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Analysis of theAnalysis of theEnglish Word andEnglish Word and

SentenceSentence

StructureStructure



ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. Recognize different types ofRecognize different types ofmorphemes and their functionsmorphemes and their functions

2.2. State the form, meaning and rule ofState the form, meaning and rule ofcombination for the morphemescombination for the morphemes3.3. Analyze the internal structure of theAnalyze the internal structure of the

English words in order to now theirEnglish words in order to now theirformations and meanings.formations and meanings.

!.!. Specify each unit within wordsSpecify each unit within wordscorrectly.correctly.



What are youWhat are youthinking?thinking?

Warm UpWarm Up



Doubt is often thebeginningof isdom!



"orphology"orphology



"orphology"orphology

• Morph (form) + ology (science of)Morph (form) + ology (science of)

• -- > Morphology (the science of-- > Morphology (the science ofword forms)word forms)

• The study of the internal structureThe study of the internal structure

of words, andof words, and• The rules by which words areThe rules by which words are

formedformed



"orphemes"orphemes

" #oo at the following words#oo at the following words" LikelyLikely unlikely developedunlikely developed

undevelopedundeveloped" un$ is a prefi% means &o.un$ is a prefi% means &o." $ly in 'liely( is a ad)erbial suffi%.$ly in 'liely( is a ad)erbial suffi%." $ed in 'de)eloped( is a suffi%$ed in 'de)eloped( is a suffi%

morpheme.morpheme.



What isWhat is

morpheme?morpheme?



What is morpheme?What is morpheme?

• Dictionary:Dictionar y:

• MorphemeMorpheme• (mr(mr''f!m")f!m")• n.n. • # meaningful linguistic unit consisting of # meaningful linguistic unit consisting of

a word, such asa word, such as man,man, or a word element,or a word element,such assuch as -ed-ed inin walked,walked, that cannot bethat cannot be

di$ided into smaller meaningful parts%di$ided into smaller meaningful parts%• morphemicmorphemic mor·phem'icmor·phem'ic adj.adj.• morphemicallymorphemically mor·phem'i·cal·ly mor·phem'i·cal·ly adv.adv.



" Definitions:Definitions:

A morpheme is the minimal unit ofmeaning.

" Example:Example: un+system+atic+al+ly un+system+atic+al+ly" Note: morphemes words

What is morpheme?What is morpheme?



Examples of MorphemesExamples of Morphemes• ne morphemene morpheme boy (one syllable)boy (one syllable)

desire, lady, water (two syllables)desire, lady, water (two syllables)

crocodile (three syllables)crocodile (three syllables)salamander (four syllables), orsalamander (four syllables), or

moremore

syllablessyllables

• Two morphemeTwo morpheme boy + ishboy + ishdesire + abledesire + able

• Three morphemeThree morpheme boy + ish + nessboy + ish + nessdesire + able + itydesire + able + ity

•

our morphemeour morpheme gentle + man + li + nessgentle + man + li + nessun + desire + able + ityun + desire + able + ity• More than fourMore than four un + gentle + man + li +un + gentle + man + li +

nessnessanti + dis + establish +anti + dis + establish +

ment + ari +ment + ari +

an + isman + ism



-n all language, discrete linguistic-n all language, discrete linguistic

units combineunits combine rule$go)erned ways torule$go)erned ways toform larger unitsform larger units

" Sound units combine to formSound units combine to formmorphemes,morphemes," morphemes combine to form frommorphemes combine to form from

wordswords" word combine to formword combine to form phrasesphrases" phrases combine to form sentencesphrases combine to form sentences



What is theWhat is therelationshiprelationship

beteenbeteen

morphemes andmorphemes and

ords?ords?

h i h l i hi



" umans can understand words thatumans can understand words that

ha)e ne)er been heard beforeha)e ne)er been heard before" uman can also create new wordsuman can also create new words"

For exampleFor example,, a writa writableable /0/0aa re re writwritableable /0/0

anan ununre re writwritableable /0/0

What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship

beteen morphemes andbeteen morphemes and

ords?ords?



How many typesHow many types

of morphemes are there?of morphemes are there?" ound morphemesound morphemes" ree morphemesree morphemes

" Root morphemesRoot morphemes" Stem morphemesStem morphemes

" 0eri)ational morphemes0eri)ational morphemes

" -nflectional morphemes-nflectional morphemes" Affi%es prefi%es andAffi%es prefi%es and

suffi%essuffi%es

" 4rammatical morphemes4rammatical morphemes



Classifcation o some(English) morphemes

(English) Morphemes(English) Morphemes

BoundBound FreeFree

AfxAfx Root Root Open ClassOpen Class Closed ClassClosed Class

DerivationalDerivational Ine!tionalIne!tional

"re#x "re#x $ufx$ufx $ufx$ufx gruntle gruntle %ouns (%ouns ( girl girl )) Determiners (Determiners ( the the , , a(n) a(n)))

prepre -- -ly-ly -ing -en-ing -en mit mit &er's (&er's ( kick kick)) Conun!tionsConun!tions

(( and and ))

un-un- -ist -ist -er -est -er -est fer fer Ade!tives (Ade!tives ( happy happy) "repositions () "repositions ( of of , , inin ))

con-con-

-ment -ment -ed -ed Adver's (Adver's (quicklyquickly)) "ronouns ( "ronouns ( I I , , he he , , you ) you )

Auxiliar &er's (Auxiliar &er's ( isis))



#ound morphemes#ound morphemes

" ound morphemesound morphemes 5affi%es6 must be5affi%es6 must beattached to the word.attached to the word.

"

7hey are prefi%es, infi%es, suffi%es7hey are prefi%es, infi%es, suffi%esand circumfi%es.and circumfi%es." Such as 8clude9 as in include , e%clude ,

preclude 6 or they may be grammatical5such as 8:#;9 < plural as in boys , girls , and cats 6.



$ree morphemes$ree morphemes

" Free morphemes are those that canstand alone as words.

" Example:Example: girl, system, desire,girl, system, desire,

hope, act, phone, happyhope, act, phone, happy



%oot morphemes%oot morphemes

" AA rootroot is a morphemes that cannot beis a morphemes that cannot beanalyzed into smaller parts.analyzed into smaller parts.

"

Example:Example: cran 5as in cranberry6, act,cran 5as in cranberry6, act,beauty, system, etc..beauty, system, etc.." ree Root =orpheme run, bottle, phone,ree Root =orpheme run, bottle, phone,

etc.etc." ound Root =orpheme recei)e, remit,ound Root =orpheme recei)e, remit,

uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.



" AA stemstem is formed when a rootis formed when a rootmorpheme is combined with anmorpheme is combined with an

affi%.affi%." >ther affi%es can be added to a>ther affi%es can be added to a

stem to form a more comple%stem to form a more comple%

stem.stem.

Stem morphemesStem morphemes



E&ample of ordE&ample of ord

formationformation

" Root belie)e 5)erb6Root belie)e 5)erb6

" Stem belie)e + able 5)erb + suffi%6Stem belie)e + able 5)erb + suffi%6" ?ord un + belie)e + able?ord un + belie)e + able

5prefi% +)erb + suffi%65prefi% +)erb + suffi%6



E&ample of ordE&ample of ord

formationformation

" RootRoot systemsystem

" StemStem system + aticsystem + atic" StemStem un + system + aticun + system + atic" StemStem un + system + atic + alun + system + atic + al" ?ord?ord un + system + atic + al + lyun + system + atic + al + ly



It’s time to relax

Are you tried?

Let’s listen to the song



Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes

" Root + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ a newRoot + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ a newword with a new meaning. 5usuallyword with a new meaning. 5usuallychanges grammatical class6changes grammatical class6

" &oun + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ Ad.&oun + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ Ad.E%. oy + ish, E%. oy + ish,

" Berb + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ &ounBerb + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ &oun

E%. AcCuitt + al, clear + ance E%. AcCuitt + al, clear + ance" Ad. + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@Ad. + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@

Ad)erb E%. E%act + ly, Cuiet + lyAd)erb E%. E%act + ly, Cuiet + ly

' ( i l' ( ti l



'n(ectional'n(ectional

morphemesmorphemes" -nflectional morphemes ha)e-nflectional morphemes ha)e

grammatical meaning or function in thegrammatical meaning or function in thesentence.sentence.

" 7hey ne)er change7hey ne)er change part of speech." or e%ample,or e%ample," ound =orpheme E.g. 'to( in connectionound =orpheme E.g. 'to( in connection

with a )erb 5' an infiniti)e with to(6with a )erb 5' an infiniti)e with to(6" ound =orphemes E%. Ds, $edound =orphemes E%. Ds, $ed" e sails the ocean blue.e sails the ocean blue."

e sailed the ocean blue.e sailed the ocean blue.



Eight English 'n(ectionalEight English 'n(ectional

"orphemes"orphemes• -s-s third-personthird-person

singular presentsingular present• --ededpast tensepast tense

• -ing progressi$e-ing progressi$e• -en-enpastpast

participleparticiple• -s-s pluralplural• -*s-*s possessi$epossessi$e• --erer comparati$ecomparati$e• -est-est

superlati$esuperlati$e

• he waithe waitss at home%at home%

• he waithe waiteded at home%at home%• he is eathe is eatinging thethe

donuts%donuts%

• Mary has eatMary has eatenen thethe

donuts%donuts%• he ate the donuthe ate the donutss%%• isaisa’s’s hair is short%hair is short%

•

isaisa hashas shorter hairshorter hair

)h j di*



)he major di*erences)he major di*erences

beteen derivational andbeteen derivational and

in(ectional morphologyin(ectional morphology Derivational Infectional

positioncloser to

stem

urtherrom

stemaddable

on to? yes

not inEnglish

changes

stem? yes no

productiv e?

oten! nousually!

yes

meaning?

oten!

unpredictable predictable



A+&es, pre-&es andA+&es, pre-&es and

su+&essu+&es

" "ffix"ffix a morpheme that comes at the a morpheme that comes at thebeginning 5prefi%6 or the ending 5suffi%6beginning 5prefi%6 or the ending 5suffi%6of a base morpheme.of a base morpheme.

" NoteNote An affi% usually is a morpheme An affi% usually is a morphemethat cannot stand alone.that cannot stand alone.

" ExamplesExamples $ful $ful ,, $ly $ly ,, $it $it y, y, $nes $nes s. A fews. A fewe%ceptions aree%ceptions are able able ,, lie lie , and, and less less ..



A+&es, pre-&es andA+&es, pre-&es and

su+&essu+&es

" #refix#refix an affi% that comes before a an affi% that comes before abase morpheme. 7hebase morpheme. 7he in in in the wordin the wordinspectinspect is a prefi%.is a prefi%.

" $uffix$uffix an affi% that comes after a an affi% that comes after abase morpheme. 7hebase morpheme. 7he s s inin cats cats is ais asuffi%.suffi%.

"#i$es pre%$ su#i$ in%$"#i$es pre%$ su#i$ in%$



"#i$es pre%$& su#i$& in%$ "#i$es pre%$& su#i$& in%$and circum%$! are alland circum%$! are all

bound morphemesbound morphemes.re-&es Su+&es 'n-&es /ircum-&es

#oundmorphemeshich occuronly before

othermorphemes!

E&amples,un0 1uncover,undo2dis0

1displeased,disconnect), pre01 predetermine, prejudge2

#oundmorphemeshich occurfolloing

othermorphemes!

E&amples,0er 1singer,

performer) 0ist 1typist,

pianist) 0ly 1manly,friendly)

#oundmorphemeshich areinserted into

othermorphemes!

E&ample,Fikas4strong4fumikas 4to

be strong4

1#ontoc

5anguage2

#oundmorphemesthat areattached to a

root or stemmorphemeboth initiallyand -nally!

E&ample,chokma 4he

is good4ik + chokm +o 4he isn?t?good4

1/hickasa

5anguage2



6rammatical morphemes6rammatical morphemes

" ?hat is the difference in meaning?hat is the difference in meaningbetweenbetween apple apple andand apples apples

" ?hat is the difference in form?hat is the difference in form" ?hat does this tell you about these?hat does this tell you about these

two wordstwo words



6rammatical morphemes6rammatical morphemes

" ?ords can ha)e an internal structure much?ords can ha)e an internal structure muchlie the synta% of phrases.lie the synta% of phrases.

" =orphemes such as=orphemes such as the the ,, $s $s , and, and re$ re$ near thenear the

grammatical end of the continuum are calledgrammatical end of the continuum are called%rammati&al morphemes%rammati&al morphemes.." &ote that grammatical morphemes include&ote that grammatical morphemes include

forms that we can consider to be words lieforms that we can consider to be words lie

the the ,, a a ,, and and , and, and of of and others that mae upand others that mae upparts of words lieparts of words lie Ds and $ed Ds and $ed .." Examples'Examples'

pencil pencil s s

wal wal ed ed



What are theWhat are thedi*erencesdi*erences

beteen eachbeteen eachtypetype

of morphemes?of morphemes?



What is theWhat is thefunction of eachfunction of each

type oftype of

morphemes?morphemes?



What is theWhat is therelationshiprelationship

among each typeamong each type

of morphemes?of morphemes?



What is the di*erenceWhat is the di*erencebeteenbeteen

content7le&ical ordscontent7le&ical ords

andand

function7grammaticalfunction7grammatical

ords?ords?



/ontent Words/ontent Words

" (ontent words(ontent words denote concepts suchdenote concepts suchas subects, actions, and ideasas subects, actions, and ideas 55noun,noun,)erb, adecti)e, ad)erb)erb, adecti)e, ad)erb66

" (ontent words(ontent words are open class wordsare open class words55new words can be addednew words can be added66

" E%ample of new words E%ample of new words SteganographySteganography 55the art of hidingthe art of hidinginformation in electronic te%tinformation in electronic te%t66



$unction Words$unction Words

• $unction ords$unction ords express Grammaticalexpress GrammaticalFunctionsFunctions ((e.g., preposition, article,e.g., preposition, article,conjunctions, pronounsconjunctions, pronouns))

• $unction ords$unction ords connect the contentconnect the content

ords to the larger grammaticalords to the larger grammaticalcontext.context.

• $unctions ords$unctions ords are also calledare also called!closed class’ ords!closed class’ ords ((no ne ordsno ne ords

assed to this class.assed to this class.))



E&erciseE&ercise

""I #no you can do it$I #no you can do it$



4$irst say to yourself4$irst say to yourself

hat you ould be8hat you ould be8

and then do hatand then do hatyou have to do!4you have to do!4



9o are English9o are English

ords formed?ords formed?

Di*erent types of ordsDi*erent types of ords



Di*erent types of ordsDi*erent types of ordsfrom di*erentfrom di*erent

formations!formations!• .eri$ed words.eri$ed words• e/ical gapse/ical gaps• 0ompounds& also how to0ompounds& also how to

di1erentiate compounds from noundi1erentiate compounds from nounphrasesphrases

• #cronyms #cronyms

• 2ac3 formations2ac3 formations• #bbre$iations'Truncation'0lipping #bbre$iations'Truncation'0lipping• 4ponyms4ponyms

• 2lends2lends



Derived (ordsDerived (ords

%% ne ordsne ords ithith ne meaningsne meanings &ormed &rom&ormed &rom

root ' deriational morphemeroot ' deriational morpheme

e.g. ir'regular % irrigulare.g. ir'regular % irrigular



5e&ical 6aps5e&ical 6aps

" ?ell$formed but none%isting word?ell$formed but none%isting word" Reason a permissible seCuence has noReason a permissible seCuence has no

meaning attached to it Flie GblicH ormeaning attached to it Flie GblicH or

GslarmH or GrobeH@GslarmH or GrobeH@" :ossible comniations of morpheme:ossible comniations of morpheme ne)erne)er

come into usecome into use 55E%.E%.

Gdisob)iousH ,GlinguisticismHGdisob)iousH ,GlinguisticismH66" ?ord lie Ibnic is not a le%ical gaps in?ord lie Ibnic is not a le%ical gaps inEnglish because English does not allowEnglish because English does not allowthe seCuence of 'bn(the seCuence of 'bn(



/ompounds/ompounds

" ?ord + word < compound word 5meaningmay or may not change6

" ?hen the two word are in the samegrammatical category, compound will bein this category.

" E%. ome5n.6 + ?or5n.6 < homewor5noun6 :ic 5).6 + pocet 5n.6 <picpocet 5noun6



" /ompounds can be more than two words

" 7wo$word compounds are the mostcommon in English.

"

7hree D word compounds three$timeloser

" ourD word compounds four$dimensional

space$time

/ d h i l/ d h i t l



/ompounds have internal/ompounds have internal

structurestructure

5%5%

5%5% 5%5%

#d6% #d6% 5%5% rac3 rac3

toptop hathat

5%5%

#d6% #d6% 5%5%

toptop 5%5%

5%5%

hathat

rac3 rac3



• 7ac3 7ac3

• top hattop hat

• 8at rac3 8at rac3

• toptop



"eaning of compounds"eaning of compounds

" Same meaning as the parts aboathouse < 5a house for boats6

"

&ew meaning but relate to themeaning of the indi)idual parts

" a blacboard 5can be in other colors,

not ust blac6" a Redcoat 5slang for ritish soldier

during American Re)olutionary ?ar6



$or$or exampleexample

'la!* 'ird 'la!* 'ird

( turdus merula)

'la!*'ird 'la!*'ird



)or )or exampleexample

hot dog hotdog



)or )or exampleexample

red +ood

(Giant Sequoia)

red+ood



AcronymsAcronyms

" "&ronyms are word deri)ed from heinitials of se)eral word

" &ASA F&ational Aeronautics andSpace Agency@" ;&ES/> F;nited &ations

Educational, Scientific, and /ultural>rganization@



#ack formations#ack formations

" A new word may entry theA new word may entry the languagelanguage because of an incorrect morphologicalbecause of an incorrect morphologicalanalysis.analysis.

" Example)Example) peddle peddle was deri)ed fromwas deri)ed frompeddler peddler on the mistaen assumptionon the mistaen assumptionthatthat the D er was suffi%.the D er was suffi%.

" stoe $$@ stoerstoe $$@ stoer" edit $$@ editoredit $$@ editor



AbbreviationsAbbreviations

" "bbreviations of longer words orphrases can become le%icalized

" a% Ffacsimile@" 7elly 57he ritish word for

'tele)ision(6



" Eponyms are word form proper names.

" Example: sandwich, robot, umbo

EponymsEponyms



#lends#lends

" Similar to compounds but parts ofthe words that are combined are

deleted.

" Example: smog Ffrom 'smo + fog(@,

motel Ffrom 'motor + hotel(@

)he hierarchical structure of)he hierarchical structure of



)he hierarchical structure of)he hierarchical structure of

ords represented by theords represented by the

tree diagramtree diagram

"

A word is not a simple seCuence ofA word is not a simple seCuence ofmorphemes.morphemes." -t has an internal structure as-t has an internal structure as

shown in the following treeshown in the following treediagramdiagram



TTree diagramsree diagrams

5%5%

#d6% #d6% nessness

unun #d6% #d6%

happyhappy

MorphologicalMorphological7ules7ules

9% un + happy -->9% un + happy --> #d6% #d6%

:% ad6% + ness -->:% ad6% + ness -->

5%5%

Oth t di tOther terms according to



Other terms according toOther terms according to

ord formation,ord formation," Rule producti)ityRule producti)ity

" ;ni)ersality of compounding;ni)ersality of compounding

" Suppleti)e E%ceptionSuppleti)e E%ception" E%pleti)eE%pleti)e

" AllomorphsAllomorphs" 0efaultJelsewhere0efaultJelsewhere

" omophonous morphemesomophonous morphemes"

ReduplicationReduplication

% l d ti it% l d ti it



%ule productivity%ule productivity

" =orphological Rules are :roducti)e=orphological Rules are :roducti)ebecausebecause

" 7hey can be used freely to form new7hey can be used freely to form newwords from the list of free and boundwords from the list of free and boundmorpheme.morpheme.

" Some morphemes are more producti)eSome morphemes are more producti)ethan others.than others.

"

:roducti)e morphemes E%. $able or $er:roducti)e morphemes E%. $able or $er" &ot :roducti)e morphemes&ot :roducti)e morphemes E%. DletE%. Dlet5piglet65piglet6

Universality ofUniversality of



Universality ofUniversality of

compoundingcompounding" *niversality &ompoundin%*niversality &ompoundin% is a commonis a common

and freCuent process for enlargingand freCuent process for enlargingthe )ocabulary of all language.the )ocabulary of all language.

" ExEx'' -n 7hai, the word 'cat( is m-n 7hai, the word 'cat( is mKKKKw,w,'watch( is fLn, and 'house( is bLan. 7he'watch( is fLn, and 'house( is bLan. 7heword for 'watch cat( is the compoundword for 'watch cat( is the compoundmmKKKKwfLnbLan D literally,wfLnbLan D literally,'catwatchhouse('catwatchhouse(



Suppletive E&ceptionSuppletive E&ception

" $uppletive$uppletive are treated separately inare treated separately inthe grammar, that cannot use thethe grammar, that cannot use the

regular rules of inflectionalregular rules of inflectionalmorphology to add affi%es to wordmorphology to add affi%es to wordthe e%ception.the e%ception.

" Ex'Ex' child $$@ childrenwoman $$@ women



AllomorphAllomorph

)i*erent &orm o& morphemes that hae)i*erent &orm o& morphemes that hae

the same meaningthe same meaning

e.g. ir+, il+, im+, in+ % note.g. ir+, il+, im+, in+ % not

+en, + % to ma#e to -ecome +en, + % to ma#e to -ecome

to -rightto -rightenen our mindour mind

to -ronto -ron:: the garlicthe garlic

;ero morpheme7;ero morpheme7



;ero morpheme7;ero morpheme7

default7elseheredefault7elsehere

A <ero morpheme is a morpheme8A <ero morpheme is a morpheme8consisting of no form8 that isconsisting of no form8 that isproposed in some analyses as anproposed in some analyses as anallomorphallomorph of aof a morphememorpheme that isthat isordinarily reali<ed by a morphordinarily reali<ed by a morphhaving some phonetic form!having some phonetic form!

bronbron (adj/ ' 0 1(adj/ ' 0 1 bronbron (er-/(er-/

% 2to ma#e to -ecome% 2to ma#e to -ecome bronbron (er/ 2(er/ 2dark dark (adj/ ' +en 1(adj/ ' +en 1 darkendarken (er-/(er-/

% "to ma#e to -ecome% "to ma#e to -ecome darkdark (er/ $(er/ $

http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAllomorph.htm


http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm






9omophonous9omophonous



9omophonous9omophonous

morphemesmorphemes

" HomophonesHomophones morphemes that morphemes that

sound alie but ha)e differentsound alie but ha)e differentmeanings and spellings.meanings and spellings." ExamplesExamples bear bear ,, bare bare MM plain plain ,, plane plane MM

cite cite ,, sight sight ,, site site ..

% d li ti%ed plication



%eduplication%eduplication

, Redupli!ation is

the

morphological pr

ocess by whichall or part of a

word is copied o

r duplicated

, Some examples

from Lakhota:

basebase *eduplica*eduplica

tedtedormorm

glossgloss

g+g+ gig+gig+ ,,to beto be

rustyrustybro(n-bro(n-

s./s./ s.as./s.as./ ,,to beto be (hite- (hite-

sh/sh/ shash/shash/ ,,to beto bered-red-

th0th0 thoth0thoth0 ,,to beto be

blue orblue or



2ast E$ercise2ast E$ercise

Good luc#Good luc#



A great person is anA great person is an

ordinaryordinary ho decidesho decides

to doto do

the great thing!the great thing!



*eerences*eerences

http&''en%wi3ipedia%org'wi3i'Morphemehttp&''www%uncp%edu'home'canada'wor3'caneng'

morpheme%htmhttp&''www%ling%udel%edu'arena'morphology%html

http&''e$erything:%com'inde/%pl;node<id=99?@AB

http&''www%uncp%edu'home'canada'wor3'caneng'morpheme%htm

http&''introling%ynada%com'session-C-types-of-morphemes



*eerences*eerences

http&''campus%sou%edu'Dnash'morphology%hhttp&''campus%sou%edu'Dnash'morphology%htmltml

http&''www%ling%upenn%edu'courses'all<9EEhttp&''www%ling%upenn%edu'courses'all<9EE

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