Old Testament History, Literature, and Theology

BCM101

Dr. Ted Hildebrandt

Is there a God? Why would I believe that?

• Cosmological Argument: first cause• Teleological Argument: design/order

• Intelligent Design• Moral Argument: with and without God • Pascal’s wager• Jesus: liar, lunatic, Lord—legend?• Personal testimony• Predictive Prophecy, miracles, Jews

Old Testament Overview

P-PEW C-JU D-ERA

Primeval History: Adam/Eve, Noah/Flood, Babel

Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph

Exodus: Pharaoh, Plagues, Moses and Sea

Wilderness: Sinai Covenant, Tabernacle, Manna

OT Overview C-JU

Conquest: Joshua/Jericho, tribes

Judges: Deborah/Barak, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson

United Monarchy: Saul, David, Solomon

Divided Monarchy: Kings north all bad (Ahab); Kings of South some good (Uzziah, Hezekiah, Josiah), ProphetsAssyria and Babylon (enemies)

OT Overview D-ERA

Exile: Judah to Babylon 70 years, temple destroyed, Daniel, Ezekiel

Return: Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Jerusalem walls and temple rebuilt

Apocrypha: Maccabees and Antiochus Epiphanes

Five Dates: 2000 BC, 1000, 722, 586, 400

Where & how did we get the Bible

Does the Bible claim to be from God

2 Tim. 3:16 God-breathed

2 Peter 1:21 origin in God not man

Heb 1:1-2 prophets and son

What did Jesus say: Mat 5:17f, Jesus and the OT

God

4 Step Process from God to us

Inspiration: God speaks to prophets, prophets speak to people, written down

Canonization – community collects sacred writings

Transmission – scribal copying

Translation: translators: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek Eng.

Inspiration ProcessesSpoke to Moses face to face (Num 12:6-8); prophets: “Thus saith the Lord” Jer.1:1-4; Isa. 7:7

Spoke through His Son --Jesus (word incarnate)– Heb 1:1-2; John 1:1-12

Some did historical research--Luke 1:1-4

Some edited former works--Prov 25:1

Some quoted secular sources--Acts 17:28

External Corroboration

Moral Quality: Love God, love neighbor, 10 commandments, yet not simplistic, interfaces with culture yet deep values on human life—what you’d expect of GodHistoricity: camels? Hittites? David? Jeremiah’s scribe, Balaam, Mesha, Omri, Sennacherib, resurrection witnessesFulfilled prophecy: Tyre (Ezk 26:12), Isaiah –Cyrus (Isa. 44:28, 45:1, Jesus (Isa 53; Mic. 5:2 ); 1 Kgs. 13:2—Josiah

A collection of small, burnt, clay seals was found in 1975 about 44 miles southwest of Jerusalem. They dated from the time of Jeremiah, the Prophet. Each small lump of clay had been impressed with a seal. These served as an official signature for individuals. The clay seals were then attached to documents to identify the sender and still have the impress of the string which bound the scrolls on their reverse.Amongst the seals, four contained the names biblical figures mentioned in the 36th chapter of the book of Jeremiah. One of these seals reads: Berekhyahu son of Neriyahu the Scribe.We also have them bullae from Jeremiah; incl. Jaramael, Seriah & Gemaryaha (see Jer.36:26, 22, & 10-12).

Archaeological Confirmation

Canonization Don’t have everything God ever said: – Prophets like Huldah-- 2 Chr 34:22ff– Solomon wrote 3000 proverbs we’ve got 375 (1 Kgs 4)– Many things Jesus did not recorded--Jn 21:25

God’s people collect and sanction books—canonization 10 commandments in ark; Ex 24:4,7; 1 Kgs 8:9; Neh 8:8; Jews recording negativesNT: Rev 22:18-19 not add or subtract (Deut. 4:2)Immediately authoritative Dt 31:24ff; 1 Sam 10:25 deposited; Dan 9:2-Jeremiah

Peter of Paul 2 Pet 3:15f

Certain books not accepted--which? why?

Criterion of Canonization

Is it inspired by God? -- Thus saith the– Lord (Isa. 7:7)

Is it written by a prophet/apostle?

Does it agree with previous revelation?

Does it come with the power of God?

Was it received by the people of God?

Antilegomena: Prov., Ezek. Esther, Eccl. Song of Songs

TaNaK: Torah, Nebi’im; Kethubim

Levels of “Canonization”

Pseudepigrapha

OT Apocrypha

Antilegomena

Canon of OT TaNaK: PHPP

Transmission – Did God use flawed processes to preserve His word?

Moses wrote it 1440 BC how did we get it?

Copied over and over

Copying process not always 100%– 1 Sam 13:1f: KJV/NJKV; ASV/NASB; NIV, NRSV/ESV– Mark 16– 1 Jn 5:7– Jer 27:1 Jehoiakim/Zedekiah KJV versus NIV/NRSV – Jer 39:13 Rab-mag high official (Akkadian copied)

How do we correct for that?

Why didn’t God preserve it perfectly?

Scribal errors: Internal Evidence

Misreading Gen 10:4 dodanim/rodanim d / rMis-hearing Ps 100:3; not we/we are hisMetathesis: thierFusion/Fission: CHRISTISNOWHEREHomoeoteleuton: same endings—Luke 10Dittography/haplography Harmonizing corruptions – bless for curse Conflation: church of God/ church of Lord Church of Lord God

Text Criticism: External Older manuscripts better—MT, LXX

Shorter reading preferred

Greater geographical spread

Number and types of manuscripts--weighing groups/families of manuscripts

DSS—Dead Sea Scrolls

Silver amulet of Numbers 6:24ff (700 BC)

Translation TheoryMT LXX Vulgate KJV/NIV/NRSV et alDifferent ways to translate: which one is right?Do translators make mistakes: Prov 26:23KJV: Burning lips and a wicked heart are like a potsherd covered with silver dross. Does language change: 2 Cor 8:1 KJV: “We do you to wit of the grace of God bestowed on ….”Literal word for word … pros/cons Prov 10:5Modified literal… pros/consDynamic equivalence: meaning for meaning… pro/consPolitically Corrected texts… pros/cons TNIV

Proverbs 10:5 KJV

lyKiW;ma NBe Cyiq.aBa rgexo wybime NBe rycqA.Ba MDAr;ni KJV: He that gathereth in summer is a wise son, but he that sleepeth in harvest is a son that causeth shame.

Proverbs 10:5 NIVNASB: He who gathers in summer is a son who acts wisely, But he who sleeps in harvest is a son who acts shamefully. NIV: He who gathers crops in summer is a wise son, but he who sleeps during harvest is a disgraceful son.

Proverbs 10:5 NLTNLT: A wise youth works hard all summer; a youth who sleeps away the hour of opportunity brings shame.

Message: Make hay while the sun shines -- that's smart, go fishing during harvest --that's stupid.

ConclusionsBetter manuscript evidence than ever beforeNo major doctrine affectedRealistic view on transmission and translation issuesConfidence in God’s word… benefit of plurality of translationsFocus not on jots/tittles but on meaning God speaks the language of the people

ConclusionIf God has spoken and told us many things then this book should be the most important guideline in our lives. God used flawed processes—why? idols; honor us– Providence did not preserve it perfect – God can use me– Calls us to study and figure things out, focus on

meaning – Best position in 2000 years to know what God said

4 Processes God to us: ICTTInspiration, Canonization, Transmission, Translation