nanotechnology in space

8/6/2019 Nanotechnology in Space

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Nanotechnology in SpaceNanotechnology may hold the key to making space flight more practical. Advancements in

nanomaterials make lightweight solar sails and a cable for the space elevator possible. Bysignificantly reducing the amount of rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the

cost of reaching orbit and traveling in space. In addition, new materials combined withnanosensors and nanorobots could improve the performance of spaceships, spacesuits, and

the equipment used to explore planets and moons, making nanotechnology an importantpart of the final frontier.

Space Flight and Nanotechnology: Applications underDevelopment

Researchers are looking into the following applications of nanotechnology in space flight:

Employing materials made from carbon nanotubes to reduce the weight ofspaceships like the one shown below while retaining or even increasing the structural

strength.

Photo courtesy of NASA

Using carbon nanotubes to make the cable needed for the space elevator, a system

which could significantly reduce the cost of sending material into orbit. Includinglayers of bio-nano robots in spacesuits. The outer layer of bio-nano robots wouldrespond to damages to the spacesuit, for example to seal up punctures. An inner

layer of bio-nano robots could respond if the astronaut was in trouble, for exampleby providing drugs in a medical emergency. Deploying a network of nanosensors to

search large areas of planets such as Mars for traces of water or other chemicals.

Producing t hrusters for spacecraft that use MEMS devices to acceleratenanoparticles. This should reduce the weight and complexity of thruster systems

used for interplanetary missions. One cost-saving feature of these type of thrusters
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is their ability to draw on more or less of the MEMS devices depending upon the sizeand thrust requirement of the spacecraft, rather than designing and building different

engines for different size spacecraft.

Using carbon nanotubes to build lightweight solar sails that use the pressure oflight from the sun reflecting on the mirror-like solar cell to propel a

spacecraft. This solves the problem of having to lift enough fuel into orbit to power

spacecraft during interplanetary missions. Working with nanosensors to monitor the levels of trace chemicals in

spacecraft to monitor the performance of life support systems.

Spaceflight and Nanotechnology: ResearchOrganizations

The Center for Nanotechnology at NASA Ames is looking at how nanotechnology can be

used to reduce the mass, volume, and power consumption of a wide range of spacecraft

systems including sensors, communications, navigation, and propulsion systems.

The Johnson Space Center Nano Materials Project is working on nanotube composites

with the aim of reducing spacecraft weight.

The LiftPort Group is dedicated to making the space elevator reality. Their target date is

October, 2031.

The Space Nanotechnology Laboratory at MIT is developing high performance

instrumentation for use on spaceflights.
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NASA Commitment to Nanotechnology

NASA and theJohnson Space Center (JSC) have made a

commitment to pursue and drive breakthrough technologies to

expandhuman exploration of space. The very future of space

exploration depends on advanced technologies such asnanotechnology and biomimetics. Toward this goal, JSC is

focusing on the development of nanotechnology based on

single-wall carbon nanotubes. JSC is working toward bulkSWNT production methods to reduce cost and foster

widespread applications studies. In addition, we are pursuing

applications, including fabrication of SWNT composites, withpredicted strength-to-weight ratios that far exceed any of

todays materials. NASA's commitment to nanotechnology is

testimony that nanoscopic materials, nanoelectronics andmolecular devices will be fundamental to future space

exploration.About the Project

The JSC Carbon Nanotube Project is

focused on developing bulk nanotube

production, purification and application of

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNT's).

Production techniques being investigated

are pulsed laser vaporization (PLV),

arc discharge and a gas phase process

(HiPco) in collaboration withRice

University.

The goal of our project is to develop

nanotube applications for use in humanspace exploration. Because of their superior

strength-to-weight ratio, SWNT composites

are expected to reduce spacecraft weight by50% or more. Other exploration

applications include energy storage, life

support systems, thermal materials,nanoelectronics, nanosensors, electrostatic

discharge materials, and biomedical

applications.

JSC's distinctive effort is the study of nanotube growth using the PLV facility. Our world

class diagnostic facility enables the study of the plasma plume during nanotube

production to understand nanotube formation processes and yield optimization

techniques. After production, nanotube quality, diameter and purity are characterized by

Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, TGA, and UV/VIS/NIR spectral analyses.

SWNT technology applications are also supported through the Small Business Innovative

Research Program. These technologies include ultracapacitors and structural composite
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gallery latest nanotechnology photos registered space vista windows

List of nanotechnology applications

s are shrunk. Nanoparticles, for example, take advantage of their dramatically increased surface

area to volume ratio. Their optical properties, e.g. fluorescence, become a function of the

particle diameter. When brought into a bulk material, nanoparticles can strongly influence the
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mechanical properties of the material, like stiffness or elasticity. For example, traditionalpolymers can be reinforced by nanoparticles resulting in novel materials which can be used as

lightweight replacements for metals. Therefore, an increasing societal benefit of suchnanoparticles can be expected. Such nanotechnologically enhanced materials will enable a

weight reduction accompanied by an increase in stability and improved functionality. Practical

nanotechnology is essentially the increasing ability to manipulate (with precision) matter onpreviously impossible scales, presenting possibilities which many could never have imagined - it

therefore seems unsurprising that few areas of human technology are exempt from the benefits

which nanotechnology could potentially bring.

Contents

[hide]

1 Medicineo 1.1 Diagnosticso 1.2 Drug deliveryo 1.3 Tissue engineering

2 Environmento 2.1 Filtration

3 Energyo 3.1 Reduction of energy consumptiono 3.2 Increasing the efficiency of energyproductiono 3.3 Recycling of batteries

4 Information and communicationo 4.1 Memory Storageo 4.2 Novel semiconductor deviceso 4.3 Novel optoelectronic deviceso 4.4 Displayso 4.5 Quantum computers

5 Heavy Industryo 5.1 Aerospaceo 5.2 Catalysiso 5.3 Construction

5.3.1 Nanotechnology andconstructions 5.3.2 Nanoparticles and steel 5.3.3 Nanoparticles in glass

5.3.4 Nanoparticles in coatings 5.3.5 Nanoparticles in fireprotection and detection 5.3.6 Risks of using nanoparticlesin construction

o 5.4 Vehicle manufacturers 6 Consumer goods

o 6.1 Foods 6.1.1 Nano-foods
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ctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanotechnology_and_constructionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanotechnology_and_constructionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_and_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_in_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_in_coatingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_in_fire_protection_and_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nanoparticles_in_fire_protection_and_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Risks_of_using_nanoparticles_in_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Risks_of_using_nanoparticles_in_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Vehicle_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Consumer_goodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Foodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications#Nano-foods


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o 6.2 Householdo 6.3 Opticso 6.4 Textileso 6.5 Cosmeticso 6.6 Agricultureo 6.7 Sports

7 References

8 External links

.

[edit] Environment

Main articles: Green nanotechnologyandEnvironmental implications of

nanotechnology

[edit] Filtration

Main articles: Nanofiltration, Nanotechnology in water treatment, and

Environmental applications of nanotechnology

A strong influence of photochemistry on waste-water treatment, air purification and energy

storage devices is to be expected. Mechanical or chemical methods can be used for effectivefiltration techniques. One class of filtration techniques is based on the use of membranes with

suitable hole sizes, whereby the liquid is pressed through the membrane. Nanoporous membranes

are suitable for a mechanical filtration with extremely small pores smaller than 10 nm(nanofiltration) and may be composed of nanotubes. Nanofiltration is mainly used for the

removal of ions or the separation of different fluids. On a larger scale, the membrane filtrationtechnique is named ultrafiltration, which works down to between 10 and 100 nm. One important

field of application forultrafiltration is medical purposes as can be found in renal dialysis.Magnetic nanoparticles offer an effective and reliable method to remove heavy metal

contaminants from waste water by making use of magnetic separation techniques. Using

nanoscale particles increases the efficiency to absorb the contaminants and is comparativelyinexpensive compared to traditional precipitation and filtration methods.

Some water-treatment devices incorporating nanotechnology are already on the market, with

more in development. Low-cost nanostructured separation membranes methods have been shown

to be effective in producing potable water in a recent study.[3]

Energy
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The most advanced nanotechnology projects related to energy are: storage, conversion,

manufacturing improvements by reducing materials and process rates, energy saving (by better

thermal insulation for example), and enhanced renewable energy sources.

Reduction of energy consumption

A reduction of energy consumption can be reached by better insulation systems, by the use of

more efficient lighting or combustion systems, and by use of lighter and stronger materials in thetransportation sector. Currently used light bulbs only convert approximately 5% of the electrical

energy into light. Nanotechnological approaches like light-emitting diodes (LEDs) orquantumcaged atoms (QCAs) could lead to a strong reduction of energy consumption for illumination.

[edit] Increasing the efficiency of energy production

Today's best solar cells have layers of several different semiconductors stacked together to

absorb light at different energies but they still only manage to use 40 percent of the Sun's energy.

Commercially available solar cells have much lower efficiencies (15-20%). Nanotechnologycould help increase the efficiency of light conversion by using nanostructures with a continuum

ofbandgaps.

The degree of efficiency of the internal combustion engine is about 30-40% at the moment.Nanotechnology could improve combustion by designing specific catalysts with maximized

surface area. In 2005, scientists at the University of Torontodeveloped a spray-on nanoparticle

substance that, when applied to a surface, instantly transforms it into a solar collector.[1]

Because of the relatively low energy density of batteries the operating time is limited and areplacement or recharging is needed. The huge number of spent batteries and accumulators

represent a disposal problem. The use of batteries with higher energy content or the use ofrechargeable batteries orsupercapacitorswith higher rate of recharging using nanomaterials

could be helpful for the battery disposal problem. Yield is an issue here.

] Information and communication

Current high-technology production processes are based on traditional top down strategies,where nanotechnology has already been introduced silently. The critical length scale of

integrated circuits is already at the nanoscale (50 nm and below) regarding the gate length of

transistors in CPUs orDRAM devices.

[Memory Storage

Electronic memory designs in the past have largely relied on the formation of transistors.

However, research intocrossbar switchbased electronics have offered an alternative usingreconfigurable interconnections between vertical and horizontal wiring arrays to create ultra high

density memories. Two leaders in this area are Nanterowhich has developed a carbon nanotube

based crossbar memory called Nano-RAM and Hewlett-Packard which has proposed the use ofmemristor material as a future replacement of Flash memory.
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[Novel semiconductor devices

An example of such novel devices is based on spintronics.The dependence of the resistance of amaterial (due to the spin of the electrons) on an external field is called magnetoresistance. This

effect can be significantly amplified (GMR - Giant Magneto-Resistance) for nanosized objects,

for example when two ferromagnetic layers are separated by a nonmagnetic layer, which isseveral nanometers thick (e.g. Co-Cu-Co). The GMR effect has led to a strong increase in thedata storage density of hard disks and made the gigabyte range possible. The so called tunneling

magnetoresistance (TMR) is very similar to GMR and based on the spin dependent tunneling of

electrons through adjacent ferromagnetic layers. Both GMR and TMR effects can be used tocreate a non-volatile main memory for computers, such as the so called magnetic random access

memory orMRAM.

In 1999, the ultimate CMOS transistor developed at the Laboratory for Electronics and

Information Technology in Grenoble, France, tested the limits of the principles of the MOSFETtransistor with a diameter of 18 nm (approximately 70 atoms placed side by side). This was

almost one tenth the size of the smallest industrial transistor in 2003 (130 nm in 2003, 90 nm in2004, 65 nm in 2005 and 45 nm in 2007). It enabled the theoretical integration of seven billionjunctions on a 1 coin. However, the CMOS transistor, which was created in 1999, was not a

simple research experiment to study how CMOS technology functions, but rather a

demonstration of how this technology functions now that we ourselves are getting ever closer toworking on a molecular scale. Today it would be impossible to master the coordinated assembly

of a large number of these transistors on a circuit and it would also be impossible to create this

on an industrial level.[4]

[edit] Novel optoelectronic devices

In the modern communication technology traditional analog electrical devices are increasinglyreplaced by optical oroptoelectronic devices due to their enormous bandwidth and capacity,

respectively. Two promising examples arephotonic crystals and quantum dots. Photoniccrystals are materials with a periodic variation in the refractive index with a lattice constant that

is half the wavelength of the light used. They offer a selectable band gap for the propagation of a

certain wavelength, thus they resemble a semiconductor, but for light orphotons instead ofelectrons. Quantum dots are nanoscaled objects, which can be used, among many other things,

for the construction of lasers. The advantage of a quantum dot laser over the traditional

semiconductor laser is that their emitted wavelength depends on the diameter of the dot.Quantum dot lasers are cheaper and offer a higher beam quality than conventional laser diodes.

] Displays

The production of displays with low energy consumption could be accomplished using carbon

nanotubes (CNT). Carbon nanotubes are electrically conductive and due to their small diameterof several nanometers, they can be used as field emitters with extremely high efficiency forfieldemission displays (FED). The principle of operation resembles that of the cathode ray tube, but

on a much smaller length scale.
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[edit] Quantum computers

Main article: Quantum computer

Entirely new approaches for computing exploit the laws of quantum mechanics for novel

quantum computers, which enable the use of fast quantum algorithms. The Quantum computer

has quantum bit memory space termed "Qubit" for several computations at the same time. Thisfacility may improve the performance of the older systems.

Heavy Industry

An inevitable use of nanotechnology will be in heavy industry.

Aerospace

Lighter and stronger materials will be of immense use to aircraft manufacturers, leading toincreased performance. Spacecraft will also benefit, where weight is a major factor.

Nanotechnology would help to reduce the size of equipment and there by decrease fuel-

consumption required to get it airborne.

Hang gliders may be able to halve their weight while increasing their strength and toughnessthrough the use of nanotech materials. Nanotech is lowering the mass ofsupercapacitors that

will increasingly be used to give power to assistive electrical motors for launching hang gliders

off flatland to thermal-chasing altitudes.

[edit] Catalysis

Chemical catalysis benefits especially from nanoparticles, due to the extremely large surface to

volume ratio. The application potential of nanoparticles in catalysis ranges from fuel cell tocatalytic converters and photocatalytic devices. Catalysis is also important for the production of

chemicals.

The synthesis provides novel materials with tailored features and chemical properties: for

example, nanoparticles with a distinct chemical surrounding (ligands), or specific opticalproperties. In this sense, chemistry is indeed a basic nanoscience. In a short-term perspective,

chemistry will provide novel nanomaterials and in the long run, superior processes such as

self-assembly will enable energy and time preserving strategies. In a sense, all chemicalsynthesis can be understood in terms of nanotechnology, because of its ability to manufacture

certain molecules. Thus, chemistry forms a base for nanotechnology providing tailor-made

molecules, polymers, etcetera, as well as clusters and nanoparticles.

Platinum nanoparticles are now being considered in the next generation of automotive catalyticconverters because the very high surface area of nanoparticles could reduce the amount of

platinum required.[5] However, some concerns have been raised due to experiments

demonstrating that they will spontaneously combust if methane is mixed with the ambient air.[6]

Ongoing research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France may
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resolve their true usefulness for catalytic applications.[7]Nanofiltration may come to be an

important application, although future research must be careful to investigate possible toxicity.[8]

[edit] Construction

Nanotechnology has the potential to make constructionfaster, cheaper, safer, and more varied.Automation of nanotechnology construction can allow for the creation of structures from

advanced homes to massive skyscrapers much more quickly and at much lower cost.

[edit] Nanotechnology and constructions

Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines

Such as electronics, bio-mechanics and coatings including civil engineering and constructionmaterials.

The use of nanotechnology in construction involves the development of new concept and

understanding of the hydration of cement particles and the use of nano-size ingredients such asalumina and silica and other nanoparticles. The manufactures also investigating the methods ofmanufacturing of nano-cement. If cement with nano-size particles can be manufactured and

processed, it will open up a large number of opportunities in the fields of ceramics, high strength

composites and electronic applications. Since at the nanoscale the properties of the material aredifferent from that of their bulk counter parts. When materials becomes nano-sized, the

proportion of atoms on the surface increases relative to those inside and this leads to novel

properties. Some applications of nanotechnology in construction are describe below.

[edit] Nanoparticles and steel

Steel has been widely available material and has a major role in the construction industry. Theuse of nanotechnology in steel helps to improve the properties of steel. The fatigue, which led to

the structural failure of steel due to cyclic loading, such as in bridges or towers.The current steeldesigns are based on the reduction in the allowable stress, service life or regular inspection

regime. This has a significant impact on the life-cycle costs of structures and limits the effective

use of resources.The Stress risers are responsible for initiating cracks from which fatigue failureresults .The addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the surface un-evenness of steel which then

limits the number of stress risers and hence fatigue cracking. Advancements in this technology

using nanoparticles would lead to increased safety, less need for regular inspection regime andmore efficient materials free from fatigue issues for construction.

The nano-size steel produce stronger steel cables which can be in bridge construction. Also thesestronger cable material would reduce the costs and period of construction, especially in

suspension bridges as the cables are run from end to end of the span. This would require highstrength joints which leads to the need for high strength bolts. The capacity of high strength bolts

is obtained through quenching and tempering. The microstructures of such products consist of

tempered martensite. When the tensile strength of tempered martensite steel exceeds 1,200 MPa

even a very small amount of hydrogen embrittles the grain boundaries and the steel material mayfail during use. This phenomenon, which is known as delayed fracture, which hindered the
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strengthening of steel bolts and their highest strength is limited to only around 1,000 to 1,200

MPa.

The use of vanadium and molybdenum nanoparticles improves the delayed fracture problemsassociated with high strength bolts reducing the effects of hydrogen embrittlement and

improving the steel micro-structure through reducing the effects of the inter-granular cementitephase.

Welds and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) adjacent to welds can be brittle and fail withoutwarning when subjected to sudden dynamic loading.The addition of nanoparticles of magnesium

and calcium makes the HAZ grains finer in plate steel and this leads to an increase in weld

toughness. The increase in toughness at would result in a smaller resource requirement because

less material is required in order to keep stresses within allowable limits.The carbon nanotubesare exciting material with tremendous properties of strength and stiffness, they have found little

application as compared to steel,because it is difficult to bind them with bulk material and they

pull out easily, Which make them ineffective in construction materials.

[edit] Nanoparticles in glass

The glass is also an important material in construction.There is a lot of research being carried out

on the application of nanotechnology to glass.Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used tocoat glazing since it has sterilizing and anti-fouling properties. The particles catalyze powerful

reactions which breakdown organic pollutants, volatile organic compounds and bacterial

membranes.

The TiO2 is hydrophilic (attraction to water) which can attract rain drops which then wash offthe dirt particles.Thus the introduction of nanotechnology in the Glass industry, incorporates the

self cleaning property of glass. Fire-protective glass is another application of nanotechnology.This is achieved by using a clear intumescent layer sandwiched between glass panels (aninterlayer) formed of silica nanoparticles (SiO2) which turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield

when heated.Most of glass in construction is on the exterior surface of buildings .So the light and

heat entering the building through glass has to be prevented. The nanotechnology can provide abetter solution to block light and heat coming through windows.

[edit] Nanoparticles in coatings

Coatings is an important area in construction coatings are extensively use to paint the walls,

doors, and windows. Coatings should provides a protective layer which is bound to the base

material to produce a surface of the desired protective or functional properties. The coatingsshould have self healing capabilities through a process of self-assembly. Nanotechnology is

being applied to paints to obtained the coatings having self healing capabilities and corrosionprotection under insulation. Since these coatings are hydrophobic and repels water from the

metal pipe and can also protect metal from salt water attack. Nanoparticle based systems can

provide better adhesion and transparency. The TiO2 coating captures and breaks down organicand inorganic air pollutants by a photocatalytic process, which leads to putting roads to good

environmental use.
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[edit] Nanoparticles in fire protection and detection

Fire resistance of steel structures is often provided by a coating produced by a spray-on-cementitious process.The nano-cement has the potential to create a new paradigm in this area of

application because the resulting material can be used as a tough, durable, high temperature

coating. It provides a good method of increasing fire resistance and this is a cheaper option thanconventional insulation.

[edit] Risks of using nanoparticles in construction

In building construction nanomaterials are widely used from self-cleaning windows to flexible

solar panels to wi-fi blocking paint. The self-healing concrete, materials to block ultraviolet andinfrared radiation, smog-eating coatings and light-emitting walls and ceilings are the new

nanomaterials in construction. Nanotechnology is a promise for making the smart home a

reality. Nanotech-enabled sensors can monitor temperature, humidity, and airborne toxins whichneeds nanotech based improved batteries.The building components will be intelligent and

interactive since the sensor uses wireless components,it can collect the wide range of data.

If the nanosensors and nanomaterials becomes a every day part of the buildings to make them

intelligent,what are the consequences of these materials on human beings?

1.Effect of nanoparticles on health and environment: Nanoparticles may also enter the body if

building water supplies are filtered through commercially available nanofilters. Airborne and

waterborne nanoparticles enter from building ventilation and wastewater systems. 2. Effect of

nanoparticles on societal issues: As sensors become more common place,a loss of privacy mayresult from users interacting with increasingly intelligent building components.The technology at

one side has the advantages of new building material. The otherside it has the fear of risk arises

from these materials. However, the overall performance of nanomaterials to date, is that valuableopportunities to improve building performance, user health and environmental quality .

[edit] Vehicle manufacturers

Much like aerospace, lighter and stronger materials will be useful for creating vehicles that areboth faster and safer. Combustion engines will also benefit from parts that are more hard-

wearing and more heat-resistant.

Consumer goods

Nanotechnology is already impacting the field of consumer goods, providing products with novelfunctions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Modern textiles are wrinkle-resistant

and stain-repellent; in the mid-term clothes will become smart, through embedded wearableelectronics. Already in use are different nanoparticle improved products. Especially in the field

of cosmetics, such novel products have a promising potential.
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] Foods

Complex set of engineering and scientific challenges in the food and bioprocessing industry formanufacturing high quality and safe food through efficient and sustainable means can be solved

through nanotechnology. Bacteria identification and food quality monitoring using biosensors;

intelligent, active, and smart food packaging systems; nanoencapsulation of bioactive foodcompounds are few examples of emerging applications of nanotechnology for the food industry.[9] Nanotechnology can be applied in the production, processing, safety and packaging of food. A

nanocomposite coating process could improve food packaging by placing anti-microbial agents

directly on the surface of the coated film. Nanocompositescould increase or decrease gaspermeability of different fillers as is needed for different products. They can also improve the

mechanical and heat-resistance properties and lower the oxygen transmission rate. Research is

being performed to apply nanotechnology to the detection of chemical and biological substancesfor sensanges in foods.

] Nano-foods

New foods are among the nanotechnology-created consumer products coming onto the market atthe rate of 3 to 4 per week, according to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN),

based on an inventory it has drawn up of 609 known or claimed nano-products.

On PEN's list are three foodsa brand of canola cooking oil called Canola Active Oil, a tea

called Nanotea and a chocolate diet shake called Nanoceuticals Slim Shake Chocolate.

According to company information posted on PEN's Web site, the canola oil, by ShemenIndustries of Israel, contains an additive called "nanodrops" designed to carry vitamins, minerals

and phytochemicals through the digestive system and urea. [10]

The shake, according to U.S. manufacturer RBC Life Sciences Inc., uses cocoa infused

"NanoClusters" to enhance the taste and health benefits of cocoa without the need for extrasugar.[11]

] Household

The most prominent application of nanotechnology in the household is self-cleaning or easy-to-clean surfaces on ceramics or glasses. Nano ceramic particles have improved the smoothness

and heat resistance of common household equipment such as the flat iron.

[edit] Optics

The first sunglasses using protective and anti-reflective ultrathin polymer coatings are on the

market. For optics, nanotechnology also offers scratch resistant surface coatings based on

nanocomposites. Nano-optics could allow for an increase in precision of pupil repair and othertypes of laser eye surgery.
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[edit] Textiles

The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-repellent or wrinkle-free. Textiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less frequently and at lower

temperatures. Nanotechnology has been used to integrate tiny carbon particles membrane and

guarantee full-surface protection from electrostatic charges for the wearer. Many otherapplications have been developed by research institutions such as theTextiles Nanotechnology

Laboratory at Cornell University, and the UK's Dstl and its spin out company P2i.

[edit] Cosmetics

One field of application is in sunscreens. The traditional chemical UV protection approachsuffers from its poor long-term stability. A sunscreen based on mineral nanoparticles such as

titanium dioxide offer several advantages. Titanium oxide nanoparticles have a comparable UV

protection property as the bulk material, but lose the cosmetically undesirable whitening as theparticle size is decreased.

[edit] Agriculture

Applications of nanotechnology have the potential to change the entire agriculture sector andfood industry chain from production to conservation, processing, packaging, transportation, and

even waste treatment. NanoScience concepts and nanotechnology applications have the potential

to redesign the production cycle, restructure the processing and conservation processes andredefine the food habits of the people.

Major challenges related to agriculture like low productivity in cultivable areas, large

uncultivable areas, shrinkage of cultivable lands, wastage of inputs like water, fertilizers,

pesticides, wastage of products and of course Food security for growing numbers can beaddressed through various applications of nanotechnology.

Nanobots Replacing Neurons (Nerve Cells)
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Nanorobot at work replacing human nerve cells withartificial nerve cells. This CG animation visualizes one of

the possible future applications and uses of

nanotechnology.

Image byE-spaces

DNA Visualization

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, a long linear polymer

found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from
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nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated

with the transmission of genetic information. DNA is the

king of molecules.

Image byE-spaces

Self Replicating Nano Robots

Virus
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Top 10 Uses of

NanoTechnology inFood

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Nanoparticles may be able to detect bacteria,

extend food shelf life, add health benefits, orimprove flavor, reports Discovery.

While nanotechnology does not involve any

genetic manipulation, many companies arekeeping secret about their work their doing.

While this can keep competitors off their trail,

it can also make it difficult for regulatoryagencies to manage risks and create laws for

these emerging technologies.

Nonetheless, nanotechnology offers someexciting potential benefits for the quality andsafety of our foods.

1. CONTAMINATION SENSOR: Flash a light

to reveal the presence of E. coli bacteria.

2. ANTIMICROBIAL PACKAGING: Edible
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food films made with cinnamon or oregano oil,

or nano particles of zinc, calcium other

materials that kill bacteria.

3. IMPROVED FOOD STORAGE: Nano-enhanced barrier keeps oxygen-sensitive foods

fresher.

4. ENHANCED NUTRIENT DELIVERY

Nano-encapsulating improves solubility ofvitamins, antioxidants, healthy omega oils and

other nutraceuticals.

5. GREEN PACKAGING: Nano-fibers made

from lobster shells ororganic corn are both

antimicrobial and biodegradable.

6. PESTICIDE REDUCTION: A cloth

saturated with nano fibers slowly releases

pesticides, eliminating need for additionalspraying and reducing chemical leakage into

the water supply.

7. TRACKING, TRACING; BRANDPROTECTION: Nanobarcodes can be created

to tag individual products and trace outbreaks.

8. TEXTURE: Food spreadability and stability

improve with nano-sized crystals and lipids forbetter low-fat foods.

9. FLAVOR: Trick the tongue with bitter

blockers or sweet and salty enhancers.

10. BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION AND

ELIMINATION: Nano carbohydrate particlesbind with bacteria so they can be detected and

eliminated.

Stay Up-to-Date On Environmental Management,

Energy & Sustainability News with
http://www.plantic.com.au/our-technologies/overview/http://www.plantic.com.au/our-technologies/overview/

nanotechnology in space

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