assumes all responsibility and liability   in   the   event   these   properties   shall   not   be   as described in the previous sentence:

Sedan (1972 model)

Suite   11-C,   Avalon   Condominium, Ortigas   Ave.,   comer   Xavier   St., Mandaluyong, Rizal, Philippines

Apt.   702,   Wack-Wack   Condominium, Mandaluyong, Rizal, Philippines

The rights to assignment of 2 Ayala lots in Alabang Rizal (corner lots, 801 sq. meters each) (Fully paid)

2470 Wexford Ave., South San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (Lot 18, Block 22 Westborough Unit 2) (Fully paid)

The sum of One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00)

$30,000.00   at   current   exchange   rate $5,000.00 at current exchange rate

After ex-parte hearings,   the   trial   court   issued   an   Order dated   February   19,   1980   approving   the   petition,   the dispositive portion of which reads (p. 143, Rollo):

WHEREFORE,   it   is   hereby   declared   that   the   conjugal partnership   of   the   Spouses   is   DISSOLVED   henceforth, without  prejudice   to   the   terms  of   their  agreement   that each spouse shall own, dispose of, possess, administer and enjoy his or her separate estate, without the consent of the other, and all earnings from any profession, business or industries shall likewise belong to each spouse.

On March 17, 1980, Sylvia moved for the execution of the above-mentioned order. However, Jose Vicente moved for a reconsideration of the order alleging that Sylvia made a verbal  reformation of the petition as there was no such agreement for the payment of P4,500.00 monthly support to commence from the alleged date of separation in April, 1973 and that there was no notice given to him that Sylvia would   attempt   verbal   reformation   of   the   agreement contained in the joint petition

While   the   said  motion   for   reconsideration  was  pending resolution, on April 20, 1980, Macaria filed with the trial court a motion for leave to intervene alleging that she is the   owner   of   the   properties   involved   in   the   case.   The motion   was   granted.   On   October   29,   1980,   Macaria, assisted by her husband Juan De Leon, filed her complaint 

in intervention. She assailed the validity and legality of the Letter-Agreement which had for its purpose, according to her, the termination of marital relationship between Sylvia and Jose Vicente. However, before any hearing could be had,   the  judicial   reorganization took place and the case was  transferred to  the-Regional  Trial  Court  of  Pasig.  On December 29, 1983, the trial court rendered judgment, the dispositive portion of which reads (pp. 35-36, Rollo):

WHEREFORE,   judgment   is   hereby   rendered   on   the complaint   in   intervention   in   favor   of   the   intervenor, declaring null and void the letter agreement dated March 16,   1977   (Exhibits   'E'   to   'E-2'),   and   ordering   petitioner Sylvia   Lichauco   De   Leon   to   restore   to   intervenor   the amount  of  P380,000.00  plus   legal   interest   from date  of complaint,   and   to   pay   intervenor   the   amount   of P100,000.00  as  and   for   attorney's   fees,   and   to  pay   the costs of suit.

Judgment is likewise rendered affirming the order of the Court   dated   February   19,   1980   declaring   the   conjugal partnership of the spouses Jose Vicente De Leon and Sylvia Lichauco De Leon DISSOLVED; and adjudicating to each of them his or her share of the properties and assets of said conjugal   partnership   in   accordance  with   the   agreement embodied in paragraph 5 of the petition, except insofar as the   adjudication   to   petitioner   Sylvia   L.   De   Leon   of   the properties belonging to and owned by Intervenor Macaria De Leon is concerned.

Henceforth, (a) each spouse shall own, dispose of, possess, administer and enjoy his or her separate estate, present and   future   without   the   consent   of   the   other;   (b)   an earnings   from any profession,  business  or   industry   shall likewise belong to each of them separately; (c) the minor child   Susana   De   Leon   shall   stay   with   petitioner   Sylvia Lichauco De Leon for two to three months every year-the transportation both ways of the child for the trip to the Philippines   to  be   at   the  expense  of   the  petitioner   Jose Vicente De Leon; and (d) petitioner Jose Vicente De Leon shall  give petitioner Sylvia Lichauco De Leon the sum of P4,500.00 as monthly support for the minor child Susana to commence from February 19, 1980.

Sylvia appealed to the respondent Court of Appeals raising the following errors:

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1)   The   trial   court   erred   in   finding   that   the   cause   or consideration of the Letter- Agreement is the termination of marital relations;

2)   The   trial   court   failed   to   appreciate   testimonial   and documentary   evidence   proving   that  Macaria   de   Leon's claims  of   threat,   intimidation  and  mistake  are  baseless; and

3) The trial court erred in finding that Sylvia Lichauco de Leon   committed   breach   of   the   Letter-Agreement;   and further, failed to appreciate evidence proving Macaria de Leon's material breach thereof.

The respondent  court  affirmed the decision in   toto.  The motion   for   reconsideration   was   denied.   Hence,   the present petition.

The   only   basis   by   which   Sylvia   may   lay   claim   to   the properties  which   are   the   subject  matter   of   the   Letter-Agreement, is the Letter-Agreement itself. The main issue, therefore, is whether or not the Letter-Agreement is valid. The third paragraph of the Letter-Agreement, supra, reads:

In consideration for a peaceful and amicable termination of relations between   the   undersigned   and   her   lawfully wedded   husband,   Jose  Vicente  De   Leon,   your   son,   the following are agreed upon: (emphasis supplied)

It is readily apparent that the use of the word "relations" is ambiguous, perforce, it is subject to interpretation. There being a doubt as to the meaning of   this  word taken by itself, a consideration of the general scope and purpose of the instrument in which it occurs (see Germann and Co. v. Donaldson, Sim and Co., 1 Phil. 63) and Article 1374 of the Civil Code which provides that the various stipulations of a contract  shall  be interpreted together,  attributing to the doubtful   ones   that   sense  which  may   result   from   all   of them taken jointly, is necessary.

Sylvia  insists  that  the consideration for her execution of the   Letter-Agreement  was   the   termination   of   property relations with her husband. Indeed, Sylvia and Jose Vicente subsequently filed a joint petition for judicial approval of the dissolution of their conjugal partnership, sanctioned by Article 191 of the Civil Code. On the other hand, Macaria 

and   Jose  Vicente  assert   that   the   consideration  was   the termination of marital relationship.

We sustain the observations and conclusion made by the trial court, to wit (pp. 44- 46, Rollo):

On   page   two   of   the   letter   agreement   (Exhibit'   E'),   the parties   contemplated   not   only   to   agree   to   a   judicial separation   of   property   of   the   spouses   but   likewise   to continue with  divorce proceedings   (paragraphs 1  and 2, Obligations  of   the  Wife,   Exhibit   'E-1'). If   taken  with   the apparently   ambiguous  provisions   in   Exhibit   E'   regarding termination of 'relations', the parties clearly contemplated not   only   the   termination   of   property   relationship   but likewise of marital relationship in its entirety. Furthermore, it would be safe to assume that the parties in Exhibit 'E' not having   specified   the   particular   relationship   which   they wanted to peacefully and amicably terminate had intended to   terminate   all   kinds   of   relations,   both   marital   and property.  While   there   could   be   inherent   benefits   to   a termination of conjugal property relationship between the spouses, the court could not clearly perceive the underlying benefit   for   the   intervenor   insofar   as   termination   of property   relationship   between   petitioners   is   concerned, unless   the  underlying  consideration  for   intervenor   is   the termination of marital relationship by divorce proceedings between   her   son   Jose   Vicente   and   his   wife   petitioner Sylvia. The last sentence of paragraph 2 under "Obligations of   the   Wife"   unequivocally   states:   "It   is   the   stated objective of this agreement that said divorce proceedings (in   the  United   States)  will   continue.   "There   is  merit   in concluding   that   the   consideration   by   which   Intervenor executed Exhibit 'E' to 'E-2' was to secure freedom for her son petitioner Jose Vicente De Leon, especially  if  Exhibit 'R'-Intervenor,   which   is   (sic)   agreement   signed   by petitioner Sylvia to consent to and pardon Jose Vicente De Leon for adultery and concubinage (among others) would be   considered.   In   the   light,   therefore,   of   the   foregoing circumstances, this Court finds credible the testimony of intervenor as follows:

Q Will you please go over the Exhibit 'E' to 'E-2'- intervenor consisting of  three pages and  inform us whether or not this is the letter of March 16, 1977 which you just referred to?

A Yes, this is the letter.

Why did you affix your signature to this Exh. 'E'-intervenor (sic)?A Because  at   that  time when  I   signed  it   I  want   to  buy peace for myself and for the whole family.Q From whom did you want  to buy peace and/or  what kind of peace?A   I  wanted   to  buy  peace   from Sylvia   Lichauco  whom  I knew was kind of 'matapang;' so I want peace for me and primarily   for   the   peaceful   and   amicable   termination   of marital   relationship   between  my   son,   Joe   Vincent   and Sylvia.   (Deposition dated September 6,  1983-Macaria  de Leon, p. 6-7)This  Court,   therefore,  finds and holds   that   the cause or consideration   for   the   intervenor   Macaria   De   Leon   in having executed Exhibits 'E' to 'E-2' was the termination of the marital relationship between her son Jose Vicente De Leon and Sylvia Lichauco de Leon.Article 1306 of the New Civil Code provides:Art.   1306.   The   contracting   parties   may   establish   such stipulations,   clauses,   terms,  and conditions  as   they  may deem convenient, provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy.If the stipulation is contrary to law, morals or public policy, the contract is void and inexistent from the beginning.Art. 1409. The following contracts are inexistent and void from the beginning:Those whose cause, object or purpose is contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy;

xxx xxx xxx

(7) Those expressly prohibited or declared void by law.

These contracts cannot be ratified. Neither can the right to set up the defense of illegality be waived.

But marriage  is  not a mere contract  but a sacred social institution. Thus, Art. 52 of the Civil Code provides:

Art. 52. Marriage is not a mere contract but an inviolable social   institution.  Its nature,  consequences and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulations...

From the foregoing provisions of the New Civil Code, this court   is   of   the   considered   opinion   and   so   holds   that intervenor's undertaking under Exhibit 'E' premised on the termination of marital relationship is not only contrary to 

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law but contrary to Filipino morals and public Policy.  As such,   any   agreement   or   obligations   based   on   such unlawful   consideration   and  which   is   contrary   to   public policy   should   be   deemed   null   and   void.   (emphasis supplied)

Additionally,   Article   191  of   the   Civil   Case   contemplates properties   belonging   to   the   spouses   and   not   those belonging   to  a   third  party,  who,   in   the   case  at  bar.,   is Macaria. In the petition for the dissolution of the conjugal partnership,   it   was   made   to   appear   that   the   said properties are conjugal in nature. However, Macaria was able to prove that the questioned properties are owned by her. Neither Sylvia nor Jose Vicente adduced any contrary evidence.

Granting,   in gratia   argumenti, that   the   consideration   of the   Letter-Agreement  was   the   termination   of   property relations,  We agree with the respondent court that (pp. 46-47, Rollo):...   the   agreement   nevertheless   is   void   because   it contravenes the following provisions of the Civil Code:Art. 221. The following shall be void and of no effect:(1) Any contract for personal separation between husband and wife;(2) Every extra-judicial agreement, during marriage, for the dissolution of the conjugal partnership of gains or of the absolute   community   of   property  between  husband  and wife;

Besides,   the  Letter-Agreement  shows on  its   face   that   it was prepared by Sylvia, and in this regard, the ambiguity in a   contract   is   to   be   taken contra   proferentem, i.e., construed against the party who caused the ambiguity and could have also avoided it by the exercise of a little more care. Thus, Article 1377 of the Civil  Code provides:  "The interpretation   of   obscure   words   of   stipulations   in   a contract   shall   not   favor   the   party   who   caused   the obscurity" (see Equitable Banking Corp. vs.  IAC, G.R. No. 74451, May 25, 1988, 161 SCRA 518).

Sylvia alleges further that since the nullity of the Letter-Agreement   proceeds   from   the   unlawful   consideration solely of Macaria, applying the pari delicto rule, it is clear that she cannot recover what she has given by reason of the Letter-Agreement nor ask for the fulfillment of what has been promised her.  On her part,  Macaria raises the defenses   of   intimidation   and  mistake  which   led   her   to 

execute the Letter-Agreement. In resolving this issue, the trial court said (pp. 148-151, Rollo):

In her second cause of action, intervenor claims that her signing  of  Exhibits   'E'   to   'E-  2'  was  due  to  a   fear  of  an unpeaceful   and   troublesome   separation   other   son  with petitioner Sylvia Lichauco de Leon. In support of her claim, intervenor testified as follows:

Q  Will   you   please   inform   us   how   did   Sylvia   Lichauco disturb or threaten your son or yourself?

A Despite the fact that Sylvia Lichauco voluntarily left my son   Joe  Vincent   and   abandoned  him,   she  unashamedly nagged Joe and me to get money and when her demands were not met she resorted to threats like, she threatened to   bring   Joe   to   court   for   support.   Sylvia   threatened   to scandalize our family by these baseless suits;  in fact she caused the service of summons to Joe when he went to the United States. (Intervenor's deposition dated Sept. 6, 1983, p. 8).

On   the  other  hand,  petitioner   Sylvia   claims   that   it  was intervenor and petitioner Jose Vicente who initiated the move to  convince her to agree to  a  dissolution of   their conjugal   partnership   due   to   the   alleged   extra-marital activities of petitioner Jose Vicente de Leon. She testified as follows:

Q Now in her testimony, Macaria Madrigal de Leon also said  that  you threatened her  by demanding money and nagged her  until   she agreed to   the   letter  agreement  of March 1977, what can you say about that?

A   I   think  with   all   the   people   sitting   around  with  Atty. Quisumbing, Atty. Chuidian, my father-in-law, my sister-in-law  and   I,   you  know,   it   can  be   shown   that   this  was   a friendly amicable settlement that they were much really interested   in  settling  down as   I  was.   I   think  there  were certain reasons that they wanted to get done or planned, being at that time Jose was already remarried and had a child.  That since she then found out that since she was worried about what might be, you know, involved in any future matters. She just wanted to do what she could. She just want me out of the picture. So in no way, it cannot be said   that   I   nagged   and   threatened   her.   (TSN   dated December 8, 1983, p. 137-138)

In resolving this issue, this Court leans heavily on Exhibit 'R'-intervenor,  which was not controverted by petitioner Sylvia. A reading of Exhibit 'R' would show that petitioner Sylvia   would   consent   to   and   pardon   petitioner   Jose Vicente, son of intervenor, for possible crimes of adultery and/or  concubinage,  with  a   sizing  attached;   that   is,   the transfer   of   the   properties   subject   herein   to   her.   There appears some truth to the apprehensions of intervenor for in petitioner Sylvia's testimony she confirms the worry of intervenor as follows:'... being at that time Jose (De Leon) was   already   remarried   and  had  a   child.   That   since   she (intervenor) found out that, she was worried about what might be, you know, involved in any future matters. She just  want  me out  of   the  picture."  The aforesaid   fear  of intervenor   was   further   corroborated   by   her   witness Concepcion Tagudin who testified as follows:

Q Now, you mentioned that you were present when Mrs. Macaria De Leon signed this Exhibit 'E-2, ' will you inform us whether there was anything unusual which you noticed when Mrs. Macaria M. De Leon signed this Exhibit 'E-2'?

A Mrs. Macaria M. De Leon was in a state of tension and anger.   She  was   so  mad   that   she   remarked:   'Punetang Sylvia ito bakit ba niya ako ginugulo. Ipakukulong daw niya si Joe Vincent kung hindi ko pipirmahan ito. Sana matapos na   itong   problemang   ito   pagkapirmang   ito,'   sabi   niya.' (Deposition-Concepcion Tagudin, Oct. 21, 1983, pp. 10-11)

In her third cause of action, intervenor claims mistake or error  in having signed Exhibits  '1' to  'E-2' alleging in her testimony as follows:

Q Before you were told such by your lawyers what if any were  your  basis   to  believe   that   Sylvia  would  no   longer have inheritance rights from your son, Joe Vincent?

A  Well,   that   was   what   Sylvia   told   me.   That   she   will eliminate any inheritance rights from me or my son Joe Vincent's  properties   if   I   sign   the  document  amicably.   ... (Intervenor's deposition-Sept. 6, 1983, pp. 9-10).

On the other hand, petitioner Sylvia claims that intervenor could  not  have been mistaken  in  her  having  signed the document as she was under advice of counsel during the time that Exhibits 'E' to 'E-2' was negotiated. To support such   claims  by   Sylvia   Lichauco  De   Leon,   the  deposition 

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testimony of Atty. Vicente Chuidian was presented before this Court:

Atty.   Herbosa:   Now   you   mentioned   Atty.   Norberto Quisumbing, would you be able to tell us in what capacity he was present in that negotiation?

Atty. Chuidian: He was counsel for Dona Macaria and for Joe   Vincent,   the   spouse   of   Sylvia.   (Deposition   of   V. Chuidian, December 16, 1983, p. 8)

The New Civil Code provides:Art.   1330.   A   contract   where   consent   is   given   through mistake, violence, intimidation, undue influence or fraud is voidable.Art. 1331. In order that mistake may invalidate consent, it should refer   to  the  substance  of   the  thing which  is   the object of the contract, or to those conditions which have principally  moved   one   or   both   parties   to   enter   into   a contract. ...

The   preponderance   of   evidence   leans   in   favor   of intervenor who even utilized the statement of the divorce lawyer of petitioner Sylvia (Mr. Penrod) in support of the fact that intervenor was mistaken in having signed Exhibits 'E'   to   'E-2'   because  when   she   signed   said   Exhibits   she believed that   fact   that  petitioner  Sylvia  would  eliminate her  inheritance rights and there  is  no showing that said intervenor was properly advised by any American lawyer on the fact whether petitioner Sylvia, being an American citizen,   could   rightfully   do   the   same.   Transcending, however, the issue of whether there was mistake of fact on the part of intervenor or not, this Court could not. see a valid cause or consideration in favor of intervenor Macaria De   Leon  having   signed   Exhibits   'E'   to   'E-2.'   For   even   if petitioner  Sylvia  had   confirmed  Mr.  Penrod's   statement during the divorce proceedings in the United States that she would undertake to eliminate her hereditary rights in the   event   of   the   property   settlement,   under   Philippine laws, such contract would likewise be voidable, for under Art.   1347   of   the   New   Civil   Code   'no   contract  may   be entered into upon future inheritance.

We do not subscribe to the aforestated view of the trial court. Article 1335 of the Civil Code provides:

xxx xxx xxx

There is intimidation when one of the contracting parties is compelled by a reasonable and well-grounded fear of an imminent and grave evil upon his person or property, or upon the person or property of his spouse, descendants or ascendants, to give his consent.

To determine the degree of the intimidation, the age, sex and condition of the person shall be borne in mind.

A   threat   to   enforce   one's   claim   through   competent authority,   if   the   claim   is   just   or   legal,   does   not   vitiate consent.

In order that intimidation may vitiate consent and render the contract invalid, the following requisites must concur: (1) that the intimidation must be the determining cause of the contract, or must have caused the consent to be given; (2) that the threatened act be unjust or unlawful; (3) that the   threat  be   real   and   serious,   there   being   an   evident disproportion between the evil  and the resistance which all men can offer, leading to the choice of the contract as the lesser evil; and (4) that it produces a reasonable and well-grounded   fear   from  the   fact   that   the  person   from whom it comes has the necessary means or ability to inflict the   threatened   injury.   Applying   the   foregoing   to   the present case, the claim of Macaria that Sylvia threatened her   to   bring   Jose   Vicente   to   court   for   support,   to scandalize   their   family  by  baseless   suits   and   that   Sylvia would pardon Jose Vicente for possible crimes of adultery and/or   concubinage   subject   to   the   transfer   of   certain properties   to   her,   is   obviously   not   the   intimidation referred to by  law. With respect to mistake as a vice of consent,   neither   is  Macaria's   alleged  mistake   in   having signed   the   Letter-Agreement  because  of   her  belief   that Sylvia  will   thereby  eliminate   inheritance   rights   from her and Jose Vicente, the mistake referred to in Article 1331 of the Civil Code, supra. It does not appear that the condition that   Sylvia   "will   eliminate   her   inheritance   rights" principally   moved  Macaria   to   enter   into   the   contract. Rather,   such   condition   was   but   an   incident   of   the consideration  thereof  which,  as  discussed  earlier,   is   the termination of marital relations.

In the ultimate analysis,  therefore,  both parties acted in violation   of   the   laws.   However,   the pari   delicto rule, expressed in the maxims "Ex dolo malo non oritur actio" and "In pari delicto potior est conditio defendentis," which refuses remedy to either party to an illegal agreement and 

leaves them where they are, does not apply in this case. Contrary to the ruling of the respondent Court that (pp. 47-48, Rollo):

...  [C]onsequently,   intervenor appellees' obligation under the said agreement having been annulled, the contracting parties shall restore to each other that things which have been subject matter of the contract,  their fruits and the price or its interest, except as provided by law (Art. 1398, Civil Code).

Article 1414 of   the Civil  Code,  which  is  an exception to the pari  delicto rule,   is   the  proper   law  to  be  applied.   It provides:

When money is  paid or property delivered for an  illegal purpose,   the contract  may be repudiated by one of   the parties   before   the   purpose   has   been   accomplished,   or before any damage has been caused to a third person. In such case, the courts may, if the public interest wig thus be subserved,   allow   the   party   repudiating   the   contract   to recover the money or property.

Since   the   Letter-Agreement  was   repudiated   before   the purpose has been accomplished and to adhere to the pari delicto rule   in   this   case   is   to   put   a   premium   to   the circumvention   of   the   laws,   positive   relief   should   be granted to Macaria. Justice would be served by allowing her to be placed in the position in which she was before the transaction was entered into.

With the conclusions thus reached, We find it unnecessary to discuss the other issues raised.

ACCORDINGLY, the petition is hereby DENIED. The decision of the respondent Court of Appeals dated June 30, 1987 and   its   resolution   dated   November   24,   1987   are AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

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[A M. No. P-94-1054. March 11, 2003]

EDWIN A. ACEBEDO, petitioner, vs. EDDIE P. ARQUERO, respondent.

D E C I S I O N

CARPIO MORALES, J.:

By  letter-complaint[1] dated  June 1,  1994,  Edwin A. Acebedo charged Eddie P. Arquero, Process Server of the Municipal Trial Court (MTC) of Brookes Point, Palawan for immorality.

Complainant   alleged   that   his   wife,   Dedje   Irader Acebedo,   a   former   stenographer   of   the  MTC   Brookes Point,   and   respondent   unlawfully   and   scandalously cohabited as husband and wife at Bancudo Pulot, Brookes Point,  Palawan as  a   result  of  which  a  girl,  Desiree  May Irader   Arquero,   was   born   to   the   two   on   May   21, 1989. Attached   to   the   letter-complaint   was   the   girls Baptismal Certificate[2] reflecting the names of respondent and   Dedje   Irader   as   her   parents. Also   attached   to   the letter-complainant   was   a   copy   of   a   marriage contract[3] showing   that   complainant   and   Dedje   Irader contracted marriage on July 10, 1979.

By   Resolution   of   September   7,   1994,   this   Court required respondent to file an answer to the complaint.[4]

By   his   Answer[5] of   October   6,   1994,   respondent vehemently denied the charge of immorality, claiming that it   is   just   a   (sic)   mere   harassment   and   a   product   of complainants hatred and extreme jealousy to (sic) his wife.[6] Attached   to   the   answer   were   the   September 27, 1987 affidavit of desistance[7] executed by complainant in   favor   of   his   wife  with   respect   to   an   administrative complaint   he   had   much   earlier   filed   against   her,   and complainants   sworn   statement[8] dated   September   13, 1994   acknowledging   paternity   of   a   child   born   out   of wedlock,  which   documents,   respondent   claims,   support his contention that the complaint filed against him is but a malicious   scheme   concocted   by   complainant   to   harass him.

Additionally,   respondent  claimed that  sometime  in 1991, complainant likewise instituted a criminal complaint against  him for adultery  which was,  however,  dismissed after preliminary investigation.

Finally, respondent claimed that complainant himself had been cohabiting with another woman.

By   Resolution   of   February   6,   1995,   this   Court referred   the   case   to   then   Executive   Judge   Filomeno  A. Vergara   of   the  Regional   Trial   Court   of   Puerto  Princesa, Palawan   for   investigation,   report   and   recommendation.[9] Judge Vergara having retired during the pendency of the investigation,   the   case  was   referred   to   Executive   Judge Nelia Y. Fernandez who was, by Resolution of August 16, 2000, directed by this Court to (1) verify the authenticity of the   marriage   certificate   and   baptismal   certificate submitted by complainant; (2) conduct an investigation as to   the   information   contained   in   the   said   baptismal certificate   and   the   circumstances   under   which   it   was issued, and such other verifiable matters relevant to the charge;  and  (3)  submit  her   report  and  recommendation thereon.[10]

In   her   Investigation  Report   of   February   12,   2001, Judge   Fernandez   recommends   that   the   complaint   be dismissed for failure to adduce adequate evidence to show that   respondent   is   guilty   of   the   charge.[11] The   report focuses on the non-appearance of complainant and Dedje Irader Acebedo, thusly:

x x x

Having appeared that the complainant Edwin Acebedo and Dedjie   Irader   who   per   reliable   information   cannot   be notified   for   reason   that   subject   persons   are   no   longer residing  in  their  given address  and their  whereabouts   is unknown as shown by the return of the subpoena dated November 7, 2000, and the inadmissibility of the baptismal certificate   alleging   therein   that   the   father   of   Desiree Arquero is the respondent herein, and for the reason that the same had not been testified to by Dedje Irader who is the informant of the entries contained therein, this Court had not received adequate proof or relevant evidence to support a conclusion that respondent herein could be held 

liable of the charge imputed against him, hence, he should be absolved from any liability.

x x x[12] (Quoted verbatim).

By Resolution of April 25, 2001, this Court referred the case to the Office of the Court Administrator (OCA) for evaluation, report and recommendation.

By Memorandum of December 12, 2001, the OCA, disagreeing with the recommendation of the Investigating Judge that the case should be dismissed, recommends that respondent  be held guilty  of   immorality  and that  he be suspended from office for a period of one (1) year without pay.[13] Thus the OCA ratiocinates:

. . . [R]espondent admitted the fact that for eight (8) to nine (9) months, he a single man maintained relations with Dedje Irader Acebedo, wife of herein complainant, attended with sexual union(TSN   dated   23   November 2000,   pp.   14-15). Based  on  his   testimony,  we  observed that respondent justified his having a relationship with Dedje I. Acebedo solely on the written document purportedly a Kasunduan or agreement entered into by complainant and his wife, consenting to and giving freedom to either of them to seek any partner and to live with him or her. Being   a   court   employee   respondent should have known that said agreement was void despite it   having   been   notarized. Even   granting   that   Dedjie   I. Acebedo  was   separated   from  her  husband  during   their short   lived   relation,   to   hold   on   to   said   scandalous agreement and enter an immoral relationship with a very much married woman and a co-court-employee at that is highly improper. It is contrary to the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards of Public Officials and Employees which provides   that   public   employees   of  which   respondent   is one, xxx shall  at times (sic)  respect the rights of others, and shall   refrain   from doing  acts   contrary   to   law,   good morals,  good customs, public  policy,  public  order,  public safety  and public   interest. Moreover,   respondent  cannot seek   refuge   and   sling  mud   at   complainant   for   having executed   an   Affidavit   dated   September   13,   1994, acknowledging that he bore a woman other than his wife, a   child. It  would   seem   that   respondent  would  want   to apply   the   principle   of   in   pari   delicto   in   the   instant 

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case. Respondent  would   have   it   appear   that   a  married man with an extra-marital relation and an illegitimate child is  precluded   from complaining   if   his  wife   enters   into  a relationship with another man.

Second, the records show that an Affidavit of Desistance was executed by herein complainant. However, a cursory reading of said document reveals that it favors only Dedje Irader Acebedo and not herein respondent. Interestingly, the date of said affidavit is 2 September 1987. Respondent had the temerity to claim it as evidence in his favor when the instant complaint was only filed sometime in 1994.

Third,  when   respondent  was  asked  by   the   investigating judge if he attended the baptism of the daughter of Dedje Irader Acebedo, his former co-employee and ex-intimate friend,  he  answered,   I  did  not. Im not   sure   the  child   is mine. From his answer, we could infer that respondent did not   categorically   rule   out   the  possibility   that   said   child might be her (sic) daughter, only that he is doubtful of her paternity.

While complainant appears to have lost  interest  in the prosecution of the present case, the same does not ipso   facto   warrant   its   dismissal. Once   administrative charges have been filed, this Court may not be divested of its   jurisdiction   to   investigate   and   ascertain   the   truth thereof.[15] For it has an interest in the conduct of those in the service of the Judiciary and in improving the delivery of justice to the people, and its efforts in that direction may not   be   derailed   by   the   complainants   desistance   from prosecuting the case he initiated.[16]

On the merits of the case, the entry of respondents name as father in the baptismal certificate of Desiree May I.   Arquero   cannot   be   used   to   prove   her   filiation   and, therefore, cannot be availed of to imply that respondent maintained  illicit   relations  with  Dedje   Irader  Acebedo. A canonical   certificate   is   conclusive   proof   only   of   the baptism administered, in conformity with the rites of the Catholic Church by the priest who baptized the child, but it does   not   prove   the   veracity   of   the   declarations   and statements   contained   therein   which   concern   the relationship of the person baptized.[17] It merely attests to the fact which gave rise to its issue, and the date thereof, to wit, the fact of the administration of the sacrament on the   date   stated,   but   not   the   truth   of   the   statements therein as to the parentage of the child baptized.[18]

By respondents own admission, however, he had an illicit relationship with complainants wife:

Q: During the formal offer of the possible nature of your testimony before the Court by your counsel, did the Court get it correct that there has been a short lived relation between you and Dedgie Irader, am I correct in my impression?

A: During that time that I have heard she and her husband   have   parted   ways   already,   I   jokingly informed her that she is now being separated, she is now   single   and   is   free   to   have   some commitment.So, I   courted   her   and   she   accepted me, so we have a short lived relation and after that we parted ways.

Q: For  how  long was  this  short   lived  relation you ade mention a while ago?

A: May be (sic) about eight (8) to nine (9) months.

Q: When   you   said   you   have   (sic)   a   short   lived relationship from 8 to 9 months, you mean to tell the Court that   you have (sic) a sexual union with this woman?

A: Yes maam.[19] (Emphasis   and   underscoring supplied).

Respondent justified his pursuing a relationship with complainants wife with the spouses having priorly entered into a settlement with respect to their marriage which was embodied in aKasunduan, the pertinent portions of which are reproduced hereunder:

Kami,   EDWIN   AGUINALDO   ACEBEDO   at   DEDJE   IRADER ACEBEDO,   may   sapat   na   taong   gulang,   mag-asawa, Pilipino,   at   kasalukuyang   nakatira   sa   Poblacion,   Brokes (sic)   Point,   Palawan,   ay  malayang  nagkasundo   ng  mga sumusunod:

1. Na,   yayamang   hindi   kami   magkasundo   bilang   mag-asawa,   at  magiging  miserable   lamang   ang  aming  mga buhay   kung   aming   ipagpapatuloy   pa   ang   aming pagsasama   bilang   mag-asawa,   kami   ay   malayang nagkasundo ngayon na maghiwalay na bilang mag-asawa, at ang bawat isa sa amin ay may kalayaan na humanap na ng kaniyang makakasama sa buhay bilang asawa at hindi kami maghahabol sa isat isa sa alin pa mang hukuman;

Respondents justification fails. Being an employee of the   judiciary,   respondent   ought   to   have   known   that the Kasunduan had absolutely no force and effect on the validity   of   the  marriage   between   complainant   and   his wife. Article 1 of the Family Code provides that marriage is an   inviolable   social   institution   whose   nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation. It is an institution of public order or policy, governed by rules established by law which cannot be made inoperative by the stipulation of the parties.[21]

Republic Act 6713, otherwise known as the Code of Conduct   and   Ethical   Standards   for   Public   Officials   and Employees,  enunciates   the  States  policy  of  promoting a high standard of  ethics  and utmost   responsibility   in   the public service.[22]

Although every office in the government service is a public trust, no position exacts a greater demand for moral righteousness and uprightness from an individual than in the judiciary.[23]That is why this Court has firmly laid down exacting standards of  morality  and decency expected of those in the service of the judiciary.[24] Their conduct, not to   mention   behavior,   is   circumscribed   with   the   heavy burden of responsibility,[25] characterized by, among other things, propriety and decorum so as to earn and keep the publics respect and confidence in the judicial service.[26] It must be free from any whiff of impropriety, not only with respect to their duties  in the judicial  branch but also to their   behavior   outside   the   court   as   private   individuals.[27]There is no dichotomy of morality; court employees are also judged by their private morals.[28]

Respondents   act   of   having   illicit   relations   with complainants wife is, within the purview of Section 46 (5) of Subtitle A, Title I, Book V of Executive Order No. 292, otherwise known as the Administrative Code of  1987,  a disgraceful and immoral conduct.

Under   Rule   IV,   Section   52A   (15)   of   the   Revised Uniform Rules on Administrative Cases in the Civil Service, an immoral conduct is classified as a grave offense which calls for a penalty of suspension for six (6) months and one (1) day to one (1) year for the first offense, and dismissal is imposed for the second offense.

Since   the   present   charge   of   immorality   against respondent constitutes his first offense, his suspension for six (6) months and one (1) day is in order.

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WHEREFORE,   this  Court  finds  respondent  Eddie  P. Arquero,  Process  Server  of   the  Municipal  Trial  Court  of Brookes Point, Palawan, GUILTY of immorality, for which he is hereby SUSPENDED for six (6) months and one (1) day without pay with a STERN WARNING that commission of the same or similar acts shall be dealt with severely.

Let a copy of this decision be filed in the personal record of respondent.SO ORDERED.

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A.C. No. 8392 June 29, 2010[ Formerly CBD Case No. 08-2175 ]

ROSARIO T. MECARAL, Complainant, vs.ATTY. DANILO S. VELASQUEZ, Respondent.

D E C I S I O N

Per Curiam:

Rosario T. Mecaral (complainant) charged Atty. Danilo S. Velasquez (respondent) before the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) Committee on Bar Discipline (CBD)1 with Gross Misconduct and Gross Immoral Conduct which she detailed in her Position Paper2 as follows:

After respondent hired her as his secretary  in 2002, she became his lover and common-law wife. In October 2007, respondent  brought  her   to   the  mountainous  Upper  San Agustin   in   Caibiran,   Biliran   where   he   left   her   with   a religious group known as the Faith Healers Association of the Philippines, of which he was the leader. Although he visited her daily, his visits became scarce in November to December 2007, prompting her to return home to Naval, Biliran.   Furious,   respondent   brought   her   back   to   San Agustin where, on his  instruction, his followers tortured, brainwashed and injected her with drugs. When she tried to  escape  on  December  24,  2007,   the  members  of   the group tied her spread-eagled to a bed. Made to wear only a T-shirt and diapers and fed stale food, she was guarded 24 hours a day by the women members including a certain Bernardita Tadeo.

Her mother, Delia Tambis Vda. De Mecaral (Delia), having received information that she was weak, pale and walking barefoot   along   the   streets   in   the  mountainous   area   of Caibiran, sought the help of the Provincial Social Welfare Department  which   immediately   dispatched   two  women volunteers to rescue her.  The religious group refused to release   her,   however,   without   the   instruction   of respondent. It took PO3 Delan G. Lee (PO3 Lee) and PO1 Arnel S. Robedillo (PO1 Robedillo) to rescue and reunite her with her mother.

Hence,   the   present   disbarment   complaint   against respondent. Additionally, complainant charges respondent with bigamy for contracting a second marriage to Leny H. Azur  on  August   2,   1996,   despite   the   subsistence  of   his marriage to his first wife, Ma. Shirley G. Yunzal.

In   support   of   her   charges,   complainant   submitted documents   including   the   following:   Affidavit3 of   Delia dated   February   5,   2008;   Affidavit   of   PO3   Lee   and   PO1 Robedillo4 dated   February   14,   2008;   photocopy   of   the Certificate of Marriage5 between respondent and Leny H. Azur;   photocopy   of   the   Marriage   Contract6 between respondent and Shirley G. Yunzal; National Statistics Office Certification7 dated April 23, 2008 showing the marriage of Ma. Shirley G. Yunzal to respondent on April 27, 1990 in Quezon   City   and   the   marriage   of   Leny   H.   Azur   to respondent on August 2, 1996 in Mandaue City, Cebu; and certified machine copy of the Resolution8 of the Office of the   Provincial   Prosecutor   of   Naval,   Biliran   and   the Information9 lodged   with   the   RTC-Branch   37-Caibiran, Naval,   Biliran,   for   Serious   Illegal   Detention   against respondent and Bernardita Tadeo on complaint of herein complainant.

Despite   respondent’s   receipt   of   the   February   22,   2008 Order10 of the Director for Bar Discipline for him to submit his Answer within 15 days from receipt  thereof,  and his expressed   intent   to   "properly  make   [his]   defense   in   a verified pleading,"11 he did not file any Answer.1avvphi1

On   the   scheduled   Mandatory   Conference   set   on September 2, 2008 of which the parties were duly notified, only complainant’s counsel was present. Respondent and his counsel failed to appear.

Investigating  Commissioner  Felimon  C.  Abelita   III  of   the CBD,   in   his   Report   and   Recommendation12 dated September 29, 2008, found that:

[respondent’s]   acts   of converting   his   secretary   into   a mistress; contracting two marriages      with Shirley and Leny, are grossly immoral which no civilized society in the world can countenance. The subsequent detention and torture of   the   complainant   is   gross  misconduct   [which]   only   a beast   may   be   able   to   do.   Certainly,   the   respondent 

had violated   Canon   1   of   the   Code   of   Professional Responsibility      which reads:

CANON 1 – A lawyer shall uphold the constitution, obey the laws of the land and promote respect for law and legal processes.

x x x x

In   the   long   line   of   cases,   the   Supreme   Court   has consistently   imposed severe penalty   for  grossly   immoral conduct of a lawyer like the case at bar. In the celebrated case of Joselano Guevarra vs. Atty. Jose Manuel Eala, the [Court]   ordered   the   disbarment   of   the   respondent   for maintaining extra-marital relations with a married woman, and having a child with her. In the instant case, not only did   the   respondent   commit   bigamy   for   contracting marriages  with  Shirley  Yunzal   in  1990 and Leny  Azur   in 1996,   but   the   respondent   also   made   his   secretary (complainant) his mistress and subsequently, tortured her to the point of death. All these circumstances showed the moral   fiber   respondent   is   made   of,   which   [leave]   the undersigned   with   no   choice   but   to   recommend   the disbarment of  Atty.  Danilo S.  Velasquez.   13    (emphasis  and underscoring supplied)

The   IBP   Board   of   Governors   of   Pasig   City,   by Resolution14 dated   December   11,   2008,   ADOPTED   the Investigating Commissioner’s findings and APPROVED the recommendation for the disbarment of respondent.

As did the IBP Board of Governors, the Court finds the IBP Commissioner’s   evaluation   and   recommendation   well taken.

The practice of law is not a right but a privilege bestowed by the state upon those who show that they possess, and continue to possess, the qualifications required by law for the conferment of such privilege.15 When a lawyer’s moral character is assailed, such that his right to continue

practicing   his   cherished   profession   is   imperiled,   it behooves him to meet the charges squarely and present evidence, to the satisfaction of the investigating body and 

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this Court, that he is morally fit to keep his name in the Roll of Attorneys.16

Respondent   has   not   discharged   the   burden.   He   never attended the hearings before the IBP to rebut the charges brought   against   him,   suggesting   that   they   are true.17 Despite his letter dated March 28, 2008 manifesting that  he  would  come up  with  his  defense   "in  a   verified pleading," he never did.

Aside   then   from   the   IBP’s   finding   that   respondent violated Canon 1 of   the   Code   of   Professional Responsibility, he also violated the Lawyer’s Oath reading:

I   _________,  having  been  permitted   to  continue   in   the practice of law in the Philippines, do solemnly swear that I recognize   the  supreme authority  of   the  Republic  of   the Philippines;   I  will support   its   Constitution   and  obey   the laws as  well   as   the   legal  orders  of   the  duly   constituted authorities therein; I will do no falsehood, nor consent to the doing of any in court; I  will  not wittingly or willingly promote or sue any groundless, false or unlawful suit, nor give aid nor consent to the same; I will delay no man for money   or  malice,   and  will   conduct  myself   as   a   lawyer according to the best of my knowledge and discretion with all good fidelity as well as to the courts as to my clients; and I impose upon myself this voluntary obligation without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion. So help me God, (underscoring supplied),

and Rule 7.03, Canon 7 of the same Code reading:

Rule  7.03  –  A   lawyer   shall   not   engage   in   conduct   that adversely reflects on his fitness to practice law, nor shall he,   whether   in   public   or   private   life,   behave   in   a scandalous manner to the discredit of the legal profession.

The   April   30,   2008   Resolution18 of   the   Provincial Prosecutor   on   complainant’s   charge   against   respondent and Bernardita Tadeo for Serious Illegal  Detention bears special noting, viz:

[T]he counter-affidavit  of  x  x  x  Bernardita  C.  Tadeo  (co-accused in the complaint) has the effect of strengthening the allegations against Atty. Danilo Velasquez. Indeed, it is clear   now   that   there   was   really   physical   restraint employed by Atty. Velasquez upon the person of Rosario 

Mecaral.   Even   as   he   claimed   that   on   the   day   private complainant was fetched by the two women and police officers,  complainant was already freely roaming around the   place   and   thus,   could   not   have   been   physically detained. However, it is not really necessary that Rosario be   physically   kept   within   an   enclosure   to   restrict   her freedom   of   locomotion.   In   fact,   she   was   always accompanied wherever she would wander, that it could be impossible   for   her   to   escape   especially   considering   the remoteness and the distance between Upper San Agustin, Caibiran,   Biliran   to   Naval,   Biliran   where   she   is   a resident. The  people   from  the   Faith  Healers  Association had   the   express   and   implied   orders   coming   from respondent   Atty.   Danilo   Velasquez   to   keep   guarding Rosario Mecaral and not to let her go freely. That can be gleaned   from   the   affidavit   of   co-respondent   Bernardita Tadeo.   The   latter   being   reprimanded   whenever   Atty. Velasquez  would   learn   that   complainant   had  untangled the   cloth   tied   on   her   wrists   and   feet.19 (emphasis   and underscoring supplied)

That, as reflected in the immediately-quoted Resolution in the criminal complaint against respondent, his therein co-respondent corroborated the testimonies of complainant’s witnesses,   and   that   the   allegations   against   him   remain unrebutted,   sufficiently   prove   the   charges   against   him by clearly   preponderant   evidence,   the   quantum   of evidence   needed   in   an   administrative   case   against   a lawyer.20

In   fine,   by   engaging   himself   in   acts  which   are   grossly immoral   and   acts   which   constitute   gross   misconduct, respondent has ceased to possess the qualifications of a lawyer.21

WHEREFORE,   respondent,   Atty.   Danilo   S.   Velasquez,   is DISBARRED, and  his  name ORDERED STRICKEN  from the Roll of Attorneys. This Decision is immediately executory and ordered to be part of the records of respondent in the Office   of   the   Bar   Confidant,   Supreme   Court   of   the Philippines.

Let copies of the Decision be furnished the Integrated Bar of the Philippines and circulated to all courts.

SO ORDERED.

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A.M. No. MTJ-92-710 June 19, 2003

PEDRITA M. HARAYO, Complainant, vs.JUDGE MAMERTO Y. COLIFLORES, Respondent.

D E C I S I O N

BELLOSILLO, J.:

Complainant   Pedrita   M.   Harayo,   former   clerk-stenographer, Municipal Trial Court, Minglanilla, Cebu, in a sworn   complaint   dated   15   September   1992,   charged respondent Judge Mamerto Y. Coliflores, Presiding Judge of   the   same   court,   with   grave   misconduct   for   (a) dismissing for monetary consideration Crim. Case No. 2307 for violation of PD No. 18661 and Crim. Case No. 2308 for violation of RA No. 6425;2 (b) assigning Court Aide Jose M. Agosto   as   domestic   helper   and   driver   of   respondent’s passenger   jeepney;   (c)   solemnizing   illegal  marriages  and collecting   fees   therefor;   (d)   allowing   her   name (complainant’s)   to   be   placed   as  witness   in   a  marriage contract  by  forging her signature;   (e)   falsifying  the date when he signed the verification portion of the complaint and the joint affidavit of the arresting officers in Crim. Case No. 2388; and, (f) changing for monetary consideration the joint affidavit of arresting officers Jerome Abatayo, Erasmo Gako   and   Eugene  Hernani   relative   to   Crim.   Cases  Nos. 2307 and 2308.

In   a   related   letter-complaint   dated   7   September   1992 complainant Pedrita Harayo charged respondents Josefina R. Hermosa and Jose M. Agosto, Clerk of Court and Court Aide   respectively,   of   MTC,   Minglanilla,   Cebu,   with falsification of entries in their daily time record and daily attendance book.

By   way   of   comment,   respondent   Judge   denied   the allegations   in   the   complaint   and   countered   that complainant might have been prompted to file the instant complaint   after   he   indorsed   Josefina   Hermosa   over complainant for the position of Clerk of Court II. He added that complainant likewise vented her ire on Hermosa and Agosto when Hermosa did not accede to her request not to pursue her application for Clerk of Court, and the latter, when he chided her about her belligerent attitude towards 

Hermosa and his remark that after all  she (complainant) was  not  qualified   for   the  position  she  was  seeking  and even as court stenographer since she had no knowledge of steno-typing.

On   the  matter   of   the   illegal  marriage,   charged   in   the complaint,   respondent   claimed   that   he   desisted   from officiating   the   marriages   upon   discovery   that   the documents   were   not   complete   despite   assurances   by complainant to the contrary.

This Court in a resolution dated 23 February 1993 referred the instant case to the Office of the Court Administrator (OCA)   for   evaluation,   report   and   recommendation. Thereafter, the OCA submitted its memorandum dated 29 March   1993   prepared   by   Deputy   Court   Administrator Eutropio   Migriño   recommending   the   dismissal   of   the complaints for lack of merit.

On   11  May   1993   the   Court   again   passed   a   resolution referring   the   instant   case   to   Executive   Judge  Generoso Juaban of the Regional Trial Court, Cebu, for investigation, report and recommendation. In his report, Judge Juaban recommended that respondent be exonerated on the first and   third   charges,   i.e.,   that   he   dismissed   cases   for monetary  consideration,  and that  he utilized Court  Aide Jose Agosto as  his  domestic helper  and personal  driver. However,   on   the   charge   that   he   performed   illegal marriages,   Judge   Juaban  recommended   that   respondent be admonished and his salary equivalent to one (1) or two (2)   months   be   suspended   for   having   signed   three   (3) marriage   contracts   before   the   corresponding   marriage licenses   were   obtained   by   the   parties.   Judge   Juaban reported that –

While   there   is   no   hard   proof   that   respondent   Judge demanded money in the solemnization of these marriages, suspicion   is   strong   that   there   could  be   some monetary consideration.  The  investigator now seems to doubt the verity   of   respondent’s   denial.   If   the  marriage   contracts were signed by him and no solemnization ever had, as he alleges,   because  he  desisted   from  doing   so   in   the  first instance,  why did he repeat   the same procedure  in   the second and the third time? Signing the marriage contracts before the marriage  licenses were so obtained on these three   (3)   marriages   is   indicative   of   respondent’s 

imprudence   in   this   respect   that   calls   for   appropriate measures of admonition.3

On 9 August 1994 this Court referred the report of Judge Juaban   to   the   OCA   for   further   evaluation,   report   and recommendation. Accordingly, on 15 September 1994 the OCA submitted a  memorandum essentially  adopting the recommendations of Investigating Judge Juaban but with the   proposal   that   with   regard   to   the   second   charge, respondent be fined in the amount equivalent to his one (1) month salary.

In an En Banc resolution dated 30 May 1995, the Supreme Court   noted   that   the   report   of   Judge   Juaban   failed   to address certain key  issues which were  likewise raised  in the   complaint,   namely:   (a)   that   respondent   allowed complainant’s   name   to   be   placed   as   witness   in   the marriage   contract   signed   by   Emmanuel   Plantar   and Elizabeth Nacor on 10 May 1989 by forging her signature; (b)   that   he   falsified   the   date   when   he   signed   the verification portion of the complaint and the joint affidavit of the arresting officers in Crim. Case No. 2388 by making it   appear   that   he   was   in   the   office   and   signed   the documents on 15 August 1992 when in fact it was only on 20 August 1992 that he went to the court and signed the same;   and,   (c)   that   for   monetary   consideration,   he changed the joint affidavit of the arresting officers in order to lay the groundwork for the dismissal of Crim. Cases Nos. 2307 and 2308.

In justifying the inclusion of the above-mentioned charges, the Court opined that these accusations should have been included in the investigation as they were embodied in the reply   of   complainant   to   the   comment   of   respondent Judge.   Consequently,   the   Court   directed   the   National Bureau  of   Investigation   (NBI),  Cebu  City,   to   conduct  an investigation and submit  its report and recommendation on the (a)  alleged forgery of  complainant’s  signature on the  marriage   contract   signed  by  Emmanuel  Plantar   and Elizabeth   Nacor   on   10   May   1989;   and   (b)   purported falsification of the joint affidavit of the arresting officers in Crim. Cases Nos. 2307 and 2308, and of the date affixed in the verification of the complaint in Crim. Case No. 2388.

In partial  compliance with the Court’s  directive,   the NBI through  Regional  Director  Florencio  Villarin   submitted  a 

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report on 2 November 1995 which contained its findings and   conclusions   on   the   examination   of   the   marriage contract   containing   complainant’s   alleged   forged signature.  It  concluded that "(t)he questioned signatures ‘Pedrita Harayo’ and the standard/sample signatures and handwritings of one ‘Pedrita Harayo’ were not written by one and the same person."4

With   respect   to   the   alleged   falsification   of   the   joint affidavit of the arresting officers, and of the date affixed in the verification of the complaint in Crim. Case No. 2388, the NBI reports disclosed the following: " (a) as regards the joint affidavit executed on 23 August 1991, ". . . indicative that they were not typed from one and the same source/ typewriter;5 (b) as regards the joint affidavit executed on 15 August 1992 ". . . indicative that they were not typed from one and the same source/typewriter;"6 and (c) "the questioned and the standard sample/signatures (of) Jesus P.  Carel  were written by one and the same person. The questioned typewritten entries/figures reading ‘15’ is NOT altered."7

Upon  receipt  of   the   last   report  of   the  NBI,   the  Second Division of this Court again referred the matter to the OCA which   in   turn   recommended   that   the   matter   be "REFERRED BACK" to the executive judge of RTC, Cebu, for a   more   exhaustive   investigation,   report   and recommendation, particularly on those matters raised by the complainant but were not touched in the investigation conducted by former Executive Judge Generoso Juaban.

On   8   January   2003,   Investigating   Judge   Galicano Arriesgado,   who   replaced   Judge   Generoso   Juaban   as Executive   Judge,   RTC-Cebu,   together  with   Judges   Isaias Dicdican and Pampio Abarintos, First Vice–Executive Judge and Second Vice-Executive Judge, respectively, submitted their report with the recommendation that all the charges against   respondent   Judge   be   dismissed   for   lack   of merit.8 In   arriving   at   their   findings   and   conclusions,   the Investigating Judges said -9

On the charge that respondent judge allowed the forging of complainant’s signature in the marriage contract x x x x no   sufficient  proof  was   adduced   that   respondent   judge had   personal   knowledge,   much   less,   allowed   the commission of the forgery.  While  it   is  true that the NBI result   impliedly   reported   a   forgery,   however,   the   same cannot be directly pointed to respondent x x x x

On   the   second   charge   of   falsifying   the   date   in   the verification   portion   of   the   joint   affidavit   of   the   police officers in Criminal Case 2388, the investigation revealed a total lack of evidence to support the same x x x x In the absence of proof to the contrary, the best evidence is the document, which has been, for all intents, proven not only to   be   regular,   but   also   to   be  without   any   alterations. Hence,   in   the   normal   course   of   things,   it   is   logical   to presume that the document was signed by respondent on the 15th and have been filed with  and received by  the court on the 18th as appearing on the official stamp x x x x

On the  charge that   respondent   judge changed the  joint affidavits of the arresting officers in order to facilitate the dismissal of Criminal Cases Nos. 2307 and 2308, the same June 1,  2000  report  of   the NBI  did  not  yield  conclusive results   that   the questioned affidavits  were   typed at   the MTC Minglanilla x x x x

On   the  first   charge,   there   is  absolutely  no  proof,  other than   the  unsubstantiated  allegation of   the  complainant, that   respondent   Judge   had   received   pecuniary consideration from a brother of the accused in exchange for the dismissal of Crim. Cases Nos. 2307 and 2308. If we were to believe complainant’s account of the incident, the payoff  was   supposed   to   have   been  made   outside   the chambers   of   respondent   Judge   and   in   the   presence  of lawyers   and   court   employees;   in   other  words,   in   open public view – a venue which no sensible perpetrator of a crime would choose as it would unnecessarily expose him to   the  dangers  of   eventual   prosecution.  Moreover,   her allusion that respondent offered her P100.00, apparently as   goodwill   money,   becomes   even  more   preposterous considering   that   a   considerable   amount, P15,000.00 or P20,000.00, was supposed to have changed hands. As pointed   out   by   respondent, P100.00   is   an   amount   too miniscule   to buy the silence of  a  potential  witness   to a crime.

On   the   second   charge,   we   also   find   unpersuasive complainant’s   allegation   that   respondent   improperly utilized the services of Court Aide Jose Agosto as domestic helper   and   driver   of   his   passenger   jeepney.   This   bare accusation,   devoid   of   corroboration,   cannot   nudge   this Court into precipitate belief.

On   the   charge   that   respondent   Judge   solemnized   civil marriages   for   exorbitant   fees   without   the   requisite 

marriage license, the records would reveal that on three (3)   different   occasions   he   had   indeed   signed  marriage contracts,   which   were   undated   as   to   the   time   the marriages were solemnized and with the space provided for the license number left blank.

In   his   comment,   respondent   Judge   denied   having solemnized   marriages   without   a   license.1âwphi1 He explained that in the first instance involving the marriage between   Didier   and   Basan,   he   signed   the   marriage contract only after assurances were made by complainant that   the   papers   were   in   order   but   collected   said documents  back  and  kept   them  inside  his  drawer   soon after   learning   that   the   marriage   license   was   indeed missing.   In   the  other   two   (2)   instances,  he  also  denied having officiated at the marriage between Bin Osman and Librea and that of Cabreros and Batto when informed that the contracting parties could not produce their respective marriage licenses.

Indeed, there is nothing in the records that would indicate that   respondent   had   in   fact   solemnized   the  marriages without the mandated  license.  After all,  who could best prove the existence of this fact other than the contracting parties themselves? Nonetheless, there is an inescapable showing   that   in   at   least   three   (3)   different   occasions respondent Judge actually signed the marriage contracts, admittedly prior to the issuance of the licenses.

Be that as it may, we cannot reject outright, in the absence of   a   more   convincing   evidence   en   contra   by   the complainant, the verity of respondent’s assertion that he desisted from performing marriages upon learning of the contracting   parties’   failure   to   produce   the   requisite marriage   licenses,   which   was   corroborated   by   other defense witnesses.  But we cannot also help but register our   strong   suspicion   that   there   are   more   serious irregularities   than   meet   the   eye   behind   respondent’s actuations. Committing the same act of imprudence three (3)   times   is   one   too   many   for   comfort,   casting respondent’s motives in serious question. In the absence however  of   clear  and  convincing  proof   that  he  actually solemnized the three (3) marriages without the marriage licenses, no culpability of such nature can be ascribed to him.

Nonetheless,   respondent’s   admission   of   signing   the marriage   contracts  before   the   issuance  of   the   requisite 

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marriage   licenses,   although   not   necessarily   fraudulent, amounts to gross negligence, if not gross irresponsibility, in performing his official functions.

On the charge of forgery by respondent of complainant’s signature as witness in a marriage contract, there appears to be sufficient basis for the conclusion of the NBI of an implied   forgery  on   the  documents   in  question  although there is no direct evidence on who actually committed the forgery. But the fact is that it happened with respondent’s apparent   tolerance,   if   not   acquiescence,   for   which   he should be held accountable.

As regards the allegation of complainant that respondent falsified the date when he signed the verification portion of   the complaint  and the   joint  affidavit  of   the arresting officers in Crim. Case No. 2388, and that he changed for monetary consideration the joint affidavit of the arresting officers   in   connection  with   Crim.   Cases  Nos.   2307   and 2308,  we can  only   rely,   in   the  absence of  proof   to   the contrary,  on   the  findings  of   the  NBI   that  no alterations were made on the subject documents.

In   sum,   respondent,   for   gratuitously   signing   marriage contracts in utter disregard of  its legal effects, had been remiss   in   his   duty   of   exercising   due   care   and circumspection in the performance of his official duties. In doing so, he exhibited a cavalier proclivity of ignoring the norms of diligence, efficiency, competence and dedication expected   of   a   man   donning   a   judicial   robe.   Thus,   he deserves   a  more   severe   disciplinary   sanction   than   that recommended.

Although the accusations against respondent Judge do not appear to have been fully substantiated, the Court cannot let   him   go   unpunished.   In   Negre   v.   Rivera,10 we admonished   a   municipal   judge   for   signing   a   marriage contract   where   no   marriage   license   had   been   issued. Considering   that   in   the   instant   case,   respondent repeatedly committed these procedural  gaffes, a penalty more severe must be meted against him.

His serious negligence and irresponsibility in signing three (3) marriage contracts, allegedly in blank, and without the requisite marriage licenses are simply too palpable for this Court   to  assume an  air  of  nonchalance  and  suspend  in midair the fall of the gavel when it should.

WHEREFORE,   the   recommendations   of   Investigating Judges   Generoso   Juaban   and   Galicano   Arriesgado   are APPROVED,   particularly   exonerating   respondent   Judge Mamerto Y. Coliflores of the charges against him, with the exception   of   his   act   of   signing   the   three   (3)  marriage contracts without the required marriage licenses for which the Court finds him administratively liable and is ORDERED suspended  immediately  for  one (1)  month and to pay a fine equivalent   to  two (2)  months  salary  which shall  be withheld from his retirement benefits when he retires.

SO ORDERED.

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G.R. No. 174689 October 22, 2007

ROMMEL JACINTO DANTES SILVERIO, petitioner, vs.REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, respondent.

D E C I S I O N

CORONA, J.:

When  God   created  man,  He  made  him   in   the likeness   of   God;   He   created   them   male   and female. (Genesis 5:1-2)

Amihan gazed upon the bamboo reed planted by Bathala and she heard voices coming from inside the   bamboo.   "Oh   North   Wind!   North   Wind! Please  let us out!," the voices said. She pecked the reed once, then twice. All  of  a sudden, the bamboo  cracked  and   slit   open.  Out   came  two human beings;  one  was  a  male  and   the  other was   a   female.   Amihan   named   the   man "Malakas" (Strong) and the woman "Maganda" (Beautiful).   (The   Legend   of   Malakas   and Maganda)

When is a man a man and when is a woman a woman? In particular, does the law recognize the changes made by a physician using scalpel, drugs and counseling with regard to a person’s sex? May a person successfully petition for a change of name and sex appearing in the birth certificate to reflect the result of a sex reassignment surgery?

On November 26, 2002, petitioner Rommel Jacinto Dantes Silverio filed a petition for the change of his first name and sex  in his  birth certificate  in   the Regional  Trial  Court  of Manila, Branch 8. The petition, docketed as SP Case No. 02-105207,   impleaded   the   civil   registrar   of   Manila   as respondent.

Petitioner alleged in his petition that he was born in the City of Manila to the spouses Melecio Petines Silverio and Anita   Aquino   Dantes   on   April   4,   1962.   His   name  was registered   as   "Rommel   Jacinto   Dantes   Silverio"   in   his 

certificate   of   live   birth   (birth   certificate).   His   sex   was registered as "male."

He further alleged that he is a male transsexual, that is, "anatomically male but feels, thinks and acts as a female" and that he had always identified himself with girls since childhood.1 Feeling trapped in a man’s body, he consulted several   doctors   in   the   United   States.   He   underwent psychological examination, hormone treatment and breast augmentation.   His   attempts   to   transform   himself   to   a "woman"   culminated   on   January   27,   2001   when   he underwent   sex   reassignment   surgery2 in   Bangkok, Thailand.  He  was   thereafter  examined  by  Dr.  Marcelino Reysio-Cruz, Jr., a plastic and reconstruction surgeon in the Philippines, who issued a medical certificate attesting that he (petitioner) had in fact undergone the procedure.

From then on, petitioner lived as a female and was in fact engaged to be married. He then sought to have his name in his birth certificate changed from "Rommel Jacinto" to "Mely," and his sex from "male" to "female."

An order setting the case for initial hearing was published in the People’s  Journal  Tonight,  a newspaper of  general circulation   in   Metro   Manila,   for   three   consecutive weeks.3 Copies of the order were sent to the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) and the civil registrar of Manila.

On   the   scheduled   initial   hearing,   jurisdictional requirements   were   established.   No   opposition   to   the petition was made.

During   trial,   petitioner   testified   for   himself.   He   also presented  Dr.   Reysio-Cruz,   Jr.   and   his  American   fiancé, Richard P. Edel, as witnesses.

On June 4,  2003,   the  trial  court   rendered a  decision4 in favor of petitioner. Its relevant portions read:

Petitioner filed the present petition not to evade any law or judgment or any infraction thereof or for   any   unlawful   motive   but   solely   for   the purpose of making his birth records compatible with his present sex.

The sole issue here is whether or not petitioner is entitled to the relief asked for.

The [c]ourt rules in the affirmative.

Firstly, the [c]ourt is of the opinion that granting the petition would be more in consonance with the   principles   of   justice   and   equity.  With   his sexual   [re-assignment],   petitioner,   who   has always   felt,   thought   and   acted   like   a  woman, now   possesses   the   physique   of   a   female. Petitioner’s misfortune to be trapped in a man’s body is not his own doing and should not be in any way taken against him.

Likewise,   the   [c]ourt   believes   that   no   harm, injury [or] prejudice will be caused to anybody or the community in granting the petition. On the contrary,  granting the petition would bring the much-awaited   happiness   on   the   part   of   the petitioner and her [fiancé] and the realization of their dreams.

Finally, no evidence was presented to show any cause  or   ground   to   deny   the  present  petition despite due notice and publication thereof. Even the State, through the [OSG] has not seen fit to interpose any [o]pposition.

WHEREFORE,   judgment   is   hereby   rendered GRANTING   the   petition   and   ordering   the   Civil Registrar   of   Manila   to   change   the   entries appearing   in   the   Certificate   of   Birth   of [p]etitioner,   specifically   for   petitioner’s   first name   from   "Rommel   Jacinto"   to MELY and petitioner’s gender from "Male" to FEMALE. 5

On   August   18,   2003,   the   Republic   of   the   Philippines (Republic), thru the OSG, filed a petition for certiorari  in the   Court   of   Appeals.6 It   alleged   that   there   is   no   law allowing the change of entries  in the birth certificate by reason of sex alteration.

On February 23, 2006, the Court of Appeals7 rendered a decision8 in   favor  of   the  Republic.   It   ruled   that   the   trial 

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court’s decision lacked legal basis. There is no law allowing the change of either name or sex in the certificate of birth on the ground of sex reassignment through surgery. Thus, the Court of Appeals granted the Republic’s petition, set aside   the   decision   of   the   trial   court   and   ordered   the dismissal of SP Case No. 02-105207. Petitioner moved for reconsideration but it was denied.9 Hence, this petition.

Petitioner essentially claims that the change of his name and sex in his birth certificate is allowed under Articles 407 to 413 of the Civil Code, Rules 103 and 108 of the Rules of Court and RA 9048.10

The petition lacks merit.

A Person’s First Name Cannot Be Changed On the Ground of Sex Reassignment

Petitioner invoked his sex reassignment as the ground for his petition for change of name and sex. As found by the trial court:

Petitioner filed the present petition not to evade any law or judgment or any infraction thereof or for   any   unlawful   motive   but solely for the purpose of making his birth records compatible with his present sex. (emphasis supplied)

Petitioner believes that after having acquired the physical features   of   a   female,   he   became   entitled   to   the   civil registry changes sought. We disagree.

The State has an interest in the names borne by individuals and entities for  purposes of   identification.11 A  change of name is a privilege, not a right.12 Petitions for change of name   are   controlled   by   statutes.13 In   this   connection, Article 376 of the Civil Code provides:

ART.  376.  No  person   can   change  his  name or surname without judicial authority.

This   Civil   Code   provision   was   amended   by   RA   9048 (Clerical   Error   Law).   In  particular,   Section  1  of  RA  9048 provides:

SECTION   1. Authority   to   Correct   Clerical   or Typographical Error and Change of First Name or Nickname. – No entry in a civil register shall be changed  or  corrected  without  a   judicial  order, except   for   clerical   or   typographical   errors   and change of first name or nickname which can be corrected or changed by the concerned city or municipal   civil   registrar   or   consul   general   in accordance with the provisions of this Act and its implementing rules and regulations.

RA 9048 now governs the change of first name.14 It vests the power and authority to entertain petitions for change of   first   name   to   the   city   or  municipal   civil   registrar   or consul   general   concerned.   Under   the   law,   therefore, jurisdiction over applications for  change of  first  name is now   primarily   lodged   with   the   aforementioned administrative officers. The intent and effect of the law is to exclude the change of first name from the coverage of Rules   103   (Change   of   Name)   and   108   (Cancellation   or Correction of Entries in the Civil Registry) of the Rules of Court,   until   and   unless   an   administrative   petition   for change of name is first filed and subsequently denied.15 It likewise lays down the corresponding venue,16 form17 and procedure.   In   sum,   the   remedy   and   the   proceedings regulating   change   of   first   name   are   primarily administrative in nature, not judicial.

RA 9048 likewise provides the grounds for which change of first name may be allowed:

SECTION 4. Grounds for Change of First Name or Nickname. –   The   petition   for   change   of   first name or nickname may be allowed in any of the following cases:

(1)   The   petitioner   finds   the   first   name   or nickname to be ridiculous, tainted with dishonor or extremely difficult to write or pronounce;

(2)  The  new first  name or  nickname has  been habitually   and   continuously   used   by   the petitioner  and he  has  been publicly  known by that first name or nickname in the community; or

(3) The change will avoid confusion.

Petitioner’s   basis   in   praying   for   the   change   of   his   first name was his sex reassignment. He intended to make his first   name   compatible   with   the   sex   he   thought   he transformed   himself   into   through   surgery.   However,   a change of name does not alter one’s legal capacity or civil status.18 RA 9048 does not sanction a change of first name on the ground of sex reassignment. Rather than avoiding confusion, changing petitioner’s first name for his declared purpose may only create grave complications in the civil registry and the public interest.

Before  a  person   can   legally   change  his   given  name,  he must   present   proper   or   reasonable   cause   or   any compelling reason justifying such change.19 In addition, he must show that he will be prejudiced by the use of his true and official name.20 In this case, he failed to show, or even allege,  any prejudice that  he might  suffer  as  a  result  of using his true and official name.

In sum, the petition in the trial court in so far as it prayed for the change of petitioner’s first name was not within that   court’s   primary   jurisdiction   as   the   petition   should have  been  filed  with   the   local   civil   registrar   concerned, assuming   it   could   be   legally   done.   It  was   an   improper remedy because  the proper   remedy was administrative, that is, that provided under RA 9048. It was also filed in the wrong venue as the proper venue was in the Office of the Civil Registrar of Manila where his birth certificate is kept. More importantly, it had no merit since the use of his true and official name does not prejudice him at all. For all these   reasons,   the  Court  of  Appeals  correctly  dismissed petitioner’s  petition   in   so   far  as   the   change  of  his  first name was concerned.

No Law Allows The Change of Entry In The Birth Certificate As To Sex On the Ground of Sex Reassignment

The determination of a person’s sex appearing in his birth certificate is a legal issue and the court must look to the statutes.21 In this connection, Article 412 of the Civil Code provides:

ART. 412. No entry in the civil  register shall be changed or corrected without a judicial order.

Together with Article 376 of the Civil Code, this provision was   amended   by   RA   9048   in   so   far   as clerical   or 

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typographical errors   are   involved.   The   correction   or change   of   such   matters   can   now   be   made   through administrative  proceedings   and  without   the   need   for   a judicial order. In effect, RA 9048 removed from the ambit of Rule 108 of the Rules of Court the correction of such errors.22 Rule 108 now applies only to substantial changes and corrections in entries in the civil register.23

Section   2(c)   of   RA   9048   defines   what   a   "clerical   or typographical error" is:

SECTION 2. Definition of Terms. – As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:

xxx       xxx       xxx

(3)   "Clerical   or   typographical   error" refers   to a mistake committed  in  the performance of clerical work in writing, copying, transcribing or typing an entry in the civil register that is harmless and innocuous, such as misspelled name or misspelled  place  of  birth  or   the   like, which is visible to the eyes or obvious to   the   understanding,   and   can   be corrected   or   changed   only   by reference   to  other  existing   record  or records: Provided,   however, That no correction must involve the change of nationality, age, status or sex of the petitioner. (emphasis supplied)

Under RA 9048, a correction in the civil registry involving the change of sex is not a mere clerical or typographical error.   It   is a substantial change for which the applicable procedure is Rule 108 of the Rules of Court.

The entries envisaged in Article 412 of the Civil Code and correctable under Rule 108 of the Rules of Court are those provided in Articles 407 and 408 of the Civil Code:24

ART.   407.   Acts,   events   and   judicial   decrees concerning   the   civil   status  of  persons   shall  be recorded in the civil register.

ART. 408. The following shall be entered in the civil register:

(1)   Births;   (2)  marriages;   (3)   deaths;   (4)   legal separations;   (5)   annulments   of   marriage;   (6) judgments   declaring   marriages   void   from   the beginning;   (7)   legitimations;   (8)   adoptions;   (9) acknowledgments   of   natural   children;   (10) naturalization;   (11)   loss,   or   (12)   recovery   of citizenship;   (13)   civil   interdiction;   (14)   judicial determination   of   filiation;   (15)   voluntary emancipation  of  a  minor;  and   (16)  changes  of name.

The   acts,   events   or   factual   errors   contemplated   under Article 407 of the Civil Code include even those that occur after birth.25 However, no reasonable interpretation of the provision   can   justify   the   conclusion   that   it   covers   the correction on the ground of sex reassignment.

To correct simply means "to make or set aright; to remove the   faults   or   error   from"   while   to   change  means   "to replace something with something else of the same kind or with something that serves as a substitute."26 The birth certificate   of   petitioner   contained   no   error.   All   entries therein,   including   those corresponding   to  his  first  name and sex, were all correct. No correction is necessary.

Article 407 of the Civil  Code authorizes the entry  in the civil   registry   of   certain acts (such   as   legitimations, acknowledgments   of   illegitimate   children   and naturalization), events (such   as   births,   marriages, naturalization   and   deaths)   and judicial   decrees (such   as legal separations, annulments of marriage, declarations of nullity   of   marriages,   adoptions,   naturalization,   loss   or recovery   of   citizenship,   civil   interdiction,   judicial determination  of  filiation  and   changes  of  name).   These acts,   events   and   judicial   decrees   produce   legal consequences that  touch upon the  legal  capacity,  status and  nationality   of   a  person.   Their   effects   are  expressly sanctioned by the  laws.   In  contrast,  sex reassignment  is not among those acts or events mentioned in Article 407. Neither is it recognized nor even mentioned by any law, expressly or impliedly.

"Status"   refers   to   the   circumstances   affecting   the   legal situation   (that   is,   the   sum   total   of   capacities   and 

incapacities) of a person in view of his age, nationality and his family membership.27

The   status   of   a   person   in   law   includes   all   his personal   qualities   and   relations, more or less permanent in nature, not ordinarily terminable at his own will,  such as his being legitimate or illegitimate,   or   his   being  married   or   not.   The comprehensive   term status…   include   such matters   as   the   beginning   and   end   of   legal personality,   capacity   to  have   rights   in  general, family relations, and its various aspects, such as birth,   legitimation,   adoption,   emancipation, marriage,   divorce,   and   sometimes   even succession.28 (emphasis supplied)

A person’s sex is an essential factor in marriage and family relations. It is a part of a person’s legal capacity and civil status.   In   this   connection,  Article  413  of   the  Civil   Code provides:

ART.   413.   All   other  matters   pertaining   to   the registration of civil  status shall  be governed by special laws.

But   there   is   no   such   special   law   in   the   Philippines governing sex reassignment and its effects. This is fatal to petitioner’s cause.

Moreover,  Section 5 of Act 3753 (the Civil  Register Law) provides:

SEC. 5. Registration and certification of births. – The declaration of   the  physician  or  midwife   in attendance at the birth or, in default thereof, the declaration   of   either   parent   of   the   newborn child, shall be sufficient for the registration of a birth in the civil register. Such declaration shall be   exempt   from   documentary   stamp   tax   and shall be sent to the local civil registrar not later than thirty days after the birth, by the physician or midwife in attendance at the birth or by either parent of the newborn child.

In such declaration, the person above mentioned shall certify to the following facts: (a) date and hour  of  birth;   (b) sex and  nationality of infant; 

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(c) names, citizenship and religion of parents or, in case the father is not known, of the mother alone; (d) civil status of parents; (e) place where the infant was born; and (f) such other data as may be required in the regulations to be issued.

xxx       xxx       xxx (emphasis supplied)

Under   the   Civil   Register   Law,   a   birth   certificate   is   a historical record of the facts as they existed at the time of birth.29 Thus, the   sex   of   a   person   is   determined   at birth, visually done by the birth attendant (the physician or midwife)   by   examining   the   genitals   of   the   infant. Considering   that   there   is  no   law   legally   recognizing   sex reassignment, the determination of a person’s sex made at the time of his or her birth,  if  not attended by error,30is immutable.31

When words are not defined in a statute they are to be given their common and ordinary meaning in the absence of  a  contrary   legislative  intent.  The words "sex,"  "male" and "female" as used  in the Civil  Register  Law and laws concerning   the   civil   registry   (and   even   all   other   laws) should   therefore   be   understood   in   their   common   and ordinary  usage,   there  being  no   legislative   intent   to   the contrary. In this connection, sex is defined as "the sum of peculiarities  of  structure  and  function  that  distinguish  a male   from a  female"32 or   "the distinction between male and   female."33 Female   is   "the   sex   that  produces  ova  or bears   young"34 and  male   is   "the   sex   that  has  organs   to produce spermatozoa for fertilizing ova."35 Thus, the words "male"   and   "female"   in   everyday  understanding  do  not include  persons  who have  undergone  sex   reassignment. Furthermore, "words that are employed in a statute which had at the time a well-known meaning are presumed to have been used in that sense unless the context compels to the contrary."36 Since the statutory language of the Civil Register Law was enacted in the early 1900s and remains unchanged,   it   cannot  be  argued  that   the   term "sex"  as used   then   is   something   alterable   through   surgery   or something   that   allows   a   post-operative  male-to-female transsexual to be included in the category "female."

For these reasons, while petitioner may have succeeded in altering his body and appearance through the intervention of modern surgery, no law authorizes the change of entry as to sex in the civil registry for that reason. Thus, there is 

no legal basis for his petition for the correction or change of the entries in his birth certificate.

Neither May Entries in the Birth Certificate As to First Name or Sex Be Changed on the Ground of Equity

The trial court opined that its grant of the petition was in consonance  with   the  principles  of   justice  and  equity.   It believed that allowing the petition would cause no harm, injury or prejudice to anyone. This is wrong.

The  changes   sought  by  petitioner  will  have  serious  and wide-ranging  legal and public policy consequences.  First, even the trial court itself found that the petition was but petitioner’s first step towards his eventual marriage to his male fiancé. However, marriage, one of the most sacred social   institutions,   is   a   special   contract   of   permanent union between a man and a woman.37 One of its essential requisites   is   the legal  capacity  of  the contracting parties who must be a male and a female.38 To grant the changes sought   by   petitioner   will   substantially   reconfigure   and greatly alter the laws on marriage and family relations. It will allow the union of a man with another man who has undergone   sex   reassignment   (a   male-to-female   post-operative   transsexual).   Second,   there   are   various   laws which apply particularly to women such as the provisions of   the   Labor   Code  on  employment   of  women,39 certain felonies   under   the   Revised   Penal   Code40 and   the presumption of   survivorship   in   case  of   calamities  under Rule 131 of the Rules of Court,41 among others. These laws underscore the public policy in relation to women which could be substantially affected if petitioner’s petition were to be granted.

It   is   true  that  Article  9 of   the Civil  Code mandates  that "[n]o judge or court shall decline to render judgment by reason of the silence, obscurity or insufficiency of the law." However, it is not a license for courts to engage in judicial legislation. The duty of the courts is to apply or interpret the law, not to make or amend it.

In   our   system   of   government,   it   is   for   the   legislature, should it  choose to do so, to determine what guidelines should   govern   the   recognition   of   the   effects   of   sex reassignment. The need for legislative guidelines becomes particularly   important   in   this   case   where   the   claims asserted are statute-based.

To reiterate, the statutes define who may file petitions for change   of   first   name   and   for   correction   or   change   of entries in the civil registry, where they may be filed, what grounds may be invoked, what proof must be presented and what procedures shall be observed. If the legislature intends   to   confer  on  a  person  who  has  undergone   sex reassignment the privilege to change his name and sex to conform with his reassigned sex, it has to enact legislation laying   down   the   guidelines   in   turn   governing   the conferment of that privilege.

It might be theoretically possible for this Court to write a protocol on when a person may be recognized as having successfully changed his sex. However, this Court has no authority to fashion a law on that matter, or on anything else. The Court cannot enact a law where no law exists. It can only apply or interpret the written word of its co-equal branch of government, Congress.

Petitioner pleads that "[t]he unfortunates are also entitled to a life of happiness, contentment and [the] realization of their   dreams."   No   argument   about   that.   The   Court recognizes that there are people whose preferences and orientation do not fit neatly into the commonly recognized parameters   of   social   convention   and   that,   at   least   for them,   life   is   indeed   an   ordeal.   However,   the   remedies petitioner  seeks   involve  questions of  public  policy  to  be addressed solely by the legislature, not by the courts.

WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby DENIED.

Costs against petitioner.

SO ORDERED.