Title THE VERBAL STRUCTURE OF THE RYUKYUANLANGUACE (Part 2)

Author(s) Koki, Isamu

Citation 沖大論叢 = OKIDAI RONSO, 4(1-2): 7-27

Issue Date 1964-03-30

URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12001/10802

Rights 沖縄大学

TBE VBRBAL sm1JCTl1lOl OF TIIB RYUKYUAN L.AJfGU.ACB; (Pan 1!)

Jsamu Koki

'l'be first part of this paper (Part 1). bas been printed in the ]G1!lmlll o-f

-otoaawa Univenity. Vol. S. ·No. :L pnblished in Jaauiaty tm. In part I. I:attodeetiotJ. MGrpbp~ (A. phoilelm!S, EL ~~ Definable

. .Altemants). and ~ (A. Stem Stl'uet_,, B. V•bal Classes) have

1leen taatecl. The Table ef Ccmteats "! this paper is ai follows: INTRODUCTION

I. :MORPBOPHONEMlCS A. l'bomulll!!llil B. ~lly Defiftable Altemants

~~. MORPHIMlCS A. Stem Stru.ct1m!l!l B. Verbal Classes

c. Suffbtal ~ In. Taeticlll

A. Stracturat Type I B. StraG:tatal Type II

BIBLIOGRAPHY At>P'ENDIX

c. Suffixal ltndinp

bt tbe . R7ukruen laapap. an blflected WG1'da are fcmaed from .stems

vl'u 81'ldiflgs. aBd every emtlag ~at CIJJI8 or more suffi!Dl ~

1'BeS. Tlle suffixal~ are fuTtber suhdivilkcl late neptive, te.es. .am moo.t1 ~ Tbe mood me:rpbel!Jles am the u.mbenl that will

"be used in referrlag to them are as foltns:

1. Suaesttve a. COtimtative .1 l$pemtive (fa1:miliat') 9. •ft" QUeStiml

a. :Imperative (polite) ltl. Indkative

-'l-

4. Provisl.I!IUl n. .Mtrilimtive 5. Coaditienal 18. Emphatic

6. Optative 18. blterrogative 'l. Coaclusive 14. · . Comcessive Every inflested form ends with ay of the ~ morphemes E!lteept

when the negative morP~·(N) oonrs. The negative merpheme {N},.

iDeiftg added.~ the stem S(b), can Q(CIU' with or Withtmt .IM!ild 1110t'phe­

mes as m /f'HU-N/ 'do8s not read' am /~N·ld/ 'Doa't read.'

The negative aDd tamse ~es whieb _.before tbe mtlQd amr­phemes may 'be allecl ~1 ~ Tbe t'll\fer ef these nfftita 1 merphemes is ~ upm the 1Jtrtm11ral t)lJCi!S 11m w1dch they OOClll'.

That is, mODe type of ittfleeted ferm, a J!11!Ptive ~ e,lWaY.B pre-­

cedes tbe tense mfJI'phemes; but it1 a.ther type G! bJf1ecte4 form, a llli!P­

tive merplleme may or may not pnacede the tense merpbeme.. Tbe premo­

dal morplJemes, hGwever, an optkmal in tnat they Jdy M ~ mt eecur in a givea infleted . form.

Iri order to slmpUty my statements belew, I shall uses. to idieate the­

stem; N, tlle negative suffbt; T, &JO" tease suffix; anllf Mel, aflY mood

umpheme. TliteQ. the order of tke infleeted famn of struct't.Kal t~ I aad. type II c:aa he &Pi d by tlile folhlwiq 8lilllle\\"hat siMplified mGQhemic

fonnulae:. Inflected flllfm: (I) S :t N ±. T ± M4

(t, S ± T :t: (VI/VII) ·S (b.h) + N . ± T ±Md The foUCJWiag types of cmnbtuti0ms ef prenmdal am 11100d. marphmes bt

:elation te the stem an ·J10sslt~»Js: With S ±. · N ::tr T ± Md

S + -Md · /ynmu·N/ 'reads'

S + N /:vuma-N/ d0BS at read' S + N + Md /yu.ma-N·Kee/ "n!m' tread!'

4 The two dWetut ~j types baTe 1leea tft&ted ill tlile tactis seetl011, p. D

--s--

With

s + N + Md /yuma-N-ta-N/ 'did not read'

s + T + (VI/VIIJ -S (d,h) + N ±T ± Nd

s + T + (VI/VIIJ -S (d) + N /yu-dee-nee-N/ 'has

read'

s + T + (VI/VIIJ -S (d) + N +T + Md

/yu-dee-nee-N-ta-N/ 'had not read' S + VII-S(h) + N/magikoo-nee-N/ 'is not big'

S + VII-S(h) + N + Md

/magikoo-nee-n-i/ 'Is (it) not big?'

S + VII-S(h) + N + T + Md

/magikoo-nee-N-ta-N/ 'was not big'

a. Negation

(1) Meaning: Nagation

(2) Allomorphs: /N oo n oo zi oo zu /

/N/occurs defore L 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12 / n / occurs before 3, 11. 13

not

/ zi/ occurs only after the verb / ta- / 'be enough' and before /soo-

N/ 'is lacking.'

/zu / occurs only after the verd /kakasa-/ 'lacks' and before the

verbs, e. g., /icu-N/ 'goes' as in /kakasa-zu-icu-N/ 'goes without

missing'

Some examples of the occurence of / Noon/ are as follows:

/yuma-N-ka/ (d) N 1 'Let's not read.'

/yuma-N-kee/ S(b) N 2 'Don't read!'

/yuma-N-nee/ S(d) N 4 'when (you) don' t read'

/yuma-N-daraa/S(b) N 5 'if (you) don't read'

/yuma-N-sa/ S(b) N 7 ' (I) really don't read.'

/yuma-N-ga/ S(b) N 9 '(why) don't you) read?'

/yuma-N-te/ S(d) N 12 'No doubt (he) does not read'

/yumu-n-a/ S(b) N 3 'Don't read, will you?'

/yuma-n-u/ S(b) N 11 '(those) who don't read'

/yuma-n-i/ S(b) N 13 'Don't (you) read? '

b. Tense

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(1) Tense Morphemes. There are three tense morphemes in the

Ryukyuan language. They are {T 0 a} 'past,' {T 0 ee} 'perfect,' and

{T 0 00} 'progressive.' The tense morphemes can occur, singly or in com­

bination. The p2.st and progressive morphemes, {T 0 a} and {T0 oo} occur

only once in a given compounded form, but the perfect morpheme {T0 ee}

may occcur doubly or trebly. {T oa} occurs only finally, and {T 0 00}

ccurs only initially, while {Toe:=} can occur initially, medially, and

finally in a compounded form. The progressive morpheme {T 0 00} however,

does not occur after verbal classes VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X. Also, it does

not occur with the negative morpheme, whereas both {T 0 a} and {T 0 ee}

do occur with the negative morpheme.

(a) Past Morpheme {T oa} .- Allomorphs: /T oa oo ta oo T oi oo ti/

/ T oa/: before 4,5, 7, 9. 10 when after I-X -S(f) / S (g)

/T oi/: before 12. 13, when after I-X -S(f) /S (g) 5

/ta/: before 4, 5, 7, 9. 10 elsewhere

/ ti/: before 12. 13 elsewher 5

The allomorphs /T oa/ and /T oi/ have the iollowing submembers

which are automatically selected by S ( f) and S (g) of each verbal class:

T o.a

da v ca, v ja

sa

ta

Toi

di

Ci X. Jl

si

ti

(Rule 7)

(Rule 8)

(Rule 9)

(Rule 10) (Rule 11)

Examples of the past tense morpheme {Toa} are given below:

with/Toa/

/ka-ta-raa/ II-s (f) Toa 5 'If (you) wrote'

/ yuu-sa-N/ Ill-s (f) Toa 10 '(you) did well., v

/ Kuu-ja-N/ IV-S(f) T,a 10 'rowed'

/uki-ta-N/ V-S(f) T oa 10 'got up'

with/Toi/

--- -·--· - ·-·---- - ------5

i.e., Tooo, To<:>e, N, I-V -S(e).

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/yu-di-yi/

/ka--~i-yi/ /yuu-si-N/

/koo-ti-N/

-with/ta/

/yamu-ta-N/

/ucu-ta-N/

/su-ta-N/ v

/nuju-ta-N/

with/ti/

/numu~ti-yi/

1-S(f) - Toa

11-S(f) - T oa

111-S(f)- T oa

V-S(f) T oa

1-S(e)

Il-S(e)

III-S(e) -

IVS-(e)

I-S(e) -

13 'Did (you) call?'

13 'Did (you) write?'

14 'even though (you) did well'

14 'even though (you) bought'

10"

10

10

10

13

'felt pain then'

'was putting then'

'was doing then'

'was taking out then'

'was (he) drinking then 9'

/ kacu-ti-yi/ 11-S(e) - Toa 13 'was (he) writing then?'

/su-ti-yi/ III-S(e) - T oa 13 'was (he) doing then?'

/u-ti-N/ V-S(e) - T 0 a 14 ·'even if (you) sell'

(b) perfect Morpheme(T0 ee}.- Allomorphs: / Toee oo tee/.

/T 0 ee/ occurs after 1-X-S(f) /S(g) / tee/ occurs elsewhere, i.e., after I-V-S(e), (Tooo}, (Toee}, {N}.

/T oee/ occurs only before the mood suffixes 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12. 13.

Examples:

with/Toee/

/tanu-dee-inee/ I-S(f) T oee - 4 /Ka-cee-raa/ II-S(f) T oee 5

/yuu-see-N/ III-S(f)- Toee 10 v

/tu-jee-N/ IV-S(f)- Toee 10

-with/tee/

when (he) has asked'

'if (you) have written'

'(You)have done well.'

'(I) have polished.

/yumu-tee-N/ I-S(e) - T 0 ee - 10 '(I) wold read, if ... .'

/yu-dee-tee-N/ I-S(f) - T 0 ee - 10 'would have been reading'

(c) Progressive Morpheme {T0 oo}.- Allomorph: /T0 00/.

/Tooo/ occurs after I, II, III, IV, V -S(f)and befor before the mood

suffixes 2, 4, 5, 5-6, 7, 9, 10, 10-11, 10-12, etc. Examples:

/yu-doo-ka/ I-S(f) - T 0 00 1 'Let us start reading'

/ka-coo-kee/

/ uki-too-raa/

/nu-too-N/

II-S(f) -IV-S(f) -

V-S(f) -

T 0 00

T 0 00

T 0 00

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2 'Continue to write!'

5 'if (he) is still awoke'

10 'is painting'

(2) Tense-aspect system. The tense-aspect system of the Ryukyuan_

verb anb adjective is divided into two parts: incomplete tense formation_

and complete tense formation. Incomplete tense formations consist of a

stem S(e) plus tense morphemes or a combination of the tense morphe-­

mes. Complete tense formations consist of a stem S (f) or S (g) plus the

tense morphemes or a combination of the tense morphemes.

All possible tense-aspect formations in this language are indicated_

as follows:

THE TENSE-ASPECTS OF THE RYUKYUAN LANGUAGE

Tense---

~Nan-Past

I Incomplete past

- Incomplete--- - Incomplete past perfect S(e) I Conditional perfect

Complete---­S(f),S(g)

lConditional past perfect

Present progressive

Present perfect

Preterit

Immediate preterit perfect

Distant preterit perfect

Immediate preterit progressive

Distant preterit progressive

Conjectura 1 perfect

Conjectural past perfect

Coniectural progressive

Ccnjectural past progressive

(a) Incomplete Tenses.- The incomplete tenses are (i) non-past, (ii) in­

complete past, (iii) incomplete past perfect, (iv) conditional perfect, (V)

conditional past perfect.

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Incomplete past tense denotes a past action continuing for some time,

a habitual or incomplete action when another action began. These exam­

ples have been shown on page 11.

(iii) Incomplete past perfect. The occurrence of the incomplete past perfect

tense is limited to mood morphemes such as 13 and 14. It consists of

S (e) + {T 0 ee} + {T 0 a}. For example:

/ yumu-tee-ti-yi/ S(e) 13 'Were you going to read at that time?'

/yumu-tee-ti-N/ S(e) - {T0 ee} {Toa} 14

'even though (you) intended to read'

Incomplete past perfect denotes a past action seen as incomplete in

the past but as complete as far as the present is concerned.

(iv) Con.ditional perfect. Conditional perfect denotes a fancied or unrealized

state. The speaker's intention is indicated for some conditions as yet

realized. It consists of S(e) + {T0 ee} . Some examples are:

/ yumu-tee-ree/ S(e) T 0 ee 5 'if you had a desire to read'

/yumu-tee-N/ S(e) T 0 ee 10 '(I) would read (it), if ;.:

/ yumu-tee-N-te/ S(e) T 0 ee 12 'No doubt, (I) would read,

if ... '

(v) Conditional past perfect. Conditional past perfect denotes an unreal

past (a supposition againtstapast). It consists of S(e)+{T0 ee}+{T0 ee}.

/yumu-tee~tee-N/ S(e) - T 0 ee - Toee - 10

'(He) must have wanted to read.'

/yuma-N-tee-tee-N/ S(e) - N - T 0 ee - T oee 10

'(He) must not have read (it).'

(b) Complete Tenses Complete tenses consist of (i) present progres­

sive, (ii) present perfect, (iii) preterit, (iv) . immediate prepreterit perfect,

(v) distant preterit perfect, (vi) immediate preterit progressive, (vii)

distant preterit progressive, (viii) conjectural perfect, (ix) conjectural past

perfect, (x) conjectural progressive, and (xi) conjectural past progressive.

(i) Present progressive. Progressive consists of S(f) plus a progressive

tense morpheme {T 0 00}. The present progressive denotes a continuation

of an action, or sometimes a completion of action. Some examples are as

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follows:

/hGku-doo-ka/ I-S(f) - T 0 00 - 1 'Let's continue to carry!

/ka-~oo-kee / II-S(f) - T 0 00 - 2 'keep writing!'

/oo-too-N/ V-S(f) - T 0 00 - 10 'is fighting'

The Progressive morpheme {T0 00}, however, sometimes indicates an

emotional state, with semantically emotional words such as /yuru­

kub-/ 'enjoys; /uduruk-/ 'fears.' For example:

/yuruku-doo-N/ I-S(f) - T 0 00 - 10 'is pleased'

/uduru-coo-N/ II-S(f) - T 0 00 - 10 'is surprised'

(ii) Present perfect consists of S(f) or S(g) plus a perfect tense morpheme

{T0 ee}. Present Perfect denotes a completion or fulfillment of an action

or a state. Some examples are:

/u-tee-N/ V-S(f) ~ Toee - 10 'has sold out'

. /curasa-tee-N/ IX-S(f)- T oee - 10 'has been pretty'

(iii) Preterit consists of S(f) or S(g) plus a past tense morpheme {T0 a}.

It denotes a single and completed action or state. Examples of the

preterit have been given on page 10. (iv) Immediate preterit p3rfect consistes of S(f) or S(g) plus {T0 ee}

followed by {T0 a}. It denotes an action or a state fulfilled before

preterit. For e.xample:

/tanu-dee-ta-N/ IS(f) - Toee - T o a - 10 'had asked'

/noo-cee-ta-N/ II-S(f) - T 0 ee - Toa - 10 'had mended'

/ misi-tee-ta-N/ V-S(f)- Toee - Toa - 10 'had shown'

/ yaQsa-tee-ti-N/ X-S(g) - T oee Toa - 14 'even if (it) had

been easy'

(v) Distant preterit perfect consists of S(f) or S(g) + (T 0 ee} + {T0 a}.

It denotes an action or a sate prior to that indicated by the immediate

preterit ~rfect. For example:

/yu-dee-tee-ta-N / 1-S(f) - T 0 ee - Toee - To a - 10

'had already read'

/noo-cee-tee-ti-yi/ ll-S(f) - T oee - T oee - Toa - 13

'Had (he) already mened?'

/magisa-tee-tee-ti-N/IX-S(g) - Toee - Toee - Toa - 14 ·even if (it) had been big'

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{vi) Immediate preterit progressive consists of S(f) + {T0 oo} + {T0 a}.

It denotes a continuation or a state of action in the past. For example:

. /tu-doo-ta-N/ I-S(f) T 0 00 T oa. 10 'was flying'

/na-~oo-ta-N/ II-S(f) - T 0 00 T 0 a 10 'was crying'

/yuu-sod'-ta-N/ III-S(f)- Tooo T 0 8, 10 'was doing well'

/u-too-ta-N/ V-S(f) - T 0 oo T 0 a 10 'was selling' {vii) Distant preterit progressive consists of S(f) + {T oOO} + {T oeel

+ {T0 a}. The distant progressive denotes a continuation or a state of

action prior to that indicated by the preterit. Some examples are:

/ asi-doo-tee-ti-N/ I-S(f)- T 0 00 - T 0 ee- T 0 a- 14

'even if (you) had been playing'

/ uki-too-tee-ti-N/ III-S(f)- T 0 00- Toee- Toa - 14

'even if (you) had been awoke'

{viii) Conjectural perfect consists of S(f) or S(g)+ {T0 ee} + {T0 ee} . It

denotes a doubtful description of an action or a state in the past (as

viewed from the present). For example:

/ ku-dee-tee-N/ I-S(f) - T 0 ee - 10

v /hu-cee-tee-N/

'It seems that (she) ha.d carried (water).'

II-S(f) - Toee - Toee - 10 1It seems that (he) has wiped.'

/magisa-tee-teeN/ IX-S(g) - T 0 ee - T 0 ee - 10

'It seems that (it) has been big.'

{ix) Conjectural past perfect consists of S(f) or S(g) + {T0 ee} + {T 0 ee}

+ {T 0 ee}. Conjectural past perfect denotes an action or descrption prior

to that indicated in conjectural perfect. For example:

/yu-dee-tee-tee-N/ I-S(f) T 0 ee - T oee - Toee - 10

'It seems that (he) had played.' v

/ nu-jee-tee-tee-N/ IV-S(f)- T 0 ee - Toee - Toee 10

'It seems that (he) had taken out.'

{X) Conjectural Progressive consists of S(f) + {T ooo} + (T oeel. It

denotes a continuation, or a description of doubtful action in the past.

Some examples are given as follows:

/ a-doo-tee-N/ I-S(f) - Tooo - T oee - 10

'seems to have been knitting'

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/ Ci-coo-tee-N/ 10 'Seems to have heard'

(xi) Conjectural past progressive consists of S(f) + {T0 00} + {T0 ee} + {T a eel. It denotes a continuation, a completion, or a description of an.

action prior to that indicated by the conjectural progressive. For example:

/ aka-doo-tee-tee-N/ I-S(f) - T 0 00 - Taee - Taee 10 'It seems that (it) had reddened.'

v /isu-joo-tee-tee-N/ IV-S(f) - T 0 00 - Taee - T 0 ee 10

'It seems that (he) had been in hurry.'

2. Mood Morphemes

The Ruykyuan language has fourteen mood morphemes. Nine of these·

occur immediately following the stems, four others occur only after pre­

modal morphemes or with an indicative mood morpheme in a linked form,

and the rema.ining optative morpheme can occur only after a conditional

morpheme in a linked form, such as / ree-ya/ (2-6) .

(1) Suggestive Morpheme {Raa}. Meaning: a suggestive (such

as 'Let' s do so and so.) Allomorphs: /kaooRaa/

/Raa/ after (I-VI) -S (a)

/ka/ only after a negative {N} and {T0 00}

Some examples are:

/ yum-a/ I-S (a) - 1

/kak-a/ II-S (a) -1

/wuu-too-ka/ VI-S (a)

/sa-N-ka/ Ill-S (a) N

'Let's read.'

'Let's write.'

1 'Let's be here.'

1 'Let's not do (it) '

(2) Imperative Morpheme {Raeel. Meaning: a familiar command or

request. Allomorphs: / Raioo Raee ooki ookee/

/Rai/ can occur before the other imperative morpheme {wa}

(polite) where / Raee/ cannot occur. /ki/ and /kee/ occur after

a negative morpheme {N} and {T0 0D} but only / ki/ can take {wa}. For

example:

/uta-ri/ or /uta-ree/ V-S (a) - 2 'Sing!'

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/uta-ri-wa/ V-S (a) 2-3 'Sing, please.'

/kak-i/ or /kak-ee/II-S (a) 2 'Write!'

/kak-i-wa/ II-S (a) 2-3 'Write, please!'

/sa-N-ki/ or /sa-N-kee/III-S (a) -N -2 'Don't do (it) '' /sa-N-ki-wa/ Ill-S (a) - N -2-3 'Don't do (it), please!'

(3) Imperative Morpheme {wa}. Meaning: a polite command or

r-.=quest. Allomorphs /waoo a/. / a/ occurs only after a negative mor­

pheme {N}. / wa/ occurs elsewhere. For example:

/mutu-wa/ li-S (c) 3 'Please have (it) .'

/mutu-n-a/

/ukiru-wa/

II-S (c) - N

V-S (c) - 3 3

/ ukiru-n-a/ V-S (c) - N - 3

'Please don't have (it) '

'Please get u.p.'

'Please don't get up.'

(4) Provisional Morpheme {nee}. Meaing: stipulation of an actual

condition; 'when it is so and so', 'provided that,' etc. Allomorphs: /nee

co inee/. /nee/ occurs only after a negative morpheme {N}. /inee/

occurs elsewhere, e.g., after S (d) . For example:

/ hataraka-N-nee/ II-S (d) N - 4 'when (you) do not work'.

/hatarati-inee/

/uki-ta-inee/

II-S (d) - 4 'when (you) work'

V-S (f) - T 0 00 - 4 . 'when (I) got up'

(5) Conditional morpheme {Roaa}. Meaning: stipulation of a

hy-pothetical condition; 'if.' Allomorphs: / Roaa oo daraa/ . /daraa/ occurs

only after the negative morpheme {N}. /raa/ occurs elsewhere, e.g.,

after S (e) , (T 0 00}, {1' oa}, {T0 ee}. For example.

/yumu-raa/ I-S (e) 5 'if (you) read'

/yuma-N-daraa/ I-S (b) - N 5 'if (you) don't read'

/ yu-doo-raa/ I-S (f) T 0 00 5 'if (you) are reading'

/ yu-da-raa/ I-S (f) Toa 5 'if (yu) read' (past)

/yu-dee-raa/ I-S (f) T 0 ee 5 'if (you) have read'

(6) Optative Morpheme(ya}. Meaning: wish, desire. The optative

mood morpheme occurs after the conditional morpheme in a linked form.

For example:

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/yamu-ree-ya/ I-S (e) .. - 2-6 '(I) hope it stops raining.'

/ya-doo-ree-ya / I-S (f) - T 0 00 2-6 '(I) hope it has stopped.'

/ka-~ee-ree-ya/ li-S (f) - Toee - 2-6 '(I)hope(he) has written.'

(7) Conclusive Morpheme (sa) . Meaning: emphasis on predica­

tion. Conclusive morpheme has the sole allomorph /sa/ . The morpheme

{sa} occurs affter the stem S (e) and S (g), and also occurs after a

negative morpheme {N}. For example:

/hamayi-sa/ V-S(e)- 7 '(I) am sure to work bard.'

/Citu-sa/ II-S(e)- 7 '(I) surely listen to .. .'

/tika-N-sa/ II-S(b)- N - 7 '(I) rea1ly don't listen to . .'

/Curasa-sa/ IX-S(g)- 7 'is rez.lly beautiful'

(8) Continuative Morpheme {Y 0 agaGii) . Meaning: a continu&tive

action or state which occurs in conjunction with some other action (while,

as) . Allomorphs: /Y 0 aga.cii oo gutuu/. /gutuu/ occurs only after a

negative morpheme {N}. / Y oaga~ii/, which is in in free variation with

/Y 0 aganaa/, occurs elsewhere, e.g., after S(a). For example:

/ koo-yagacii/or/ koo-yaganaa/ V-S(a) - 8 'while (I) am buying'

/yum-agacii/or/ yum-aganaa/ I-S (a) - 8 'while (I) am reading'

/yuma-N-gutuu/ I-S(b)- N- 8 'without reading,

.(~) "Wh" Question. Meaning: question ('who1 what, why, where'

when, how,' etc.). The stem selected by (ga} is S(e), and S(g). It also

occurs after a: negative (N} and tense morphemes {T0 a}, {T0 oo}, {T0 ee).

Some examples are:

{taaga) + / yurriu-ga/

(nuN~i) + /yu-da-ga/

I-S(e)

I-S(f)

6 '(Who) will read?'

T 0 a-9 '(Why)did you read?'

.00) Indicative Morpheme{N}. Meaning: predication of an action

or a state wh.ich is concerned with time. Allomorphs: / m oo n/.

/ m/: only before 13. /n/: only before 11; /N/: elsewhere. For example:

/ka.Gu-m-i/ II-S(e) 10 13 'Do (you') write?'

/kaGu-n-u/ II-S(e) 10 11 '(those) who write'

/kacu-N/ II-S(e) 10 'writes'

/kacu-N-te/ II-S(e) 12 'No doubt, (I) will write.'

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(ll)Attributive Morpheme {u}. Meaning: attribution of an action

-or quality to the noun. Allomorph: /u/.

/asibu-n-u/ I-S(e) - 10 - 11 '(those) who play'

/asi-da-n-u/ I-S(f) - T oa - 10 11 ' (those) who played'

/kaka-n-u/ II-S(b)- N - 11 ' (those) who don't play'

(12) Emphatic Morpheme {te}. Meaning: emphasis on predication

('no doubt'). Allomorph: /te/. Emphatic morpheme {te} occurs only after

the negative {N} and the indicative {N}. For example:

/koo-tee-N-te/ V-S(f) - T 0 ee - 10 'No doubt. (he) has bought.'

/ura-N-te/ V-S(b) - N - 12 'No doubt, (he) wiU not sell.'

(13) Interrogative Morpheme{Yoil. Meaning: question. Allomorphs:

/yi oo i/. /yi/: only after a stem S (b) and a past tense morpheme

{T0 a}; i.e., /ti/. /i/, elsewhere. For example:

/yuba-yi/ I-S (b) 13 'Shall (I) call?'

/yubu-m-i/ I-S (e) 10 13 'May (I) call (him) ?' /yuba-n-i/ I-S (b) 13 'Don 't (you) call (him) ?'

/ yu-di-yi/ I-S (f) - T 0 a - 13 'Did you call (him) ?'

(14) Concessive Morpheme {N}. Meaning: stipulation of a

.conceded condition ('even though,' 'even to do,' 'also,' etc.) . Allomorph:

/N/. Concessive morpheme occurs after S (d) , S (f) or after nouns. For

-example:

/yumi-N/ I-S (d)

/yu-di-N/ I-S (f)

/umiN/ noun

/kuri-N/ noun

14 'even to read'

14 'even if (you) read'

14 'also the sea'

14 jalso this'

CHAPTER II

TACTICS

(past)

Tactically, two types of inflected forms are treated independently,

structural type I and structural type II.

1. Structural Type I

Structural type I is characterized by (1) the absence of VI-S(b) and

·vn-S(b) as an auxiliary function in negating a given inflected form;

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(2) the order of the position of tense morphemes is fixed, e.g., tense

morphemes never precede a negative morpheme {N}; (3) all the forms

occurring in this type are the inflected single verbal construction.

2. Structural Tybe ll

Structural type II is characterized by (1) the presence of VI-S(b) and

VII-S(b) as an auxiliary function in negating a given infiected form;

(2) the order of morphemes is not fixed, e.g., tense morpheme may precede

a negative morpheme {Ni; (3) all the forms occurring in this t:y-pe are

not single inflected verbal constructions, but rather a verb phrase construc­

tion.

The occurrence of morpheme sequence in these two structural types is.

shown on the following pages. The symbols used in the tables are as.

follows:

s S(x)

S(a-d)

(X/Y)

(X) N

Tl

T2

T3

+

any verbal stem

a stem alternant (x)

stem alternants, (a, b, c, d)

choice of X or Y

choice of X is optional.

a negative morpheme {N}

progressive (T 0 oO}

perfect {T oee}

past {Toa}

the occurrences of mood morphemes in appropriate

slots

Numerals (I - X) : verbal classes

Numerals (I -14) : mood morphemes

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