nanotechnology in textiles1

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

A SEMINAR SUBMITTED TO THE

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT FOR THE

DEGREE OF THE BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

TECHNOLOGY OF FIBER AND TEXTILE PROCESSING BY

MISS MRUNMAYI TULASIDAS BEHERE

INSTITUTE OF CHEMICALTECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

MATUNGA, MUMBAI 400019

SEPTEMBER 2003


1

Introduction

Nano fibers

Nano composite

Nano filtration

Innovations in textile technology

Smart wear

Polymer applications

Nano innovations for Soldiers

Other side of nanotechnology

Conclusion

References


2

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Nanotechnology is the science, engineering, and manufacturing of sub-micrometer

systems which perform designed-for tasks analogous or related to electrical, mechanical,

biological, and computing systems.

The key word to-day seems to be “nano technology” which refers to any area of science

in which crucial particle size is less than one micron. The molecular nano technology

addresses the gap between molecules and atom. The nano structure materials exhibit

properties much improved over those exhibited by conventional materials because of their

large surface to volume ratio.

One nanometer being equivalent to the width of three or four atoms, nanotechnology

usually refers to the region of 1 to 100 nanometers. It is in this range that electrons display

special behavior, and nanotechnology is aimed at harnessing this behavior. In general

definition, nano means one –millionth of a millimeter. When the term is applied to

technology (nano technology), the common definition is the precise manipulation of

individual atoms and molecule to create layer structures1 Using rules of quantum

mechanics it is possible to calculate the behavior of electrons that swirl around an atom.

Given enough computing power, on should be able to use such calculation to design a

material atom by atom, building desirable properties by adjusting the electronic profile.

The problem is the properties of materials results form interaction of huge number of

atoms. But nanomaterials which are often isolated molecules- or molecules whose

properties arise from limited interactions. It is just the predictive power that will allow it to

revolutionize the discovery of nanomaterials.

The nano technology is at an early stage of commercialization. But this year the

government worldwide would spend 2 billion dollars on nanotech research. Millions of

dollars would be invested in nano-tech companies and every major university would

solidify their plans for nano tech department

.

Nanotechnology – working at billionth of a millimeter scale – is a continuous source of

new opportunities for the textile industry. The concept is used to open the way for textiles

with new and improved functions but no change in appearance or feel, to save resources

and to address new environmental approaches. But the textile industry must make its own


3

contribution to nanotech research and urged the industry to intensify its collaborative links

with chemists and researchers.

When finer (nano level) inorganic materials are dispersed in polymers even in very low

level addition, the two phase nano composite material is to be formed. By virtue of nano

particle size, the surface area per unit mass is increased ,leading to good interaction with

polymer matrix resulting into highest performance. The mechanical, thermal, chemical,

optical and flammability properties of nano composites are significantly improved. The

specific surface area of the fillers in nano composite should be as large as possible without

agglomeration.

Nano technology is creating major innovations in Textile industry. There are many

research going on all over the world on nano fibers, nano finishes,nano detergents etc.Out

of them, some technologies are already out of laboratory and have started giving

commercial use.

Nanotechnology is often referred to as being "bottom-up", producing materials through

assembly molecule by molecule and atom by atom, while existing technology is considered

"top-down". For example, metal sheeting can be cut into smaller and smaller pieces in

order to produce a final tool, while fabric can be cut into a variety of small shapes to be

sewn together to produce clothing. The wool of sheep and the garment-like wings of

cicadas are created by atoms and molecules being added one at a time, and can be

considered natural nanotechnology, being bottom-up1.

NanoTechnology refers to the controlled manipulation of materials at the atomic or

molecular level. The name comes from the length of a nanometer (nm) which is a billionth

of a meter. On this scale, the thickness of a human hair is huge - between 100,000 and

200,000 nm thick. A typical virus is roughly 100 nm wide. Atoms themselves are

typically 0.1 to 0.5 nm wide. Nanotechnology involves building "things" roughly in the

range of 100 nm or less.

Approx. Dimensions in

Nano meter(nm) Micron Deniar

Atom 0.3 0.00036

Polymeric

nano-

50 to 500 0.06 to 0.6 0.006 to

0.06


4

fibre

Melt

blown

fibre

2,000 to 5,000

1.0 denier

fibre

8,333 10 1

Human

hair

20,000 to 30,000

Nanotechnology was first discussed in 1959 by Richard Feyman, the famous Caltech

physicist, in a talk at Caltech entitled, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom: An invitation

to Enter a New Field of Physics".

The United States government, through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, has

invested over $1 billion in this area since the year 2000 through 10 Departments and

Agencies. Additional nanotechnology funding is, of course, being provided by other

governments and by many private companies. Many believe that this field will become one

of the biggest industries in our future - time will tell.2

Tomorrow’s ability to observe and manipulate matter on the molecular and atomic size

scale opens new perspectives and chances. Molecules use DNA, charge single electrons

and insert atoms. The result is one product or application. Atoms and molecular stick

together because they have complementary shapes that are locked together. The goal is to

manipulate atoms individually and place them in a pattern to produce a desired structure.

Basically, there are three steps:

•Manipulating individual atoms means to grab single atoms and move them to desired

positions.

•Assemblers that can be programmed to manipulate atoms and molecules are the next step

to develop nanoscopic machines.

•Assemblers and Replicators will work together to construct products automatically and

replace today’s methods.

The overall result will be a decrease of manufacturing costs, making products cheaper and

stronger, without waste, and sustainable, zero-emission based.


5

http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

http://www.nano.gov/2002budget.html

Markets and developments 2002-2015 - The Study

190 nanotechnology companies are listed on the stock markets 2003. About 2,000

companies and organizations are working in this field worldwide. More than 20,000

researchers around the world try to win the battle of leading the science.

The leading countries today are USA, Japan, China, and Germany.

The R&D spending worldwide are USD 7.4 billion in 2002 and increase up to USD 26.0

billion Global growth in Nanotech R & D (in million of dollars)

Global growth in Nanotech R & D (in million of dollars)

Country/Region 1997 2002

United States 432 604

Western Europe 126 350-400

Japan 120 750

South Korea 0 100

Taiwan 0 70

Australia 0 40

China 0 40

Rest of World 0 270

By 2006 (government and industries).

The total markets for nanotechnology worldwide will grow from USD 74.0 billion in 2001

to USD 299.9 billion in 2006 and USD 891.1 in 2015. This is the nanoindustry and not the

applications3

The nano-world also includes a series of material technology breakthroughs that

will continue to change how we build things, how much they weigh and how much

stress and punishment they can take. Nanotechnology allows growing rather than

manufacturing materials, which will save energy, conserve raw materials and

eliminate waste products — producing a healthier environment.


6

Next big thing is really small

Nano fibers

Nanofiber –Reinforced polymers prepared by fused deposition modeling.

Carbon nano tubes are an ordered array of carbon atoms that can have tensile strength up to

50x that of steel. These tubs or fibers are often called as graphite or carbon nano fibers as

well as nano tubes. The size of nano fibers is usually described by diameters in microns. a

typical one denier polyester fiber has diameter of 10 microns .A typical nanofiber has

diameter between 50 to 300 nano meters .they cannot be seen without visual amplification

The technology for manufacturing carbon nano tube is different from common fiber

production techniques and the end uses are not those commonly associated with fiber .for this

type of fibers, the smallest practical size is approximately 50nano-meters.

The manufacturing techniques most often associated with polymeric nano fiber is electro-

spinning .In this technique ,either the polymer melt or polymer dissolve in solvent is placed

in a tube which is sealed at on end and a small opening in necked down portion at other

end .A high voltage potential is excess of 30KV is then applied between polymer solution

and collector near the open end .This process can produce nano fibers of diameter as low as

50 nano meter, although the collected web usually contains fibers with varying diameters

from 50 nm to 2 microns. The production rate of this process is measured in gms/hr.

Other technique to produce polymeric nanofiber is recently been introduced by Nano fiber

technology Inc. in which nano fibers are created by melt blowing a fiber with modular dye.

The fiber produced is mixture of both micron and sub micron sizes. yet another technique

spins bi-component nano fibers.

Preparation of nano sized ZnO2, Fe3O4 and Al2O3

Among the nano structured materials the inorganic single/mixed oxides from a special class

that have immense technological importance because of their use in catalysis ,engineering –

electronics magnetic materials .ZnO2 for example, has been prepared starting with an

aqueous solution of zirconium oxycloride is added 35 % liquor ammonia in molar ratio of

1:4.A white gelatinous precipitate of hydrous zirconyl hydroxide is obtained which is filtered

and washed with de ionized water to completely remove the chloride ion and excess of

ammonia .The precipitate is dissolved in minimum quantity of nitric acid ,to form Zirconyl


7

nitrate solution having ph 2.This is placed on hot plate (at 80°c).Aqueous solution of mixture

of sucrose (4 moles per mole of metal ion )and PVA (10mole %) is added to the solution of

zirconyl nitrate under hot conditions (80°C) with constant stirring to have the homogenous

polymeric matrix based precursor solution.

Similarly appropriate stoichiometries of ferric nitrate and aluminum nitrate are taken

and dissolved in de-ionized water and dispersed in the polymeric reagent of sucrose and PVA

under hot condition to obtained the homogenous polymeric matrix based precursor solution

of the respective oxide system.

Each of the precursor solution is then separately evaporated to dryness and paralyzed

subsequently to obtain the fluffy, carbonaceous precursor powder of the respective oxide.

These precursors are then calcinated (300 to 500°C for two hours) for the removal of residual

carbon and the formation of nano sized particulates of the pure oxide.

The obtained nano size powders are sonicated in water and incorporated in the matrix of

activated charcoal through adsorption .The adsorbed bed, prepared by embedding the nano

sized powder of ZnO2, Fe3O4 and Al2O3 in activated charcoal through adsorption have ability

to remove fluoride and arsenite ions from industrial waste water as low as 0.01 to 0.02 ppm

levels from there concentration of 1000 ppm in untreated waste water. For the purpose ,

activated charcoal is soaked in colloidal suspension of the oxide at pH 7.The amount of

activated charcoal is maintained at around 15% with respect to the amount of oxide. The

oxide get incorporated in the matrix of activated charcoal through adsorption. The black

slurry is finally dried at 120°C to obtain absorbing bed for the removal of the trace amount of

the fluoride/arsenite/arsenate ions from industrial waste water.

There are several other physico-chemical methods for the preparations of nano sized

materials like Vapour phase reactions, Inert gas condensation, Sputtering, Mechanical

alloyingLase ablation Spray conversion, Plasma spraying, Chemical vapour deposition

The effect of nano particle size and its distribution on the dyeability of polypropylene

has been extensively studied at the University of Massachusetts. The salient features of this

study on ball milling and ultrasonication:

The tumblers tumbler is a steel hexagon barrel with a removable rubber lining and is 9 cm in

diameter and 8 cm wide A glass bottle of 5.5cm in height and 2.5cm in diameter is used

inside the tumbler for the ball milling the effect of glass and stainless steel balls of 3.5mm,

5.0mm and 8mm size on particle size reduction and distribution has been studied .


8

The speed of the tumbler is maintained at 20 rpm in the ball milling operations .The slower

the speed the greater will be the chance for the balls to have contact with many particles.

Also at lower speed, the centrifugal force would not overcome gravity. The ratio of ball to

material in tumbler is kept at 100:2.5 gms, the tumbling tine being 24 hrs.The 3mm glass

balls provided better results in their studies.

Ultrasonification done on milled samples in xylene .The amplitude pulsation rate and

time of ultra sonication process has been investigated with respect to the particle size

distribution.

The disaggregation and deagglomeration of the particle assembly is one of the main

mechanical effects caused by ultrasonication.The time ultrasonication is vital. The greater the

time allowed for ultrasonication, the better are the results1.

Dip Pen Nanolithography DPN:

DPN™ technology is a patented process that enables the building of nanoscale structures

and patterns by literally drawing molecules onto a substrate. Structures can be assembled

onto microelectronic devices with feature sizes in the 10- 12nm size range using virtually

any material. The ability to routinely build at this resolution combined with almost

unlimited material and substrate flexibility allows users of DPN technology to manufacture

ultra- high density nanoarray and nanosensor devices.

A new AFM [Atomic Force Microscopy] -based soft- lithography technique which was

recently discovered have found that an important requirement for creating stable

nanostructures is that the transported molecules anchor themselves to the substrate via

chemisorptions. When T-substituted alkanethiols are patterned on a gold substrate, a

monolayer is formed in which the thiol head groups form relatively strong bonds to the

gold and the alkane chains extend roughly perpendicular to surface. The thiol lattice

formed is identical to that of a monolayer obtained via solution deposition of alkanethiols

on gold. Creating nanostructures using DPN is a single step process which does not require

the use of resists. ...One of the most important attributes of DPN is that because the same

device is used to image and write a pattern, patterns of multiple molecular inks can be

formed on the same substrate in very high alignment4


9

Electrospinning is an electrostatic induced self –assembly process where in ultra fibers

down to nanoscalesare produced .In the electospinning process ,a high voltage electrical field

is generated between oppositely charged polymer fluid contained in glass syringe with a

capillary tip and a metallic collection screen .Once the voltage reaches the critical value the

charge overcomes the surface tension of the suspended polymer with the cane formed on the

capillary tip of syringe (spinneret or glass pipette),and a jet of ultra fine fibers is

produced .As the charged polymer jets are spun the solvent quickly evaporates and the fibrils

are accumulated on the surface of the collecting screen. This results in nonwoven mesh of

nano to micron scale fibers. It has been shown that more than 20 polymers including

polyethylene oxide, nylon ,polyimide ,DNA can be electrospuned5

A nanoscale fiber is called fibril. Varying the charge density, polymer solution concentration

and duration of electospinning can control fiber diameter and mesh thickness. A schematic

illustration and example of the composites formed by the process are shown in the figure ,it

also explains the concept of CNT nano composites. Figure also shows the orientation of the

CNT in a polymer matrix through the electrospinning process by flow and charge induced

orientation as well as confinement of the CNT in the nano composite filament.

The nano fibril composite can also be subsequently deposited as a spun bounded nano fibril

mat for further processing into composite or for use as a nonwowen mat. Or by proper


10

V

CST IN POLYMER SOLn

10-1000 nm

1-10 nmCNT

POLYMER JET

NANOCOMPOSITE FIBRILS

CNT

CNT Property and packing

Fibril and yarn . packing

Broad Helix Angle

manipulation ,the CNTNC filaments can be aligned as the flat composite filament twisted

further to enhance handling or tailoring properties in higher order textile performs for

structural composites .By twisting the nano composite fibrils ,off axis angular orientation

may be introduced to the nano composite filament in order to tailor the composite filament

modulus1

The shapeability and net shape capability of textiles performs greatly facilitates processing

for polymer, metal ceramic and carbon matrix composites.

.

Vapour grown Carbon fiber (VGCF)-Reinforced polymer composites are of recent

interest because of their unique combination of favorable thermal, electrical and

mechanical properties.VGCF are prepared in similar manner to single wall carbon nano

tubes& are readily available at relatively low cost.

VGCFs are practical model nanofiber for a single walled carbon nanotubes, were combined

with Acrylonitrile – Butadiene - Styrene (ABS) copolymer to create a composite material

for use with fused deposition modeling. Continuous filament feedback materials were

extruded from Banbury mixed composites with maximum composition of 10 % wt of

nanofiber .Issue of dispersion porosity and fiber alignment were studied. SEM images

indicated that VGCFs were well dispersed & every distribution in matrix & no porosity

exited in composite material following FDN processing .VGCFs were aligned both in the

filament feedstock & in FDM traces suggested that nanofiber in general can be aligned

through extrusion shear processing into the specimens. For a mechanical property

comparison with unfilled ABS. The VGCF filled ABS swelled less than did the plain ABS

at similar processing condition due to increased stiffness The tensile strength & the

modulus of the VGCF.Filled ABS increased an average of 39% & 60%respectivelly over

the unfilled ABS. Storage modulus measurements from dynamic mechanical analysis

indicates that stiffness increased by 68%.The fracture behavior of the composite material

indicates that the VGCFs act as restriction to chain nobility of polymer.

Hollow nanofiber (nanotubes)-Nanotubes has great potential application, such as in

preparation of nanowire templates, nanoreactors etc.

Preparation of hollow nanofiber from triblock copolymer-


11

The solid state morphology of triblock co-polymer PS-b-PCEMA-PtBA which was

synthesized by anionic polymerization with nanomolecular weight distribution was in a

lamella structure from TEM micrographs. After being added with polystyrene with mass

ratio of 1:0.4, the morphology showed a cylindrical structure ,with PS as continuous

phase ,PCEMA and PtBA phases formed cylinder with PCEMA as outer layer. The

PCEMA phase was crosslinnked.The t-Bu group in PtBA phase was cleavage by reacting

with TM-SI and nanofiber changed to nanotubes finaly9.

Flammability of Polyamide -6/clay hybrid nano composite from Tg curve suggested that

PA-6 is slightly stabilized between 450-600°c.PA-6/nano was processed via melt spinning

to make multifilament yarn. Textile have been evaluated as knitted fabric and is shown that

heat release rate of PA-6nano at 35 kw/m²is reduced to 40%than PA-6.This result offers

new promising rout for flame retardant textiles with permanent effect .

Cheaper Way To Make Carbon Nanoscrolls

One of the biggest obstacles in the use of nanotechnology is the cost of manufacture.

Scientists working in labs come up with all sorts of interesting nanomaterials that have

qualities superior to existing materials for many applications. These discoveries regularly

receive glowing media reports. But too many such discoveries are going unused because of

a lack of ways to make these nanomaterials cheaply in bulk. Nanotubes are a great

example. They are considered to have enormous promise but in spite of the interest they

have attracted no team has found a cheap way to make them. Carbon nanoscrolls are also

pure carbon but the sheets are curled up, without the caps on the ends, potentially allowing

access to significant additional surface area. While nanotubes are normally made at high

temperatures, nanoscrolls can be produced at room temperature.

Method involves scrolling sheets of graphite, which could give a much higher surface area.

If the entire surface area is accessible on both sides of the carbon sheets unlike with

carbon nanotubes, where only the outside surface is accessible then surface could adsorb

twice the amount of hydrogen –that is an enormous increase, which results in improving on

hydrogen storage for fuel (an alternative to fossil fuels).


12

Nanoscrolls can be made by a relatively inexpensive and scalable process at low

temperatures. Starting materials are just graphite and potassium metal. The idea is beautiful

in its simplicity. Carbon surfaces are known to adsorb hydrogen. A difficulty with using

hydrogen as a fuel source for cars, instead of gas, is obtaining a material capable of storing

enough hydrogen to make the approach feasible. Carbon nanoscrolls could make pollution-

free, hydrogen-powered cars better than they would otherwise be.

This research is a good start.. For this approach to work well, it is needful to get

down to individual carbon layers, and this target is yet to achieve. On average, the

nanoscrolls are 40 layers thick. The challenge is to reduce the nanoscrolls to individual

layers. The research may lead to numerous applications.

For electronic applications, nanotubes may work well. For applications where high surface

area is important - such as hydrogen storage or energy storage in super-capacitors -- these

nanoscrolls may be better. Other possible applications for nanoscrolls, include lightweight

but strong materials for planes and cars, and improved graphite-based tennis rackets and

golf clubs.

The use of nanoscrolls for energy storage is especially interesting. Liquefying hydrogen

requires considerable energy expenditure to cool it and also requires extremely well

insulated tanks to hold it. But gaseous hydrogen takes up too much space. If nanoscrolls

could be used either to store hydrogen densely at room temperature or to make a better kind

of battery then they'd be very attractive6.

Bio degradable nanofiber

as many as 40 percent of open heart surgery patients experience abnormal cardiac rhythms

after their operations. A nano structured membrane infused with an anti inflammation agents

such as ibuprofen and apply directly to heart tissue, has reduced the problem in animal

studies.

Star’s nanofiber membrane is mesh of polymers designed to prevent body tissue from

sticking together as the heal. It also breaks down in the body over time like biodegradable

sutures. The anti-adhesion material is made by "electrospinning".In few milliseconds ,the

electrical field aligns the polymer molecules in the jetstreams into the fibrous strands, pulling


13

and stretching the jet 1000 times thinner than the micro sized nozzle opining , to about a

150nm diameter.Oddly,the nanoscale fibers don’t follow the straight path downward from

the jet stream to the target surface .In fact , they spiral downward at about 300 miles per

hour, traveling more than a mile in the space of inches to form an unwoven mesh like a thin

pile of well-distributed spaghetti.

As the polymers make this strange, circuitous journey, the liquid solvent they were

suspended in evaporates. The resulting material has an unusual, ephemeral feel, a tactile

blend of paper, plastic and rubber. It isn't sticky, and is fairly strong and difficult to tear.

The STAR team says it can produce its nanofiber material in bulk with its array of

multiple jets. Now the group is working on expanding the flexibility of their process by

altering the shapes of the jets, electrical fields and the composition of polymer solutions7.

Carbon Nanotube Fiber Super capacitors

Super capacitors based on CNTs are electrochemical energy storage devices that can

ultimately deliver capacitances as high as 300 F/gm. Recent advances at UTD in the

fabrication of CNT fibers have enabled us to incorporate them into a number of novel super

capacitor configurations. The combination of superb energy storage, high electrical

conductivity and spectacular mechanical properties of these fibers affords unprecedented

application opportunities. In their simplest embodiment, two electrolyte-coated fibers are

twisted together to produce a yarn that has been woven into a multifunctional electronic

textile. Winding the devices around a form provides the basis for energy-storing structural

composites8.

Spinning Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers

The use of carbon nanotubes for many NanoEnergetic applications depends upon their

availability as fibers having exceptional properties. Carbon nanotubes are spun composite

fibers at a hundred times the prior-art rate, and obtained fibers that pound-per-pound have

twice the strength and stiffness and 70 times the toughness of strong steel wire. In addition

to other functionalities. These fibers are used for both electrical energy transmission and

sensor devices in electronic textiles.


14

The energy needed to rupture a fibre (its toughness) is five times higher for spider silk than

for the same mass of steel wire, which has inspired efforts to produce spider silk

commercially. Here we spin 100-metre-long carbon-nanotube composite fibres that are

tougher than any natural or synthetic organic fibre described so far, and use these to make

fibre super capacitors that are suitable for weaving into textiles.

Bioabsorbable nanofiber membrane

An electrospinning method was used to fabricate bioabsorbable amorphous poly(D,L-

lactic acid) (PDLA) and semi-crystalline poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofiber non-woven

membranes for biomedical applications. The structure and morphology of electrospun

membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential

scanning calorimetry (DSC), and synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction/small angle X-

ray scattering. SEM images showed that the fiber diameter and the nanostructure

morphology depended on processing parameters such as solution viscosity (e.g.

concentration and polymer molecular weight), applied electric field strength, solution

feeding rate and ionic salt addition. The combination of different materials and processing

parameters could be used to fabricate bead-free nanofiber non-woven membranes.

Concentration and salt addition were found to have relatively larger effects on the fiber

diameter than the other parameters. DSC and X-ray results indicated that the electrospun

PLLA nanofibers were completely non-crystalline but had highly oriented chains and a

lower glass transition temperature than the cast film.

Nanofibrils from natural organic fibers as industrial material:

The nanofibrils (dia-1-10nmorder) comprises natural fibres suspended in swelling media to

a cone with thixotropic property & fibrillated between rotating twin disks while adding

shear stress in the vertical direction of fiber long axes. The natural fibers are cell-OH fibres,

fibrin fibers, chitin/chitosan fibers, collagen fibers, fibrin fibers & keratin fibers. The

cellulose fibers from craft pulp were fibrillated to give nanofibrils.

Formation of nanofibrillar aggregates by water soluble & structural oligopeptide with

alternating sequence, CPyr=Pyrenyl-2-carboxy L=L-Leucine, K=L-Lysine, Formed helical

tape like aggregates in an aqueous solution at pH7. Addition of NaCl induced random coil

to B. Structure transition to how excimer peak of pyrenyl groups, although no similar result


15

was observed in corresponding non alternating random oligopeptide

Pyr(LKLKKLLLKKLLKLKK)10.

Nano structured material /Nanocomposites

Textile structural composites are defined as a composite reinforced by textiles structures used

in high tension application. The development of this new branch of material science and

engineering has reminded the basic engineering properties of matter and the structural

mechanics of textiles.

In combination with metal, ceramic and polymer, textiles structures have found applications

in sea transport, aerospace, land, sporting goods, civil structure and biomedical

products .Textile composites found early applications in the 1950s in space re-entry vehicles.

The demand for higher damage tolerance., led to the rediscovery of the units of textile

composites in the 1980s.The polarization of liquid moulding process and demand for

affordability in the 1990s added a new dimension to the interest in textile composites A body

of knowledge is thus beginning to emerge, and has greatly facilited the acceptance of textile

composites for structural application in the industry .One of the most significant outcome of

the research in textile composites in the past decade is the identification of textile composites

as the pathway to affordable advanced composites.

As we enter the next millennium ,it is investigated that the continuous growth of

composite materials will be energized by the need of multifunctional properties for the next

generation of structural composites .It is investigated that there is continuous need to improve

the reliability of composites through precise fiber placement and local reinforcement .As the

interest in long term application broadens ,the need of joining technology (mechanical

stitching and welding) is also anticipated .However the most exiting growth area is nanoscale

materials and structures ,which are expected to have a far reaching impact on aerospace

vehicle technology, electronic device and biomedical systems.

Nanomaterials by the NFS definition are, in the 3-dinensional space ,material that have

atleast one dimension less than 100 nanometre.The broadening of the length scale of the

composite constituents to the nanometer level ,as aided by the rapid growth of

technology ,will greatly enhance the tailorability of properties for multifunctional composites

and will create exciting opportunities and challenges for textile community.


16

An area that will see near term benefit is the toughening of resin and the tailoring of fiber

matrix inrtface with nanofibers.Of particular long term interest to structural compost to

structural composites is the potential of carbon nanotubes(CNT)which has remarkable

combination of modulus(1-5TPa),strength (180Gpa) and breaking elongation ( up to 30%)

that is unmatched by any other conventional material. With 1 or 2 nm diameter and 1micron

is length, the conversion of this CNT to well organized and processable material form will be

key to the realization of the potential of CNT.Based on recent work ,the electrospinning

process will be introduced as means to convert the CNT to the nano composite fibrils and

form the basic building block for higher order linear planner and 3-D assemblies for

structural composites

Carbon nanotubes/ Polypropylene composites-By dispersing a tiny amount of carbon into

the polypropylene—a popular plastic used in automobiles, packaging, toys, furniture,

housewares, textiles, and numerous other everyday items—greatly reduces the polymer’s

flammability. Accounting for just 1 percent of the resultant material’s weight, the

nanotubes outperformed existing environmentally friendly flame retardants11

Carbon Nanotube/Biological Molecule Composites

Designer proteins and polynucleotides are being constructed and their interactions with

nanotubes and other nanostructures are being investigated for various applications

including sensors and drugs.

Preparation and characterization of polypropylene/silver nanocomposite fibers

Bicomponent sheath-core fibers were prepared by a general melt-spinning method with

polypropylene chips and silver nanoparticles. The melt-spun fibers were characterized by

DSC, WAXS and SEM. The antibacterial effect was evaluated by an AATCC 100 test, a

quantitative method. The results of the DSC thermo gram and the intensity pattern of X-ray

diffraction indicated that the crystallinity of polypropylene including silver nanoparticles

was slightly decreased compared with that of pure polypropylene fibers. SEM micrographs

showed that the average diameter of the silver nanoparticles was approximately 30 nm and

some particles had aggregated. The fibers, which contained silver in the core part, did not


17

show antibacterial effects. Fibers with added silver in the sheath part, however, exhibited

excellent antibacterial effects12.

Technological university of Munich uses silver treatments that the researcher say kills

bacteria that cause eczema while not a cure it should reduce effects. Silver also features in a

product from Deckers Outdoor, a footwear manufacturer.. In Decker’s out door US silver

based compound is being used in socks to stop bacteria, mould & mildew that cause smelly

feet. Socks from silver coated fibres have proved successful in banishing bad odors. Unifi's

new anti-microbial yarn, A.M.Y., is described, offering new levels of performance and

longer life. Sports socks are also being tested which contain molecular-scale sponges that

absorb the rancid hydrocarbons responsible for body odor and only release the offending

substance when in contact with detergent in a washing machine.

Dyeable Polypropylene via Clays in Polypropylene Nanocomposites

Polypropylene is a important industrial fiber because of its higher strength, tenacity.A

major advantage of polypropylene over nylon and polyester fiber is its relatively low price.

However, traditional approaches to provide dyeability, such as copolymerization,

polyblending, grafting, plasma treatment and specially designed dyes considerably increase

the overall cost of fiber manufacturing and/or dyeing So far, none of these technologies can

produce commercial dyeable polypropylene in fine denier textile fibers for clothing and

upholstery, mainly because of higher cost, a decrease of fiber mechanical properties and/or

poor dyeability. None of these disadvantages applies to nanoparticles which are affordable

and readily available. Moreover, since nanoparticles can be dispersed into polymer melts

like pigments, nano composite polypropylene can be spun using current polymerization and

extrusion equipment. We are infusing nanoclays modified with quaternary ammonium salt

into polypropylene to create dye sites for acid and disperse dyeing. Such polypropylene

nanocomposites need to be stable at high temperatures (e.g. 200°C) and under normal

dyeing and performing conditions. Our specific objectives are to:

• Fundamentally investigate the formation of polypropylene Nanocomposites.

Polypropylene nanocomposites are compounded in a Brabender mixer using milled and

ultrasonic Ted particles of montmorillonite clay1 together with a titanate-coupling agent.

Characterization using X-Ray diffraction (XRD)showed that the clay particles were

uniformly dispersed throughout the polypropylene matrix and intercalated2and/or

exfoliated.3 Longer compounding time and/or higher rpm increased the interlayer spacing


18

(d-spacing) of the clay platelets significantly and decreased the crystallite thickness of the

clay (See Table). The titanate coupling agent and Brabender compounding greatly helped

to achieve even dyeing of polypropylene nanocomposites at different depths of shades.

1 a layered hydrophilic silicate: (OH)4 Si8 Al4 O20 nH2O

2 parallel clay platelets swollen apart with polymer.

3 platelets so swollen that they are no longer parallel.

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images showed intercalated

multilayer crystallites

but also single exfoliated silicate layers (see photos below).When the compounding

conditions were less severe, exfoliation and intercalation of clay particles occurred

simultaneously, but at longer times and higher rpm exfoliation occurred separately more

consistently as fewer lumps were

shown in the TEM images.

Nanoparticles, such as nanoclays modified with quaternary ammonium salt are infused,

into polypropylene fibers to create dye sites for lower cost dyeing in apparel fibers.

Both XRD results and the TEM images gave a very clear picture of nano-scale dispersion

of the clay particles in the polypropylene nanocomposites. By carefully controlling

nanoparticle size and its dispersion in polypropylene, the two very most important

parameters, we can achieve polypropylene nanocomposites that are evenly dyed at different

shade depths. Color yields are dependent on the

Amount of nanoclay while dyeing levelness depends upon the uniformity of

nanoparticle distribution in the polypropylene matrix and on the homogenizing time. The

quaternary ammonium salts in the polypropylene nanocomposites act as effective dye sites

for acid dyes because they attract electric charges, while disperse dyeability is possible

mainly because of the Vander Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions between disperse

dyes and clay particles. Overall we conclude from visual, spectral and microscopic

evaluation of the dyeing, that nanoclay does create beneficial dye sites when dispersed in a

polypropylene matrix13.

Nylon-10,10-montmorillonite nanocomposite

Nylon can be resolved in α,1β1,γ2 crystalline formes.The α-form crystal of nylon -10,10

has two strong diffractions signals at 2θ=20° and 24°in the wide angle X – ray


19

diffraction(WAXD)pattern. The γ crystalline form for Nylon -10,10 is observed above the

brill transition temperature and has got a pseudo hexagonal symmetry ,for which WAXD

pattern has only one strong reflection between 2θ=20° and 24°

There is increasing interest in Nylon-6-montmorillonite nano composites due to their

outstanding properties.Experimentle data shows that it has a high modulus, a high heat

distortion temperature ,good water barrier properties and fireproof properties. It has been

reported that montmorillonite induces the γ-crystalline form of nylon-6 in nylon-6 –

montmorillonite nano composite.WAXD and variable temperature WAXD spectroscopy

are used to identify the γ-crystalline form of nylon -10, 10 in the nanocomposite.A new

diffraction peak at 2θ=22°was observed in WAXD pattern indicate that it was the

characteristic peak of γ crystalline form of nylon -10,10.The amide VI band at 624 per cm

was also observed in the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of the nanocomposite, which

is characteristic of γ crystalline form of nylon14 .

Biodegradable aliphatic Polyester clay nanocomposite

Novel biodegradable aliphatic polyester (APES)/organoclay nanocomposites were

prepared through melt intercalation method. Two kinds of organoclays, Cloisite 30B and

Cloisite 10A with different ammonium cations located in the silicate gallery, were chosen

for the nanocomposites preparation. The dispersion of the silicate layers in the APES

hybrids was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron

microscopy (TEM). Tensile properties and the biodegradability of the APES/organoclay

nanocomposites were also studied. APES/Cloisite 30B hybrids showed higher degree of

intercalation than APES/Cloisite 10A hybrids due to the strong hydrogen bonding

interaction between APES and hydroxyl group in the gallery of Cloisite 30B silicate layers.

This leads to higher tensile properties and lower biodegradability for APES/Cloisite 30B

hybrids than for the ApES/Cloisite 10A hybrids7.

UV protective clothing:

BASF use TiO2 nanoparticles (approx. 500nm diameters) for coating textile fibers. These

materials absorb light and scatter much less than larger particles. The new product is use

for sun protective clothing27.

Flame retardant additives for Ar-based polymers & related polymer composition:

Flame retardant additives for ar-based polymer of an aryl-containing silicone compound

& diorganic polysiloxane compound


20

Fire resistant polyurethane resin: The resin is used for hard & soft foam as an elastomer,

paint & synthetic fibres. The new polyurethane has improved fire resistance mechanical

strength & dimensional stability. It is free of halogens. The polyurethane has a repeating

unit which contains bisphenol molecular structure with alkyl group at ortho position.

Intumescent flame retardant- montmorilonite synergism in polypropelene- layered silicate

nanocomposite

Polypropelene/clay nanocomposites have been prepared starting from pristine

montmorilonite (MMT) & reactive compatibilizer hexadecyltri methylammoniumbromide

(CI6). The nanocomposite structure is evidenced by the X-ray diffraction & high resolution

electronic microscopy. Intumescent Flame retardant has been added to polypropylene/clay

hybrids. Their flammability behaviors have been evaluated using cone colorimetry.

Synergy was observed between the nanocomposites & intumescent flame retardant.

Introduction: Polypropylene is used in many fields such as automobile, furniture, electronic

casings, interior decoration, and architectural material. However, due to its chemical

constituent, the polymer is easily flammable & so flame retardancy becomes an important

requirement for PP.Polymer-Layered silicate nanocomposite have come into picture

because of its flame retardant properties i.e. significant decrease in the peak- heat release

rate & mass loss rate (MLR) during combustion in conc. colorimetry. Intumescent flame

retardants (IFRs) are efficient in polyolefin & widely used as environmental, halogen free

additives.

Preparation of PP based samples- Following products used: PD, Ammonium

polyphosphate (APP) (92% < 10μm)-precursor of carbonization catalyst,

peritaerythritol(PER) (92% < 10μm), melamine phosphate average size 92% < 10μm) &

pristine montmorillonite (with cation exchange capacity of 97meq/100g) Hexadecyl

trimethyl ammonium bromide C16 –compactibiliser

Cone colotimetry is one of the effective bench-scale methods for studying

flammability properties of materials.

Heat release rate in particular peak HRR has been found to be most important parameter to

evaluate fire safety.


21

HE

AT

RE

LE

AS

ER

AT

E

Kw

/m²

Pure PP

sec)

Heat release graph shows that the remarkable effect was found for the nanocomposite. This

may have been because of the nanocomposite intimate contacts between polymer molecule

& atom of inorganic crystalline layer was more extensive than micro composite & same

time there was catalytic role played by layered silicate deriving from Hoff man reaction 14

of C16 & consequently decomposition of the amine silicate modifier left a strong acid

catalytic site that may further favored the oxidative dehydrogenation cross linking-charring

process. During combustion an ablative reassembling of silicate layer may occur on the

surface on the burning nanocomposite creating a physical protective barrier on the surface

of the material. The physical process of the layer resembling act as protective barrier in

addition to the intumescent shield & can thus limit oxygen diffraction to the substrate.

Because of nanocomposite can lead to formation of ceramic like material with homogenous

surface which will protect the material through combustion & also mechanical

reinforcement of charred layer which would lead to better accommodation of strains11.

Nanocomposite Coatings

Nanotech-based thin films and coatings are beginning to replace traditional epoxies and

coatings. Moreover, large corporations and start-ups alike are finding thin films,

nanoparticles and other nanocoatings to be more cost-effective than traditional coatings.

With nano-enhanced coatings, far less product is needed to provide

greater protection. Since nanocoatings are invisible and do not alter the surfaces they

protect, they offer a potentially revolutionary impact on the manufacturing of lenses for

microscopes, fabrication tools etc.

Wilson Double Core tennis balls have a nanocomposite coating that keeps it bouncing

twice as long as an old-style ball. Tires are the next logical extension of this technology: it

would make them lighter (better mileage) and last longer (better cost performance).

Because Nanocomposites in tennis ball lock in air ,build better bounce.

100% Water repellant fabric


22

PP+MMT+C16+IFRs

TIME sec

By means of polymer chemistry applications, nanoparticles are permanently attached to

cotton or synthetic fibers. The change occurs at the molecular level, and the particles can be

configured to imbue the fabric with various attributes.

Nanotechnology combines the performance characteristics associated with synthetics with

the hand and feel of cotton, its application for everyday fabrics used in business and casual

wear Nano-Care™ For Cotton Through Nano-Tex’s Nano-Care™ technology for cotton,

“nano-whiskers” 1/1000 the size of a typical cotton fiber are attached to the individual fibers.

The changes to the fibers are undetectable and do not affect the natural hand and

breathability of the fabric. The whiskers cause liquids to roll off the fabric. Semi-solids such

as ketchup or salad dressing sit on the surface, are easily lifted off and cause minimal

staining, which Shouldberemovedwithlaundering 5.

The attributes provided by Nano-Care have traditionally been added by the use of coatings,

which affect the fabric’s inherent qualities, or by other treatments that eventually wash or

fade away. While Nano-Care provides the above attributes, it also allows moisture to pass

through the fabric, which is quick-drying as well.

Galey & Lord is the first cotton fabric manufacturer to be licensed by Nano-Tex to use Nano-

Care in its products. The first fabrics — 8-ounce combed and carded 3x1 twills — have

recently been introduced, and the company has shown them to all of its major customers,

which include some of the top names in sportswear The response has been excellent,

according to Robert J. McCormack, president, Galey & Lord. In the coming months,

consumers can expect to see pants and skirts made from the new fabrics in retail stores at a

cost about $5 higher than those made from non-treated fabrics.

Nanopartical additives, some acting as nucleating agents, improve the toughness, strength

and clarity of polyolefins and others find application as ultra fine flame-retardants in

polyolefins 16.

stain-repellent Eddie Bauer Nano-Care khakis, with surface fibers of 10 to 100 nanometers,

uses a process that coats each fiber of fabric with "nano-whiskers." Developed by Nano-Tex,

a Burlington Industries subsidiary. Dockers also makes khakis, a dress shirt and even a tie

treated with what they call "Stain Defender", another example of the same nanoscale cloth


23

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=5239

treatment.

This technique will have impact on Dry cleaners, detergent and stain-removal makers, carpet

and furniture makers, window covering market7

Barrier Properties: The great potential of polymer- clay nanocomposite to reduce moisture

absorption & decrease water & gas permeability. Only 2mass% montmorillonite loading

reduces the permeability by more than 50% for pure polymer value for water vapour,

oxygen or helium.

Mechanical behavior: Being able to improve strength & stiffness with limited alteration of

toughness in goal readily achievable with polymer clay nanocomposite. A concept of

constrained polymer region related to ion bonding strength of clay & PA6 is introduced to

account for the observed behavior.

Property PA6 Clay Hybrid PA6

Tensile strength 23C 97 69

(MPa) 120C 32 27

Tensile modulus, GPa 1.9 1.1

0.6 0.2

Linear elastic & rubber elastic behavior: Although stiffening is quite noticeable in glassy

regime of amorphous phase, the most spectacular effect is seen. As already evoked in the

case of reinforcement by cell-OH whiskers in glassy regime. Elongation at breach is

observed. Contrary in the

Plastic & Rupture: Vicinity or below the glass, transition temperature.

Key role of processing: It is proved that twin screw extrusion enables achieving a

significant degree of dispersion of clay platelets provided residence time & degree of

shearing are optimized in conjunction with nature of the organic clay. Thermal stability of

organic modifier is problem.


24

Wilson Double Core tennis balls which was the official ball of Devis cup 2002 have a

nanocomposite coating that keeps it bouncing twice as long as an old-style ball. Made by

InMat LLC, this nanocomposite is a mix of butyl rubber, intermingled with nanoclay

particles, giving the ball substantially longer shelf life. On the macro scale, an example of a

composite material is concrete, which takes a binder – cement – and makes it stronger with

reinforcing gravel. Back at courtside, a "graphite" tennis racket is also made from

composite materials, though the carbon graphite fibers that make it strong and light are

much larger than the nanoparticles in Wilson's superball.

InMat's Air D-Fense solution brings together butyl rubber polymers – commonly used for

air-tight applications such as sealing tires or balls – with vermiculite, a natural clay that can

slide off, or exfoliate, into single-molecule thin sheets.

The method also keeps the proportion of clay particles to butyl rubber high so that as the

material dries into a coating, the nanoclay cards fit into many slots in the rubber matrix to

form a multilevel air barricade.


25

NANOSTRUCTURED GAS BARRIERs

http://www.smalltimes.com/%20http:/www.inmat.com/productspecs-tmp.htm%20

http://www.inmat.com/

The company has developed proprietary techniques that allow the clay particles to block

air while preserving the butyl's rubbery flexibility. They do this 100 percent water-based,

so no dangerous solvents are involved.

Tires are the next logical extension of this technology: it would make them lighter (better

mileage) and last longer (better cost performance). Because Nanocomposites in tennis balls

lock in air, build better bounce17.

Nanocomposites in radar reflecting flags

Boaters always face danger of the failings of conventional radar reflectors in a foggy

climate. With the arrival of space technology, specifically, "Star Wars" research, cloth can

now is "metalized" and thus radar reflective.

The RADAR FLAG is literally a flag sandwich. Two specially designed and constructed

national flags hold between them the "Rip-Stop" nylon lining which is impregnated with

nano particles of silver, then urethane coated for protection from the elements.

When radar waves strike the flag from any direction,

they are conducted through the maze of metal threads

setting up a large electrical field which reflects the radar

waves back to the transceiver. Because of the nano size

the optical properties of silver particles are also

enhanced. Exhaustive testing in the U.S. and Europe

has shown that the RADAR FLAG will consistently

reflect radar wave four miles when flown only two feet

off the water18.


26

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?section_id=46&document_id=2997

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?section_id=46&document_id=2997

Innovations in Textile processing, dyeing, soaping and printing

techniques

Synthetic fibers using nanotech

Fierce competition in the textile industry has compelled the spinners to focus their

resources on developing new synthetic fibres with special features. Nanotechnology is

being tapped, and the result is the debut of synthetic fibres that take performance to

unusually high levels. For instance, Toray has developed an ultra thin nylon fibre than can

be spun into textiles capable of absorbing moisture better than cotton. Kanebo has

developed a polyester fibre having excellent moisture absorption as well as the durability.

These two examples illustrate that when faced with the continual barrage of cheap imports,

the synthetic fibre industry will increasingly use nanotechnology as a strategic weapon.

The new Nylon fibre has nothing special; it looks like any other nylon fibre with a diameter

of 60 microns. But that one fiber is in fact a bundle of more than 1.4 million fibres, each

just dozens of nanometers in diameter. Water seeps through the spaces between these

fibers, which is what makes the material so absorbent. The fibre is spun using conventional

spinning equipment, but the starting material is a precision mixture controlled at the

molecular level. The new nylon fibre is just as strong and supple and easy to process as

regular nylon, but with two to three times the ability to absorb moisture. And to cap it all,

the material has the feel of a natural fibre, which is something synthetic fibre makes have

never achieved before. The company plans to begin a business with the new fibre in two or

three years, selling it for use in luxury apparel at a price that is more than 10 times that of

the conventional nylon. Non-woven fabrics for medical applications are another possibility.

Using nanotech to bestow absorbency on polyester, Kanebo has developed a synthetic fibre

that normally absorbs almost no water. By coating each polyester fibre with a special film

that is only a few nanometers thick, the company was able to boost the absorbency of

polyester; it plans to market the fibre early next year for use in underwater and dress shirts.

Nanocomposite composition for screen printing: a resistive component based on total

composition, comprising A) 5-30wt% polymer resin B) 10-30wt% conductive particles

selected from group consisting of carbon black, graphite, silver, copper, nickel C) 0.025-


27

20wt% nanoparticles & D) 60-80wt% organic solvent wherein the polymer resin

conductive particles & carbon nanoparticles are dispersed in organic solvent. This

composition was prepared by mixing polyamideimide 20%, carbon black50%, vapor grown

carbon fiber 5% & N- Me pyrrolidone 70%.

Nano pigment for low crystallization temperature

Preparation & characterization of Brown nanometer pigment with spinal structure:

Researchers prepared brown nm pigment from solution of Zn-chloride & FeCl3.6H2O

precipitated in different conc. Of alcohol & water & crystallized at high temperature. A

BDX-300 X-ray diffractiometer determined the crystal phase of samples. A computer using

a Scherrer formula calculated the diameter of particles. A Jeol 100CX-11 transmission

electron microscope determined the shape of particles. The resultant ZnFe2O4 pigment had

smaller diameter than pigment derived from conventional precipitation method. Particle

with smallest diameters had the lowest crystallizing temperature19.

Cleaning products

IBM was the first company to manipulate individual atom in the late 1980’s & went on to

create the nanotube-a light, strong carbon structure capable of conducting electricity with

great efficiency. Nanoinvestor news estimates annual spending by governmental

organization worldwide at over$ 2 trillion in 2002. The cleaning products industries have to

face the fact that nanotechnology can influence their market & product in substantial way.

Among the possibilities for material design that nanotechnology brings is the ability to add

very specific function such as hydrophobic, oleophobicity, UV absorption or catalytic

functions by addition of special nanopartical to the material. As a result of a trend, the

detergent industry must begin to look at the new requirements, new problems & new

product that will be needed. Many of the cleaning products in the market are not suitable

for cleaning coated surfaces, because they either do not wet the surface for properly are

mechanically & chemically too aggressive or lead to reduce that functioning of coating.

Nanogate is developing cleaning compound composition that during cleaning process,

render the cleaned surface either water repellent or hydrophilic. Cleaners can also be used

to coat previously uncoated surface with semipermanent hydrophilic or hydrophobic easy

to clean effect that lasts the months.


28

Certain nanostructure can enhance the cleaning action of conventional detergents

significantly e.g. Soya-based fabric softeners & antimicrobial nanoemulsion. Research

indicates some challenges with yellowing after high temperature drying due to oxidation.

Soya soft- process is cost competitive.

Biologists at MIT have engineered a nanomaterial that behaves like soap & could strip

away grease more efficiently than conventional detergents. The material is created from

fragments of proteins called peptides, which self assemble into different structures. In this

case, the peptide formed nanotubes. Nanotubes made from protein building blocks behave

like soap. Instead of using naturally occurring proteins, the researchers employed peptides

synthesized from scratch- each with hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail. When placed in

water, the peptides formed rings, which then stacked on top of each other to form

nanotubes 30-40nm in diameter-about size of virus. This is the first protein based

surfactant, which is claimed to be more gentle & less toxic material. Such protein structures

could have other application as, for example, Vesicles for delivering drugs to the body & so

affolds for building nanoscale electronics drugs devices. Researchers could tailor the

peptides to bind to semi conducting nanocrystals. The peptide could direct the

nanoparticles into a desired configuration say circuit & once removed would leave behind

the final device20.


29

Nanofiltration

Melt blown nanofibre for non woven filtration application

Polymer nanofibres have the potential to produce unique filtration products. The

production of nanofibres from polymers has been an expensive and difficult process.

NonWoven Technology has developed a thin-plate die system for the production of melt

blown nanofibres. The system can provide orifices of 0.025 mm in diameter. The

advantages of the system include high running pressure capability, immunity to

unzippering, multiple polymer extrusion rows per die. The system is versatile, allowing the

economic production of nanofibres.

Nanofiltration Membrane Performance of Heterogeneously Sulfonated Aromatic

Polyamides:

Aromatic polyamides (PI) are of interest because of their various advantages, e.g. good

mechanical properties excellent solvent resistance & thermal stabi9lity but disadvantages

like difficulties in processing & excessively high glass transition temperature.

The solubility can be enhanced by introducing polar groups (amide, ester, ether or other

flexibilising group). Ion exchange PIs has been prepared by introducing a pyridine ring into

a polymer backbone & by modifying with epichlorohyrin.

Introducing additives to the casting solution can decrease the pore-size of asymmetric

membranes. Integrally skinned asymmetric polyetherimide nanofiltration membranes by

the phase inversion method & by introducing additives like diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether

(DGDE), acetic acid & 1, 4-dioxane in the casting solution.

Soluble aromatic PIs were synthesized by a thermal step i.e. 2 step methods:

N-methyl-2-pyrrotidone (NMP) reagent is dried by refluxing over calcium hydride.

Bis [4-(3-aminophenoxy) phenyl sulfone (BAPS) pyromellitic dianhydride PMDA.

Triethylphosphate (TEP), Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDE), dichloromethane

(DCM), Poly (ethylene glycol) of varying molecular wt.

PEG Polymer synthesis:

Soluble PIs were synthesized by a thermal two step method. BAPS-m was dissolved in

NMP at room temp. Stoichiometric amount of PMDA was added in three portions within

30 minutes & vigorously mixed for 6 hour to yield a homogeneous & viscous poly (amic


30

acid) intermediate solution to reach constant viscosity. Poly(amic acid) films prepared by

evaporating NMP at 80C for 12 hours were then thermally imidized in a dry oven.

Imidization conditions-2hours at 180C, 2h-230C, 2-270C. The PIs were sulphonated with

SO3. Complex is formed by dissolving 0.5 mol of SO3 in 0.25 mol of TEP.

Morphology of Asymmetric Membranes:

The morphology (cross section & top layer) of asymmetric membranes was observed with

scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSMI025). The membranes were cryogenically

fractured in liquid Nitrogen & then coated with gold. Performance is measured by

measuring salt rejection rate.

The membrane showed a straight forward finger like structure. By introducing DGDE in

the casting solution, the cross section of membrane changed significantly, i.e. decrease in

pore size. The preparation of asymmetric NF membrane:

NF membranes were prepared by the phase inversion method with PIs & sulfonated PIs.

DGDE was used to decrease pore size. A small amount of water can be detrimental for

marking pores for nanofiltration. Therefore water in DGDE should be almost completely

being removed21


31

Smart fabrics

This term can be misleading; their ‘intelligence’ is one of responsiveness to a given set of

conditions i.e. they’re reactive, for example to temperature; when you get hot they take heat

from the body and store it to release back when you cool down.

They keep the ‘microclimate’ of the body stable.

Developments in this area are already moving at a rapid pace. France Télécom's glass

fibre panel display technology means that clothes will be able to carry moving images, with

specially developed software enabling them to be changed daily over the Internet.

PCM’S or Phase Change Materials are often referred to as smart

Fibres, Outlast is the brand pioneering this technology which is currently

used in outdoor sport/extreme weather environments. Products such as the Sensatex Smart

Shirt and Vivo Metrics' Life Shirt are already helping researchers to develop future

generations of heart failure devices with new diagnostic and therapeutic features

The major areas of researches can be classified into

1) e-wear – This is clothing designed to ‘carry’ electronic devices. More recently we have

commercial products developed by companies like Philips who working with Levi’s

produced the 1st range of wearable electronics in their ICD+ range. ICD+ was still about

portability rather than electronics being fully integrated; the wiring and connectors were

washable but the components such as the phone and MP3 player had to be removed.

This was however the first example of networked products integrated within a specially

designed garment (the music mutes when the phone rings).

2) techno-textiles – A generic term to encompass the widest possible range of

developments within materials technology, this extends far beyond traditional fashion/

textiles industries into the automotive, aeronautical and beyond.

Electronic textiles are fabrics that are wired to transfer information within a piece of

clothing. Right now, you can buy jackets with disc players and controls sewn in—but

designers envision e-wear that will heat or cool its wearer, monitor vital signs, and change

color on command.


32

http://news.com.com/2100-1040-956696.html

Chipmaker Infineon Technologies is weaving its products into an entirely new fashion

industry: high-tech textiles. The Munich-based company is working on new prototype

wearable chips that it says can be sewn directly into clothing and other textiles. Infineon's

Emerging Technologies Group has developed chips, sensors and packages that allow the

processors to be woven into fabrics. Special materials woven into the fabric are used to

connect the chips and sensors.

Although the company did not announce plans to put these technologies into production, it

said possible uses for the chips could be found in areas including entertainment,

communications, health care and security. However, new markets such as wearable

electronics show great promise for additional revenue outside of its current lines of

business, the company said.

The further evolution of this information society will make everyday electronic

applications ever more invisible and natural. A wide range of companies are researching

wearable electronics and so-called plastic chips, which could lead to flat screens that

consumers can fold, intelligent labels, cheap solar cells and a plethora of other devices.

An MP3 jacket

Infineon has developed a prototype MP3 player that can be sewn directly into shirts or

jackets. The player, consisting of a chip, a removable battery/data storage card and a

flexible keyboard, includes an earpiece for listening to music.

Similar wearable chips could create clothing used in medical applications to monitor

patients' vital signs. These applications would use tiny chips, which convert a person's body

heat into electrical energy, to store information or transmit data wirelessly via a data built

in antenna.

Wearable motherboard, said researchers from the institute's School of Textiles and

Engineering, made up of synthetic or metallic fibers they are woven or knitted into cotton

or polyester to produce new type of electro textiles can be connected to chips & batteries to

create circuits that may one day have many applications. The wearable motherboard

provides a versatile framework for incorporating sensing, monitoring and information

processing devices. It uses optical fibers that could detect bullet wounds, and special


33

sensors and interconnects that could monitor the body vital signs of individuals, the

researchers said. Used is car to upholstery, for instance, electro textiles & their circuits

could sense a passenger weight & tell air bag to adjust accordingly. Fleecy version of the

electronic cloth worm at the football game.

The clothing we wear now doesn’t contain any electronic element but every type of

clothing will have electronic function in 10 years. People are developing radios only 2-

3mm big that can incorporated into washable eletrotextiles.

A recon is trade name of conductive fibre made by Dupont, is a metal clad form of Kevlar,

the altrastrong polymer with 60% nanotubes known for its use in bullet resistant vest.

Sometimes cladding is silver, chosen for solderability or nickel which generally exists

corrosion.

Aracon is one of the conducting fibres used in electronic T-shirts that keeps track of

weaver’s vital signs. European government are spending more than $350million on

nanotech R & D this year, up from $126million 5years ago. While this investment lag

behind those of US & Japanese government22.

E-clothes design issues

Clothing is probably the only element that is "always there" and in complete harmony with

an individual — at least in a civilized society, the researchers said. Textiles provide the

ultimate flexibility in system design due to the broad range of materials and manufacturing

techniques that can be employed to create products, they said.

Since this research is likely to introduce revolutionary changes in the classic design style of

today's electronic systems, there will be significant long-term impact on both the academic

research community and on industrial players such as CAD vendors, intellectual property

providers and potential e-textile manufacturers, the researchers said.

Although production of e-textile-based products is limited today, growth is expected to

increase in the near future, the researchers said. Thus, the design automation community

should be ready to deliver tools and techniques for designing, testing and reconfiguring

such products, they said. The need to consider fundamentally design issues in the context


34

of e-textiles could have a major impact on the design automation community at large, they

said.

Driving this growth will be the expanding use of wearable computers in vertical markets, as

the benefits of true hands-free computing and real-time access to information have an

impact on profits, cost savings, and improved customer satisfaction.

Solar cell: Solar cells are used to store the energy for wearable computers .These cells can

transform solar energy into electrical energy.

Fluorocarbon membrane for Fuel Cell:A high performance fluorocarbon polymer

membrane with ion exchange capacity three times larger than the conventional ones has

been developed by Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. Since it can be promising for

the electrolytic membrane in a solid polymer fuel cell, it is likely to find applications for

power sources of small equipments such as portable telephones. The membrane was

prepared through a process where styrene polymeric chains are introduced (graft

polymerization) into a fluorocarbon polymer membrane by radiation chemical reactions

followed by sulfonation of the styrene moieties to increase electric conductivity of the

membrane. Because of its stability and resistance to the swelling in alcohol, it can be

applicable in the solid polymer fuel cell with direct use of methanol.

100 micron thick membrane made by the above mentioned radiation-graft polymerization

exhibited an ion exchange capacity that is three times as large as that of a conventional

membrane. Solid polymer fuel cell produces electricity through a phenomenon, which is

reverse of the electrolysis of water namely, by supplying hydrogen and oxygen to the anode

cathode, respectively. Hydrogen ions generated at the anode move to the cathode side

across the electrolytic film inserted between the electrodes. The development of higher

performance electrolytic membranes has so far been lacking19

Quantum dots/nanocrystals: Idea is to use the quantum dots to produce colors that are

beyond the scope of even most sophisticated forgers. Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites

accont for 23% of the existing market of nanomaterials. The nanoprocess involves taking a

single source precursor & decomposing this in tri-n-octyl phosphine (TOPO) to generate


35

quantum dots of different sizes & their color. Cdse is the common form of dots, but dots of

sulfides or selenides of gallium, indium or zinc are also developed.

PRODUCTION OF QUANTOM DOTS

Driven by decomposition

Interaction with co-ordinating solvent

1.rapid 2.growth of nuclei 3.growth terminates to nucleation

coated particles

For CdTe (Cadmium telluride)

Diameter Colour

2.8 Blue green

3.3 Yellow green

3.6 Orange

4 red

CDTe-cadmium telluride: Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots consisting of

cadmium selenide (CDSe) or telluride (CDTe) are highly fluorescent & thus potentially

useful in optical devices & solar cells & as biological labels. A capping liogand or matrix

material is required to stabilize them but embedding the nanocrystal into polpyumer matrix

is hard because of incompatibilities between the two materials. This problem is overcome

by first capping the CDTe nanocrystals with the surfactant that makes the nanocrystals

soluble in styrene. The subsequent polymerization step creates transparent & still


36

Injection into TOPO

. . . . . . . … . .. … .. . … .. .. ..

Precursor deposited

fluorescent CDTe- polystyrene composite. Although nonpolymerisable surfactant produced

composite that are opaque & have low photoluminescence ( due to phase separation of

nanocrystals ), A mixture of methylmetahacrylate & styrene as solvent resulted in CDTe-

polymer composite with improved long term transparency as a new branch of its wearable

computing research28.

Nano crystals are ideal light harvester in photovoltaic device. They absorb longer than

dye molecule, they have several advantage over organic dye molecule as fluorescence.

They are increadiably bright and do not photodegrade.Nanocrystals of various metals have

been shown to be 100 percent, 200 percent and even as much as 300 percent harder than

the same materials in bulk form. Because wear resistance often is dictated by the hardness

of a metal, parts made from nanocrystals might last significantly longer than conventional

parts

Metal nanocrystals might be incorporated into car bumpers, making the parts stronger, or

into aluminum, making it more wear resistant.


37

Polymer nanocomposites

Polymer matrix nanocomposites are fairly new class of engineered material which offers a

broad range of properties. They can be designed as polymer matrix systems in which the

dispersed inorganic reinforcing phase has at least one of its dimensions in the nanometer

range which is quite close to scale of elementary phenomena at molecular level. The

resulting unique combination of large interfacial area & small interparticle distance

strongly influence nanocomposite behavior.

Polymerase semiconductors cut cost of electronic circuits

Polymer memory: plastic path to better data storage. The most dramatic improvements in

electronics industry could come from an entirely different material: Plastics Labs around

the world are working on integrated circuits displays for handheld devices & even solar

cells that relay on electrically conducting polymers-for cheap & flexible electronic

components.

Polymer nanoelectronics are potentially far less expensive to make than silicon devices.

Instead of multibillion-dollar fabrication equipment that etches circuitry onto silicon water.

Manufacturers could eventually use ink-jet printers to spray liquid polymer circuits onto

surface. Polymer memory could potentially store far more data than other non-volatile

alternatives.

The cost of electronic device manufacture cans be reduced dramatically by using soluble

semiconducting.Polymers in place of conventional silicon. Although these materials are not


38

ELECTRODE

POLYMER

IONS

+

+ ++

suitable for high-speed data handling, they will find application in a wide range of simple

mass-produced circuits such as remotely-readable ‘smart labels’ for luggage and packages,

flexible displays for personal computers or dashboards, and’ electronic paper’. The

GROWTH PLASTRONIX project, concluded in December 2001, validated a semi-

industrial scale process for the production of polythienylenevinylene (PTV) polymer. It

went on to develop an industrial technology for polymeric integrated circuits on150-mm

flexible foils, and demonstrated both a smart label and a 256 grey level active matrix liquid

crystal display (LCD).It is low-cost all-polymer integrated circuits for low-end high-

volume identification application.

Thermoelectric generator silicon based chips are low cost, environmentally friendly

devices that generate power from body heat. Thermo generators integrated into fabric with

water resistant encapsulation feature small copper placed at the warm & cold end of

thermocouple for connection to outside monitor devices, silver or gold plating to avoid skin

irritation & discoloration & a butter capacitor for storing energy. Medical sensor that

requires 100-300mwatts of power to measure temperature dampness or heart rates data

transmission to remote monitoring devices & powering hearing aids.

Microfluidics

A major challenge for the development of novel biosensors is packaging the sensor for a

specific application or experiment. The use of microfluidic systems in conjunction with

micro fabricated sensors promises advantages over traditional bench top biology, including

small-volume analyte consumption and higher throughput. Using rapid prototyping

processes in this lab and in the micro fabrication facility on campus, we develop micro

fluidic systems in silicon, glass, cast polymers, and laser-cut plastics. These include parallel

channel arrays that allow rapid typing of many analytes, small volume fluidic cells that

incorporate electrical contacts, and micro capillaries for functionalizing micro fabricated

biosensors.

Power storage device

A solid state power storage element that store 20 times more electricity than conventional

capacitors has been jointly developed by Kansai Research Institute and Nippon Paint

Company. The new elements are thinner than conventional products. It can be used in


39

semiconductor wafers, making it possible to create smaller circuits. Power storage

elements, such as capacitors and lithium ion batteries are necessary for activating electronic

devices.

The new element was produced by applying silicon resin to substrates heating it to

temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 oC and inserting it between two pieces of sheet

metal. After heating, thousands of 3 nm diameter holes – about 90,000 per square micron

open on the surface of resin and inside it. The holes then absorb oxygen from the air.

Oxygen and the silicon resin react to form positive silicon ions and negative oxygen ions.

When electricity is applied to the sheet metal, the upper sheet attracts oxygen ions and the

lower sheet attracts silicon ions. The power storage capacity of the element increases as the

number of ions grows. Conventional capacitors used as power storage elements measure at

least 1-2 mm thick and store 0.1 watt of electricity per kilogram. The new elements use

resin that is 0.4 micron thick and stores up to about 2 watts per kilogram. The elements are

expected to find use in rechargeable batteries for mobile phones and other portable

electronic devices. It plans to launch a new business focusing on the power storage element

within a year24.


40

Nanotechnology for soldiers

MIT has set up the Pentagon-funded Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology to test ideas for

21st-century amour which is leading $80 million project for five years. The dream is to

make uniform for future warrior that could neutralize chemical poision,treat wounds or

hydrate soldiers in dessert by recycling body fluid The cloth will clean and repair by

themselves ,change in shapes in response to temperature ,even change color like

chameleon.

Today soldier’s luggage around 45 kg including communication equipment ,limiting both

speed and performance .They would also be lighter. Possibilities include paper-weight

chain mail, a "mirror-fabric" uniform that would be almost invisible and soft clothing that

could become a rigid cast if soldiers injured a limb.

Much of MIT's army research should eventually convert to new products for the

furnishings market - as already seen with Kevlar and carbon fiber, both of which are used

to create furniture and home wares and were initially tested for NASA and the U.S.

Department of Defense.

Molecular muscle:

STRENGTH : The main objective of nanotech research is to create combat uniform that

has built in strength-the strength to lift heavy objects or to stiffen around a bleeding wound.

The ribbon made up of electro active polymer that can move or change shape in response to

an electrical signal. These polymers are 100 times stronger than human muscle as artificial

muscle.

The key is a series of molecules that operate like rods and hinges. Pivoting on hinges, the

rod repals or attracts one another when charge is applied or removed. By attaching million

of these hinges and rods end to end like segments of folding ruler, the research will able to

create polymer that lengthen and shorten in response to electrical stimuli. A film produce

of these polymers produces muscle like movement.


41

To Giving this electro active polymer useful speed ,it is required to cut down materials

electrical resistance .By incorporating carbon nano tubes resistance can be reduced because

certain version of carbon nano tubes are excellent electrical conductors that could deliver

charge throughout the material much more rapidly.

Polymer expands in charged state

COMUNICATION : Other technologies will be needed to allow the suit to communicate

with the outside word .MIT scientist are developing coated polymer treads that might be

just the thing, enabling silent communication with remote commanders through the use of

visible or infrared light.

These treads are able to selectively reflect or absorb different wavelengths of light, because

of their coating ,which incorporates numerous ultra thin layers of two transparent materials

–one organic other inorganic .The two materials slow light at different rates. In the

resulting riot of reflection within those layers, which can range from 100 to 1000 nm and

can be precisely controlled.

MIT researchers are building a photonic thread that could be made into textiles. One

possible use of these treads: a portion of combat uniform that strongly reflects a specific

signature of ambient infrared light .During the confusion of night time firefights for

example, such an optical bar code could identify the soldier as friend to fellow troops

equipped with night version goggles tuned to the right reflected light. Researchers are also

coming up with the way of tuning these materials on the fly, so that the wavelength could

be changed electrically and remotely in the case an enemy got his hands on un uniform. To

make these optical fiber tunable, sort of stretching rack that could pull the fiber taut is

created. The tension would thin the layers, changing the reflected wavelengths. A second


42

HINGE

RODS

Polymer contract in uncharged state

approach takes advantage of the fact that one of the material in the layer –arsenic

triselenide shows light at different rate in the presence of the electrical field .Changing the

field ,the whole reflection of the fiber can be changed.

PROTECTION: Improved ballistic protection is mostly theoretical at this point ,but some

very real tools against biological and chemical attacks are already in hand. One such

technology is based on highly branched polymer molecule called dendrimers.By modifying

the ends of dandified branches so that each of them sticks to dangerous molecule and

renders its harmless, army researchers have created a protective substance with great

absorptive power its weight. The problem with this technology to soldiers’ suit is that

dendrimers don’t easily stick to each other so difficult to form a stable material. To

overcome this problem dendrimers with tail are developed. These tails are several time

longer than dendrimers molecule and tend to entangle with one other keeping the molecule

latched together without blocking the branches from doing their jobs. It cold allows the

anchored dendrimers to make a tough protective film.

Researchers are also working on technologies that could help to monitor soldiers help

remotely. Using specially designed polymer as the detectors to sense concentration of nitric

oxide, a chemical present in human breath .Nitric oxide spikes when body is under the

stress. A nitric oxide measurement will not tell the full story, but the sensor is the first

element that could be part of ways of assessing the physiological state of the soldiers.

Although it is just a prototype today mentioned device could eventually be incorporated

into the fabric of soldier suit to detect other chemicals such as hydrocarbons and ketones –

that can be indicator of stress or disease or to detect biological or chemical agents.

The use of nanotech materials reduce weight, thickness and increase durability compared

to conventional materials. A uniform that change colors and blend with background is also

tested. Exo-skeletons that increase length of feet for running and jumping power

enhancement have been tested for military purposes. Next generation army suits will

support the soldier with with extra lifting-power. Biowar protection suits use micro fluidics

and bio-chips for detection and sampling of biochemical agents. Bullet-proof vests use

nanomechanical shock-absorbing materials25.


43

The other side of Nanotechnology

Technology has always been a double-edged sword, and that is certainly true of

nanotechnology. The same technology that promises to advance human health and wealth

also has the potential for destructive applications. We can see that duality today in

biotechnology. The same techniques that could save millions of lives from cancer and

disease may also empower a bioterrorist to create a bioengineered pathogen.

A lot of attention has been paid to the problem of self-replicating nanotechnology entities

that could essentially form a nonbiological cancer that would threaten the planet. We can

take now and in the future to ameliorate these dangers. Any broad attempt to relinquish

nanotechnology will only push it underground, which would interfere with the benefits

while actually making the dangers worse.

As a test case, there exists today a new form of fully nonbiological self-replicating entity

that didn't exist just a few decades ago: the computer virus. When this form of destructive

intruder first appeared, strong concerns were voiced that as they became more

sophisticated, software pathogens had the potential to destroy the computer network

medium they live in. Yet the "immune system" that has evolved in response to this

challenge has been largely effective. Although destructive self-replicating software entities

do cause damage from time to time, the injury is but a small fraction of the benefit we

receive from the computers and communication links that harbor them. No one would

suggest we do away with computers, local area networks, and the Internet because of

software viruses.

One might counter that computer viruses do not have the lethal potential of biological

viruses or of destructive nanotechnology. This is not always the case: we rely on software

to monitor patients in critical care units, to fly and land airplanes, to guide intelligent

weapons in our current campaign in Iraq, and other "mission critical" tasks. The fact that

computer viruses are not usually deadly to humans only means that more people are willing

to create and release them. It also means that our response to the danger is that much less

intense. Conversely, when it comes to self-replicating entities that are potentially lethal on

a large scale, our response on all levels will be vastly more serious.


44

Nanotechnology is such broad term, covering the study & application of any material

with nanometer dimensions. There are genuine concerns about the technology-viz, in the

way in which nanoparticles interact with human body & the environment. Unpublished

studies by team of The Centre Biological & Environmental Nanotechnology at University

of Texas show that the nanoparticles could easily be absorbed by earthworm, possibly

allowing them to move up the food chain & reach humans.

Micrometer sized dumps of nanoparticles for example, are relatively unreactive because

their surface area is smaller than the individual nanoparticles & they are too large to enter

the blood stream when breathed in. But individual nanoparticles can pass from lungs into

the blood stream & are more reactive e.g. when rates are exposed to mist or nanometer-

sized polytetraflouroethylene or ‘Teflon’ particles experienced respiratory irritation.

According to Chiu-Wing Lam, a senior toxicologist at NASA’s Johnson space centre,

Texas whose team studied the health effect of carbon nanotubes. The researchers found that

mice inhaling micrometer-sized dump of tangled C-nanotubes had the same reaction as

they would do in ordinary dust. But when they are exposed to individual C-nanofibre the

mice developed lesions in their lungs & intestines. C-nanotubes are not innocuous; they

should be handled only in industrial & hygiene environment. 60 C atom nanoparticles.

. What researchers can do to address the public concerns about nanotechnology?

Scientist should engage the public honest debate about potential risks imposed by

nanotechnology .In doing so ,they need to counter the hype currently being

deployed in generous measure by both opponents and proponents of

nanotechnology. The challenge is to convey the possibilities and risks of this new

science without painting it as plague.

More research into risks posed by Nanoparticles is warranted and finding should be

shared with public.

Researchers should start thinking about how to limit the people’s exposure to self

replicating structures.

Beyond self regulations, no specials rules exist for nanotechnology. Need of more

research on safety issues needs to be done before legislation can be considered26.


45

Conclusion:

Far from being a dream, nanotechnology will materially impact many of our economies,

largest markets during the next 10 years, and will be a common thread in many of the

emerging businesses during this time.

The far-flung dreams of nanotechnology include immortality, the end of poverty, and a

pollution free world. Technology alone cannot address this, but significant impacts upon

length and quality of life will be seen.

Textile industry also has not escape from this buzz word. Different varieties of nano

finishes, nano coating, and nanofibers are already available in industry. Around the word

lot of researches are going on to develop functional specific textile the cloth that can detect

symptom, adjust with it or protect the wearer against it but all of them can’t be

commercialized due to the cost of manufacture .The biggest difficulty involved in

nanotechnology is the great length of time that is required in putting together the miniscule

atoms and molecules, and which makes the process unsuited for mass production. .The

solution to this problem can get only through conducting more research.

The most exiting area of challenges and opportunities is especially development of

carbon nano tube based “super carbon fiber " for strength higher than spider silk, solar cells

to store energy for electro textiles,Quantom dots to create the shades which are not

achievable by normal techniques. The area in which relatively less work is going on, on

nanotechnology and have scope for its development is textile processing, dyeing and

detergent industry. At the same time, research should be carried out on its self replicating

properties to avoid its harmful effect on the society .

Nanotechnology is able to fulfill all our ideas ,dreams and expectation for the clothes but

it is not a fuzzy, futuristic technology ,existing only paper presentation in Science or Nature

and far away from layman. All the efforts are helping to create smaller smarter and

multifunctional product and the results are not far apart.

So by the introduction of Nanotechnology,

THE FUTUER HAS STARED FOR TEXTILE INDUSTRY


46

References:

1. Shroff J,Colorage,29,(Nov 2003)

2. http://www.zyvex.com

3. http://www.nanotech2k.3.bravepages.com

4. http://www.genomicglosseries.com

5. Laperre J,Textile Asia ,23,(Sept 2002)

6. http://www.sciencedaily.com

7. http://www .smalltimes.com

8. http://www.afrlhorizones.com

9. Shofner M, Lazano K, Rodnglueez, Maciaj F, Applied Polymer Sc 89:11,2875,(2002)

10 .William R, Chemistry letters 32, 152,(2003)

11. http://www.polymers.msel.nist.gov

12. http://www.smith-nephew.com

13. Fan Q, Ugbolue S, WillsonA,Dar Y,AATCC Review ,25,(Sep 2003)

14.Li Y,Zang G,Yan D,Polymer International 52:11,795,( 2003)

15.Tung Y,Wang S,Polymer International 52:8,1396,(2003)

16. http://www.cmst.csir.qu/nanotech/polymer.htm

17. http://www.wilsonsports.com

18. http://www.radarflag.com

19. http://www.titac.com

20. Bromoerg Z, Journal of Surfactant and Detergent 6:2, 182, (2003)

21. Kim C, Lee K, Tak T,Applied Polymers 89,2483,(2003)

22. http://www.news.com

23. Kenward M, Chemistry In Britain, 26,(July 2003)

24. Myfame L, Science, 1185, (2003)

25. David T,Technology Review ,46,(Oct 2002)

26. Cambell P, Nature ,237,(July 2003)

27. Roberts K, Educational Chemistry 40,31,(2003)

28,Larson P,,ZInpfel W,Willium R,Science 300,1434,( Sept 2003)


47

http://www.news.com/

http://www.titac/


48

nanotechnology in textiles1

Documents

technology nano technology

molecular nano technology

nanotech companies

nano tech department

technology of fiber

bachelor of technology

textile industry

textile processing