week 1 - morphemes and words (revised)

English Grammar Course English Grammar Course

Chapter I

Elements of grammar

IssuesIssues

1. Introduction to Grammar

2. Morphemes and Words

3. Ways of word formation

4. Parts of speech

5. Parts of a sentence

6. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Introduction to GrammarIntroduction to Grammar

GrammarGrammar

In global senseIn global sense

In narrow senseIn narrow sense

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GrammarGrammar



• equals competence, a body of knowledge that a

native speaker has about his/her language which

enables him/her to speak and understand it.

• includes word and sentence structure rules,

pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,

and discourse organization rules.

• equals competence, a body of knowledge that a

native speaker has about his/her language which

enables him/her to speak and understand it.

• includes word and sentence structure rules,

pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,

and discourse organization rules.

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GrammarGrammar



• refers only to the information of the word and sentence

structures.

• consists of morphology, the study of words and word

formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses,

and sentences.

• refers only to the information of the word and sentence

structures.

• consists of morphology, the study of words and word

formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses,

and sentences.

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Morphemes and WordsMorphemes and Words

discourse

sentence

phrase

word

morpheme

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Morphemes and WordsMorphemes and Words

discourse

sentence

phrase

word

morpheme

I actually felt tired of sitting doing nothing. And I hated enjoying the unemployment benefit. I found myself useless. Then I decided to look for a job.

I found myself useless.

hated enjoying

hated,

enjoying

enjoy,

-ing

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Lexical item – meaning

LEXICAL ITEMLEXICAL ITEM = A basic unit of meaning …

• A single word

(E.g.: man, boy)• Less than a word

(E.g.: terr in terror)• More than one word

(E.g.: to rain dogs and cats)

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Lexical item – meaning

LEXICAL ITEMLEXICAL ITEM MEANINGMEANING&

Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship.

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Morpheme - Word

MORPHEMEMORPHEME = A minimal meaningful unit

E.g.: re/try

boy/s

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2

Morpheme - Word

WORDWORD = An independent meaningful unit.

E.g.: try

boy

turn

return

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Occurrence

Types

Free

(words)

Bound

(affixes)

Grammatical Function words:

prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions....

inflectional

(suffixes)

Lexical Content words:

Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives

derivational (prefixes, suffixes)

Types of morphemes 27/2

Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes

Inflectional vs. Derivational morphemes

modify the meaning of an item but not change its parts of

speech.

can change meaning of the stem and typically, they

change the part of speech.

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are changes in words to express their semantic and

syntactic relationships to other words in the sentence.

E.g.: ‘s’ in ‘Bush says’ indicates the present tense and the subject is third person and singular.

indicate semantic relationships within words.

E.g.: the morpheme ‘ful’ in ‘beautiful’ has no connection with other morphemes beyond the word.

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are regularly distributed. They occur with all or most

members of a word class.

E.g.: ‘s’ (3rd person singular present) occurs with most verbs.

do not occur across whole classes.

E.g.: not all verbs take the derivational suffix ‘al’ as refuse, propose.

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typically occur away from the root.

E.g.: the plural morpheme ‘s’ occurs at the end of a word, after all other morphemes.

occur close to the root, before inflectional morphemes.

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-s: 3rd person singular present

-ed: past tense

-ing: present participle

-en: past participle

-s: Plural

-s: possessive

-er:comparative

-est: superlative

There are a large number of derivational morphemes, which can be prefixes or

suffixes.

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Prefixation:Prefixation: adding a prefix to the base

E.g.: Non-stop

Predict

Morphological processes of word formation

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3

Suffixation:Suffixation: adding a suffix to the base

E.g.: Economist

Grammatical


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3

Conversion: Conversion: a change of word-classes without affix.

E.g.: Import (n), (v)

Abstract (n), (adj)


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3

Compounding: Compounding: word formation from two or more bases.

E.g. Greenhouse effect

Desktop computer


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3

Clipping: Clipping: shortening a word

E.g.: Phone from telephone

Photo from photograph

Flu from influenza


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3

Reduplication: Reduplication: word formation from two or more either identical or slightly different elements.

E.g.: Goody-goody

Tick-tock

Seesaw

Wishy-washy

Tip-top


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3

Blending: Blending: word formation from two separate forms.

E.g.: Motel from motor and hotel

Smog from smoke and fog.


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3

Acronym:Acronym: word formation from initial letters of a series of words.

E.g.: TV from television

FAQ from frequently

asked question.


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3

OthersOthers CoinageCoinage

BorrowingBorrowing


BackformationBackformation

Sound + stress interchangeSound + stress interchange

Sound imitationSound imitation

E.g.: aspirinE.g.: aspirin

E.g.: boss, pianoE.g.: boss, piano

E.g.: opt (option)E.g.: opt (option)

E.g.: conductE.g.: conduct

E.g.: kiwiE.g.: kiwi

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Parts of speechParts of speech


Closed systemClosed system Open classOpen class

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4

• comprises functional words such as

articles, demonstratives, pronouns

prepositions, conjunctions, and

interjections

• comprises functional words such as

articles, demonstratives, pronouns

prepositions, conjunctions, and

interjections

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4

Features:

• unextendable number of members

• reciprocally exclusive

• reciprocally defining

• unstressed in spoken language

Features:

• unextendable number of members

• reciprocally exclusive

• reciprocally defining

• unstressed in spoken language

3/4




4

• comprises notional/ lexical words

such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and

adverbs

• comprises notional/ lexical words

such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and

adverbs

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4

Features:

• extendable number of members

• combinability

• having certain syntactic functions

• stressed words in spoken language

Features:

• extendable number of members

• combinability

• having certain syntactic functions

• stressed words in spoken language

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Parts of a sentenceParts of a sentence


SubjectSubject PredicatePredicate

5

OperatorOperator

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5

OperatorOperatorWhat is being discussed – theme.

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle

every day.

What is being discussed – theme.


every day.

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5

OperatorOperator

What is being said about the subject – rheme.


every day.

What is being said about the subject – rheme.


every day.

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5

OperatorOperatorWhat helps to change a sentence into:

- interrogative

E.g.: Do her parents visit her every day?

- negative

E.g.: Her parents do not visit her every day.

- emphatic

E.g.: Her parents do visit her every day.

What helps to change a sentence into:

- interrogative

E.g.: Do her parents visit her every day?

- negative

E.g.: Her parents do not visit her every day.

- emphatic

E.g.: Her parents do visit her every day.

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5

OperatorOperator

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Lexical verbsLexical verbs

AuxiliariesAuxiliariesPrimaryPrimary

ModalModal

• include BE & HAVEE.g.: I am a student and I have a part-time job.• include BE & HAVEE.g.: I am a student and I have a part-time job.

• include BE & HAVE E.g.: I am cooking.

• include BE & HAVE E.g.: I am cooking.• include will, shall, should, can, might, etc. E.g.: I can cook.

• include will, shall, should, can, might, etc. E.g.: I can cook.


Sentence elementsSentence elements

5

SubjectSubject

VerbVerb

ObjectObject

ComplementComplement

AdverbialAdverbial

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5

SubjectSubject

VerbVerb

ObjectObject


AdverbialAdverbial

Intensive

Extensive

+ Cs (1)

+ A (obli)(2)

intransitive(3)

transitive

mono-transitive (4)

di-transitive (5)

complex-transitive (6,7)

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5

SubjectSubject

VerbVerb

ObjectObject


AdverbialAdverbial

He is lovely. SVCs (1)intensive

He is out of the office. SVA (obli) (2)

He is crying. SV (3) intransitive extensive

He broke the vase. SVO (4) transitive

He sent me an e-mail. SVOO (5)

He found the play boring.

SVOCo (6)

He put the vase on the table.

SVOA (obli) (7)

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5

SubjectSubject

VerbVerb

ObjectObject


AdverbialAdverbial

Stative

Dynamic

Not progressive form

Progressive form

E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very

good.

E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very

good.

E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked. E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked.

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5

SubjectSubject

VerbVerb

ObjectObject


AdverbialAdverbial

indirect (Oi)

direct (Od)

E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od).E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od).

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5

SubjectSubject

VerbVerb

ObjectObject


AdverbialAdverbial

E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs)

considers me his best friend (Co).

E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs)

considers me his best friend (Co).

Object Complement (Co)

Subject Complement (Cs)

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5

SubjectSubject

VerbVerb

ObjectObject


AdverbialAdverbial

E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday. (Aopt)

His birthday is on Tuesday. (A obli)

E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday. (Aopt)

His birthday is on Tuesday. (A obli)

obligatory

optional

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Types of phrases, clauses, sentencesTypes of phrases, clauses, sentences

SyntaxSyntax

PhrasePhrase ClauseClause

6

SentenceSentence

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SyntaxSyntax


6

SentenceSentence

Adverb phraseAdverb phrase

Adjective phraseAdjective phrase

Verb phraseVerb phrase

Noun phraseNoun phrase

Prepositional phrasePrepositional phrase

E.g.: All these books are mine.E.g.: All these books are mine.

E.g.: John has been looking for Jane.E.g.: John has been looking for Jane.

E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man.E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man.

E.g.: He ran quite fast.E.g.: He ran quite fast.

E.g.: He’s lecturing on the new technology.E.g.: He’s lecturing on the new technology.

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SyntaxSyntax


6

SentenceSentence

In terms of Clause’s elements & verb patterns


In terms of kinds of verb phrases


In terms of functions of the clause


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SyntaxSyntax


6

SentenceSentence







• SVA: John is at home

• SVCs: John is a doctor.

• SVO: John has cured many serious patients.

• SVOO: He gives his patients the same

prescription.

• SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file.

• SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish.

• SV: He’s going out.

• SVA: John is at home

• SVCs: John is a doctor.

• SVO: John has cured many serious patients.

• SVOO: He gives his patients the same

prescription.

• SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file.

• SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish.

• SV: He’s going out.

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SyntaxSyntax


6

SentenceSentence







• Finite clause

E.g.: He took her out of the blue.• Non-finite clause

E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents. • Verbless clause

E.g.: If possible, come to see us.

• Finite clause

E.g.: He took her out of the blue.• Non-finite clause

E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents. • Verbless clause

E.g.: If possible, come to see us.

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SyntaxSyntax


6

SentenceSentence






In terms of functions of the clause• Subordinate

• Superordinate

E.g.: She said that you hit her first.

subordinate

superordinate

• Subordinate

• Superordinate

E.g.: She said that you hit her first.

subordinate

superordinate

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SyntaxSyntax


6

SentenceSentence

Complex compoundComplex compound

ComplexComplex

CompoundCompound

SimpleSimpleE.g.: All these books are mine.E.g.: All these books are mine.

E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking.E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking.

E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in the London workshop. E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in the London workshop.

E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes and looked at the stranger.

E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes and looked at the stranger.

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week 1 - morphemes and words (revised)

Documents

speech open

sentencessyntaxphrase

clauses elements

object complement

morphological

spoken language

verb patterns

4closed system