mi-swaco - drilling_solutions_catalog 2008

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2008 Catalog

DRILLING SOLUTIONS

Table of Contents

We Are M-I SWACO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

S I M U L A T I O N S O F T W A R E

PRESSPRO RT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8VIRTUAL CF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

D R I L L I N G - F L U I DS Y S T E M S A N DA D D I T I V E S

DRILPLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12GLYDRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14NOVA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16PARALAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18RHELIANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20SAGDRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22SILDRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24ULTRADRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26WARP Advanced Fluids Technology. . . . . . 28DURATHERM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30ECOGREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31ENVIROTHERM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31ENVIROVERT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32K-MAG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33PARADRIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33PARATHERM/VERSATHERM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34POLY-PLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35TRUDRIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35VERSACLEAN/VERSADRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Drilling-Fluid Systems and Additives Listing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

A L P I N E S P E C I A L T YC H E M I C A L S

ALPINE DRILL BEADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42ALPINE DRILL BEADS RECOVERY UNIT . . . . . . 44BLACK FURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46CELL-U-SEAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48CLEAN SPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50FORM-A-SQUEEZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52PA-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54QUICK SLIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56SACK BLACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58ALPINE TRACER BEADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

H D D M I N I N G A N DW A T E R W E L L

N E W - T E C H N O L O G YD R I L L I N GDRILPLEX HDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63MAX BORE HDD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64MAX GEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

POLYPAC R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66POLYPAC UL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67ROD EASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69PLATINUM PAC UL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70KLA-GUARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71FLO-PLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

H D D P R O D U C T SDRILPLEX HDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73DUO-TEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75POLY-PLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76POLY-PLUS LV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77POLY-PLUS RD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80PLATINUM PAC UL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81PLATINUM D-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82MAX BORE HDD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83MAX GEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84ROD EASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Lost-Circulation Materials (LCM) . . . . . . . . 86

M I N I N G P R O D U C T SMAX GEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88POLY-PLUS 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89POLY-PLUS EHV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90POLY-PLUS RD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92POLYPAC R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94POLYSWELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95RINGFREE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96ROD EASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97THREAD BOND Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98TUBE LUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

W A T E R W E L L P R O D U C T SLost-Circulation Materials (LCM). . . . . . . 100POLY-PLUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101SUPERFOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102SUPERFOAM AF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103SUPER PLUG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104MAX GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106PLATINUM PAC UL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107SMOOTH GROUT 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108SMOOTH GROUT 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109GOPHER GROUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110KWIK-PLUG Fine & Micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarse. . . . . . . . . . 112

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N S F C E R T I F I E DP R O D U C T SGEL SUPREME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113GOPHER GROUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114KWIK-PLUG Fine & Micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarse. . . . . . . . . . 116PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117PLATINUM PAC UL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118POLY-PLUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119POLY-PLUS 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120POLY-PLUS EHV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121SMOOTH GROUT 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122SMOOTH GROUT 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123SMOOTH GROUT THERMAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124TACKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125MAX GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126RINGFREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127M-I GEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

R I G - E Q U I P M E N TE N G I N E E R I N G

Integrated Package Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . 130

S O L I D S C O N T R O L

S O L I D S - C O N T R O LS Y S T E M SSolids-Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

M U D M I X I N GMud-Mixing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

S H A K E R SMEERKAT PT Shale Shaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133MONGOOSE PT Linear- and Dual-Motion Shaker. . . . . . . 134BEM-650 Shale Shaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

M U D C L E A N E R SHigh-Volume Mud Cleaners . . . . . . . . . . . 136

C E N T R I F U G E S414 CENTRIFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137518 CENTRIFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138CD-500 CENTRIFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139CD-600 CENTRIFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

F L U I D S P R O C E S S I N GS Y S T E M ( F P S ) FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM (FPS) . . . . . . . . 141

C U T T I N G S T R A N S P O R TA N D H A N D L I N G

CLEANCUT Cuttings Collection. . . . . . . . . . 142VACUUM COLLECTION SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . 143VERTI-G Cuttings Dryer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144VERTI-G Low-Profile Cuttings Dryer . . . . 145

O I L F I E L D S C R E E N SXR MESH for Shale Shaker Screens . . . . . 146DURAFLO Composite Screens . . . . . . . . . . . 147HIFLO Replacement Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . 148

W A S T E I N J E C T I O NWaste Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150WI Training Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

C U T T I N G S T R E A T M E N TThermal Desorption Technologies . . . . . 152Thermal Desorption: Hammermill . . . . 153Thermal Desorption: Rotary Kiln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Thermal Desorption: FOx System Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L

D - G A S S E R SHorizontal D-GASSER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Vertical D-GASSER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Compact Vacuum D-GASSER . . . . . . . . . . . 158CD-1400 Centrifugal D-GASSER. . . . . . . . . 159

M U D / G A SS E P A R A T O R SMUD/GAS SEPARATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160SUPER MUD/GAS SEPARATOR (SMGS) . . . . 161TOGA System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

D I S C - T Y P E C H O K E SStandard Chokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163ESUPERCHOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

S H U T T L E C H O K E SAUTOCHOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

C H O K E C O N S O L E SStandard Choke Consoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

P R E S S U R E &F L U I D M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M ( P F M S )PRESSURE & FLUID MANAGEMENTSYSTEM (PFMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

R I G I N S T R U M E N T A T I O NSG-SMART Data-Acquisition System . . . 168

Solutions that make history — every dayM-I SWACO* has achieved a posi-

tion of leadership in several key

areas within the oilfield. We have

helped operators drill a majority

of the world’s deepwater and

ultra-deepwater wells. We’ve

pioneered the development and

application of both synthetic-base

and high-performance water-base

drilling-fluid systems for deep -

water, and we have created spe-

cialized systems for putting a

fluid thermal barrier in marine

risers to protect produced oil

from extreme cold.

M-I SWACO has refined the

concept and development of

Reservoir Drill-In Fluids (RDFs)

that help operators achieve

the highest returns from their

valuable reservoirs with special-

ized fluid systems that protect

production zones. Our WARP*Advanced Fluids Technology

and our FLOTHRU* SMART RDF*

Technology systems have not only

helped operators but have won

industry awards for innovation

and performance. We’re continu-

ing to develop high-density RDF

systems, breaker technology

and active filter cakes to enhance

production and facilitate total

reservoir management.

Solutions for fluids-related problemsWithin M-I SWACO, we have the

ability to solve problems that

range from simple to complex.

Dedicated teams can design

entire fluids- management sys -

tems, complete with equipment,

instrumentation, control systems

and automation software.

We have made considerable

investments in research and

engineering facilities as well as

laboratories and field-support

operations. These facilities,

and the capable and talented

people who operate them,

give M-I SWACO a distinct

competitive edge.

“The M-I SWACO solutions mindset permeates our company and positively influences the problem-solving orientation we have toward

our clients, the solutions we deliver, our new-technology advancement,people development within our company and our future strategies.”

WE ARE

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People are a valuableasset worth developingBefore people work for

M-I SWACO, we screen them

not only for cur rent skills and

experience, but also for their will-

ingness to learn new things, solve

problems and help others. Once

they join the M-I SWACO organ -

ization, employees have the

advantages of a global learning-

management system which

provides worldwide access to

learn ing, in-house and custom

e-learning solutions, talent and

competency management, and

performance management.

Starting with the basic building

blocks of training for the job at

hand, M-I SWACO instructors

quickly bring new specialists

up to speed in the disciplines

required for them to deliver maxi-

mum value from our products

and services. M-I SWACO ensures

customers around the world get

the highest level of service by

standardizing training courses to

meet the universal expectations

of all operators. Where locale dic-

tates certain specialized practices,

M-I SWACO trainers prepare field

personnel for those details as well.

Once these capable people are

working in the field, their learning

and training are not over. In fact,

basic training is just the begin-

ning of a successful career with

M-I SWACO. As an organization,

we are developing career paths,

checkpoint criteria and progress-

measurement methods to keep

M-I SWACO and its people at the

forefront of the industry.

Research and development M-I SWACO has made consider-

able investments in research and

engineering facilities as well as

laboratories and field-support

operations. Our Research and

Engineering Center in Houston

and our three International

Technical Centers — in Houston;

Aberdeen, Scotland and Stavanger,

Norway — provide 24-hr assis-

tance, and innovative solutions,

anywhere in the world. Our

Ecotoxicological Laboratory

in Bergen, Norway, performs a

wide range of analytical services.

Drilling and production frontiers

such as offshore Canada, Russia

and the Caspian Sea, China, Latin

America, and land and offshore

operations throughout North

America are now just a phone

call or mouse click away from

powerful technical support.

M-I SWACO

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Customer-focused, solutions-driven

Because we have our own R&D,

manufacturing, environmental

and technical resources, and can

deploy them to active areas, we

are often the first company to cre-

ate the solutions that eventually

become products and services

adopted throughout the industry.

QHSEEach of our business units has

a Quality, Health, Safety and

Environmental (QHSE) director

who reports to our headquarters

in Houston. Our loss-prevention

teams ensure that M-I SWACO

oper ations are in compliance with

the latest safety standards. Full-

time occupational health and

safety specialists make sure that

our locations and the customer

locations and rigs where our

people work are safe.

The Occupational Health

group provides a management

framework that monitors and

investigates a broad range of

health hazards and initiates

controls to manage those haz -

ards through programs such as

Hearing Conservation, Respiratory

Protection, Ergonomics and

Malaria Control. Our customers

also frequently utilize our expertise

to assess potential occupational

health issues involving our

products at their sites.

M-I SWACO people operate

with an awareness of the environ-

ment and a sense of responsibility

for protecting it. We operate spe-

cialized laboratories, including

a greenhouse, where our envi -

ronmental specialists conduct

exhaustive tests for toxicity,

biodegradation, recyclability,

reuse and more. On a larger

scale, our environmental empha -

sis and expertise are guiding

forces behind the company’s

focus on ENVIRONMENTAL

SOLUTIONS*. Prime examples

of this philosophy can be seen

in our line of production chemi-

cals and our Ecotoxicological

Laboratory in Bergen, Norway.

M-I SWACO will continue to

establish itself as a leader by lis-

tening to customers and trusting

our people to develop customized

solutions to solve their problems.

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D R I L L I N G S O L U T I O N S

Wellsite and project engineering

Simulation software

Drilling-fluid systems and additives

ALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS*FEDERAL* Wholesale

HDD Mining & Waterwell

Technical support

Rig-equipment engineering

Solids control• Solids-control systems• Mud mixing• Shakers• Mud cleaners• Centrifuges• FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM* (FPS)

Cuttings transport and handling

Oilfield screens

Waste injection

Cuttings treatment

Pressure control• D-Gassers• Mud/Gas Separators• Disc-type chokes• Shuttle chokes• Choke consoles• PRESSURE & FLUID

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM* (PFMS)

Rig instrumentation

W E L L B O R E P R O D U C T I V I T Y

Engineering/simulation software

Reservoir drill-in fluids

Fluid-loss-control systems

Intervention fluids

Packer fluids

Breakers

Spacers and displacement chemicals

Specialized tools

Completion fluids

Filtration

Enhanced fluids treatment

Vessel cleaning

P R O D U C T I O N T E C H N O L O G I E S

Oilfield/production chemicals

Chemical management

H2S removal

Drag reduction

Water treatment

Production waste management

E N V I R O N M E N TA L S O L U T I O N S


Solids control• Solids-control systems• Mud mixing• Shakers• Mud cleaners• Centrifuges• FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM (FPS)


Oilfield screens

Waste injection

Cuttings treatment

Pressure control• D-Gassers• Mud/Gas Separators• Disc-type chokes• Shuttle chokes• Choke consoles• PRESSURE & FLUID

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PFMS)

Rig instrumentation


Vessel cleaning

Water treatment


As we have added to our capabilities and solved problems for our clients, groups of solutions naturally evolvedover time. Now we have formalized this natural alignment, placing the products and services we offer withincategories of solutions. This presents our offerings in a manner that is logical to our clients and our own people.Every solution we currently provide can be found in one of the four categories below.

The solutions that drive us

PRESSPRO RT

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Real-time engineering answers for technically demanding, high-cost wells


The PRESSPRO RT service fromM-I SWACO provides unprecedentedremote and wellsite engineeringsupport with a unique, specifi callydesigned suite of software. Proprietaryprograms use surface measurementsto cal culate downhole pressure pro-files and fluid properties in real timeduring drilling, tripping and othercritical operations. This unique tech-nology not only provides up-to-the-second Equivalent Static Densities(ESDs) and Equivalent CirculatingDensities (ECDs) at any point in thewellbore during drilling, but alsodelivers surge and swab pressuremeasurements, Equivalent DynamicDensity (EDD) while tripping drillpipe or setting casing.

And the PRESSPRO RT system is areal wellsite service. The PRESSPRO RTsystem and dedi cated computeraboard the rig are maintained byan M-I SWACO critical-well analyst,an experienced fluids spe cialisttrained in all aspects of drillingthe most demanding deepwater,HTHP, extended-reach, and multilateral wells.

The virtual sensor package pro-vides ESD, ECD, and other key val-ues for display at the driller’s stationas if they were measured values.

Using the PRESSPRO RT package islike running the VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS*package in real time.

VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS providesa “snapshot.” PRESSPRO RTgives you the “movie.”Now, the industry has access to animmediate processing technologythat expands on the field-provenM-I SWACO VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS

and VIRTUAL RHEOLOGY* platformsto consistently and accurately cal -culate ECDs and pump pressureas they occur. You get the informa-tion you need to mitigate, andeven eliminate, critical drillingproblems and events that can jeop-ardize the efficiency and economicsof high-cost drilling programs.

Because the system works inreal time, you can make changeson the fly and impact operationsthat are ongoing.

� A P P L I C A T I O N S

Deepwater, high-temperature,extended-reach wells and wellswith very narrow pressure windows.

� P R O B L E M S

Drilling-fluid properties mustbe monitored and adjusted con-stantly to handle rapidly changingwell bore conditions and to avoidlosing expensive, premium fluidsthat could violate environmentalregulations and damageproducing formations.

� S O L U T I O N S

Real-time problems require thein-time solutions uniquely avail -able from the PRESSPRO* RT system.This pro prietary, fit-for-purpose ,real-time software application complements PWD data andhelps maxi mize the benefits ofECD-management processes,both at the wellsite and in remote,onshore drilling centers. Instan -taneous access to downhole pres-sure profiles and fluid propertiesduring drilling and tripping helpsmanage drilling problems beforethey occur or as they start.

� E C O N O M I C S

The PRESSPRO RT service targetsreduced non-productive time/costsby helping to eliminate drillingproblems that jeopardize the effi-ciency and economics of high-costdrilling programs. Remote programoperation helps enhance the valueof onshore drilling centers by pro-viding information rather than justdata, helps maximize efficiencyand optimize workflow, and movestoward the ultimate objective ofreducing wellsite personnel.

� E N V I R O N M E N T A L

By carefully monitoring ECDwhile drilling, and surge/swabpressures while tripping and run-ning casing, the PRESSPRO RT serv-ice helps reduce the risk of lostcircu lation and associated mudlosses to the formation. The PRESSPRO RT package includes a computer that connects to the data-source company’s

computer to receive and send data. The real-time data, in turn, is either sent back to thedata-acquisition company or to another third party responsible for the rig-floor display.

Rig

MWD/LWD

Data source PRESSPRO RT

Onshore drilling center

Rig-floor display

The PRESSPRO package

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The PRESSPRO RT system lever -ages the proven technologies inthe VISUAL HYDRAULICS* moduleand displays key downhole profilesand fluid properties in a real-timeSNAPSHOT* graph that is contin -uously updated with live dril lingand tripping data. Whereas theVIRTUAL HYDRAULICS module pro-vides accurate planning and sensi-tivity analyses, the PRESSPRO RTsystem closes the feedback loopby monitoring current conditions,helping per sonnel modify drillingpractices and plan for con tingenciesin advance. Now, the VH RHECON*module closes the infor mation loopby generating projections that lookahead of the bit, based on currentoperating conditions.

Offsite centers cut cost, not serviceThe PRESSPRO RT system can also bemonitored from a remote, onshoredrilling center, also known as anoffsite center. Real-time OCs canperform certain critical and routinefunctions traditionally performedat the wellsite and all input fromexperts who have a “virtual pres-ence” at multiple wellsites. OCs canprovide reliable, inexpensive trans-mission of drilling data to and fromremote sites with minimal delay.

The PRESSPRO RT system has beeninstalled in clients’ OCs to facilitateefficient deployment and provideinstant, remote access to real-timedrilling and other operational data.Results are compared immediatelyto PWD and can be merged seam-lessly with the real-time datastream simultaneously accessibleat the OC and at the rigsite.

If it impacts drilling or tripping, the PRESSPRO RTservice has you coveredSpecially designed PRESSPRO RTmodules provide valuable infor -mation about all the propertiesof the fluids in the wellbore.

• DRILLPRO* RT software targets critical parameters that must be

considered when drilling a well.For the very first time, ECD valuesare calculated and displayed everysecond while both drilling andmaking connections.

• TRIPPRO* RT software calculatesand displays real-time fluidparameters while tripping drillpipe and running casing — situa-tions where wellbore conditionscan change very quickly

• SNAPSHOT RT software provides acontinuous graphical display ofdownhole profiles

• VISUAL HYDRAULICS software pro-vides a visual representation ofdown hole metrics using aneasy-to-understand color scale

PRESSPRO RT and PWD: a perfect matchThe PRESSPRO RT package is anintegral part of ECD management.It does not replace the popularPressure While Drilling (PWD) tool.Instead, it complements PWD data,comparing the “what are” measure-ments of PWD with a “what shouldbe” scenario for early detection ofimpending problems. While PWDprovides a single-point measure-ment at the bit, the PRESSPRO RTpackage calculates complete pro -files of downhole hydraulics andmud behavior. Additionally, it cansub stitute for the PWD when thetool is unavailable, such as whilerunning casing, when the toolis non-operational, or when tem -peratures or pressures exceedtool limitations.

PRESSPRO RT and VIRTUALHYDRAULICS packages area winning combinationNow a vital element in many opera-tors’ onshore real-time drilling cen-ters, the PRESSPRO RT package is theonly technology that provides in-time equivalent static and equiva-lent cir culating densities at anypoint in the wellbore during dril -ling. VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS software,long an integral component of the

M-I SWACO PRESSPRO RT wellsiteengineering service is the gold stan-dard in the industry against whichall other hydraulic programs arecompared. Together, this incompa-rable suite of programs is ideal forthe planning, monitoring, evaluat-ing, optimization and collaborationrequired to successfully tackletoday’s critical wells.

The PRESSPRO RT system is onemore example of why M-I SWACOis the industry leader when it comesto developing solutions to the mostdemanding applications.

Features• Managed by a spe cially

trained, onsite, critical-well analyst

• Can be operated fromremote Operation Centers

• Monitors drilling andtripping parameters

• A dedicated computer canbe interfaced to an existingdata-acquisition system withthe data-acquisition sourceon the rig

• Predefined screens fortargeted drilling/trippingcomponents

• Downhole profiles calculatedand updated every second anddisplayed as virtual sensors

Benefits• Prevents/minimizes down-

hole fluid losses due tolost circulation

• Early detection of impendingproblems by providing “whatshould be” data to comparewith “what is”

• Minimizes mud-relatednon-productive time

• Helps reduce drilling costs

• Provides real-time monitoringfor immediate response

• Enhances ECD managementby providing downhole pres-sure profiles during drilling,tripping, and other criticaloperations

• Complements PWD whenavailable and substitutesfor PWD when the data isnot available.

VIRTUAL CF

10


When displacing drilling fluid with acompletion or reservoir drill-in fluid,neglecting critical variables can leadto a world of headaches down theroad. Excessive rig time. Damagedreservoirs. Added cleanup and filtration costs. Lower production.

Our proprietary VIRTUAL CF* software package considers all theparameters, taking the uncertaintyout of wellbore displacements. Thissophisticated, integrated suite ofcomputer programs targets thehydraulics modeling and displace-ment profiles of high-density brinesand other completion fluids toenhance wellbore cleanup andultimately the productivity ofyour well.

Armed with this powerful soft-ware package, the M-I SWACO specialist can, with an unequaleddegree of accuracy:

• Minimize rig time for displace-ments by cal culating all criticalvariables in the wellbore, includingspacer volume, rheologies, fluidregime, velocity, contact time,

pump strokes, pump pressureand differential pressures

• Design a displacement thatmeets equipment limitationsby inputting exact wellbore geometry, including angle, andcalculating such parameters ashydraulic horsepower, pill volume,flow rate, choke pressures andback pressures — all based onactual wellbore geometry

• Ensure safety and well control byproviding back-pressure schedulesfor those cases where differentialor bottomhole pressures mustbe maintained

• Provide flexible operating parame-ters for critical wells by simulatingdisplacement in either direction,tracking all fluids in the displace-ment as a function of volume orpump strokes, and displaying posi-tion, pressure, rate and other dataat any point in the wellbore

• Optimize completion fluid eco-nomics by predicting equivalentstatic and local brine densityat any point in the wellbore,accounting for varying temper -atures from surface to bottom,which is especially beneficial inthe cold, deepwater environments

Powerful software for designing and optimizing wellbore displacements

Engineered Displacement* Features and Benefits• Minimizes rig time

for displacements

• Designs a displacement that meets equipment limitations

• Ensures safety andwell control

• Provides flexible operatingparameters for critical wells

• Optimizes completionfluid economics

VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS

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The true value of the VIRTUAL

HYDRAULICS software suite is trulyappreciated in deepwater wellswhere uncontrolled ECDs canquickly exceed the boundariesof narrow operating windows, inextended-reach and horizontalwells, in High-Temperature, High-Pressure (HTHP) applications andother technically demanding wells.Proven on thousands of projects,both critical and more routineapplications, this powerful com -putational tool literally givesM-I SWACO engineers a virtualsnapshot of downhole fluid behav -ior — before drilling begins andwhile the well is in progress. Thisaccurate prediction of downholehydraulics has a proven, positiveeffect on overall well performance.

Now, M-I SWACO has raised thebar to an entirely new level withthe release of VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS

Version 3.0. Now you have every-thing you have come to rely on fromthis unparalleled hydraulics moni-toring package, and much more:

• The innovative VIRTUAL

HYDRAULICS NAVIGATOR* 3-Dvisualization system was devel-oped by M-I SWACO to create avirtual window into downholehydraulics and related issues. Theconcept is the ideal combinationof advanced drilling technologyand 3-D computer graphics. TheVH NAVIGATOR module makesit possible to navigate interac -tively through a virtual well andcritically examine and analyzedownhole hydraulics calculatedby VRDH (snapshot case) andVH RHECON (transient case) ona standard-issue laptop or PCusing a gamepad or keyboard.Invaluable as an analysis tool, theVIRTUAL HYDRAULICS NAVIGATOR

module is also a great training toolfor office-based and field person-nel, as well as non-drillers.

• The VH RHECON pro-vides dynamic recon-naissance simulationsto optimize hydraulicsahead of the bit, usingpredefined drillingparameters

• The OPTIPRO* bithydraulics optimiza-tion package in whichrheological propertiesare results of the opti-mization process

• Improved models and parametricanalyses for hole cleaning, ECDmanagement, 3-D velocity pro-files, downhole temperatures,and pressures and more

• New graphics to address keyhydraulics-related issues

• A totally redesigned, state-of-the-art software system

The wide range of modulesin VIRTUAL HYDRAULICScovers all the issues inhydraulics modelingWith VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS 3.0, wekept some of the classics that youhad come to depend on, but haveadded a host of newly engineeredmodules that considers everyaspect of hydraulics analysis.Complementing our new VIRTUAL

HYDRAULICS NAVIGATOR, that allowsour engineers to get up close andpersonal with your wellbore, wehave added or enhanced a widerange of modules designed to con-sider every downhole condition.

• VIRTUAL ROTARY DRILLING

HYDRAULICS*, or VRDH, uses down-hole ECD and pressure-loss calcu -lations to generate a veritable“SnapShot” of downhole profiles

• VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS RHECON pro-vides reconnaissance simulations(pseudo real-time analysis) of

transient drilling, tripping andcirculation, and effect on ECDsand hole-cleaning

• The widely used TRIPPRO, orTRIPPING PROFILES* module pro-vides optimum running speedbased on transient surge and swabmodels combined with variabledownhole fluid properties, andincludes a host of liner surge-reduction tools

• The VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS PLAN*, orVH PLAN*, performs hydraulic opti-mizations based on surface equip-ment limits and downhole ECDand hole-cleaning requirements

• OPTIPRO, or OPTIMUM PROFILES,optimizes fluid rheology andhydraulics based on surface equip-ment limits and downhole ECDand hole-cleaning requirements

• The TPRO* TEMPERATURE PROFILES

generates downhole transient-temperature profiles duringcirculation or shut-inAs its predecessor did in the

past, the new-generation VIRTUAL

HYDRAULICS 3.0 promises to delivermore information rather than meredata — information you can useto make educated decisions abouthow to safely, efficiently and cost-effectively drill your well.

VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS gives you an even clearer view of your fluids’ behavior downhole

DRILPLEX

12

D R I L L I N G - F L U I D S Y S T E M S A N D A D D I T I V E S


Drilling lost-circulation zones, casing-milling operations, stabilizingunconsolidated formations, coiled-tubing operations, environmentallysensitive areas, and high-angle andhorizontal wells.

� P R O B L E M S

Many drilling operations require afluid system that is cost-effectiveand environmentally acceptablein addition to having exceptionalhole-cleaning ability, good screen-ability at high flow rates and theability to control losses in hardrock as well as unconsolidatedsedimentary formations.


The DRILPLEX* system is the latestgeneration of Mixed-Metal Oxide(MMO) products, a water-basedrilling-fluid system with unequaledsolids suspension, but one that stillscreens easily, even at high flowrates — the ideal system for an arrayof applications.


The system’s water-base chemistryreduces costs and environmentalproblems, minimizes torque anddrag, and limits the chance of holeerosion because the DRILPLEX systemprovides flow that is low to zeroacross the wellbore.


The basic DRILPLEX system containsessentially no components that canharm the environment. The systemand all its components are virtuallynon-toxic, with a low concentrationof organic material. The primaryfluid-loss-control additive is astarch derivative for minimalenvironmental impact.

Ordinary bentonite, extraordinary resultsSimply combining the DRILPLEX

viscosifier with prescreened,high-quality bentonite producesa highly shear-thinning fluid witha high yield point, low plastic vis-cosity and high, flat gel strengths.The result is a fluid system withunequaled solids suspension,but one that still screens easily,even at high flow rates.

The versatile water-base system with exceptional rheological properties designed tolower costs in a wide range of wells

The bentonite/MMO associates into long ribbon-like structuresthat can bridge openings withdiameters measured in 10sof microns.

Rheogram Showing UniqueRheological PropertiesThe data was obtained on a Fann 35A viscometer.Both fluids were unweighted.

80 Dial reading

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Rheometer speed

100 200 300 400 500 600

XC polymerPV 12 YP 48Gels 28/40n 0.263 K 11.6

DRILPLEX systemPV 4 YP 40Gels 17/19n 0.126 K 20.1

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A straightforward system for the most complex applicationsYou might think that a systemwith the versatility and applicationrange DRILPLEX has demonstratedwould involve intricate and difficult-to-engineer chemical compositions.On the contrary, the proprietaryFLO-PLEX* primary fluid-loss-controladditive and the DRILPLEX viscosifierare the only components developedspecifically for the DRILPLEX system.The remaining chemicals are rela-tively common and well understood.

A diverse, worldwide track recordChallenging horizontal wells in theGulf of Mexico. The establishmentof milling records in the North Seaand elsewhere. Drilling in nearly9,000 ft (2,743 m) of water in theCampos Basin with zero losses. InWest Africa, the successful drillingof a depleted reservoir and uncon-solidated formation with a maxi-mum angle of 102° F (38.8° C).

The success stories go on and on.

Features • Latest-generation Mixed-

Metal Oxide (MMO) system

• Highly shear-thinning

• Excellent QHSE profile

• Temperature-stable to 250° F (121° C)

• Exceptional hole cleaningand suspension

• Excellent ability to seal thehigh-permeability formationsfound in deepwater drilling

Benefits• Ideal for lost-circulation

zones, unconsolidatedformations, milling situations, and high-angleand horizontal wells

• Minimizes losses

• Reduces environmentalimpact

• High rates of penetration

• Well-suited for coiled-tubing drilling

• Cost-effective

The ability to stabilize goes with the flow

Excellent cuttings

transport

Stationary, gelled layer

of fluid

• Zero shear stress at wall• Minimal dynamic fluid loss• Protects poorly consolidated or fractured formations• Helps prevent seepage losses• No erosion of wellbore

The flow profile of the fluid in the annulusaffords DRILPLEX the ability to stabilizemechanically weak and poorly consolidatedformations. The high viscosity of the fluidat low shear rates results in a stationarylayer of fluid on the sides of the wellbore.This protective layer shields weak rock for -mations from erosion caused by the flow.The capacity of the fluid to stabilize theseweak and uncon solidated formationsis further enhanced by the lower pumprates used with the DRILPLEX system. Thistendency may also explain the lowerseepage losses that occurred in several wellsin which the formations were fractured.

The unique mechanism driving DRILPLEXBentonite platelet Bentonite/MMO complex

1 micron

MMO crystals

The mixed-metal oxide comprisingthe core of the system has anelectron-deficient lattice, andwhen added to water, the DRILPLEXparticles bond to the cationexchange sites on bentonite,forming a strong complex, whichin turn structures the fluid andprovides viscosity and gels.

When the MMO crystals areadded to a suspension of bentoniteplatelets, the cationic crystalsdisplace the naturally “resident”sodium or other cations and formstrong associations with theanionic sites on the faces of theclay platelets. What results is anew complex or adduct with

charac teristics that are funda -mentally different from thoseof a virgin bentonite platelet.

The entire mechanism appearsto be electrostatic in nature, whichmakes it somewhat unusual andaccounts for the unique character -istics of the fluid system. Forexample, an electrostatic-field-based mechanism could explainthe elastic or deformable-solidbehavior observed in the absenceof shear and could also explainboth the dramatic and instan -taneous onset of the solid-to-liquidtransition and the reversibility ofthe process.

GLYDRIL

14



Offshore and onshore wellswhere a high-performance systemis required along with the envi -ronmental benefits and drillingchar acteristics of a water-base sys-tem. This includes large-diameterwellbores, ERD, deepwater andsubsalt applications.

� P R O B L E M S

Many high-performance systems,especially those designed for highperformance and inhibition, are oil-base products with characteristicsthat are not sanctioned by environ-mental regulations or that posecleanup and disposal problems.


The GLYDRIL* system uses anenhanced-polymer, water-basechemistry that employs polyglycoltechnology to deliver a high degreeof shale inhibition; wellbore sta bility;HTHP fluid-loss control; and lubricity.


The GLYDRIL system delivers lowerdilution rates, higher Rate ofPenetration (ROP) and lubricity, and lower disposal and environ -mental costs.


Offshore: relatively low marine toxi-city and fast biodegradation rates,minimal cuttings piles, and benthicimpact. Onshore: shale inhibitionwithout the use of salts, no aromaticor cyclic hydrocarbon compounds.

Proven by the M-I SWACO team inhundreds of wells worldwide, theGLYDRIL system uses an enhanced-polymer, water-base chemistry thatemploys polyglycol technology.Thanks to that technology, opera-tors can count on the GLYDRIL sys-tem to deliver a high degree of shaleinhibition; wellbore stability; HTHPfluid-loss control and lubricity.Because no two wells are alike,M-I SWACO offers a range of glycolsto meet all drilling needs.

Customization makes GLYDRIL the right choice for a variety of applicationsIn fact, the system’s broad range ofglycols makes it a preferred systemwhere environmental guidelinesdictate a water-base fluid. TheGLYDRIL system can be customizedto meet a variety of drilling chal-lenges — large-diameter wellbores,extended-reach drilling, deepwaterand subsalt applications, and par -ticularly reactive shales. The systemalso is ideal for drilling high-anglewells in reactive shale formations— where wellbore stability, torqueand drag are major concerns. Inaddition, the glycols in the GLYDRIL

system enhance the thermal stabil-ity of both FLO-VIS*/DUO-VIS* andPolyanionic Cellulose (PAC)/starchsystems, and also enhance thelow-shear rheological behavior ofFLO-VIS polymers at temperaturesabove 248° F (120° C).

GLYDRIL and ROPenhancementLike most water-base systems, theGLYDRIL system’s performance canbenefit from the addition of an ROPenhancer in certain applications.Please contact your M-I SWACOrepresentative to derive maximumbenefit from the GLYDRIL system andany performance-boosting additives.

The proven glycol system for high-performance, environmentally advanced drilling

Shale-Recovery Comparisons100% Cuttings recovery

90

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Gel PHPA KCl PHPA GLYDRIL OBM

Wet cuttings Dry cuttings

Fluid-Loss Comparisons14 cc Fluid loss

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10

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KCl/PHPA GLYDRIL

API HTHP (200° F [93° C])

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Compare performance, then save with GLYDRILLower dilution rates. Higher ROPand lubricity. Lower total costs.The GLYDRIL system is one moreexample of the M-I SWACO pledgeto provide customers the mostappropriate, cost-effective drillingfluids and systems.

Engineering experience comeswith every ounce of GLYDRILHaving the right drilling fluid is onlyone part of the story. M-I SWACOalso has the experience to help oper-ators apply products to control rhe-ology, fluid loss and density. In thecase of the GLYDRIL system, thatexperience helps determine theproper concentration and choice ofglycol additive. We can even helpyou monitor glycol concentrationsthrough the use of optical refractiontechniques. Wherever you operate,M-I SWACO has the experience thatcan make your operations run moresmoothly and cost effectively.

GLYDRIL is the right choicefor the environment, tooThe products that make up theGLYDRIL system are formulated toaddress environmental concernsworldwide, both offshore and onland. For offshore operations, thesystem displays relatively lowmarine toxicity, provides relativelyfast biodegradation rates, and mini-mizes cuttings piles and benthicimpacts. Onshore, the GLYDRIL sys-tem can be engineered to provideshale inhibition without the useof salts and contains no aromaticor cyclic hydrocarbon compounds,making cuttings ideally suitedfor landfarming.

Soluble polyglycolenters shale pores.

As temperature increases and chemical environmentchanges, polyglycol clouds out.

By plugging shale pores, the GLYDRIL system provides a barrier against water migration,thereby reducing wellbore instability caused by fluid influx.

Features• Low-toxicity, water-base system

• Relatively fast biodegradation

• Shale inhibition

• Pore-plugging, ThermallyActivated Mud Emulsion (TAME)properties

• Improved filter-cake quality

• Pipe-wetting capabilities

Benefits• In-gauge wellbores

• Lower fluid losses andleak-off values

• Lower potential for differentialsticking

• Less torque, drag and bit balling

• Lower dilution rates

• Slicker, firmer filter cake

• Greater wellbore stability

NOVA Systems

16


The NOVA line has what you’relooking for to replace yourconventional system• Compared to water-base sys -

tems, NOVA* systems deliver signifi cantly improved drillingrates and improved lubricity

• The choice of low synthetic-to-water ratios to reduce formulationcosts and environmental impact

• The ability to discharge cuttings

• Excellent wellbore, temperatureand contamination stability

• Superior return permeabilityresults, ensuring minimalformation damage

• Increased hole cleaning, evenin high-angle wellbores

• Improved health and safetycompared to oil-base systems

• The choice of rheological profileto suit drilling requirements

• Available in a wide range ofdrilling-fluid propertiesand densities

NOVA systems deliver superiordrilling performanceAlthough the cost per barrel of aNOVA system is higher than tradi-tional, water-base systems, itsimproved performance significantlyoutweighs the initial investment.M-I SWACO customers report thatNOVA systems have reduced theiroverall drilling costs by up to 55%.And rigs running NOVA systemsprograms have set world-recordpenetration rates, representingimprovements of up to 70% com-pared to other mud systems.

NOVA systems have also reducedcosts by minimizing wellborestability problems associatedwith hydratable clays. The sub -stantial improvement in holegauge obtained by using NOVA

fluids delivers in-gauge wellbores.This means better logging andcasing runs, reduced bit-balling,fewer stuck-pipe and downtimeincidents, and a substantialreduction of waste volumes andcement consumption.

Along with record-breakingdrilling rates, NOVA systems providesuperior hole cleaning and lubricityfor drilling “designer,” high-angle,extended-reach wells. The filter cakecharacteristics of a NOVA systemprovide excellent lubricity equalto or better than that provided byoil-base systems.

Lubricity, combined with effec-tive cuttings removal, results insignificant reductions in torqueand drag.

The environmentally sound alternative to traditional drilling fluids

The NOVA line hasproven itself in some ofthe stickiest applications• Where increased rates of

penetration are requiredto reduce total time spentdrilling the well, reducingoverall well costs

• Drilling through highly reactiveshales where aqueous fluidsproduce wellbore instabilityand viscosity problems asso -ciated with hydration anddispersion of the formation

• High-angle wells, includingextended-reach and horizon-tal wells where maximumlubricity is a high priority

• Controlling the stabilityand gauge of the wellborewhile drilling throughmassive salt sections

• Depleted reservoirs wherehigh differential pressuresrequire low fluid loss, aswell as the best availablefilter cake and lubricity toreduce the potential fordifferential-pressure sticking

• Production zones that maybe sensitive to formationdamage when drilled withwater-base fluids

• High-pressure, high- temperature (>350° For >177° C) wells wherecontinuous phase temper -ature stability is critical

• While drilling wells withpotential formation-relatedproblems: bit balling, gumboheaving and blinding of shaleshaker screens

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The NOVA line satisfiesvirtually every country’senvironmental regulationsOne of the main reasons for devel-oping a synthetic-base system wasenvironmental considerations. NOVA

systems not only have proven lessdamaging (environmentally) thandiesel-base and mineral-oil-basesystems, but they also generate lesswaste than water-base systems.

Among the many stringentenvironmental tests conductedon NOVA systems are those for theGulf of Mexico.

In 2001, the EPA established newregulations for the use of Synthetic-Base Drilling Fluid (SBF) for use in theGulf of Mexico. These regulationsincluded stock limitations and dis-charge limitations in a two-partapproach to control SBF-cuttingsdischarges. The first part was basedon product substitution throughuse of stock limitations (i.e., sedi-ment toxicity, biodegradation, PAHcontent, metals content) and dis-charge limitations (i.e., sedimenttoxicity, limit on the retention ofSBF on SBF-cuttings).

The NOVA system is designed tomeet both the stock limitations andthe discharge limit of sediment toxi-city. It is also design to biodegrade inthe most difficult of environments:those without oxygen. Detailed doc-umentation is developed to insurethe compliance of the NOVA system.The EPA has viewed the use of a prod-uct like the NOVA system, in combi-nation with the VERTI-G* technology,as a pollution-prevention technology.

M-I SWACO formulated NOVA sys-tems with the health and safety ofrig crews in mind. In addition to pro-tecting the environment, NOVA sys-tem fluids go a long way in makinglife easier for the people who handleand work with them. Extensive

testing has been carried out on thebasic ingredient in the NOVA system,the base fluid.

Details of, and results from, thetesting procedures for eye and skinirritation are available upon request.

A significant safety benefit pro-vided by the NOVA products are highflash points. This is confirmed bythe results of a study to detect andanalyze the vapors emitted by thebase fluids at different tempera-tures. The reduction in vapors hasimproved the work environment,especially in enclosed areas aroundshale shakers and mud pits.

M-I SWACO supports theNOVA line with completeenvironmental testing andanalytical servicesM-I SWACO confirms the environ-mental acceptability and regulatorycompliance of its products. Wemaintain an environmental divi-sion within our R&D departmentsin Houston and Aberdeen and havethe ability to run all tests for U.S.protocols within our own facilities.An in-house analytical departmentcan supply further tests, includinggas chromatograph/mass spectrom-eter for evaluating fluid samples forearly signs of contamination.

Extensive screening and analysisof synthetic-base fluids has madeM-I SWACO a leader in understand-ing environmental issues, a func-tion of developing technologies thatoptimizes drilling performance andminimizes environmental impact.Among the environmental serviceswith which we support our NOVA

line are: coordinating researchsamples, conducting seabed impactstudies, developing appropriateprotocols, interfacing with gov -ernment officials and providingonsite monitoring.

Skilled engineers and full com-puter support ensure high produc-tivity on your well. It takes highlytrained drilling-fluid engineers tosupport the exceptional NOVA line.In addition to the extensive trainingin drilling fluids and our advancedprograms, our engineers receivein-depth training in running NOVA

systems, including the environmen-tal and QHSE aspects of the systems.

We support our rigsite engineerswith local, area technical servicessupervisors and a technical servicesgroup working at our R&D facilities.This critical well support group offield and staff engineers has at itsdisposal some of the most advancedsoftware available.

MUDVOL* is a program used on adaily basis to track any losses ofNOVA system fluids while drillingand to provide information aboutthe volume of fluid discharged intothe sea. By analyzing the resultsfrom MUDVOL, M-I SWACO engi-neers can detect areas where fluidloses can be reduced, saving money.

VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS is propri-etary software that provides cal -culations for dynamic downholeconditions involving temperatureand pressure specifically for NOVA

systems. Our engineers use it todetermine pressure drops, equiva-lent circulating densities, stand -pipe pressures and more. Thisinformation is extremely valuablewhen planning well hydraulics tominimize losses in areas of lowfracture gradients.

Supporting our field engineersis the most extensive drilling-fluidsplant and warehouse network inthe industry. This distribution net-work ensures that M-I SWACO cus-tomers have access to the NOVA lineof fluids 24/7.

PARALAND

18


An entire system engineered to reduceenvironmental liabilityThe PARALAND system design incor-porates ready biodegradability andlow terrestrial toxicity into all ofits organic components. In addition,the inorganic components aredesigned to minimize conductivityand enhance plant growth. All ofthis is accomplished while maintain-ing the high-performance character-istics of an invert-emulsion fluid.

The non-aqueous system designed to deliver outstanding performance coupled with unsurpassed environmental excellence


Extended-reach and complex wellsboth on land and offshore wheremaximum environmental protec-tion is desired.

� P R O B L E M S

Conventional invert-emulsion fluidsexhibit both slow and incompletebiodegradation, as well as compo-nent toxicity, requiring expensiveand lengthy treatments to permitthe disposal of contaminated drillcuttings onshore.


The PARALAND* system has beendesigned with environmental pro-tection in mind. The system com -ponents are biodegradable and oflow toxicity, with an internal phasewhich provides nutrients for plantgrowth. Coupled with a designedtreatment method, the systemminimizes environmental risk.


With its unique environmentallyacceptable design, the PARALAND

system not only improves drillingefficiency as a high-performance,invert-emulsion fluid, but alsoreduces the cost and footprint fordisposal of contaminated cuttings.


The PARALAND system, designedspecifically for environmental excel-lence, minimizes risk and cost byproviding various options for rapidand complete treatment to meetsafe-disposal standards. The systemtreatment can be designed to con-vert drill cuttings into an agricultur-ally acceptable byproduct, resultingin a unique zero-waste treatment.

Product Concentration

PARALAND* B 45 – 85%

SUREMUL* 6 – 8 lb/bbl

SUREWET* 1 – 3 lb/bbl

Lime 3 – 6 lb/bbl

VG-PLUS* 5 – 8 lb/bbl

Water 5 – 30%

K-52* 5 – 45 lb/bbl

Hematite As needed

Typical Formulations

The issues with conventional invert-emulsion fluids

External phase. Typicallydiesel or mineral oils, thesematerials only partially andslowly degrade, leaving behindtoxic, degradation-resistantwaste that can pose a long-termliability for disposal.

Emulsifiers. Typically thesematerials only partially andslowly degrade leaving behindtoxic, degradation-resistantwaste.

Internal phase. Typicallycalcium chloride, which

provides high levels of conduc-tivity to any waste and inhibitsplant growth.

Weight material. Typicallybarite, non-toxic in itself, whichcan be substituted with animproved weight material thatcan promote site recovery.

Other components. Typicallylime, organoclays and filtration-control additives, the lattermaterials can be slow todegrade leaving behind toxic,degradation-resistant waste.

Weightmaterial

Internal phaseOthers

EmulsifiersExternalphase

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Multiple treatment optionsensure minimal environmental riskA wide range of efficient techniquescan be used to treat the PARALAND

system to either meet local disposalregulations or to convert drill cut-tings into a useful byproduct whichcan be utilized as a topsoil or a fer-tilizer, in a true beneficial-reuse,zero-waste environmental scenario.Landfarming, biopiling, compost-ing, bioreacting and vermicultureare all suitable treatment tech-niques for PARALAND drill cuttings.With efficient composting andvermiculture, these cuttings canbe beneficially reused as a soil-enhancing additive.

The use of PARALAND allows fastertreatments with less dilution addi-tives than conventional invert flu-ids, resulting in lower treatmentcosts and less environmental risk.

Field results deliverperformance promises from laboratoryIn the field, PARALAND has con -sistently exceeded performanceexpectations with high rates ofpenetration, low dilution ratesand high levels of contaminationtolerance. Mud weights from 7.5to 16 lb/gal (0.9 to 1.92 kg/L) havebeen easily achieved with idealrhe ological and filtration prop -erties. The system is easily andeconomically maintained withactual total fluid-cost reductionsof as much as 30% below estimate.

The PARALAND system has beenused in various zero-waste opera-tions. In New Zealand, PARALAND cut-tings were used as a food source forworms in a local vermiculture farm,converting the cuttings into vermi-cast fertilizer. In Colorado, PARALAND

cuttings were co-composted withstraw, bark and sand to provide atopsoil for reseeding the drillsite.

Features• High-performance,

invert-emulsion system

• Readily engineeredand maintained

• Biodegradable organiccomponents

• All components lowterrestrial toxicity

• Variety of compatibletreatment options

Benefits• Optimized drilling

performance

• Low dilution rates

• Minimum environmentalexposure

• Lower well costs

• Beneficial reuse of cuttings

• Zero-waste option

Bioremediation: The PARALAND options

Increasing containment

Increasing containment Vermiculture

Co-composting(bag composter)

Total containment

Co-composting(rotary composter)

Slurry bioreactor

C L I M A T E D E P E N D E N T

C L I M A T E I N D E P E N D E N T

Landfarming Biopile/biocell

RHELIANT


Deepwater, extended-reach andother technically demanding wells.

� P R O B L E M S

Adjusting the rheological propertiesof conventional synthetic-base drill -ing fluids to deal with changingtemperatures and other well condi-tions can lead to poor hole cleaning,excessive ECDs, barite sag andlost circulation.


The constant rheology of theuniquely engineered RHELIANT*system opens the door for moreefficient, trouble-free and cost-effective drilling by improving holecleaning and minimizing barite sag,pressure spikes, progressive gelstrengths and other problems thatresult when balancing ECD values.


With its flat rheological profile, theRHELIANT system is unsurpassed inreducing fluid losses in challengingdownhole environments. The result-ant higher drilling efficiency andminimized formation damage fur-ther help to reduce total well costs.


The RHELIANT system requires lessdilution, further optimizing its envi-ronmental advantages. The system isa flat-rheology invert that can be for-mulated as a synthetic-base systemfor offshore-discharge compliance.

The non-aqueous system with the flat rheology you can trust to reduce expensive mud losses and protect your AFE

ECD Problem A: In deepwater, thesurface rheology must be reducedwhen encountering cold tempera-tures to offset negative ECD effects.

ECD Problem B: Adjusting the rhe -ology upwards to compensate forhigher downhole temperatures andpressure can lead to excessive ECDvalues and gel strengths.

The RHELIANT Solution: With its flatrheology, this new-generation sys-tem maintains consistent fluidproperties that are independent oftemperature and pressure. It main-tains constant 150° F (65.5° C) prop -erties even when confrontingtemperatures as low as 40° F (4.4° C).You can drill with ECDs lower than,or equal to, conventional invert sys-tems while encountering fewerdrilling problems and successfullyavoiding the loss of whole mud.

RHELIANT System vs Conventional SBM35 YP (lb/100 ft2)

30

25

20

15

50° 70° 90° 110° 130° 150° 170°

10

Temperature (° F)

Conventional SBM RHELIANT system

The practical side of a flat rheological profile

An entire system engineeredto reduce dilution and costsThe RHELIANT system’s lower claycontent, fit-for-purpose viscosifiers,newly developed emulsifiers, rheol-ogy modifiers and adaptability todifferent base fluids yield a high-performance system that is cost-effective yet easy to maintain.

20


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Field results that deliver onthe promise of the laboratoryIn the field, the RHELIANT systemhas shown performance character-istics far superior to those of anyconventional synthetic-base andother invert drilling fluids in deep-water applications.

• ROP as much as 20 ft/hr (6.1 m/hr)faster than typical synthetic-base systems

• On-bottom drilling time reducedby as much as 24 hrs per interval

• Reduced mud losses, less dilutionand improved displacementcharacteristics

• Balanced yield point delivershigher penetration rates, vastlyimproved cuttings-transportand considerable savings inhole-conditioning time

RHELIANT technology builds on the NOVAPLUSsystem’s successNo name is more synonymouswith synthetic-base drilling fluidsthan the widely accepted NOVAPLUS*system. Long the system of choicefor the deepwater and similarlychallenging environments, thisaward-winning system set thestandard for balancing cost- effective performance withenvironmental efficiency.

While just as robust as its fore-runner, the RHELIANT system’seasier-on-the-AFE formulationallows it to deliver value-addedperformance that no conventionalsynthetic-base or other invertdrilling fluids can match.

Minimized Pressure Surges1400 Pump output (gpm) ECD (lb/gal) 11.5

11.4

11.3

11.25

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

4:07:41 4:10:34 4:13:26 4:16:19 4:19:12 4:24:584:22:05

0

Time

Flow rate ECD

11.45

11.35

12,800

13,800

14,800

15,800

16,800

17,800

18,800

19,800

20,800

21,800

14,000

15,000

16,000

17,000

18,000

19,000

20,000

21,00012.3 12.7 13.1 13.5 13.9 14.3 12.5 13 13.5 14

0.5 lb/gal

728 gpm

0.4 lb/gal

770 gpm

SBM 12∏-in. PWD (lb/gal)

RHELIANT 11∑-in. PWD (lb/gal)

PWD MW (in.)

RHELIANT Field Data Well B:PWD Comparison with Direct Offset

RHELIANT System vs Conventional SBMBarite Sag Performance12.9 Sag flow loop test, NOVAPLUS and RHELIANT systems

12.8

12.7

12.6

0 50 100 150 200 250

12.5

Time, min

Conventional system RHELIANT system

Now, manage ECD without sacrificing hole cleaning or promoting barite sag

The RHELIANT system also has demon-strated its capacity to eliminate pressurespikes on connections. During the staticperiod, the high gel strengths that candevelop in conventional systems, espe-cially at low temperatures, can causeexcessive pressures to develop when thepumps are restarted, creating the potentialfor a formation breakdown.

The RHELIANT system’s low clay contentand flat rheology profile ensure minimumbuildup of gels, effectively eliminatingthese pressure surges seen with otherinvert drilling fluids.

The RHELIANT system’s superior cuttings transportation properties translate into smootherECD profiles, reduced incidents of barite sag and dramatically improved hole cleaning. And,since the rate of removal keeps pace with the cuttings generated, the drill solids will not accu-mulate in the annulus and increase the ECD values. The system’s constant yield point ensuresefficient hole cleaning and fewer packoffs.

Not only is the RHELIANT system ideal for the challenging deepwater environment, it hasalso yielded tremendous benefits in any application where superior ECD management isneeded to reduce the risk of lost circulation.

SAGDRIL

22



Wells drilling in the Athabasca tarsands and in any area where SteamAssisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) isused to drill for, and produce, crudeoil from bitumen deposits.

� P R O B L E M S

The sticky bitumen clings to bits,Bottomhole Assemblies (BHAs),drill pipe and shaker screens, andthe wellbore can erode easily if thedrilling fluid is too hot or containscritical amounts of solvents.


The water-base SAGDRIL* drilling-fluid system resists bitumen accre-tion and screen blinding whilekeeping the wellbore clean andintact for tight build radii andextended-reach horizontal sections.


The SAGDRIL system significantlyreduces drilling time and expenseby promoting faster, cleaner drilling;by maintaining wellbore integrityand by significantly reducingcleanup costs.


The water-base SAGDRIL systemreduces both solid and liquid drillingwaste streams, and we can employthe SAGDRIL tar-sand cuttingscleaner to strip tar from drilledsolids for mix-bury-cover onsite.

The drilling-fluid system that keeps you moving ahead, even in sticky tar sand

Features• INTEGRATED FLUIDS ENGINEERING

(IFE) combined with latestgeneration SAGD drilling fluid

• Minimizes fluid impact onbitumen and cleans cuttingsat surface

• Dual tar control through TARLIFT*and TARSURF*

• Excellent hole cleaning andsuspension

• Separates and cleans differentwaste streams

Benefits• New approach for drilling and

drilling waste management

• Mud cooler not needed (flowlinetemperature >95° F (>35° C) mayrequire cooling)

• Minimizes hole washout %

• Minimizes waste generation

• Liner run without incidents

• Easy to engineer

• No cuttings beds formed

• Maximizes ROP, savesdrilling time

Product Function Description

TARVIS* Rheological properties, especially LSRV Biopolymer

TARSURF* Anti-accretion drilling-fluid additive Blend of solvents and surfactants

TARLIFT* Anti-accretion drilling-fluid additive Blend of solvents and surfactants

TARCLEAN* Anti-accretion for rig equipment Solvent

Product Functions and Descriptions

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A great deal of a SAGD program’ssuccess depends upon finding ahighly specialized drilling fluid thatwill keep the hole clean, withoutwellbore erosion, for tight-buildradii and extended-reach, horizon-tal sections; that will keep the bitand drillstring clean to minimizebitumen-accretion problems; andthat will prevent screen blindingat the shale shakers. Add to thatthe need for an environmentallycompatible formulation that alsoreduces the amount of drillingwaste, and the challenge to findthe right drilling-fluid system iseven greater.

The SAGDRIL system givesyou exactly what you need for this demanding workM-I SWACO developed the SAGDRIL

system to address the specific prob-lems unique to drilling high build-angles and long-reach horizontalsections through the tar sands. Thesystem incorporates a combinationof surfactants and solvents, eachwith a specific function. Extensivelaboratory testing of several solventand surfactant products resultedin the selection of two products,TARLIFT and TARSURF, for accretioncontrol. These products, workingin conjunction with water-wettingsurfactants effectively control well-bore erosion by forming a stableemulsion of the solvents so theirinteraction with the wellbore canbe reduced.

The result of M-I SWACO research,development and field testing is aproven system that delivers the fea-tures which help you get more pro-duction from the tar sands at alower cost:

• A water-base drilling fluid thatrelies on a strong water-wettingagent to minimize accretion ofthe sticky tar sands on the bit anddrillstring while it minimizesshaker-screen blinding

• Oil-wetting surfactants to encap-sulate tarry cuttings and promotetheir effective removal by theshakers and other solids-controlequipment such as centrifuges

• A rheological profile optimizedfor minimal wellbore erosion

• Rheology that ensures optimumhole conditions while drillingand running casing and pro -duction liners

• Onsite fluids engineers whomonitor the system’s Low-Shear-Rate Viscosity (LSRV) witha Brookfield viscometer

The SAGDRIL system’s stable wellbore helps youbeyond just drillingAnother area where the SAGDRIL

system helps your operation runmore smoothly is in running casingand liners. High operating temper -atures, thermal expansion andhigh stress levels in the casingand cement sheath are facts of lifein SAGD drilling. Add to that theabsolute requirement that an excel-lent pipe/cement and cement/formation bond be accomplishedthroughout the intermediate cas-ing, and you have quite a challengefor any drilling fluid. And that’s pre-cisely why the SAGDRIL system isn’tjust any drilling fluid. It helps youachieve your running and cement-ing goals by ensuring maximumlubricity while running the inter -mediate casing, and it aids increating a better cement bond bydelivering an in-gauge wellbore.

An aid to responsible drillingwaste management practicesM-I SWACO has formulated theSAGD system to address the specificproblem areas of accretion, shaker-screen blinding and wellbore ero-sion. A reduction in accretionand shaker-screen blinding haveresulted in a significant increasein shaker-screen life and a sharpdecrease in both fluid dilution anddrilling waste disposal costs. By

controlling wellbore erosion, thesystem further reduces the amountof drilling waste generated.

SAGDRIL wells have realized sig-nificant savings in disposal costs ofboth solid and liquid drilling waste.They have also seen a significantreduction in solids-control costs andoverall project costs.

In a laboratory test to simulate hole ero-sion in various drilling fluids, techniciansrotated calibrated tar-sand cores at con-trolled temperatures and rotating speedsin solvent/xanthan gum formulations orSAGDRIL fluid. Periodically, the techniciansmeasured the cores to check for erosion.The solvent/xanthan gum formulationswere more aggressive, causing higher ero-sion, while the SAGDRIL fluid proved to bethe least aggressive.

0.5 Reduction in diameter (mm)

0

–0.5

–1

–1.5

–2

–2.5

–3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Time, min

Differential Rotor Decay

SAGDRIL fluidSolvent-base System ASolvent-base System BSolvent-base System C

Compared to wells drilled with traditionalsolvent-base systems, SAGDRIL wells haverealized significant savings in disposal costsof both solid and liquid drilling waste. Theyhave also seen a significant reduction insolids-control costs and overall project costs.

400 tonnes

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Drilling Waste

Solvent/xanthan gum systemSAGDRIL system

SILDRIL

24



Onshore and offshore wells, includ-ing vertical and high-angle, drillingthrough highly reactive formationswhere an invert system would berequired but where environmentalrestrictions preclude the use of oil-base systems.

� P R O B L E M S

Many onshore, offshore and deep-water wells require highly inhibitivedrilling-fluid systems but are locatedin areas subject to strict environ-mental regulations.


The SILDRIL* system uses silicatetechnology to inhibit reactive clayswhile offering the environmentalbenefits of a water-base formulation.


This one, versatile system deliversoptimum inhibition characteris-tics, high penetration rates,decreased trouble time, superiorwellbore integrity and superbsolids-removal performance.


In the field, the SILDRIL system hasproven itself with low dilution rates,a full complement of non-toxic prod-ucts and safe-handling char acteristics.

SILDRIL: The one system foroptimum shale inhibition andenvironmental complianceThis uniquely formulated systemcapitalizes on the very latest insilicate technology to give youperformance approaching thatof oil-base mud but with the envi-ronmental acceptability of a water-base fluid. This one system deliversoptimum inhibition characteristics,high penetration rates, decreasedtrouble time, superior wellboreintegrity and superb solids-removalperformance — all with minimalenvironmental impact.

It’s hard to match the shale inhibition of the SILDRIL systemThe SILDRIL system achieves itssuperior inhibition through athreefold approach:

• Direct chemical bonding of thesilicate polymers to drill cuttingsand formation surfaces

• Precipitation of the silicate withdivalent ions

• Silicate polymerization thatresults in complex, inorganicpolymer structures that reactwith the shale surfacesThe system generates highly

competent, inhibited cuttings thatcontribute to optimum perform-ance of the solids-control equip-ment and greatly enhancedfor mation evaluation. By dramati-cally reducing solids contamination,the SILDRIL system reduces dilutionrates and the costs associated withdrilling waste management. Fieldexperience has shown the solids-control efficiency of the systemcan compare very favorably tothat achieved with typical invert-emulsion fluids.

The adaptable silicate fluid system with the proven inhibition of an invert-emulsion fluid

After treatment: In the same formation,SILDRIL produces a high degree of cuttingsintegrity.

Before SILDRIL treatment: Cuttings froma reactive formation drilled with aconventional KCl polymer fluid.

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Fewer components give you more flexibilityThe relatively small number ofcomponents that comprise thenon-dispersed SILDRIL systemprovide a great deal of flexibilityin matching the system to theparticular application. Fewerproducts also mean ease of main-tenance, simpler logistics andlower total fluid costs. The versa-tile SILDRIL system is compatiblewith a variety of inorganic saltsthat can be added to enhanceinhib ition and help meet specificenviron mental regulations.

Features• Outstanding inhibition

• Low toxicity

• Applicable for deepwater

• Minimum number ofcomponents

• Highly flexible fluidparameters

Benefits• High penetration rates

• Optimum solids removal

• Low dilution rates and superbdrilling waste control

• Excellent cuttings integrityand stable wellbores

• In-gauge holes

200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400100

Swellmeter Test35 Swelling (%)

30

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0

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Time (min)

Low pH dispersed

SILDRIL

DI water/XC

KCl/glycol

Shale Recovery100 Shale recovery (%)

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

FW/ polymer

NaCl/ PHPA

KCl/ glycol/ PHPA

SILDRIL Oil-base mud

Si

Si

O

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H

Clay platelets

Non-clay particles

Filter-cake deposition

Physical and chemicalbarrier toinvasion

For systems formulated with SILDRIL, primary inhibition is achieved with the addition of aunique 2:6-ratio silicate. Polymerization of the higher-ratio silicate monomer effectivelyprovides a physical and chemical barrier to filtrate and particle invasion.

ULTRADRIL

26



Deepwater and other offshore andonshore projects in environmentallysensitive areas characterized byhighly reactive shales.

� P R O B L E M S

Drilling in highly reactive shalescalls for a high-performance fluidwith excellent inhibition charac-teristics. Reducing drilling wastemanagement costs, as well as complying with environmentalregulations, virtually dictate theuse of a water-base fluid.


The water-base ULTRADRIL* systeminhibits highly reactive shales andstabilizes wellbores while promot-ing hole cleaning and reducing clay/gumbo accretion and bit balling.


The system’s ability to promotewell-bore stability, high Rates ofPenetration (ROP) and excellenthole cleaning saves valuable rigtime. Its lower dilution require-ments, lower waste volumes andrecyclability, even after drilling longintervals of highly reactive forma-tions, significantly reduce drillingwaste management and fluid costs.


The excellent drilling waste management characteristics ofthe system — less dilution, lowerwaste volumes and excellent recy -clability — as well as its water-baseformulation, make the system envi-ronmentally acceptable in virtuallyany drilling area.

The water-base system that helps you achieve your drilling and environmental goals through an exclusive, triple-inhibition approach

Features• High chemical stabilization

• Low dilution, low toxicity

• Near-OBM/SBM performance

• Easy to build and maintain

• Anti-accretion agent

Benefits• Optimizes inhibition

• Environmentally acceptable

• Deepwater alternative

• Reduced costs

• Increases drilling rates

Comparative Inhibition: GOM Shales100 Moisture and recovery (%)

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

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MoistureRecovery

20% NaCl/PHPA ULTRADRIL

(20% NaCl)Synthetic OBM

Reactive-Clay Hydration120 Hydration (%)

100

80

60

40

20

0

Gel/LignosulphonateKCl/PHPACaCl2/PolymerSeawater/glycol/PHPAKCl/glycol/PHPA

ULTRADRIL (Seawater only)ULTRADRIL (20% NaCl)ULTRADRIL (KCl)Invert OBM

–20

In the field, the ULTRADRIL system delivers results comparable to oil-base systems

The results of a 16-hr test of various drilling fluids on samples of reactive clay. Three for -mu lations of ULTRADRIL all had lower clayhydration than that of conventional water-base drilling fluids. Through highly reac-tive intervals, ROPs have averaged up to150 ft/hr (45.7 m/hr), delivering cuttingsthat exhibited the excellent integrityexpected if drilling with an oil-base system.

The inhibitive capability of the ULTRADRIL

system surpasses that of a conventionalwater-base system and nearly matchesthat of a synthetic-base drilling fluid.The system’s low moisture content resultsin drier, firmer drilled cuttings. Withdensities up to 11.3 lb/gal (5.1 kg/L),ULTRADRIL systems have successfullydrilled long sections of highly reactivegumbo shales and graded out very highin terms of stability, inhibition, screen -ability and maintenance. In sections typi-cally drilled with CaCl2 or 20% NaCl/PHPAwater-base fluids, the high-performanceULTRADRIL system eliminated the shaker-screen binding, rapid encapsulator deple-tion and high-dilution rates that hadseverely impacted wells drilled withits more traditional counterparts.

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Triple inhibition is your key to faster drilling and better drilling waste management

Inhibition Action #1: Superior Clay Inhibition

Conventional water-base systems do not have the highlyinhibitive quality of the ULTRADRIL

system, so shales are prone tosloughing and swelling that cancause stuck pipe, and washouts.

The first feature of the ULTRADRIL

system’s triple-inhibitionapproach is its ability to inhibitthe most reactive shales and pro-vide superb wellbore stability,even in the most reactive clays.

Inhibition Action #2: Cuttings Encapsulation

Inhibition Action #3: Protected Metal Surfaces

Conventional fluids allowgumbo buildup and bit ballingto occur, slowing down theentire drilling process.

The third feature of the system’striple-inhibition approach is itsability to coat the bit, BHA anddrill pipe with an accretion-inhibitive coating. The cuttingstructure stays clean and effec-tive, resulting in less bit ballingand higher ROP.

With conventional systems,drilling is slower, the cuttingsare smaller, and there is not thesame, high level of inhibitionas we have with the ULTRADRIL

system. Many of the cuttingsbreak apart and disperse, creat-ing fines that not only requiredilution of the system but thatsettle in the hole and can pack-off the bit. Other particulatesswell and agglomerate intolarge masses that adhereto the bit, drill pipe andBottomhole Assembly (BHA).

The second feature of theULTRADRIL system’s triple- inhibition approach is theway it encapsulates cuttingswith a thin polymer coatingthat virtually eliminates shaledispersion. This, in turn, reducesthe need for dilution and thedisposal of large fluid volumes.Because it is a high-performancesystem, the well can be drilledat higher ROP, producing largercuttings which reach the shakerfirm and intact.

The high-performance,water-base system that’s easy to build and maintainFor all of the capabilities it provides,the ULTRADRIL system is easy tobuild and maintain on location.The base fluid can be anythingfrom freshwater to potassium chlo-ride, to sodium chloride and, insome instances, seawater. The fluidis extremely clean, it does not use

any bentonite in its makeup, andits inhibitive character means a verylow colloidal content. Its propertiescan be easily maintained, even inthe presence of contaminants suchas cement and common drilling-fluid additives. And the ULTRADRIL

system provides its high degreeof inhibition without the use of performance-limiting salts suchas calcium chloride.

To ensure top performance in thefield, the ULTRADRIL system can betested for proper concentrations,using simple, common tests such aspH titration, ammonia extractionand retort analysis to confirmproduct-volume percentage.

The basic system consists ofthree main components: ULTRAHIB*,ULTRACAP* and ULTRAFREE*.

WARP Advanced Fluids Technology

28



Onshore and offshore wells wheretight control must be maintainedover fluid weights, rheologies, ECDsand barite sag.

� P R O B L E M S

Extended-reach, HTHP andsmall-bore drilling with narrowmud-weight windows, requiresufficiently high viscosity to sus-pend barite, but not so high thatECD management is compromised.For high-density completion andworkover fluids, the choices havebeen either conventionally weightedfluids with potential settling prob-lems or high-density, very costly,solids-free brines.


The micron-size particles used inWARP* Advanced Fluids Technologyfrom M-I SWACO can be used inmany water-base and invert drill -ing and completion-fluid systemsto increase density without com-promising rheology or promotingparticle settlement.


For faster drilling, WARP FluidsTechnology reduces torque, dragand particle settlement. For com -pletions and workovers, WARP

Advanced Fluids Technology ismore cost-effective than somehigh-density brine systems.


Finer shaker screens can be used,improving solids-removal efficiencyand reducing overall dilution anddischarge volumes. Completionfluids formulated with WARP FluidsTechnology are cost-effective andenvironmentally more acceptablethan many high-density, clear-brine systems.

Every manual on drilling-fluidengineering tells us that micron-size particles are detrimental todrilling fluids. With too many finesin the fluid, the rheology increases,often with detrimental effects. Thetechnology behind WARP FluidsTechnology lies in grinding theweighting material to extremelyfine particle sizes — from 0.1 to 10microns, with the majority measur-ing 1 micron. By pretreating theseextremely fine particles, there is norheology increase.

Now imagine what WARP FluidsTechnology micro-particles cando for your water- and oil-basedrilling, reservoir drill-in andcompletion fluids:

• Low-rheology, high-density fluids

• Weight materials that do not set-tle, even with very low rheologies

• Better management of ECDs

• Ability to use ultra-fine shakerscreens that improve solids-removal efficiency withoutsacrificing valuable products

• Fluids that reduce environmentalimpact

• The ability to formulate oil-basecompletion fluids

The specially treated microparticles are your assurance of higher mud weights with lower rheologies for critical applications

Features• Micron-size weighting agent

• Lower fluid viscosities

• Reduces sag

• Improves filtration properties

• Excellent solids-separationefficiency

• Greater hole cleaning

• Reduces torque and drag


• Reduces oil on cuttings

Benefits• Ideal for extended-reach and

horizontal drilling, through- tubing drilling, coiled-tubingdrilling and HTHP wells

• Excellent for high-density com-pletion and workover fluids, killfluids, logging and testing fluids,packer fluids, and high-densityreservoir drill-in fluids

• Safer, more secure well control

• Less dilution and reduceddischarge to the environment

• Non-damaging to formation

• Finer-mesh shaker screenscan be used

The micron-size weighting materialsdeveloped for WARP Fluids Technologyare much smaller than standard APIbarite, allowing them to flow easilythrough 300-mesh shaker screens, sothat virtually 100% of drilled cuttingscan be removed on the first pass. Theirultra-small size, combined with theirpro prietary treatment, ensures thatfluids formulated with WARP FluidsTechnology do not settle or sag.

API barite 75 μm max size

WARP particle < 1μm

API barite d50 ~25 μm

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When the stakes are high,WARP Fluids Technologykeeps rheologies — and problems — downThe low rheological profile of afluid enhanced with WARP FluidsTechnology actually improves holecleaning by effectively removingany cuttings buildup on the lowerside of the hole.

In addition, the low rheologiesof WARP Fluids Technology clearthe way for better control and man-agement of equivalent circulatingdensity, which is especially criticalwhen a very narrow margin existsbetween the pore and fracture pres-sure. In fact, ECDs are actuallyreduced and pump pressures arelower with WARP Fluids Technology,which also reduce swab and surgepressures while tripping andrunning casing.

These and other advantagesmake WARP Fluids Technologythe ultimate choice for a widearray of critical drilling applica -tions, including:

• Horizontal and extended-reach wells

• Coiled-tubing drilling

• Reservoir drill-in fluids

• Wells with narrow operating windows

• HTHP wells

• Inhibitive fluids

• Wells with risk of barite sag

• Drilling waste management

For completion fluids, WARP Fluids Technology wins out over conventionalweighting agentsAbove 13 lb/gal (1.6 kg/L), solids-free completion and workover fluidsare limited to mixed calcium chlo-ride, calcium bromide and zincbromide, or mixed potassium and

cesium formate brines. The onlyother alternatives are speciallyformulated barite- or calcium-carbonate -weighted fluids thatare prone to sag and settlement.

Now there is WARP AdvancedFluids Technology from M-I SWACOin which the ultra-fine particlesbehave similar to solids-free fluidswith no settlement, minimal reser-voir damage and complete flow-back through gravel pack andsand-screen completions — all withno environmental or disposal haz-ards. In addition, you now have theoption of high-density, oil-basecompletion fluids for a complete oil-base drilling and completion-fluidstrain, minimizing spacers and thepotential for emulsion blocks.

Conventional Weighting Materials

API Barite

• Higher rheologies to control baritesettlement and sag

• Problematic ECD management in sec-tions with narrow pressure windows

• Horsepower limitations in extreme,horizontal wells

WARP Advanced Fluids Technology

• Near-zero sag and settlement ininclined and horizontal sections

• Fluid rheology may be low andindependent of sag

• Better management of ECD and controlof losses. No mud weight variation.

• Lower drillstring torque deliveringsuperior bit horsepower

• All-in-one drilling and completion fluid

• Lower dilution factors and lowerwell costs

• Reduced discharge volumes andenvironmental impact

The Clear Advantages of WARP Advanced Fluids Technology Over Conventional Weighting Materials

Dri

llin

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uid

s

Graded Calcium Carbonate

• Mud weights limited at higherdensities

• Limited ECD management andrheology control at higher densities

• Lower rheologies for the same density

• Better management of ECD andcontrol of losses

• Complete flowback throughsand screens

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Solids-Free Calcium and Zinc Bromide or Cesium Formate brines

• High costs

• Personnel safety and handling concerns

• Disposal issues

• Environmental concerns

• No heavy metals

• No environmental concerns

• No particle settlement or sag

• No personnel safety or handling issues

• Easy cleanup and disposal

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DURATHERM

30


The DURATHERM* system is a low-colloid, contaminant-resistantwater-base fluid designed for high-temperature drilling. It providesgood inhibition, minimizes claymigration and swelling, and isstable to >500° F (>260° C) ambient,with densities from 9 to 20 lb/gal(1.1 to 2.4 kg/L), and at depths from5,000 to 25,000 ft (1,524 to 7,620 m).High ROPs, improved solids-removalcapability and minimal formationdamage help reduce drilling costs,while its aqueous-base chemistrygives it environmental advantagesover oil-base systems. The systemis especially useful when there areconcerns about formation evalua-tion, kick detection or lost circula-tion. It may be formulated withfreshwater or seawater, and non-flocculating salts may be incorpo-rated for inhibition.

Because the DURATHERM systemevolved from formulations used aspacker fluids, where long-term rhe-ological stability is necessary, thislow-colloid system remains stablein the presence of acid gases, salts,and drill solids. The system’s sta -bility can be maintained by mini-mizing the concentration of activesolids, and using polymeric materi-als for viscosity requirements. Thisreduces gelation caused by the floc-culation of active clays at high tem-perature, as well as the viscosityincrease resulting from saltwaterflows, acid gases, or salt.

Generally, treatments with lig -nosulfonate (SPERSENE*) should bediscontinued at bottomhole tem-peratures above 325° F (163° C).Solids-control equipment — shakers,hydroclones and centrifuges — mustbe operated as efficiently as possibleto minimize maintenance costs.

System productsXP-20* potassium chrome lignitematerial is used as a viscosity- stabilizing agent and to controlfluid loss in the DURATHERM system.

This product continues to functionas designed in fluids that encounterformation temperatures greater than500° F (260° C). It is the primarytreating agent in the DURATHERM

system, and it provides potassiumions for shale inhibition.

RESINEX* resin polymer is usedfor HTHP fluid-loss reduction bydecreasing filter-cake permeability,and it contributes to fluid stabiliza-tion. Field results have demon-strated the utility of RESINEX inminimizing formation damage.RESINEX is used in conjunction withXP-20 to control these properties inthe DURATHERM system.

TANNATHIN* is a lignitic materialthat works with RESINEX to reduceHTHP fluid-loss values and stabilizerheological properties in theDURATHERM system.

Polymers contribute viscosityand API fluid-loss control to theDURATHERM system. Minimizingbentonite concentrations requiresthe use of polymeric materials asviscosifiers. Cellulosic polymersand xanthan gum provide theviscosity required to suspendweigh material and drill solids,and lower API fluid-loss values inthe DURATHERM system.

M-I GEL* may be used for fluid-losscontrol and viscosity in wells withbottomhole temperatures below250° F (121° C). For bottomholetemperatures above 250° F (121° C),M-I GEL must be maintained atlow levels. The primary function ofM-I GEL at these reduced concentra-tions is to help form a thin, dense,low-permeability filter cake.

M-I BAR* and/or FER-OX* are high-density materials with specificgravities of 4.2 and 5.0, respectively.They provide fluid density in theDURATHERM system.

Caustic, lime and gypsum are usedto balance alkalinities and controlthe effects of carbonates/bicarbon -ates on rheological properties. The

basic environment provided byhydroxyl ions aids in tubular corro-sion control and in hydrolyzing mudproducts added at the surface.

Corrosion control and lubrication.The DURATHERM system is com -patible with selected corrosioncontrol-chemicals and lubricants.The low-solids feature of theDURATHERM system, in conjunctionwith lubricants such as LUBE-167*and EP LUBE*, will reduce bit balling,torque and drag.

The DURATHERM system as a packer fluidThe DURATHERM system has beenrecognized as a drilling fluid appli-cable in areas of high temperatureand pressure. Due to its physicalcharacteristics it also may be usedas a packer fluid.

The characteristics that make theDURATHERM system an ideal packerfluid are:

• Thermal stability to temperaturesin excess of 500° F (260° C)

• Minimal liquid separationor breakout

• Ability to suspend barite andsolids without settling

• Non-corrosive (when freshwater isused as a base)

• Low static shear strengths

• Quick reversion to fluid stateupon agitationFor corrosion protection,

M-I SWACO recommends that afilming amine corrosion inhibitorsuch as CONQOR* 101 be added tothe packer fluid. One barrel ofCONQOR 101 per 100 bbl of mudusually results in an adequate con-centration of inhibitor. Additionsof 0.2 to 0.5 lb/bbl (0.1 to 0.2 kg/bbl)BACBAN III preservative (bacteri-cide) will prevent the growth ofsulfate-reducing bacteria andfermentation of the mud.

ENVIROTHERM

ECOGREEN

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The ENVIROTHERM* system is achrome-free, environmentallyadvanced fluid designed for high-temperature drilling. Its low-toxicity,high-temperature stability and min-imal reactive-solids content makeit ideal for high-temperature opera-tions. This environmentally accept-able drilling-fluid system providesgood filtration control and reducestrouble time.

The ENVIROTHERM system isused primarily in the WesternHemisphere and is similar to achrome-free DURATHERM usingTANNATHIN and SPERSENE CF forrheology control, and RESINEX forfluid-loss control. Freshly preparedmuds have low viscosity, yieldpoints and gels.

These fresh muds should betreated with additional POLYPAC* R

(or DUO-VIS) to increase theviscosity in the pits to preventbarite settling.

Once drilling begins, the drillsolids accumulate and give thefluid enough rheology to supportweight material.

Other options include polymers forsynthetic viscosity fluid-loss control.

Ester-base chemistry for optimum drilling performance in the mostfragile environmentsWhen you prefer an ester-base sys-tem in order to meet local dischargerequirements without sacrificingthe economic benefits of a high- performance fluid, the ECOGREEN*system is the logical choice.

The true value of the ECOGREEN

system lies in its versatility. It iseasily formulated to address a widerange of drilling requirements,including Extended-Reach Drilling(ERD) and horizontal drilling, anddrill-in fluid applications. The sys-tem produces the penetration ratesconsistent with oil-base muds,while eliminating or dramaticallyreducing the instances of stuck pipe,out-of-gauge holes and unstable

wellbores normally associated withwater-base systems. Its low-lubricitycoefficients dramatically reducetorque and drag, making it particu-larly bene ficial in deviated and high-angle wellbores.

From an environmental stand-point, the ECOGREEN system is asynthesized material, and the fatty-acid ester comprising its base fluidcontains no “priority pollutants”and is biodegradable. The system

has passed some of the most rigor-ous toxicity, biodegradation andvapor tests in the industry andhas been approved for dischargein some of the world’s mostrestricted environments.

The ECOGREEN system is alsocompletely reusable after only min-imal treatment, significantly reduc-ing your mud consumption costs.

Features• Biodegradable

• Synthetic system

• Non-aqueous-fluid system

• Ester chemistry

Benefits• Wellbore stability

• Increases ROP

• Cuttings integrity

• Lubricity

• Hole cleaning

• Permission to discharge

ENVIROVERT

32


The invert drilling-fluid system that reduces drilling,completion and disposal costsWith the ENVIROVERT* system, oper -ators now have all the performanceadvantages of a conventionalinvert-emulsion drilling fluid, withthe added benefit of reduced dis-posal costs. The system contains nochlorides, but rather a proprietarycalcium nitrate salt that not onlyinhibits reactive shales, but alsoprovides nitrogen that acceleratesbiodegradation.

The ENVIROVERT system hasbeen shown to significantly reducetorque and drag, making it an idealoption for drilling high-angle orhorizontal wellbores. Its high- temperature stability gives youa dependable system for drillingdeep, hot holes. What’s more, thishighly versatile system has demon-strated its effectiveness as a perfo-rating, completion, spotting andcasing-pack fluid.

ENVIROVERT reducesyour environmental costsand concernsFor a landfarming operation to suc-ceed in its biodegradation activity,one or more supplemental applica-tions of a fertilizer high in nitrogenis necessary. The ENVIROVERT sys-tem gives you a head start by pro-viding the nitrogen required forhydrocarbon-degrading micro -organisms to perform effectivelyin landfarming operations. TheENVIROVERT calcium nitrate salt notonly eliminates the trouble andcosts associated with chlorides, italso facilitates faster biodegrada-tion. In addition, ENVIROVERT meetsNMX-L-162-1996-SCFI specifications.

Features• Invert drilling-fluid system for

water-sensitive formations

• Uses calcium nitrate in placeof calcium chloride

• Excellent torque anddrag reduction

• Prevents lost circulation inlow-pressure zones

Benefits• Eliminates typical chloride

disposal problem

• Promotes faster biodegradation

• Reduces unexpected events

• Also works as a spotting, packerand casing-pack fluid

• Reduces drilling, completionand disposal costs

Water Activity of the ENVIROVERT System1.00 Water activity

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

Water-phase salinity (% by weight) ENVIROFLOC*

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7010

K-MAG

PARADRIL

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Used primarily in the Gulf ofMexico, the K-MAG* system is aninhibitive water-base system thatprovides shale inhibition and well-bore stability while it minimizesbit balling. System benefits includereduced dispersion of drill cuttingsfor easier removal, near-gauge well-bores for better cement jobs, even inwater-sensitive shales, and reducedswelling for wellbore stability.

The K-MAG system is designedto perform most efficiently in fresh-water to seawater-salinity envi -ronments, but the salinity can beincreased to improve shale stabilityand gas-hydrate inhibition whennecessary. The use of a powerfuldispersant, such as lignosulfonate,is usually kept as low as possiblein order to minimize excessive

dispersion of drill solids andwellbore washout.

The system’s popularity hasincreased as the use of synthetic-base fluids in offshore drilling hasbecome more challenging due tomore stringent environmental reg-ulations, biodegradation restric-tions and other environmentalissues. In addition, low fracture gra-dients and narrow ECD windowsoften encountered in deepwateroperations greatly increase the riskof lost circulation, which can drasti-cally increase the cost of the opera-tion. More economical water-basefluids, such as the K-MAG system,with good shale inhibition andeffective ROP enhancement arenow competing with syntheticsin deepwater applications.

Features and Benefits• Flexible system can be

formulated to suit drillingenvironment

• Excellent shale inhibitionand wellbore stability

• Minimizes bit balling,improves ROP

• Preserves drill cuttingsfor easier removal

• Tolerates salinity fromfreshwater to seawater levels

• Substitutes for somesynthetics where environ-mental issues are a concern

The PARADRIL* invert-emulsion sys-tem was designed specifically asan alternative to conventional ormineral-oil-base drilling-fluid sys-tems, balancing high performancewith environmental compliance.

The heart of the system isthe paraffinic component which,depending on the application, dis-charge requirements and availabil-ity, can range from synthetic LinearParaffins (LP) to mixed blends ofrefined paraffins. All of the prod -ucts comprising the PARADRIL sys-tem have been formulated to meetlocal discharge requirements.

The true value of the PARADRIL sys-tem lies in its flexibility. Weights canrange from unweighted to 18 lb/gal(2.2 kg/L). The paraffin/water ratioscan range from as low as 50:50 toas high as 95:5, depending on mudweight and solids loading. The sys-tem is formulated as an emulsionin which the paraffinic liquidforms the continuous phase,while a brine solution serves asthe dispersed phase. It is easily for-mulated to address a wide range ofrequirements, including extended-reach, horizontal and reservoirdrill-in applications.

Hydrocarbon monitoring. All toooften, the inability to accuratelymonitor the presence of crude oilin mud returning from the produc-tion zone restricts the use of oil-base drilling fluids. With thePARADRIL system’s linear-paraffinbase fluid, that concern has beeneliminated. The unique chemistryof the PARADRIL SB base fluid gener-ates a very identifiable fingerprint,and GC/MS work has shown thateven in concentrations as low as0.5%, crude oil is still detectablein the system.

PARATHERM/VERSATHERM

The PARATHERM* and VERSATHERM*systems are invert-emulsion systemswith one significant difference intheir formulations. PARATHERM

uses a linear-paraffin base oil,while VERSATHERM employs a low-toxicity mineral oil. Both wereoriginally designed for use in HTHPapplications, but can be engineeredfor use in low-temperature wells.It was developed to meet the tech-nical challenges associated withdrilling wells with narrow hydraulicwindows and extended-reach pro-files. The system was designed withthe specific goal of delivering thefollowing qualities:

• Stability at high temperatures

• Reduced high-shear-rate viscosity

• Stable low-shear-rate viscosity

• Reduction in EquivalentCirculating Density (ECD)

• Reduced sag potential

ApplicationsThe PARATHERM system is suit -able for applications with narrowhydrau lic windows, regardless ofthe expected Bottomhole StaticTemperature (BHST). The first field

application of the PARATHERM

system was in a low-temperature(1,670° F [910° C]), narrow-hydraulic-window well. The well was success-ful due in large part to the lowerrheological properties and associ-ated reduction in ECD obtainablewith the PARATHERM system. Thisapplication confirmed the ability ofthe PARATHERM system to provide afluid with reduced high-shear-rateviscosity compared to conventionalsystems, providing a direct benefit inreduced total system pressure loss.

The PARATHERM system hasalso been used successfully todrill Extended-Reach Drilling(ERD) wells.

The VERSATHERM system has beensuccessfully used in HTHP applica-tions. The maximum bottomholestatic temperature the system hasbeen used to drill is slightly above3,560° F (1,960° C). The system hasexhibited very stable properties andlow, non-progressive gel strengths.

Additive Material Function

Linear Paraffin Base fluid Continuous phase

Low-Toxicity Mineral Oil (LTMO) Base fluid Continuous phase

EMI-783 Organophilic clay Viscosifier

Bentone 38 Organophilic clay Viscosifier

VG-SUPREME* Organophilic clay Viscosifier

Lime Calcium hydroxide Alkalinity

SUREMUL* Polyamide Primary emulsifier

SUREWET* Fatty acid Secondary emulsifier

Freshwater Freshwater Internal phase

CaCl2 Calcium chloride Salinity

VERSATROL* Gilsonite Fluid loss

VERSATROL HT Gilsonite Fluid loss

Barite Barium sulfate Density

Typical System Components

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TRUDRIL

POLY-PLUS

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The POLY-PLUS* system employshigh- molecular -weight polymersand anionic liquid to provide cut-tings encapsulation and shale stabi-lization. It also acts as a viscosifier,friction reducer and flocculantwhile providing some fluid-losscontrol. POLY-PLUS additive canbe used in mud systems rangingfrom low-solids to weighted,utilizing makeup waters fromfresh to saltwater .

• POLY-PLUS additive mud systems.POLY-PLUS provides excellent cut-tings encapsulation and improvedwellbore stability.

• Clear-water fluids. POLY-PLUS

agent may be used in clear-water,solids-free drilling fluids. POLY-PLUS

polymer increases viscosity andenhances solids removal by floccu-lating the undesired solids. It alsoprovides cuttings encapsulationand improved wellbore stability.

• Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed(LSND) muds. POLY-PLUS

agent is well suited to LSNDsystems. In reduced-bentonitemuds, POLY-PLUS serves as abentonite extender to increaseviscosity, flocculates drill solidsfor more efficient removal, encapsu lates cuttings andimproves wellbore stability.

• Weighted muds. POLY-PLUS canbe used in weighted muds forcuttings encapsulation, improvedwellbore stability, secondaryviscosity and to improve filtercake integrity.

• POLY-PLUS sweeps. ViscousPOLY-PLUS sweeps are effectivefor periodic hole cleaning.

The TRUDRIL* system differs from otheroil muds in that it is formulated with-out an internal brine phase. A high-performance organoclay is used togenerate superior rheology and sus-pending properties. Efficient filtrationcontrol is achieved through use of par-ticulates and/or synthetic polymers.The inevitability of incorporationof small quantities of water from thedrilling operation and surface han-dling operations is addressed throughuse of limited treatments with emulsi-fiers and oil-wetting agents, but unlikeconventional invert-emulsion fluids,water content is minimized and istreated as a contaminant rather thana system component.

Experience has shown that over5% by volume of water can be incorpo-rated without any evidence of negativeinteraction with drilled formation orcuttings. At higher water fractions, it isexpedient to address balanced-activityissues and to salt up as appropriate,

treating the fluid as a conventionalinvert. There is no real break-overprocedure to be dealt with, andconversion to an invert is straight -forward. All system componentsare efficient elements of invert- emulsion formulations.

TRUDRIL fluids have been usedin a wide variety of conditionsand environments:

• Base fluids have ranged from crudeand diesel to ultra-low-aromaticmineral oils

• Densities have varied fromunweighted (basically thedensity of the base fluid) toover 18 lb/gal (2.2 kg/L)

• Application is documented at tem-peratures up to ~400° F (~204° C)

• Drilling environments have variedfrom critical-angle deepwater wellsto shallow horizontals

The composition of the fluid deliv-ers certain desirable characteristics

and properties, (as compared toinverts) including:

• High YP/PV ratio and superiorsuspending performance

• Lower ECDs

• Efficient hole cleaning

• Reduced gas-hydrate sensitivity

• Lower densities than achievable withinverts. Low-density inverts tend tohave a high aqueous fraction whichfurther limits the ability to achievelow densities

• Reduced concern over water-phasecomposition

• More environmentally competentdischarges i.e., no salt added

• Lower maintenance costs

• Low surfactant content with possiblereservoir implications

• Minimum number of productsmaking engineering simple

Features and Benefits• Provides excellent cuttings

encapsulation and limitscuttings dispersion

• Provides improvedshale stabilization

• Enhances the removalof drill solids

• Liquid product for easy mixingand rapid yield

• Aids in preventing balling onthe bit, stabilizers and BHA bycoating and lubricating solids

• Improves the lubricity ofmost mud systems, partic ularlynon dispersed muds, when usedin combination with a lubricant

• Can be used to viscosify clear-water and low-solids drilling fluids

VERSACLEAN/VERSADRIL

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The VERSACLEAN* and VERSADRIL*systems are oil-base fluids formu-lated and engineered to meet anydrilling-fluid requirement. The onlydifference between the two sys-tems is that the VERSACLEAN systemuses a highly refined mineral oilwhile the VERSADRIL system is for-mulated with No. 2 diesel oil as thecontinuous external phase.

Both systems deliver excellentthermal stability for drilling deep,hot holes. Their formulation pro-vides inherent protection againstacid gases, such as CO2 and H2S,as well as corrosion due to thepresence of lime (used as an alka -linity control reagent) in the con -tinuous oil phase. VERSACLEAN andVERSADRIL systems can drill water-soluble formations (anhydrite, gyp-sum, salts and complex salts) withminimum or no hole-washout prob-lems. They provide improved lubric-ity for drilling deviated holes andfor significantly reducing occur-rences of stuck pipe. VERSACLEAN

and VERSADRIL systems minimizedamage to producing formationsthrough the prevention of waterintrusion, thereby eliminating clayswelling which can cause reducedpermeability of the pay zone. Theyalso provide increased rates of pen-etration and ability to drill thick,water-sensitive shale sections withrelative ease, thus providing forgauge hole drilling.

In many cases, oil muds arenot considered, although the drill -ing conditions warrant their use,because of their initial makeupcosts. However, if the overall drillingcosts are considered, the costs

accompanying the use of an oilmud are usually comparable with,or less than, those of a water-basefluid, particularly when mostdrilling problems are eliminated,resulting in substantial time sav-ings. In addition, both VERSACLEAN

and VERSADRIL oil muds can besalvaged and reused following thedrilling operation.

Features• Low coefficient of friction

• High-temperature stability

• Chemically stable

• Excellent filtration control

Benefits• Maximizes production


• In-gauge wellbores

• Optimized ROP

• Stable wellbores

System Base Oil

VERSACLEAN* Mineral oil

VERSADRIL* Diesel

Drilling-Fluid Systems and Additives

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Product Primary SecondaryTrade Name Description Type Function Function

ASPHASOL* Sulfonated organic-resin blend Water Shale inhibitor Filtration

ASPHASOL* D Sulfonated organic blend Water Shale inhibitor Filtration

ASPHASOL* Sulfonated asphalt Water Shale inhibitor FiltrationSUPREME

BUBBLE BUSTER* Low-toxicity defoamer Water Defoamer —

CAUSTILIG* Caustilized lignite Water Thinner Thermal stability Filtration Emulsifier

CLEAN UP* Detergent for general rig cleaning when using Water Surfactant Emulsifieroil- and synthetic-base fluids Oil

Synthetic

CONQOR* 101 Filming amine Water Corrosion inhibitor —

CONQOR* 202 B Persistent filming amine Water Corrosion inhibitor —

CONQOR* 303 A Amine corrosion inhibitor for clear brines Water Corrosion inhibitor —

CONQOR* 404 General-use, phosphorus-base inhibitor Water Corrosion inhibitor —

C-SEAL* Coke FLCA Water, Lost circulation —Oil,

Synthetic

C-SEAL* F Coke FLCA (fine grind) Water Lost circulation —Oil

Synthetic

D-D* Drilling detergent Water Surfactant Emulsifier Shale control

DEFOAM-A* Alcohol-base defoamer Water Defoamer —

DEFOAM-X* All-purpose liquid defoamer Water Defoamer —

DRIL-FREE* High-performance lubricant, anti-sticking agent Water Lubricant Surfactant

DRIL-KLEEN* Concentrated, mild drilling detergent Water Surfactant Emulsifier with low toxicity Shale control

DRIL-KLEEN* II Anti-bit balling agent Water Surfactant Emulsifier, Lubricant

DRILPLEX* Viscosifier for the DRILPLEX MMO system Water Viscosifier Shale inhibitor

DRILZONE* ROP enhancer Water Surfactant —

DRILZONE* L Low-cost anticrete Water Surfactant —

DUO-TEC* Xanthan gum Water Viscosifier —

DUO-VIS* Xanthan gum Water Viscosifier —

DUO-VIS* L Liquified xanthan gum, non-clarified — Viscosifier —

DUO-VIS* PLUS Xanthan gum Water Viscosifier —

DURALON* High-temperature filtration-control polymer Water Filtration Thermal stability

DUROGEL* Sepiolite clay Water Viscosifier —

ECOGREEN* B Ester base fluid Synthetic Thinner Lubricant

ECOGREEN* M Low-end rheology modifier Synthetic Viscosifier —

ECOGREEN* P Primary emulsifier for the ECOGREEN system Synthetic Emulsifier Surfactant

ECOGREEN* S Secondary emulsifier for the ECOGREEN system Synthetic Emulsifier Surfactant

ECOKLEEN* Anticrete for tar applications Water Surfactant —

ECOTROL* RD Readily dispersible filtration control additive Oil Filtration — Synthetic

EMUL HT* HTHP emulsifier Oil Emulsifier —Synthetic

ENVIROBLEND* Salt for ENVIROVERT system Water Shale inhibitor —

FER-OX* Hematite Water Density —Oil

Synthetic

FORM-A-PLUG* II Acid-soluble plug Water Lost circulation FiltrationOil

Synthetic

FORM-A-PLUG* Accelerator for the FORM-A-PLUG II system Water Lost circulation —ACC Oil

Synthetic

FORM-A-PLUG* Retarder for the FORM-A-PLUG II system Water Lost circulation —RET Oil

Synthetic


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FORM-A-SET* Cross-linked polymer plug Water Lost circulation —

FORM-A-SET* Accelerator for the FORM-A-SET pill Water Lost circulation —ACC Oil

Synthetic

FORM-A-SET* AK Polymeric lost-circulation material Water Lost circulation —Oil

Synthetic

FORM-A-SET* Variant of FORM-A-SET AK for water shut off Water Lost circulation —AKX Oil

Synthetic

FORM-A-SET* RET Retarder for the FORM-A-SET pill Water Lost circulation —Oil

Synthetic

FORM-A-SET* XL Cross-linker for the FORM-A-SET pill Water Lost circulation —Oil

Synthetic

G-SEAL* Sized graphite bridging agent Water Lubricant FiltrationOil

Synthetic

GELEX* Bentonite extender Water Flocculant Viscosifier —

GELPLEX* Viscosifier for the DRILPLEX system Water Viscosifier —

GLYDRIL* DG Water-miscible glycol-hydrate inhibitor Water Thermal stability Surfactant

GLYDRIL* GP Broad-cloud-point, general-purpose polyglycol Water Shale control Lubricityfor low-salinity fluids and low temperatures Filtration

GLYDRIL* HC Polyglycol for high-salinity fluids and Water Shale control Lubricityhigh temperatures Filtration

GLYDRIL* LC Low-cloud-point polyglycol for low-salinity Water Shale control Lubricityfluids and low temperatures Filtration

GLYDRIL* MC Medium-cloud-point polyglycol for Water Shale control Lubricitymoderate-salinity fluids and high temperatures Filtration

HIBTROL* Modified metal-cellulose polymer Water Filtration Shale inhibition

HIBTROL* HV Modified metal-cellulose polymer that also Water Filtration Shale inhibitionprovides viscosity Viscosifier

HIBTROL* ULV Fluid-loss additive and secondary shale inhibitor with Water Filtration Shale controlultra-low viscosity

HRP* Liquid viscosifier for oil fluids Oil Viscosifier Thermal stability

HYDRABLOK* Deepwater hydrate inhibitor Water Surfactant —

IDCAP* D Polymeric shale inhibitor Water Shale inhibition —

IDLUBE* XL Extreme-pressure lubricant Water Lubricant —

IDSPERSE* XT High-temperature polymeric dispersant Water Thinner —

K-17* Potassium lignite Water Filtration Emulsifier Thinner Shale control

K-52* Potassium supplement Water Shale control —

KLA-CURE* Hydration suppressant Water Shale control —

KLA-CURE* II Hydration suppressant plus detergent Water Shale control —

KLAFLOC* I Low-cost shale inhibitor for floc water drilling Water Filtration —

KLAFLOC* II Cationic flocculant for floc water drilling Water Filtration —

KLA-GARD* Shale stabilizer and inhibitor Water Shale control Filtration

KLA-GARD* B Salt-free KLA-GARD Water Shale inhibitor —

KLA-STOP* Shale inhibitor Water Shale control —

LO-WATE* Ground calcium carbonate weight material Water Density Filtration Oil Lost circulation

Synthetic

LUBE-945* Water-dispersible lubricant Water Lubricant Shale inhibition

M-I BAR* Barite, meets API specifications Water Density —Oil

Synthetic

M-I CEDAR FIBER* Shredded cedar fiber Water Lost circulation —

M-I CIDE* Biocide – Not available in the U.S.A. Water Biocide —

M-I GEL* Bentonite, meets API specifications Water Filtration —Viscosifier

M-I GEL* SUPREME Non-treated bentonite, meets API specifications Water Viscosifier Filtration

M-I GEL* WYOMING API-spec bentonite sourced only from Wyoming Water Viscosifier Filtration

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M-I LUBE* General-purpose lubricant Water Lubricant —

M-I PAC* R PAC polymer, tech grade Water Filtration ViscosifierShale inhibitor

M-I PAC* UL PAC polymer, low-viscosity, tech grade Water Filtration Shale inhibitor

M-I SEAL* LCM for fractured or vugular formations Water Lost circulation FiltrationOil

Synthetic

M-I-X* II Ground cellulose Water Lost circulation FiltrationOil

Synthetic

MUD WASH* Rig wash Rig wash Rig wash —

MUL HTP* Primary emulsifier for negative-alkalinity system Oil Emulsifier FiltrationSynthetic

MY-LO-JEL* Pregelatinized starch Water Filtration —

NOVAMOD* Rheology modifier, LSRV Synthetic Viscosifier —

NOVAMUL* Basic emulsifier package Synthetic Emulsifier Surfactant Filtration

Thermal stability Viscosifier

NOVATEC* B LAO base fluid Synthetic Thinner Lubricant

NOVATEC* M Low-end rheology modifier for the Synthetic Viscosifier —NOVATEC system

NOVATEC* P Primary emulsifier for the NOVATEC system Synthetic Emulsifier Filtration

NOVATEC* S Secondary emulsifier for the NOVATEC system Synthetic Emulsifier Filtration

NOVATHIN* Deflocculant Synthetic Thinner Surfactant

NOVAWET* Wetting agent Synthetic Surfactant Emulsifier Thinner

Thermal stability

NUT PLUG* Ground nut shells Water Lost circulation —Oil

Synthetic

OILFAZE* Sacked oil-base concentrate Oil Emulsifier FiltrationViscosifier

OS-1L* Sulfite-base oxygen scavenger Water Corrosion inhibitor Thermal stability

PARADRIL* B Base fluid for the PARADRIL system Synthetic Thinner —

PARALAND* B Base fluid C11-17 linear paraffin for the PARALAND system Synthetic Thinner —

PARAMIX* A Salt for the PARALAND system Synthetic Shale inhibitor —

PARAMIX* N Salt for the PARALAND system Synthetic Shale inhibitor —

PARATROL* HT High-temperature Gilsonite Synthetic Filtration —

PIPE-LAX* Oil-base, stuck-pipe-freeing surfactant Water Free pipe —Oil

PIPE-LAX* ENV Low-toxicity, stuck-pipe spotting fluid Water Free pipe Lubricant

PIPE-LAX* W Liquid, one-drum, stuck-pipe spotting fluid Water Free pipe —EXPORT Oil

POLYPAC* ELV Extra-low-viscosity PAC Water Filtration Shale inhibitor

POLYPAC* R Polyanionic cellulose Water Filtration Shale controlViscosifier

POLYPAC* Premium-grade polyanionic cellulose Water Filtration Shale controlSUPREME R Viscosifier

POLYPAC* PAC, premium-grade, ultra-low viscosity Water Filtration Shale inhibitorSUPREME UL Viscosifier

POLYPAC* UL Polyanionic cellulose Water Filtration Shale control

POLY-PLUS* Liquid PHPA Water Shale control Viscosifier Flocculant

POLY-PLUS* Dry Dry PHPA polymer Water Shale inhibitor FiltrationFlocculant

POLY-PLUS* LV Low-viscosity PHPA Water Shale control Filtration, Flocculant

POLY-PLUS* RD Readily dispersible PHPA powder Water Shale control Viscosifier Flocculant

POLY-SAL* Preserved modified starch Water Filtration Viscosifier

POLY-SAL* T Non-fermenting tapioca starch derivative Water Filtration Viscosifier

PTS-200* Polymeric temperature stabilizer Water Thermal stability —

RESINEX* Resinated lignite complex Water Filtration Thermal stability Thinner

RESINEX* II Resinated lignite, tech grade Water Filtration Thermal stabilityThinner


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RHEBUILD* Viscosifier for RHELIANT system Synthetic Viscosifier —Oil

RHEDUCE* Thinner for RHELIANT system Synthetic Thinner —Oil

RHEFLAT* Rheological modifier for RHELIANT system Synthetic Viscosifier —Oil

RHETHIK* Rheological modifier for RHELIANT system Synthetic Viscosifier —Oil

RHEOSPERSE* Polymeric high-temperature deflocculant Water Thinner —

SAFE-CARB* Ground marble (calcium carbonate) Water Filtration DensityOil

Synthetic

SALT GEL* Attapulgite clay Water Viscosifier —

SCREENKLEEN* Organic blend to control screen blinding Water Surfactant —while drilling heavy oil/tar formations

SHALE CHEK* Shale-control and gumbo additive Water Shale control FiltrationSurfactant

Thermal stability

SILDRIL* D Dry sodium silicate Water Shale inhibitor —

SILDRIL* EPL Extreme-pressure lubricant for the SILDRIL system Water Lubricant —

SILDRIL* K Potassium silicate Water Shale inhibitor —

SILDRIL* L Liquid sodium silicate Water Shale inhibitor —

SIL-LUBE* Lubricant for the SILDRIL system Water Lubricant —

SP-101* Sodium polyacrylate Water Filtration Shale control Thermal stability

SPERSENE* Chrome lignosulfonate Water Thinner Emulsifier Filtration

Thermal stability

SPERSENE* CFI Iron lignosulfonate Water Thinner —

SPERSENE* I Ferrochrome lignosulfonate Water Thinner Thermal stabilityFiltration

STARGLIDE* Lubricant and ROP enhancer Water Lubricant Surfactant

STEEL LUBE* EP Extreme-pressure lubricant Water Lubricant —

SULFATREAT* DFS H2S scavenger Water Corrosion inhibitor —

SULFATREAT* XLP Extended-life H2S scavenger Water Corrosion inhibitor —

SUPRA-VIS* High-performance biopolymer viscosifier Water Viscosifier —

SUREMOD* Viscosifier, gelling agent for invert-emulsion systems Synthetic Viscosifier —Oil

SUREMUL* Primary emulsifier for invert-emulsion systems Synthetic Emulsifier SurfactantOil

SURETHIK* Rheological modifier Synthetic Viscosifier —

SURETHIN* Thinner for invert-emulsion systems Synthetic Thinner SurfactantOil

SUREWET* Wetting agent for for invert-emulsion systems Synthetic Surfactant EmulsifierOil

SV-120* Organic H2S scavenger Water Corrosion inhibitor —

SWA* EH Oil-base wetting agent for Oil Surfactant Emulsifierhigh-brine-content systems

TACKLE* Liquid, low-molecular-weight polyacrylate Water Thinner Filtration(dry available) Thermal stability

TACKLE* DRY Powdered low-molecular-weight polyacrylate Water Thinner —

TANNATHIN* Ground lignite Water Filtration EmulsifierThinner Thermal stability

TARCLEAN* Anticrete agent for heavy oil to thin asphaltenes Water Shale control —

TARLIFT* Solvent for the SAGDRIL* system Water Surfactant —

TARSURF* Water-wetter for the SAGDRIL system Water Surfactant —

TARVIS* Liquid viscosifier for the SAGDRIL system Water Viscosifier —

THINSMART* Thinner for water-base drilling fluids Water Thinner —

TRUVIS* Viscosifier for the TRUDRIL system Oil Viscosifier Filtration

ULTRACAP* Encapsulator for the ULTRADRIL system Water Shale inhibitor —

ULTRAFREE* ROP enhancer for the ULTRADRIL system Water Surfactant —

ULTRAFREE* L Low-cost anticrete Water Surfactant Lubricant

ULTRAFREE* NH Non-hydrocarbon version of ULTRAFREE ROP enhancer Water Surfactant Lubricant

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ULTRAHIB* Shale inhibitor for the ULTRADRIL system Water Shale inhibitor —

UNITROL* Modified polysaccharide Water Filtration —

VERSACLEAN* B Base fluid for the VERSACLEAN system Oil Thinner Lubricant

VERSACOAT* Emulsifier and wetting agent Oil Surfactant Emulsifier Thermal stability

VERSACOAT* NA High flash-point emulsifier for oil-base fluids Oil Emulsifier SurfactantThermal stability

VERSADRIL* B Base fluid for the VERSADRIL system Oil Thinner Lubricant

VERSAGEL* HT Hectorite Oil Viscosifier Filtration

VERSALIG* Amine-treated lignite Oil Filtration Lost circulation

VERSALUBE* Oil-soluble lubricant Oil Lubricant —

VERSAMOD* Rheology modifier, LSRV Oil Viscosifier —

VERSAMUL* Basic emulsifier package Oil Emulsifier Surfactant Filtration

Thermal stability Viscosifier

VERSAPAC* Thermally activated, organic thixotrope Oil Viscosifier Lost circulationSynthetic

VERSATHIN* Thinner and conditioner for oil-base fluids Oil Thinner —

VERSATROL* Asphaltic resin Oil Filtration Lost circulation Viscosifier

VERSATROL* HT High-temperature Gilsonite Oil Filtration —Synthetic

VERSAVERT* B Base fluid for VERSAVERT system Oil Thinner Lubricant

VERSAVERT* BT Thin version of worker-friendly base oil Oil Thinner Lubricant

VERSAWET* Wetting agent for oil-base fluids Oil Surfactant Emulsifier Thinner

Thermal stability

VG-69* Organophilic clay Oil Viscosifier Filtration

VG-PLUS* Organophilic clay Oil Viscosifier Filtration Synthetic

VG-SUPREME* Organophilic clay for the NOVA systems Synthetic Viscosifier Filtration

VINSEAL* Filtration control and electrical stability agent Water Filtration —Oil

Synthetic

XP-20K* Potassium chrome lignite Water Thermal stability Emulsifier Filtration Thinner

XP-20* N Chrome lignite, sodium hydroxide, neutralized Water Thermal stability ThinnerFiltration

ALPINE DRILL BEADS

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A L P I N E S P E C I A L T Y C H E M I C A L S

ApplicationsALPINE DRILL BEADS additive isdesigned for use in situationswhere torque, drag, casing wear,and/or the potential for differentialsticking are likely. Typical appli -cations for ALPINE DRILL BEADS

lubricant are highly deviated holes,wells with high tortuosity andwells with severe or unplanneddoglegs where high torque anddrag are encountered.

The initial concentration ofALPINE DRILL BEADS additive isin the range of 2 to 6 lb/bbl (5.7to 17.1 kg/m3). This value can beadjusted in accordance with thetorque and drag limitations of thedrilling operation. After the initialtreatment, additions need to bemade to replace product that is leftembedded in the formation or themud filter cake.

In wells where rotation insideof casing is required for extendedperiods of time, ALPINE DRILL BEADS

lubricant reduces casing wear,which in turn reduces the risk ofcompromised casing integrity.

ALPINE DRILL BEADS mechanicallubricant can also be spotted in anopenhole for logging operations andfor running casing at 8 to 12 lb/bbl(22.8 to 34.2 kg/m3).

ALPINE DRILL BEADS lubricantis available in fine or coarse sizes,varying from 100 microns to1,000 microns.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Semitransparent variegated spheres

Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 to 1.13

Solubility in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble

Temperature range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stable to 450° F (232° C)

Size ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fine: 100 to 300 μmCoarse: 300 to 1,000 μm

Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inert

ALPINE DRILL BEADS* additive is acompletely spherical all-co-polymerbead uncontaminated with glassor all-styrene material, designedto act as a mechanical lubricant.ALPINE DRILL BEADS lubricant isnon-abrasive and temperature- stable to 450° F (232° C). It is com -patible with water-, oil- andsynthetic-base mud systems.Because of its high compressivestrength, this lubricant is ableto minimize casing wear, reducetorque and drag and lower the riskof differential sticking in depleted,underbalanced formations.

Fine and coarse sizes available.

Best Value: ALPINE co-polymer drill beadscover 150% more surface area.

Glass beads

ALPINE

co-polymerdrill beads

Ceramicbeads

10 grams

2.5 SG

1.1 SG

3.0 SG

Advantages• Reduces friction

• Minimizes casing wear

• Decreases torque and drag

• Breaks capillary attraction

• Lowers risk of differential sticking

• Compatible with all drilling fluids

• Non-abrasive

Toxicity and handlingBioassay information is availableupon request.

Handle as an industrial chemi -cal, wearing protective equipmentand observing the precautions asdescribed in the Material SafetyData Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storageALPINE DRILL BEADS additive is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks; 48 sacks to apallet. Store in a dry location awayfrom sources of heat or ignition,and minimize dust.

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True weight-to-bit. The ball bearing effect of ALPINE DRILL BEADS reduces friction, torque and drag, helps prevent casing wear,and paves the wellbore.

ALPINE DRILL BEADS RECOVERY UNIT

44


The ALPINE DRILL BEADS RECOVERY

UNIT* (DBRU) is designed to mini-mize the amount of ALPINE DRILL

BEADS lost to surface solids-controlequipment, eliminating costly andrepetitive additions of drill beads tothe mud system. Without a recov-ery unit, the majority of drill beadswould be removed from the circu-lating system at the shale shakers.

ALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS*has designed a system that meetsstrict industry guidelines for safety,minimizes the amount of personnelrequired and provides an efficientrecovery method.

Utilizing the ALPINE DBRU, all cut-tings and solids removed at the rigshaker are transported to a secondset of shakers where drill solids andwaste material are sep arated fromthe drill beads, and are dischargedto the waste stream, while the drillbeads are recovered and returned tothe suction pit.

FeaturesStreamlined to fit all rigs. Thebead-recovery system is equippedwith its own shale shakers andan efficient processing tank thatrequires minimum space. If required,the system can be tailored and mod-ified to utilize the space availablethrough a flexible arrangement ofpumps and piping.

Designed to meet OSHA standards.The design of the equipment, bothmechanical and electrical, strictlycomplies with OSHA regulations.Safety rails and guards have beenplaced on the unit to protect workers.

Customized linear-motion shak-ers. The DBRU’s custom-sized shak-ers facilitate rapid screen changeswith a minimum of downtime.Screen life is maximized and thefinest-mesh screens are used inorder to remove drill solids whilerecovering the highest percentagepossible of ALPINE DRILL BEADS.

Self-contained and fully equipped.The unit has the primary shakermounted on the catch tank and hascentrifugal pumps manifolded andattached on the skid. An electricalpower box is built onto the skidand allows easy rig-up. The equip-ment arrives at the rig completewith hoses and transfer pumps formaximum efficiency. Experiencedtechnicians are on hand at all timesto monitor and service the DBRU.

Features• Streamlined to fit all rigs

• Designed to meetOSHA standards

• Customized linear-motionshakers

• Self-contained andfully equipped

Benefits• Meets safety requirements

• Efficient recovery ofdrill beads

• Minimal personnelrequirements

• Compatible with allWBM, OBM and SBM

• Screen changes in 1 min

Heavy-duty construction, compact design.

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Component Length Width Height Weightin. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) lb (kg)

Main recovery unit 123 (3,124) 84 (2,134) 148 (3,759) 11,600 (5,262)

Recovery shaker 96 (2,438) 60 (1,524) 56 (1,422) 2,200 (998)

Drip pan 96 (2,438) 60 (1,524) 12 (305) 850 (386)

Recovery pump 64 (1,626) 24 (610) 34 (864) 850 (386)

Typical Components and Footprint

Recovered beads returning to the mud system.

How it worksALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALSpositions the equipment asclose to the rig shale shakers aspossible. As cuttings and drillbeads return from downhole,they are washed down to thefirst shaker with base fluid wherefine solids and drill beads passthrough a 10-mesh screen intothe catch tank. The fluid is thenpumped through hydrocycloneswhich separate the drill solidsfrom the drill beads. The drillsolids are discharged in the

underflow of the hydrocyclonesand are removed by a fine-meshscreen then transported to thesolids-control waste stream. TheALPINE DRILL BEADS have a lowerspecific gravity (1.1 SG) than thecuttings, so they will pass withthe overflow to a secondaryshaker where a fine-meshscreen captures them.

The drill beads are then mixedwith drilling fluid and pumpedto the suction pit where they aresent downhole again.

SpecificationsSince each configuration is custom -ized for a specific project, specifi -cations vary. Here is a typical listof components.

Hydrocylone separatesALPINE DRILL BEADS (1.1 SG)

from unwanted solids (1.1 to 4.2 SG)

Cuttingstrough

Beads and waterto recovery shaker

Washdownreturn

Washdownpump

Washdown to

rig shakers

Cuttings andunwanted solids

Clean drillbeads

Fluidreturnline

RecoveryRecoveryshakershaker

PrimaryPrimaryshakershaker

RigRigshakersshakers

Tohydro-cyclone

back tomud system

to overboardor reserve pit

Conepump

Recoverysystem is a

self-contained,closed-loop

system

ALPINE DRILL BEADS RECOVERY UNIT

BLACK FURY

46


ApplicationsBLACK FURY liquid Gilsonite can beused in most water-base drillingfluids. It has been extremely effec-tive in lignosulfonate, potassiumand PHPA mud systems. An initialtreatment of 2 to 5% by volume(7 to 17.5 lb/bbl [20 to 49.9 kg/m3])is recommended to achieve opti-mum results. The readily dispersi -ble nature of the product allowshigh concentrations to be addedeasily to the mud system. The prod-uct contains glycol which aids inlubricity and inhibition.

BLACK FURY liquid Gilsoniteis temperature stable to 425° F(218° C) and reduces API, HTHP,dynamic filtration, spurt-loss valuesand potential for differential sticking.

BLACK FURY liquid Gilsonite worksbest when added to the mud systembefore encountering known troublezones. It can be added directly to thesystem through the mud hopper orpumped directly into the suction pit.

A concentration of BLACK FURY

liquid Gilsonite is maintained byvolumetrics as the product is onlyslightly soluble in water. BLACK FURY

shale-control additive does notinduce foaming and is not sensitiveto contamination. It is compatiblewith other sealing agents and hasbeen used to combat seepage lossesin conjunction with fibrous materi-als and calcium carbonate.

Advantages• Improves wellbore stability

and shale inhibition

• Improves lubricity

• Improves high-temperaturefiltration control

• Reduces bit balling potential

• Reduces filter-cake buildupin depleted sands

• Excellent environmentalacceptability

• Field proven

BLACK FURY* liquid Gilsonite^ suspension is specifically formulated to stabi-lize water-sensitive, micro-fractured shales when drilling with water-basedrilling fluids. BLACK FURY liquid gilsonite seals micro fracture, reducesdynamic fluid loss and minimizes the potential for differential sticking.Secondary benefits include improved lubricity and reduced accretion fromsticky clays. The product has application in most water-base drilling fluidsand is acceptable environmentally.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black viscous liquid

Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05 to 1.09

pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 to 9.2 (2% in distilled water)

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >200° F (93° C)

BEFORE AFTER

Note low spurt loss after BLACK FURY.

250° F(121° C)

@ 600 rpm@ 1,000 psi

(68.9 bar)Ceramic

filter disk

^Mark of American Gilsonite Company.

Mix directly in mud system.

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Packaging and storageBLACK FURY is packaged in 55-gal(208-L) drums and in 550-gal(2,082-L) tote tanks. Store in a drylocation away from sources of heator ignition, and minimize dust.

Dynamic and HTHP filtrationtest equipment .

9⁄32-in.

BEFORE

Contact area = 5∑-in. (140 mm)Side force = 1,063,920 lb (482,586 kg)ΔP = 1 lb/gal @ 15,500 ft (4,724 m)

8∑-in. hole

9⁄32-in. mud cake

6∑-in. drill collar

3⁄32-in.

AFTER

Contact area = 3 in. (76 mm)Side force = 580,320 lb (263,229 kg)ΔP = 1 lb/gal @ 15,500 ft (4,724 m)

8∑-in. hole

3⁄32-in. mud cake

6∑-in. drill collar

Dynamic filtration test

Note the superior pore-throat sealing qualities of this 14-lb/gal (1.7-kg/L) ligno mud afterusing BLACK FURY 3% by volume.

CELL-U-SEAL

48


ApplicationsCELL-U-SEAL cellulose fiber is a supe-rior bridging agent field proven tobe effective when drilling highlypermeable, extremely porouszones with elevated differentialpressures. It is effective for treat-ing seepage losses where onlyminimal treatment is required tomajor losses where large batchtreatments are necessary.

CELL-U-SEAL fiber is designedto bridge and seal permeablezones, where it reduces the possi -bility of stuck pipe, controls lost circulation and provides betterfiltration control.

The recommended treatmentof CELL-U-SEAL material is 4 to10 lb/bbl (11.4 to 28.5 kg/m3) by

volume in sweeps and/or in theentire mud system to help preventdifferential sticking tendencies.Additional treatments need tobe made to replace material thatremains downhole or is removedby solids-control equipment. Sig -nificant quantities of the mediumand coarse grades are removed byfine meshed screens (100 meshand finer).

For medium to severe losses,25 to 40 lb/bbl (71.3 to 114 kg/m3)should be spotted across theloss zone. Combina tions of fine,medium and coarse CELL-U-SEAL

fiber should be con templated inthese situations. Batch treatmentsare often preferred to treatments

for the whole system because batchtreatments minimize shaker lossesand avoid bypassing shaker screens,which reduces mud contaminationfrom drill solids.

CELL-U-SEAL fiber (fine) is sizedso that approximately 40 to 43%passes through a 120-mesh screen.

CELL-U-SEAL lost-circulationmaterial can be added to the mudsystem through the mud hopper,where good agitation occurs, andis compatible with all water-, oil-and synthetic-base mud systems.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tan to light brown powder and fibers

Bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 to 32 lb/ft3 (352 to 513 kg/m3)

Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biodegradable/non-toxic

Solubility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46% by weight acid soluble

Particle-Size Distribution (PSD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 to 2,000 μm

CELL-U-SEAL* cellulose fiber is asuperior bridging agent and Lost-Circulation Material (LCM) designedto bridge and seal permeable for-mations in water-, oil- or synthetic-base mud systems. Bridging andsealing permeable formations andmicro-fractured shales reduces thepotential for differential stickingand lowers torque and drag tenden-cies. CELL-U-SEAL fiber has proveneffective in reducing differentialsticking when drilling extremelydepleted zones where the differen-tial pressures are very high.

For added flexibility, CELL-U-SEAL

fiber is available in fine, mediumand coarse grades so that the opti-mum particle size can be selected tobridge the pores and pore throats ofpermeable formations. CELL-U-SEAL

cellulose fiber additions have mini-mal effects on mud properties.

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Advantages• Effective bridging and sealing

agent for a wide range offormations

• Offers some elongated materialas well as granular particles,ensuring a matting effect acrossthe formation

• Inert material with minimumeffect on mud properties

• Compatible with all mudsystems and other lost-circulation materials

• Easily mixed and dispersedinto the mud system

• Biodegradable/non-toxic

• Offers unique particle sizes,smaller than conventional LCM,yet larger than solids found inmost drilling fluids



Packaging and storageCELL-U-SEAL is packaged in 40-lb(18.1-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks.Store in a dry location away fromsources of heat or ignition, andminimize dust.

FrequencyCumulativeMeanMedian

Gravel Sand

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Silt Clay

Extended-range laser sieve analysis

Cu

mu

lati

ve v

olu

me,

%

Freq

uen

cy, %

Actual size

CELL-U-SEAL dry product(enlarged 150x)

Particle diameter

Sample: CELL-U-SEAL

Screen Performance:43% by volume passes through a 120-mesh screen

Particle-sizedistribution:PDS = 0.5 micronsto 2,000 microns

4,0005

μmUSSieve

2,00010

1,00018

50030

25060

121120

66230

31400

16 8 4 2 1 0.5

Result: ASTM E11:61 report. Report performed by Westport Technology Center International(Houston, Texas), Deborah A. Ragland, Ph.D., and Michael C. Dix, September 30, 1999. Report number RT-99-052. Project number D115448D0000.

CLEAN SPOT

50


ApplicationsCLEAN SPOT pipe-freeing agent isa low-toxicity spotting fluid thathas proven itself highly effectivein environmentally sensitive areas,both onshore and offshore.

Success in freeing differentiallystuck pipe is greatest when thespotting fluid is applied as soonas possi ble after the pipe becomesstuck. A fluid that can be mixed andspotted quickly often frees the drill-string before fishing operations arerequired. CLEAN SPOT pills are easilyprepared and are well suited forspotting situations.

CLEAN SPOT pipe-freeing agentcontains no hydrocarbons, is com-patible with most mud systemsand can be used either weightedor unweighted in wells withdifferentially stuck pipe.

After being used as a spottingfluid, CLEAN SPOT additive canbe incorporated into the activemud system to reduce torque anddrag and reduce the possibilityof differential sticking.

Advantages• Effective soak solution that quickly

frees differentially stuck pipe

• Can be easily weighted withbarite, FER-OX* or calciumcarbonate

• Can be incorporated in mostmud systems

• Contains no hydrocarbons andis water dispersible

• Excellent stability at downholetemperatures and pressures

• Aids in lubrication, improvingtorque and drag reduction char -acteristics of the fluid whenincorporated in the system

Mixing procedure1. Calculate the volume of spotting

fluid required and add at least10% to compensate for washout.In addition, include 25 bbl toremain in the drillstring afterinitial displacement.

2. In a clean dry tank, mix therequired amount of CLEAN SPOT

pipe-freeing agent from theformulation chart. Supply ade-quate ventilation when openingcontainers and in enclosed areaswhen mixing CLEAN SPOT additive.

3. Add required materials in theorder listed and allow for the pillto agitate and homogenize theentire pill. Add weighting agentsas the final step before pumpingthe pill.

4. Displace the slurry to the zonewhere the differential sticking is

suspected. Leave approximately25 bbl (if volume is available)inside the drill pipe to displace atan hourly rate into the openhole.

5. Work the pipe while the spotis soaking. Periodically pump1 to 2 bbl to assure that freshCLEAN SPOT additive is being dis-placed across the problem zone.

6. Allow at least 24 hrs for theCLEAN SPOT pipe-freeing agentto free the stuck pipe.

Note: When using CLEAN SPOT pipe-freeing agent in deviated wells withangle greater than 35°, the spottingfluid should be weighted 0.5 lb/gal(0.06 SG) heavier than the fluid inthe well to encourage the spottingfluid to migrate.

CLEAN SPOT* pipe-freeing agent is a water-dispersible, low-toxicity spottingfluid designed to free differentially stuck pipe by penetrating between thewall cake and metal. CLEAN SPOT additive also offers strong metal wettingcharacteristics and can be used as a lubricant after being incorporated intothe active system.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amber liquid

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >200° F (93° C)

Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.91 to 0.925

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Quick-Mix RecipeFor a 50-bbl pill

3 tanks of CLEAN SPOT

For 8 to 12 lb/gal (0.96 to1.44 kg/L), add 1 tank or 550gal (2,082 L) water (12 bbl)

For 13 to 18 lb/gal (1.56to 2.16 kg/L), add ∑ tankor 275 gal (1,041 L) water(6 bbl)

Add 400 lb (181 kg) or8 sacks of lime. Shearand mix for 30 min.

Add barite to desireddensity. Shear and mixfor 30 min to 1 hr.

Add 400 lb (181 kg) or4 sacks of salt and 500 lb(227 kg) of ALPINE DRILLBEADS and mix for 15 min

6

5

4

3

2

1

Density, lb/gal 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18(kg/L) (0.96) (1.1) (1.2) (1.3) (1.4) (1.6) (1.7) (1.8) (1.9) (2.0) (2.2)

CLEAN SPOT*, gal 31 30 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 25 23(L) (117) (114) (114) (110) (106) (102) (102) (98) (95) (95) (87)

Barite, lb 25 80 140 190 240 300 360 400 460 520 580(kg) (11.3) (36.3) (63.5) (86.2) (109) (136) (163) (181) (209) (236) (263)

Lime, lb 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10(kg) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5)

Salt, lb 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5(kg) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (2.3) (2.3) (2.3) (2.3)

Water, gal 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5(L) (38) (38) (38) (38) (19) (19) (19) (19) (19) (19) (19)

Number of bbl of finished product per tank 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 23

Mixing Table, general guidelines per barrel (42-gal)

AFTERBEFORE

Note: The dehydration and cracking of this 16-lb/gal (1.9 kg/L) wall cake after covering withCLEAN SPOT concentrate.

AFTERBEFORE

High-Temperature, High-Pressure filtration wall cakes

Dynamic filtration wall cakes

Note: The dehydration and cracking of this 12.5-lb/gal (1.5-kg/L) wall cake after covering withCLEAN SPOT concentrate.

FORM-A-SQUEEZE

52


ApplicationsFORM-A-SQUEEZE Lost-Circulation(LC) plug can be used to stop lossesoccurring in any water-base andnon-aqueous base fluids and canbe easily mixed in freshwater, sea-water or base oil/synthetic. It wasdesigned to be used as:

• Openhole remedial and/or preventive lost-circulation squeeze

• Plug to run in front ofcement squeezes

• Plug to improve casingshoe integrity

• Preventive LC material for seepagelosses, up to 20 lb/bbl (57 kg/m3)in the whole active system

• Cased-hole squeeze for sealingperforations and casing leaks

The recommended concentra -tion of FORM-A-SQUEEZE slurry is80 lb/bbl (228 kg/m3) in eitherwater or base oil/synthetic. Theslurry can be weighted to thedesired density with barite orcalcium carbonate.

The slurry should be pumped tothe annulus, covering at least 50%in excess of the loss zone. The drillstring is then pulled slowly 90 ft(27 m) above the pill. The slurryshould be gently squeezed inthe range of 100 to 300 psi (6.9to 20.7 bar) to the maximum ofanti cipated mud weight requiredfor the interval, holding thepressure for 10 to 20 min.

Advantages• Quick-acting plug for frac -

tured, vugular formations andunderground blowout events

• Single-sack product — each50-sack pallet of FORM-A-SQUEEZE

additive makes a 25-bbl pill

• Extremely easy to mix througha standard hopper in both waterand base oil/synthetic

• No special equipment requiredto spot the pill

• No spacer is required — contami-nant friendly to both water-baseand non-aqueous base fluids

• Not affected by temperature,activator and retarder formula-tions or pH

• Temperature stable up to 450° F(232° C)

• Environmentally acceptable (complies with LC50 requirements)

• Can be mixed in rig slugging pitup to 17 lb/gal (2 kg/L)

• Can be used in whole circulationsystem up to 10 lb/bbl (28.5 kg/m3)for seepage loss

FORM-A-SQUEEZE* high-fluid loss/high-solids slurry is a cost effective solu-tion to lost circulation in all types of fractures, vugular formations, matrixand underground blowout events. When placed in and/or across a losszone, the liquid phase squeezes from the slurry, rapidly forming a solidplug behind. This process can cure losses instantly, without time ortemperature dependency.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gray powder


Solubility in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slightly

Odor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None

Weight Water FORM-A-SQUEEZE* Baritelb/gal (kg/L) (bbl) 40-lb (18.1-kg) sacks 100-lb (45.4-kg) sacks

9 (1.1) 0.88 1.76 0

10 (1.2) 0.84 1.68 0.55

11 (1.3) 0.81 1.62 1.11

12 (1.4) 0.78 1.56 1.68

13 (1.6) 0.74 1.48 2.25

14 (1.7) 0.71 1.42 2.81

15 (1.8) 0.68 1.36 3.38

16 (1.9) 0.65 1.30 3.95

Mixing Table (approximately one barrel)

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Packaging and storageFORM-A-SQUEEZE additive is pack-aged in standard 40-lb (18.1-kg)sacks; one pallet contains 50sacks or 2,000-lb (907.2 kg)super-bags on request. Store ina dry, well- ventilated area awayfrom sources of heat or ignition.Avoid generating dust. Followsafe warehousing practices regarding palletizing, banding,shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.

FORM-A-SQUEEZE weighted LC plug.

LC Plug compressibility comparison

FORM-A-SQUEEZE

Note: More compactedProduct A Product B

Each product, 80 lb/bbl (228 kg/m3) in water (each sample dewatered within 90 sec)

PA-10

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ApplicationsPA-10 liquid additive is designedto optimize the ROP performanceof water-base mud systems. It isapplicable in both onshore andoffshore environments. PA-10additive coats metal surfaces,retards gumbo hydration andreduces cuttings accretion onbottomhole assemblies.

PA-10 liquid additive can bemixed directly into the suction pit,preferably as near as possible to thepump suction. The product is alsoeffective when injected directly intothe pump suction.

Initial treatment should be 1∑to 2% by volume, with a target of2 to 5% being optimum. Continuousadditions of PA-10 additive shouldbe made to the system to maintainthe proper concentration as newmud is added and as mud depletesas the additive coats the wellboreand drill solids.

The injection rate for PA-10 anti-accretion agent varies dependingon the drill rate, hole size, pumprate and dilution level.

PA-10 liquid additive is effectivewhen pumped in pill form with aconcentration of 5 to 15%, espe ciallyduring sliding operations.

PA-10* liquid additive is designed to improve the rate of penetration in water-base drilling fluids, especially where Polycrystalline Diamond Compact(PDC) bits are being used. PA-10 liquid additive employs a non-petroleumbase fluid in conjunction with surface active agents to maximize the cuttingability of the bit. The chemical makeup of the additive resists the tendency ofclays to adhere to the bit and Bottomhole Assembly (BHA) and assures thatweight is more effectively transferred to bottom. It also helps maintain aclean bit face so that cutters have better contact with the formation beingdrilled. A secondary benefit is reduced torque and drag resulting from theincreased lubricity of the drilling fluid.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light yellow-golden liquid

Specific gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 to 0.93

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >200° F (93° C)

Micro-emulsion droplets.

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Advantages• Increases ROP while drilling

clays and shales


• Improves filter-cake quality

• Works well with high- performance PDC bits

• Contains surface-active metal-wetting agents that reduceballing on bits and BHA

• Improves metal-to-metal lubricity

• Optimum performance may notbe realized if the material is notadded continuously in sufficientconcentration while drilling



Packaging and storagePA-10 liquid additive is packaged in55-gal (208-L) drums and 550-gal(2,082-L) tanks.

PA-10 is laboratory tested to enhance your mud’s performance.


QUICK SLIDE

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ApplicationsQUICK SLIDE multi-blend lubricantis designed for situations wheretorque and drag and/or the poten-tial for differential sticking arelikely, such as when drilling devi-ated holes or wells with high over-balance. The lubricant is appliedin situations where directionalconcerns require extended drilling

without rotation, which causesbottomhole assemblies to hangup because of a lack of weighttransfer to bottom. It is alsoapplied during casing and log -ging operations where hole con -ditions warrant the use of alubricant for tools and pipe tosuccessfully reach bottom .

Normal concentrations ofQUICK SLIDE lubricant are in therange of 1∑ to 3% by volume (5to 10 lb/bbl [14.3 to 28.5 kg/m3])depending on the fluid density,desired reduction in coefficientof friction and the mud system.

QUICK SLIDE blended lubricantcan be used in higher concentrationwhen applied in pills where torqueand drag are clearly being producedin build sections of highly deviatedwells. In those situations, concen-trations should range 7 to 10% byvolume (24.5 to 35 lb/bbl [69.8 to99.8 kg/m3]). When circulatingthese pills, allow sufficient timefor the drill beads to work them-selves into the formation aroundthe BHA.

QUICK SLIDE multi-blend lubricantis water dispersible and blends eas-ily in all water-base mud systems.It can be added to the mud systemthrough the mud hopper or directlyto the surface system anywheregood agitation is available.

Advantages• Effective lubricant for water-base

mud systems

• Decreases the coefficient offriction, which reduces torqueand drag

• Reduces the potential fordifferential sticking

• Mechanically and chemicallylubricates

• Temperature stable to 400° F(204° C)

• Reduces the tendency for bitand BHA accretion when drillingsticky shales

QUICK SLIDE* multi-blend lubricant is designed to decrease the coefficient offriction in all water-base drilling fluids. Decreasing the coefficient of frictionreduces torque, drag and the potential for differential sticking in the well-bore. QUICK SLIDE lubricant is a suspension of polymer drill beads in a basefluid that contains no hydrocarbons. The co-polymer beads act as a mechanicallubricant, embedding themselves in the filter cake in openholes and provid-ing mechanical standoff in cased holes, reducing metal-to-metal friction.The carrying fluid has a unique wettability characteristic that lowers thepotential of accretion on the BHA and drill pipe, allowing more consistentweight to be applied to the bit. QUICK SLIDE lubricant is only slightly watersoluble under most conditions, but is dispersible in water-base muds.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milky white liquid

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >201° F (94° C)


• Lubricating suspension mineral• Non-petroleum-base liquid• Co-polymer plastic beads

QUICK SLIDE lubricates withmicro-emulsion droplets.

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Packaging and storageQUICK SLIDE multi-blend lubricantis packaged in 55-gal (208-L) drumsand in 550-gal (2,082-L) tote tanks.

Store in a dry location awayfrom sources of heat or ignition,and minimize dust.

Lubricity meter reading (electrical current required to sustain 60 rpm at applied torque)

Applied Basetorque Base Base +2% BLACK FURY*in./lb Base +2% BLACK FURY +2% QUICK SLIDE +2% QUICK SLIDE*100 12 11 12 11

150 17 16 17 16

200 24 20 13 19

300 40 33 20 20

400 56 45 25 24

500 86 60 30 28

600 115 80 33 31

Lubricity Test at 60 rpm (metal-to-metal tester)Coefficient of friction of water (0.33 to 0.36) = 0.35; i.e., reading at 150 in./lb is 35

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Problem:Sliding

unacceptable

Solution:QUICK SLIDE

Shelby County, TexasHorizontal well

BeforeQUICK SLIDE

AfterQUICK SLIDE

12ft/hr

4ft/hr

QUICK SLIDE lubricant instantly disperses inwater and is laboratory tested to enhanceyour mud’s performance.

26 mL — 14 g — 4⁄32-in. 14 mL — 8 g — 2⁄32-in.

Dynamic filtration test

Note how the co-polymer beads embed and protrude on the face of the wall cake. The beadsreduce wall force friction, increasing your ability to slide drill.

The proven drilling solution: ALPINE

SPECIALTY CHEMICALS maintains a data base verifying the high-performancecharacteristics of QUICK SLIDE lubricant.

SACK BLACK

58


ApplicationsSACK BLACK additive is a coupledGilsonite that can be used in mostwater- and oil-base muds. It is afree-flowing powder and can beadded directly to the mud systemthrough the mixing hopper.

SACK BLACK shale inhibitor hasbeen pretreated with a coupler toenhance its wettability in water-base fluids and requires no addi-tional coupler when added to amud system.

SACK BLACK shale inhibitor is~80% non-soluble in water andtherefore remains in a particulate

phase in the mud system, becominga malleable solid that deforms asneeded to seal micro fracturesin shales and to reduce filtrateinvasion in sands.

Normal concentrations ofSACK BLACK additive are in therange of 3 to 10 lb/bbl (8.6 to28.5 kg/m3) for shale stabilizingcontrol, and 4 to 6 lb/bbl (11.4 to17.1 kg/m3) for high-temperature,fluid-loss control.

In water- and oil-basedrilling-fluid systems, SACK

BLACK shale stabilizer providesthe following benefits:

• Reduces sloughing shales

• Lowers torque and drag

• Reduces HTHP and dynamicfiltration fluid loss

• Enhances filter-cake quality

• Improves borehole stability

• Minimizes potential differentialsticking in depleted sands

Advantages• Easily disperses in water

• Plugs micro fractures andseals shales

• Reduces HTHP fluid loss

• Reduces dynamic fluid loss


• Reduces filter-cake thickness

• Stable at high temperatureapplications (>400° F [>204° C])

SACK BLACK* shale inhibitor is a partially water soluble, water dispersible,coupled Gilsonite. It is used to aid in stabilizing shale sections, controllingwall-cake characteristics, minimizing spurt loss, plugging micro-fracturedshales and providing HTHP fluid-loss control at elevated temperatures inwater-, diesel- and synthetic-base drilling-fluid systems.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black powder


Solubility in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partially insoluble


Asphalt is 80% soluble in water. 4 lb/bbl (11.4 kg/m3) on API filter paper.

Gilsonite is 80% non-soluble in water. 4 lb/bbl (11.4 kg/m3) on API filter paper.

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Packaging and storageSACK BLACK is packaged in 50-lb(22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks.Store in a dry location away fromsources of heat or ignition, andminimize dust.

Gilsonite is mined only in eastern Utah. Theall-natural mineral is environmentally safe.

Untreated Gilsonite SACK BLACKtreated Gilsonite

Hydrophobic

Incapable of dispersing with water.

Dispersion elapsed time: 24 hrs and counting.

Hydrophilic

Capable of dispersing with water.

Dispersion elapsed time:5 sec.

ALPINE TRACER BEADS

60


ApplicationsTRACER BEADS additive is designedto refract light and is used in deep-water applications where intervalshave been drilled without returnsand annular volumes are unknown.Typically, an unspecified amount ofcement and spacers is prepared andpumped, and the only method ofassuring cement returns aroundthe casing is by viewing the oper -ation with a Remotely OperatedVehicle (ROV) and trying to discerndifferences between the mud andthe cement that is displacing themud out of the hole.

When TRACER BEADS additive ismixed in the cement or the cementspacers, the ROV can distinguishthe difference in the fluids becausethe TRACER BEADS material refractslight, allowing visual confirmationof cement returns to the sea floor.

TRACER BEADS material can beadded to cement, cement spacers,and drilling fluids of all types.Recommended concentrationis 1.75 to 2 sacks per barrel, and canbe mixed through the mud hopper.

Advantages• Extremely visible with ROV

• Allows positive identificationof cement returns

• Minimizes excess cement

• No effect on mud properties



Packaging and storageTRACER BEADS additive is packagedin 1.11 ft3 (0.03 m3), multi-walled,paper sacks. Weight per bag is variable due to variation in productspecific gravity. Store in a dry loca-tion away from sources of heator ignition, and minimize dust.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Translucent spheres


Solubility in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble

Actual photo of ALPINE TRACER BEADS inmud pill.

ALPINE TRACER BEADS* deepwatercement identifier is a one-sackmixture of different-sized macro-porous, translucent spheresdesigned to refract light. TRACER

BEADS spheres allow recognitionof lead cement and spacers indeepwater applications wherethe required volumes of cementand spacers cannot be determinedexcept through visual identifica-tion. The unique property of TRACER

BEADS additive allows visual con -firmation when bottoms up hasoccurred at the sea floor. TRACER

BEADS material is inert and hasno effect on mud properties. Theproduct can be used in all typesof fluids, including cement andcement spacers.

©2007 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.

M-I SWACO* customers are pushing the limits of performance, drilling depths, well

complexity and field productivity. As they face challenges such as oil sands and

SAGD drilling, they are also contending with stricter environmental regulations.

This is where our talent for innovation has helped so many operators. Because

we have our own R&D, manufacturing, environmental and technical resources,

we can create solutions that solve very specific problems in an environmentally

responsible manner.

Our flexibility to innovate helps our customers succeed

www.miswaco.com

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DRILPLEX HDD

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A specialty product used toenhance the gel strengths ofMAX GEL* viscosifier, DRILPLEX*HDD viscosifier is an inorganicchemical viscosifier for water-base, bentonite drilling fluids.DRILPLEX HDD viscosifier is onlyslightly soluble in water.

ApplicationsDRILPLEX HDD viscosifier allowsthe formulation of fluids withexceptional shear-thinning prop -erties, resulting in a drilling fluidwith both excellent dynamic andstatic carrying capacity for solids.This is indicated by high yield-point and low plastic-viscosityreadings. When not circulating,the mud instantly reverts to agelled state and results in high suspending capacity indicatedby high, non-progressivegel-strength readings.

For 300 gal (1,136 L) of drillingfluid mix:

• Add 1½ sacks (75 lb [34 kg])MAX GEL viscosifier in freshwaterand hydrate for 10 min. If higherrheological properties are desired,mix more gel. For every 7 lb (3.2 kg)of additional gel added, the yieldpoint rises approximately 20 points.

• After the gel is hydrated, add6 lb (2.7 kg) of DRILPLEX HDD(3 vis cups) viscosifier and mixfor an additional 5 to 10 min

• For torque reduction, add1.5 gal (5.7 L) of ROD EASE* lubricant

Advantages• High rate of penetration

• Optimum cuttings transport

• Excellent solids suspension

• Borehole stabilization

• Low drilling costs

LimitationsDRILPLEX HDD fluids are not com-patible with anionic products. Donot add any polymers or thinnersto this fluid. Polymers and thinnersdestroy the rheological propertiesof the fluid. DRILPLEX HDD fluidshould only be used to enhance abentonite-base fluid. The mixing

tank must be clean before beingused to mix DRILPLEX HDD fluid.


Handle as an industrial chemi-cal, wearing protective equipmentand observing the precautions asdescribed in the Material SafetyData Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storageDRILPLEX HDD viscosifier comes in25-lb (11.3-kg) multi-walled, papersacks with 80 sacks to a pallet.

Store in a dry location away fromsources of heat or ignition, andminimize dust.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-white powder

Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None

Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 to 3.1

H D D M I N I N G A N D W A T E R W E L L : N E W - T E C H N O L O G Y D R I L L I N G

DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS

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DUO-VIS*/SUPER-VIS* xanthan gumis a high-molecular-weight biopoly-mer used for increasing carryingcapacity in water-base systems.DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS biopolymerhas the unique ability to produce afluid that is highly shear-thinningand thixotropic.

ApplicationsThe primary function of DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS biopolymer is to increaselow-shear viscosity for cuttingstransport and suspension. Thisproduct performs effectively inall water-base fluids, from highlyweighted to low-solids systems,including freshwater, seawater,salt and heavy-brine systems.

DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS xanthangum works to provide an optimizedrheological profile with elevatedlow-shear-rate viscosity and highlyshear-thinning characteristics withlow “n” values. These characteris -tics frequently result in fluids withinverted flow properties (i.e., theyield point is greater than the plas-tic viscosity). Shear-thinning fluidshave low effective viscosities at thehigh shear rates encountered insidethe drillstring and at the bit. Thislow effective viscosity for minimalpressure losses and standpipe pres-sures allows optimized hydraulicsand maximized rates of penetra-tion. Conversely, at the low shearrates experienced in the annulus,the DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS productenables the drilling fluid to havea high effective viscosity for ade-quately cleaning the well and suspending cuttings.

Advantages• Highly effective suspension

enhancer; small treatments produce significant results

• Provides a shear-thinning rheological profile forimproved hydraulics

• Minimum frictional pressurelosses for additional hydraulichorsepower at the bit and low,high-shear-rate viscosity for maxi-mum penetration rates

• Viscous laminar flow inthe annulus for improved wellbore stability with maximum hole-cleaningand suspension capacity

• Easy to mix

Limitations• Trivalent ions such as chromium

and iron can cause biopolymerprecipitation and loss of viscosityor cross-linking

• DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS systems shouldbe pretreated with either sodiumbicarbonate or SAPP, and possiblycitric acid, prior to drilling cement

• Subject to bacterial degradation;a biocide should be used to pre-vent fermentation if used for prolonged periods

• Lightly anionic nature of DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS biopolymer requiresspecial mixing procedures whenmixed with cationic materials



Packaging and storageDUO-VIS product is packaged in25-lb (11.3-kg) sacks.

SUPER-VIS product is packaged in2-gal (7.6-L) buckets (12.5-lb [5.7-kg]per bucket). The product can alsobe packaged in 15- to 21-lb (6.8to 9.5 kg) baggies per 5-gal(18.9-L) bucket.

Store in a well-ventilatedarea away from sources of heator ignition.

For more information, pleaserequest a product bulletin fromyour M-I SWACO representative.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cream-to-tan powder

Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5

Bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3)

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MAX BORE HDD

64

The MAX BORE* HDD system is a proprietary, blended, high-yieldingWyoming bentonite supplied as asingle-sack product used especiallyin boring-fluid applications. TheMAX BORE HDD system provides suspension, wellbore stabilityand filtration control. The systemalso helps reduce torque anddrag for water-base applicationsand is designed to minimize environmental impact.

ApplicationsThe MAX BORE HDD system provides suspension, improves wellbore sta-bility, controls filtration, and helpsreduce torque and drag in boring-fluid applications. It is a cost- effective product for achievingviscosity for hole cleaning, gelstrength for cuttings suspensionand transport, wellbore stability,fluid-loss control, and filter-cakequality in freshwater and seawaterapplications. Typical concentrationsof the MAX BORE HDD system rangefrom 15 to 45 lb/100 gal (18 to54 kg/m3).

Advantages• One-sack system provides ease

of mixing and reduces the numberof products required to prepare boring fluid

• Hydrates more than other typesof clays and is best for generatingviscosity for hole cleaning, devel -oping gels for suspension and controlling filtration

• Unique size, shape and high sur-face area provide superior filtrationcharacteristics

• Provides lubricity and wellbore stability for ease of drilling and stability of water-sensitive claysand shales

• Non-toxic and environmentally safe

LimitationsPerformance is reduced insalty (>10,000 mg/L Cl–) or hard(>240 mg/L Ca++) waters dueto decreased hydration.



Packaging and storageThe MAX BORE HDD system is pack-aged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) multi-walledsacks, 56 per pallet.

Store in a well-ventilated areaaway from sources of heat or ignition.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light tan/gray-green powder


Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 to 52 lb/ft3 (769 to 833 kg/m3)


Drilling application/desired results lb/100 gal lb/bbl kg/m3

Normal drilling 20 – 25 8.5 – 10 25 – 29

Clay environments 10 – 15 4 – 6 12 – 18

Gravel/rock/cobble 25 – 30 10 – 13 29 – 37

Typical Amounts of MAX BORE HDD Additions Added to Freshwater

MAX GEL

65

MAX GEL* viscosifier is a premium220-bbl yield Wyoming bentoniteblended with special extenders,capable of yielding more thantwice as much viscosity as regu -lar Wyoming bentonite. MAX GEL

viscosifier is an easily mixed, superior Wyoming sodium ben-tonite for freshwater drillingand boring applications.

ApplicationsMAX GEL viscosifier is used inthe following applications to rapidly build mud viscosity and provide superior hole cleaning,as well as to help control lost cir -culation, formation sloughingand promote hole stability in unconsolidated formations:

• Potable-water wells

• Mineral exploration (coring androtary drilling)

• Horizontal directional drilling

• Blast holes

• Shaft drilling

• Monitor/observation wells

• Gel-foam, air-drilling applications

Advantages• Yields more quickly than

API-standard bentonite

• Non-toxic and proven suitable foruse in drilling potable water wells

• Higher penetration rates than regular bentonite systems dueto lower solids content

• Reduced transportation and stor-age costs as a result of less productrequired for treatment

• Finer grind to enable rapid mixing

LimitationsLoses effectiveness in water containing >7,500 mg/L sodium chloride/240 mg/L calcium.

If dispersants or thinners areto be used, they should be addedsparingly, using 50% or less of thenormal treatment.


Handle as an industrial chemi-cal, wearing protective equipmentand observing the precautions as

described in the Material SafetyData Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storageMAX GEL bentonite is packaged in50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, papersacks and is available in bulk.

Store in a dry location (slip hazardwhen wet) and minimize dust (usedustless systems for handling, stor-age and cleanup). Material can bepalletized at either 56 sacks/palletor 70 sacks/pallet.




Approximate yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 bbl/ton

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Normal drilling 15 – 25 6 – 11 15 – 30

In gravel or other poorly consolidated formation 25 – 40 12 – 18 35 – 50

Lost-circulation control 35 – 45 15 – 20 40 – 45

Added to freshwater mud to improve hole-cleaning properties, increase hole stability and develop filter cakes 5 – 10 2 – 5 6 – 14

Typical Amounts of MAX GEL Additions Added to Freshwater

Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

POLYPAC R

66

POLYPAC* R polyanionic celluloseis a high-quality, water-solublepolymer designed to control fluidloss and increase viscosity inwater-base muds.

ApplicationsPOLYPAC R additive controls fluidloss in freshwater, seawater, KCland salt muds. The polymer formsa thin, resilient, low-permeabilityfilter cake that minimizes thepotential for differential stickingand the invasion of filtrate and mudsolids into permeable formations.

POLYPAC R fluid-loss-control addi-tive resists bacterial attack, elimi-nating the need for biocides orpreservatives. It is effective in lowconcentrations, with the normalfluid-loss treatment ranging from0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3).POLYPAC R polymer also develops vis-cosity to a degree that is dependenton the solids concentration, salinityand makeup water chemistry.

POLYPAC R anionic polymerattaches to and encapsulatesexposed shales and drill cuttings.This protective polymer “envelope”inhibits the dispersion of shale cut-tings and restricts fluid interactionswith exposed shales.

Advantages• Effective in low concentrations

for controlling fluid loss and building viscosity

• Encapsulates shale particles toinhibit swelling and dispersion

• Resists bacterial attack, requiringno biocides or preservatives

• Functions over a wide range ofsalinity, hardness and pH levels

• Applicable in all water-basemuds, ranging from low-solids,non-dispersed polymer systems tohigh-density, dispersed systems

• Compatible with all commonmud-treating additives

• Excellent environmental acceptability

Limitations• Circulating temperature stability

of approximately 300° F (149° C)

• Effective in systems with totalhardness <1,000 mg/L (as cal-cium), but can be precipitated inthe combined presence of highhardness and high pH



Packaging and storagePOLYPAC R anionic polymer is pack-aged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) and 55-lb(25-kg), heavy-duty, multi-walled,waterproof sacks.

Store in a dry, well-ventilatedarea away from incompatibles orsources of heat or ignition.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, free-flowing powder


pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.0


POLYPAC UL

67

POLYPAC* UL Polyanionic Cellulose(PAC) is a high-quality, water- soluble polymer designed tocontrol fluid loss. Because it is anUltra-Low (UL) additive, it causesminimal increase in viscosity inwater-base muds.

ApplicationsPOLYPAC UL polymer controls fluidloss in freshwater, seawater, KCl,and salt muds. It forms a thin,resilient, low-permeability filtercake that minimizes the poten -tial for differential sticking andthe invasion of filtrate and mudsolids into permeable formations.POLYPAC UL additive resists bacter -ial attack, eliminating the need forbiocides or preservatives. It is effec-tive in low concentrations, with thenormal fluid-loss treatment rang-ing from 0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to2.85 kg/m3). In saltwater andPAC-polymer systems, higher concentrations are required forencapsulation, with normal con -centrations ranging from 1 to3 lb/bbl (2.85 to 8.6 kg/m3).

POLYPAC UL additive gener -ates less viscosity than regularPOLYPAC polymer. The viscositygenerated depends on solids concentration, salinity, andmakeup-water chemistry.

The anionic POLYPAC UL polymerattaches to and encapsulatesexposed shales and drill cuttings.

This protective polymer “envelope”helps inhibit the dispersion ofshale cuttings and restricts fluidinteractions with exposed shales.

In saturated salt systems,POLYPAC UL additive tends towork significantly better than regular-viscosity PAC materials.For difficult filtration-control fluids,a combination of UL and regular-viscosity PAC products is generallymore effective.



• Produces minimal viscosity increase




• Has application in all water-base muds (compatible with all common mud-treating additives)



to approximately 300° F (149° C)

• Effective in systems with totalhardness <1,000 mg/L (as cal-cium), but can be precipitatedin the combined presence ofhigh hardness and high pH



Packaging and storagePOLYPAC UL polymer is packagedin 50-lb (22.7-kg) and 55-lb(25-kg), heavy-duty, multi-walled,waterproof sacks.

Store in a cool, dry place.



pH (1% solubility). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.0

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ROD EASE

68

This product is a superior lubricantfor HDD, coring, and rotary drilling.

ApplicationsROD EASE* lubricant mixes instantlyand is not affected by water quality.For this product to deliver rod pro-tection and reduce torque afterdrilling has started, considerationmust be given to the number of rodsand the amount of fluid in the hole.Treatment can require dosing thesystem with several pails of lubri-cant. Established maintenance lev-els are required after initial dosageand treatment. Normal treatmentlevels are 1 to 2% of fluid volume or1 to 2 pints (0.473 to 0.946 L) per100 gal (378.5 L) of drilling fluid. Thedosage amount should be increasedif the penetration rate decreases,torque increases, or the run lengthdecreases indicating poor cutting.

Advantages• Reduces torque

• Prevents rust and scale

• Environmentally safe

• Increases penetration rates

• Extends bit and mud motor life

• Increases mud motor efficiency

• Reduces wear on rodsand equipment

• Maximizes rig potential and steering control

• Enhances the effectiveness ofpowdered drilling-fluid additives

ROD EASE lubricant is based on anenvironmentally safe technologythat has proven effective in lubri-cating downhole consumables.This product has produced bothbit-life and penetration increasesof more than 25% during drillingoperations. Because ROD EASE lubri-cant reduces torque and drag, theoperator can use the drill rig to itsfull potential, meaning thrustsand pulls are at a minimum, andsteering control is precise.

Tests performed in theM-I SWACO laboratory inHouston confirm the effects ofROD EASE lubricant.

LimitationsNone.



Packaging and storageROD EASE lubricant is packaged in5-gal (18.9-L) buckets and 55-gal(208.2-L) drums.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dark brown liquid

Specific gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.887

pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 to 7.5

Boiling point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572° F (>300° C)

Freezing point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –77° F (–25° C)

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554° F (290° C)


PLATINUM PAC

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PLATINUM PAC* polyanionic cellu-lose is a readily dispersible, water-soluble polymer designed to controlfluid loss in water-base muds.

ApplicationsPLATINUM PAC polyanionic celluloseis effective in low concentrations,with the normal fluid-loss treat-ment ranging from 0.25 to 1 lb/bbl(0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3). This productis applicable in all water-basemuds, ranging from low-solids,non-dispersed polymer systemsto high-density, dispersed systems.It is used as a filtrate reducer andborehole stabilizer in water-basedrilling applications.

Advantages• Controls fluid loss and produces

a thin, slick, tough filter cake

• Inhibits the hydration of drillsolids and encapsulates the drillsolids for easier removal

• Exhibits superior mixing inlow-shear environments

• Is more readily dispersible thanconventional dry PAC polymers

• Effective in low concentrationsfor controlling fluid loss










Packaging and storagePLATINUM PAC polyanionic celluloseis packaged in 2-lb (0.91-kg) bottles,25/case, 25-lb (11.3-kg) net productin 5-gal (18.9-L) buckets, and 50-lb(22.7-kg) bags.

PLATINUM PAC additive shouldbe stored inside under cool,dry conditions.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White or off-white powder

Ionic character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anionic

Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64 to 9.0 g/cm3

pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 9.0


PLATINUM PAC UL

PLATINUM PAC* UL PolyanionicCellulose (PAC) is a high-quality,water-soluble polymer designedto control fluid loss. Because it isan “Ultra-Low” (UL) additive, itcauses a minimal increase in viscosity in water-base muds.PLATINUM PAC UL additive is readilydispersible in a wide range ofwater-base mud systems.

ApplicationsPLATINUM PAC UL additive controlsfluid loss in freshwater, seawater,KCl, and salt muds. It forms a thin,resilient, low-permeability filtercake that minimizes the potentialfor differential sticking and theinvasion of filtrate and mudsolids into permeable formations.PLATINUM PAC UL additive resistsbacterial attack, eliminating theneed for biocides or preservatives.It is effective in low concentrations,with the normal fluid-loss treat-ment ranging from 0.25 to 1 lb/bbl(0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3). In saltwaterand PAC-polymer systems, higherconcentrations are required forencapsulation, with normal concen-trations ranging from 1 to 3 lb/bbl(2.85 to 8.6 kg/m3).

Because PLATINUM PAC UL additive is low viscosity, gen er -ating less viscosity as comparedto the POLYPAC* and PLATINUM PAC products. The viscosity gener -ated depends on the solids concentration, salinity andmakeup-water chemistry.

PLATINUM PAC UL anionic poly-mer attaches to and encapsulates

exposed shales and drill cuttings.This protective polymer “envelope”inhibits the dispersion of shale cut-tings and restricts fluid interactionswith exposed shales.

In saturated salt systems,PLATINUM PAC UL additive tendsto work significantly better thanregular-viscosity PAC materials. Fordifficult filtration-control fluids, acombination of the UL product andregular-viscosity PAC products isgenerally most effective.

Advantages• Readily dispersible

• Effective in low concentrationsfor controlling fluid loss and building viscosity





• Has application in all water-base,low-solids, non-dispersed mudsystems. Com patible with all common mud-treating additives.







Packaging and storagePLATINUM PAC UL anionic polymer ispackaged with 25-lb (11.3-kg) netproduct in 5-gal (19-L) buckets and50-lb (22.7-kg) bags.




pH (1% solubility). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.0


70


KLA-GARD* shale stabilizer reducesthe swelling of sensitive shales anddrill cuttings exposed to water-basedrilling fluids. It inhibits shale hydra-tion, reducing the effect of drill solidson viscosity, and it works to mini-mize problems such as excessivedilution rates, increased torque anddrag, high surge and swab pressures,and bottomhole assembly balling.This high-quality, concentrated prod-uct has applications in a wide vari-ety of mud systems and has suchlow toxicity characteristics it can beconsidered for offshore applications.

ApplicationsKLA-GARD stabilizer should be spec-ified for applications where addi-tional inhibition is needed as analternative to gyp, lime and potas-sium systems. It can improve theinhibition of water-base fluids to alevel that competes with oil-basemuds for many applications.

Due to the powerful effectKLA-GARD stabilizer has on activesolids, it should only be addedto: mud systems containing low concentrations of active solids, bentonite-free systems or freshlyprepared low-solids systems con-taining a minimum amount of prehydrated bentonite. These sys-tems should have a methylene bluecapacity of less than 12.5 lb/bbl(35.6 kg/m3) with 2 to 5 lb/bbl(5.7 to 14.3 kg/m3) of prehydratedbentonite for filtration control.

KLA-GARD stabilizer is compatiblewith most drilling-fluid additives,and is especially suited for use infreshly prepared, low-solids poly-mer systems such as the POLY-PLUS*system. It is most effective whenthe use of organic thinners, suchas SPERSENE* lignosulfonate,is minimized.

Normal concentrations ofKLA-GARD stabilizer range from4 to 8 lb/bbl (11.4 to 22.8 kg/m3)depending on hole size, rate of

penetration, interval length andreactivity of the shale. A mini -mum concentration of 4 lb/bbl(11.4 kg/m3) is required for theproduct to be effective. One lb/bblof KLA-GARD stabilizer contributes508 mg/L chlorides; KLA-GARD Bstabilizer, a chloride-free formula-tion, is available. To prevent bacterialattack, a biocide should be used.

KLA-GARD stabilizer works bybeing adsorbed onto active solids,thereby reducing their sensitivityto water. This action causes theproduct to be depleted from themud system at a rate dependent onthe reactivity of the formation, cut-tings size and amount of hole vol-ume drilled. A test procedure isavailable to monitor the approxi-mate concentration of excessKLA-GARD stabilizer.

Advantages• Highly effective shale stabilizer

• Effective at all pH levels


• Stable at temperatures in excessof 400° F (204° C)

• Reduces potential for bit balling

• Reduces the amount of dilutionrequired and the associated treatment costs

• Unaffected by contaminants suchas hard water, cement or CO2

Limitations• Should not be added to systems

containing high concentrations

of active solids; flocculates mudswith high Methylene BlueTest (MBT) values, causing excessive viscosity

• Limits the hydration of all claymaterials, therefore bentoniteadditions must be prehydratedin freshwater

• Due to the interaction of KLA-GARD

stabilizer with active solids andbentonite, increased attentionmust be given to filtration control

• Product is biodegradable andrequires a biocide

Toxicity and handlingBioassay information is available

upon request. Handle as an industrial chemi-

cal, wearing protective equipmentand observing the precautions asdescribed in the Material SafetyData Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storageKLA-GARD stabilizer is packaged in55-gal (208-L) drums and 5-gal(18.9-L) cans.

Store in a dry, well-ventilatedarea. Keep container closed. Keepaway from heat, sparks and flames.Store away from incompatibles.Follow safe warehousing practicesregarding palletizing, banding,shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clear, blue liquid

Specific gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1

pH (1% solution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.5

Solubility in water @ 68° F (20° C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%

Flash point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >210° F (99° C) (PMCC)

KLA-GUARD

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FLO-PLEX fluid-loss-control agent isa polysaccharide derivative used tocontrol filtration in the DRILPLEX

system at recommended concen -trations. FLO-PLEX additive will notdestroy the low-end rheology of theDRILPLEX system as observed withconventional anionic fluid-losscontrol agents such as CMC andPAC. FLO-PLEX additive is effectivein seawater fluids, but all hardnessshould be treated out before addingthe FLO-PLEX product. FLO-PLEX agentmay be used in any other type offluid where starches and cellulosicadditives are permitted. The tem-perature stability of FLO-PLEX agentis about 250° F (120° C), but may beextended to 300° F (149° C) by theaddition of a thermal stabilityagent such as PTS-200* additive.FLO-PLEX additive is resistant to bacterial degradation.

Applications Traditional fluid-loss additivestend to destroy the high-end rheology that makes the DRILPLEX

system unique. Conventional anionic fluid-loss

agents will thin the DRILPLEX sys-tem. Therefore, a separate additivewas developed to provide fluid-losscontrol without lowering the yield-point value and breaking thecross-links. FLO-PLEX fluid-loss-control additive, a polysaccharide

derivative, is very effective in theDRILPLEX system.

When preparing new fluid,FLO-PLEX agent should be addedat concentrations no less than3.5 lb/bbl (9.8 kg/m3), if fluid-losscontrol is required. Lower concen-trations can cause loss of rheology.Treat ment levels can be increasedto 4.5 to 5 lb/bbl (12.8 to 14.3 kg/m3)as required to maintain low filtration rates.

Hardness in the seawater shouldbe treated out. FLO-PLEX additive canbe used in other water-base systems,and it will not be degraded by theaction of bacteria.

Advantages • Specially designed as the

fluid-losscontrol agent forthe DRILPLEX system

• Performs in other water-base systems

• Resistant to attack from bacteria

• Temperature limits may beincreased to 300° F (149° C) byusing thermal-extension additives

Limitations • Water hardness must be removed

• Ineffective in high levelsof magnesium

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is availableupon request.


Packaging and storage FLO-PLEX additive is packagedin 50-lb (22.7-kg) multi-walled,paper sacks.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White powder

pH (4% water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 to 10.5

Solubility in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soluble


FLO-PLEX

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DRILPLEX HDD

A specialty product used toenhance the gel strengths ofMAX GEL* viscosifier, DRILPLEX*HDD viscosifier is an inorganicchemical viscosifier for water-base, bentonite drilling fluids.DRILPLEX HDD viscosifier is onlyslightly soluble in water.

ApplicationsDRILPLEX HDD viscosifier allowsthe formulation of fluids withexceptional shear-thinning prop -erties, resulting in a drilling fluidwith both excellent dynamic andstatic carrying capacity for solids.This is indicated by high yield-point and low plastic-viscosityreadings. When not circulating,the mud instantly reverts to agelled state and results in high suspending capacity indicatedby high, non-progressivegel-strength readings.

For 300 gal (1,136 L) of drillingfluid mix:

• Add 1½ sacks (75 lb [34 kg])MAX GEL viscosifier in freshwaterand hydrate for 10 min. If higherrheological properties are desired,mix more gel. For every 7 lb (3.2 kg)of additional gel added, the yieldpoint rises approximately 20 points.

• After the gel is hydrated, add6 lb (2.7 kg) of DRILPLEX HDD(3 vis cups) viscosifier and mixfor an additional 5 to 10 min

• For torque reduction, add1.5 gal (5.7 L) of ROD EASE* lubricant

Advantages• High rate of penetration

• Optimum cuttings transport

• Excellent solids suspension

• Borehole stabilization

• Low drilling costs

LimitationsDRILPLEX HDD fluids are not com-patible with anionic products. Donot add any polymers or thinnersto this fluid. Polymers and thinnersdestroy the rheological propertiesof the fluid. DRILPLEX HDD fluidshould only be used to enhance abentonite-base fluid. The mixing

tank must be clean before beingused to mix DRILPLEX HDD fluid.



Packaging and storageDRILPLEX HDD viscosifier comes in25-lb (11.3-kg) multi-walled, papersacks with 80 sacks to a pallet.

Store in a dry location away fromsources of heat or ignition, andminimize dust.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-white powder

Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None


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H D D M I N I N G A N D W A T E R W E L L : H D D P R O D U C T S

DUO-TEC* additive is a dispersible,non-clarified technical-grade xan-than gum that provides viscosity,including low-shear-rate viscosity,and weight-material suspensionfor all water-base mud systems.DUO-TEC xanthan gum has theunique ability to produce a fluidthat is highly shear-thinningand thixotropic.

Applications The primary function of DUO-TEC

xanthan gum is to increase viscos-ity for cuttings transport and sus-pension. DUO-TEC xanthan gumperforms effectively in all water-base fluids, from highly weightedto low-solids systems. This includesfreshwater, seawater, salt andheavy-brine systems.

DUO-TEC xanthan gum works toprovide an optimized rheologicalprofile with elevated low-shear-rateviscosity and highly shear-thinningcharacteristics with low “n” values.These characteristics frequentlyresult in fluids with inverted flowproperties, i.e., the yield point beinggreater than the plastic viscosity.Shear-thinning fluids have loweffective viscosities at the highshear rates encountered inside thedrillstring and at the bit. This loweffective viscosity for minimal pres-sure losses and standpipe pressuresallows optimized hydraulics andmaximized rates of penetration.Conversely, at the low shear ratesexperienced in the annulus,DUO-TEC xanthan gum enablesthe fluid to have a high effective viscosity for adequately cleaningthe well and suspending cuttings.

DUO-TEC xanthan gum shouldbe added slowly through the hopperto prevent lumping and minimizewaste. It should be added at the rateof approximately one 25-lb (11.3-kg)sack every seven minutes. The time

required for the product to yield itsultimate viscosity depends on salin-ity, temperature and shear.

The amount of DUO-TEC xanthangum required depends upon thedesired viscosity. Normal concentra -tions range from 0.50 to 2.5 lb/bbl(1.43 to 7.1 kg/m3) for most mudsystems. Special fluids and diffi -cult hole cleaning conditions canrequire higher concentrations upto 4 lb/bbl (11.4 kg/m3).

The addition of salt, an anti -oxidant and thermal stabilizersimproves temperature stabilityin DUO-TEC fluids from 250° to280° F (121° to 138°C). Specially formulated systems/pills havebeen used at temperatures up to400° F (204° C). DUO-TEC xanthangum is subject to bacterial degra -dation, and treatments with a biocide are recommended to prevent fermentation.

Advantages • Highly effective viscosifier

• Shear-thinning rheological profilefor improved hydraulics

• Minimum frictional pressurelosses for additional hydraulichorsepower at the bit and low,high-shear-rate viscosity for maximum penetration rates

• Viscous laminar flow in the annu-lus for improved wellbore stabilitywith maximum hole cleaning andsuspension capacity

• Easy to mix

Limitations • Trivalent ions such as chromium


• Not tolerant of high pH or highcalcium ion conditions

• DUO-TEC systems should be pre-treated with either sodium bicar-bonate or SAPP and possibly citricacid prior to drilling cement

• Subject to bacterial degradation,a biocide should be used to pre-vent fermentation. Slightlyanionic nature of DUO-TEC

xanthan gum requires specialmixing procedures whenmixed with cationic materials.



Packaging and storage DUO-TEC xanthan gum is pack -aged in 25-lb (11.3-kg) or 55.1-lb(25-kg), plastic-lined, multi-walled,paper sacks.

Store at room temperature in a dry,well-ventilated area. Keep in originalcontainer. Keep container closed.Store away from incompatibles.

DUO-TEC

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DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS

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DUO-VIS*/SUPER-VIS* xanthan gumis a high-molecular-weight biopoly-mer used for increasing carryingcapacity in water-base systems.DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS biopolymerhas the unique ability to produce afluid that is highly shear-thinningand thixotropic.

ApplicationsThe primary function of DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS biopolymer is to increaselow-shear viscosity for cuttingstransport and suspension. Thisproduct performs effectively inall water-base fluids, from highlyweighted to low-solids systems,including freshwater, seawater,salt and heavy-brine systems.

DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS xanthangum works to provide an optimizedrheological profile with elevatedlow-shear-rate viscosity and highlyshear-thinning characteristics withlow “n” values. These characteris -tics frequently result in fluids withinverted flow properties (i.e., theyield point is greater than the plas-tic viscosity). Shear-thinning fluidshave low effective viscosities at thehigh shear rates encountered insidethe drillstring and at the bit. Thislow effective viscosity for minimalpressure losses and standpipe pres-sures allows optimized hydraulicsand maximized rates of penetra-tion. Conversely, at the low shearrates experienced in the annulus,the DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS productenables the drilling fluid to havea high effective viscosity for ade-quately cleaning the well and suspending cuttings.

Advantages• Highly effective suspension

enhancer; small treatments produce significant results

• Provides a shear-thinning rheological profile forimproved hydraulics

• Minimum frictional pressurelosses for additional hydraulichorsepower at the bit and low,high-shear-rate viscosity for maxi-mum penetration rates

• Viscous laminar flow inthe annulus for improved wellbore stability with maximum hole-cleaningand suspension capacity

• Easy to mix

Limitations• Trivalent ions such as chromium


• DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS systems shouldbe pretreated with either sodiumbicarbonate or SAPP, and possiblycitric acid, prior to drilling cement

• Subject to bacterial degradation;a biocide should be used to pre-vent fermentation if used for prolonged periods

• Lightly anionic nature of DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS biopolymer requiresspecial mixing procedures whenmixed with cationic materials



Packaging and storageDUO-VIS product is packaged in25-lb (11.3-kg) sacks.

SUPER-VIS product is packaged in2-gal (7.6-L) buckets (12.5-lb [5.7-kg]per bucket). The product can alsobe packaged in 15- to 21-lb (6.8to 9.5 kg) baggies per 5-gal(18.9-L) bucket.






POLY-PLUS

POLY-PLUS* polymer is a high- molecular-weight, anionic liquiddesigned to provide cuttings encap-sulation and shale stabilization.POLY-PLUS additive also acts as aviscosifier, friction reducer and floc-culant. POLY-PLUS polymer can beused in mud systems using makeupwaters from freshwater to saltwater.

ApplicationsPOLY-PLUS polymer mud systems.The POLY-PLUS system providesexcellent cuttings encapsulationand improved wellbore stability.Typical concentrations of POLY-PLUS

are 0.75 to 3 lb/bbl (2.1 to 8.5 kg/m3).It is also effective in salt muds, suchas KCl- or NaCl-enhanced fluids,although slightly higher concen -trations of POLY-PLUS polymer maybe required.

Clear-water fluids. POLY-PLUS

polymer can be used in clear-water,solids-free drilling fluids. ThePOLY-PLUS system increases viscos-ity and enhances solids removal byflocculating the undesired solids. Italso provides cuttings encapsulationand improved wellbore stability.This system is frequently used inslim-hole, continuous-coring appli-cations. Adding 0.5 to 1.75 lb/bbl(1.4 to 5 kg/m3) enhances solidsremoval by flocculating solids.

Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed (LSND)muds. POLY-PLUS polymer is wellsuited to LSND systems. In reduced-bentonite muds, POLY-PLUS additiveserves as a bentonite extender toincrease viscosity and as a floccu-lant to more efficiently remove drillsolids. It also encapsulates cuttingsand improves wellbore stability.

Weighted muds. POLY-PLUS polymercan be used in weighted muds forcuttings encapsulation, improvedwellbore stability, secondary vis -cosity, and improved filter-cakeintegrity. The effectiveness ofthe polymer diminishes as the

concentration of organic, anionicdispersants increases.

POLY-PLUS sweeps. ViscousPOLY-PLUS sweeps are effectivefor periodic hole cleaning.Circulating a POLY-PLUS sweepthrough the well or borehole helpsclear accumulated cuttings andmaintain a clean hole.

Advantages• Provides excellent cuttings


• Provides improved shale stabilization

• Enhances drill-solids removalin clear water systems and the carrying capacity of foams


• Is versatile and multipurpose

• Low pour point of –20° F (–28.9° C)for easy use in cold climates

• Can be used to viscosify clear-water, low-solids drilling fluids

• Improves the lubricity of mostmud systems, particularly non-dispersed systems, dispersedmud, when used in combinationwith a lubricant

• Helps prevent bit balling andballing on stabilizers and bottom-hole assemblies by coating andlubricating solids



Packaging and storagePOLY-PLUS polymer is packaged in5-gal (18.9-L) buckets. Store in a drylocation away from sources of heator ignition, and minimize dust.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cream colored, opaque liquid

Odor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slightly hydrocarbon

Specific gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.07 to 1.10

pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 to 9.0

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >200° F (93.3° C) (PMCC)

Pour point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –20° F (–28.9° C)

Viscosity (typical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 500 cP


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Concentration1

lb/bbl (kg/m3) gal/bbl (L/m3) gal/100 gal

0.50 (1.4) 0.056 (1.3) 0.133

0.75 (2.1) 0.084 (2.0) 0.200

1.00 (3.0) 0.110 (2.6) 0.262

1.50 (4.3) 0.170 (4.0) 0.405

1Based on 30% active material

POLY-PLUS LV acrylic co-polymer isa low-molecular-weight, medium-charge acrylic co-polymer designedto provide cuttings encapsulationand clay-dispersion inhibition. Itis designed for use in fluids basedon fresh and saline water envi -ronments. POLY-PLUS LV acrylicco-polymer provides minimal vis -cosity increase and can enhance fil -tra tion properties. When added toMAX GEL* viscosifier or MAX BORE*HDD benton ite, POLY-PLUS LV acrylicco-polymer produces an inhibitivedrilling-fluid system without affecting fluid properties.

ApplicationsPOLY-PLUS LV acrylic co-polymer pro-vides excellent cuttings encapsu -lation by adsorbing onto the claysurfaces and forming a protectivefilm that prevents cuttings fromsticking to each other or the shakerscreen. The product is also effectivein seawater and KCl-based fluids.Normal dosage rates are between1 and 3 lb/bbl (3 and 9 kg/m3).

Due to the low molecular weightof this polymer, the mixing processrequires less shear than polymerswith higher molecular weights. Theresulting fluid can pass through fineshaker screens without blinding.

Recommendations: Total hard-ness should be treated out first withbicarbonate/soda ash. Maintain pHbelow 10 for optimum performance.

Recommended treatmentApproximate amounts ofPOLY-PLUS LV acrylic co-polymeradded to water-base fluid.



• Enhances removal of drill solidsby reducing dispersion tendencies

• Minimal contribution to the viscosity of the system

• For use in seawater, KCl or freshwater systems


• Significantly lower screen- blinding potential comparedto higher-molecular-weightencapsulators

• Does not negatively affect positiverheological profiles

LimitationsMakeup water should be treatedwith soda ash or bicarbonate toreduce hardness and increase theperformance of the product.



Packaging and storagePOLY-PLUS LV acrylic co-polymer ispackaged in 27.5-lb (12.5-kg), 5-gal(18.9-L) buckets.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, granular powder


pH (0.5 % solution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 to 8.0

Solubility in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soluble

POLY-PLUS LV

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lb/100 gal lb/bbl kg/m3

Bentonite-free drilling fluid 0.5 to 1.5 0.2 to 0.6 0.6 to 1.8

Added to MAX GEL* viscosifier or MAX BORE* HDD bentonite for inhibition 0.25 to 0.75 0.1 to 0.3 0.3 to 1.0

Foam drilling (stiff foams) 0.5 to 1.0 0.2 to 0.4 0.6 to 1.2

POLY-PLUS RD

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POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer(PHPA) is a readily dispersible prod-uct designed to provide cuttingsencapsulation and shale stabiliza-tion. It is formulated for easy mixingwith improved dispersion to elimi-nate “fish eyes.” This is beneficialwhen rapidly mixing either largequantities or high concentrations ofpolymer where good mixing equip-ment is unavailable. POLY-PLUS RDacrylic co-polymer acts as a viscosi-fier, friction reducer and flocculant. Italso provides some fluid-loss control.

POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer isa specially treated, high-molecular-weight product. It can be used insystems ranging from low solidsto weighted muds, using makeupwaters from freshwater to saltwater.

ApplicationsPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymermud systems. POLY-PLUS RD additiveprovides excellent cuttings encap -sulation and improved wellbore sta-bility. Typical concentrations ofPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer are0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3).It is also effective in salt muds, suchas KCl- or NaCl-enhanced fluids,although slightly higher concen -trations of POLY-PLUS RD acrylicco-polymer can be required.

Clear-water fluids. POLY-PLUS RDacrylic co-polymer can be used inclear-water, solids-free drilling flu-ids. This product enhances solidsremoval by flocculating the unde-sired solids and increasing viscos-ity. The polymer also providescuttings encapsulation and

improved wellbore stability.POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymeris frequently used in slim-hole, continuous-coring applications.

Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed(LSND) muds. POLY-PLUS RD acrylicco-polymer is well suited to LSNDsystems. In reduced-bentonitemuds, POLY-PLUS RD additive extendsbentonite to increase viscosity, floc-culates drill solids for more efficientremoval, encapsulates cuttings andimproves wellbore stability.

POLY-PLUS RD sweeps. ViscousPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymersweeps are effective for periodichole cleaning. Circulating aPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer

sweep through the well helpsclear accumulated cuttings andmaintain a clean hole.

Addition method POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymercan be mixed directly into theactive mud system. It can also be premixed at higher concentrationsin a separate pit or chemical barrel,then blended into the active system.Sweeps can be prepared by mixingPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymerdirectly in the active system at thesuction pit or by premixing a highconcentration in a separate pit andallowing the polymer to fully yieldbefore being pumped.




pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7


Nature of charge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anionic

Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >90%


Concentration PV YP Marsh Funnellb/bbl (kg/m3) cP lb/100 ft2 sec/qt

0.125 (0.4) 2 1 28

0.25 (0.7) 3 2 31

0.50 (1.4) 4 4 34

0.75 (2.1) 6 8 46

1.00 (2.9) 9 11 60

1.50 (4.3) 15 17 110

Typical Properties of POLY-PLUS RD in Freshwater

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Advantages• Readily dispersible and does not

form “fish eyes”

• Excellent cuttings encapsulatorlimits cuttings dispersion


• Powdered material has sig -nificantly lower toxicity thaninvert-emulsion, liquid polymers

• Highly concentrated product(>90% activity) reduces trans -portation costs and storagespace requirements

• Aids in preventing balling onthe bit, stabilizers and bottom -hole assembly by coating and lubricating solids

• Enhances removal of drill solids


Limitations• Severe flocculation can occur

during the initial treatment ofPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymerin a non-dispersed mud system.Flocculation causes high viscosityuntil all of the solids are coated.POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer

mud systems use low concentra-tions (<15 lb/bbl [<43 kg/m3]) ofMAX GEL viscosifier to reduce thisinteraction. Continued additionsof POLY-PLUS RD polymer resultin a stable system with thedesired rheology.

• Calcium-sensitive — begins to precipitate when the calcium concentration exceeds 300 mg/L.

• pH-sensitive with an optimum pHrange of 8.5 to 10.5. At levels abovethis range, hydrolysis can convertacrylamide into acrylate andrelease ammonia (NH3).

• Temperature-stable to approxi-mately 350° F (177° C), althoughthe co-polymer can begin to releaseammonia (NH3) and hydrolyze intopolyacrylate when exposed to pro-longed temperatures above 275° F(135° C)

• Subject to shear degradation ofits viscosity and can lose its abilityto viscosify. Cuttings encapsula-tion and shale stabilization arenot affected.

ContaminationPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymerreacts with multivalent cations such

as calcium. In concentrations greaterthan 300 mg/L, calcium causes thepolymer to precipitate. Use soda ashto remove calcium concentrationsabove 300 mg/L.

Treat cement contamination tokeep the calcium and pH as low aspossible. Use sodium bicarbonatealong with a pH-reducing productlike lignite or citric acid to treatcement contamination.

Toxicity and handlingBioassay information availableupon request.

No special requirements are necessary for handling and stor -age. Avoid inhalation of dust. Adust respirator and goggles are recommended if mixing in anenclosed area.

Packaging and storagePOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymeris packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks or 5-gal (18.9-L)buckets.


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PLATINUM PAC Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 9.0

PLATINUM PAC UL Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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pH (1% solubility). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.0

PLATINUM D-D* additive is an aqueous blend of surface-activeagents. It is designed to reduce thesurface tension of all water-basemud systems and reduce the stick-ing tendency of water-sensitiveshale cuttings.

ApplicationsPLATINUM D-D additive has applica-tion in all drilling areas and can beused in virtually any water-basedrilling fluid. It is used primarily inupper-hole drilling to minimize bitand Bottomhole Assembly (BHA)balling, reduce surface tension, andaid in dropping sand and removingdrill solids.

PLATINUM D-D additive fre-quently reduces torque and drag,even when no oil is present in thesystem. Normal treatments rangefrom 0.1 to 0.2 lb/bbl (0.29 to0.57 kg/m3) and provide satisfac -tory performance under most condi-tions. In severe gumbo shale areas,4 to 6 lb/bbl (11.4 to 17.1 kg/m3)concentrations of PLATINUM D-Dadditive are recommended to mini-mize bit and BHA balling; higherconcentrations can cause foamingand require a defoamer. This prod-uct is effective in all water-base sys-tems including freshwater, brackish

water, seawater and saturated saltwater fluids.

Advantages• Minimizes bit and BHA balling

• Reduces the surface tension of theliquid phase, helping to drop sandand remove drill solids

• Improves water-wetting action onall solids and reduces the stickingtendency of reactive shale cuttings

• Effective in all water-base muds

LimitationsThe freezing point of PLATINUM D-Dadditive is 32° F (0° C). D-D CWTadditive, a special cold-weather for-mulation with a freezing point of–29° F (–20° C), is also available.



Fluids containing high concentra-tions of PLATINUM D-D additive maynot be suitable for discharge into allmarine environments.

Packaging and storagePLATINUM D-D liquid is packagedin 5-gal (18.9-L) cans and 55-gal(208.2-L) drums.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light red liquid


pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 to 8.5

Solubility in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >200° F (>93° C)

PLATINUM D-D

82


MAX BORE HDD

The MAX BORE* HDD system is a proprietary, blended, high-yieldingWyoming bentonite supplied as asingle-sack product used especiallyin boring-fluid applications. TheMAX BORE HDD system provides suspension, wellbore stabilityand filtration control. The systemalso helps reduce torque anddrag for water-base applicationsand is designed to minimize environmental impact.

ApplicationsThe MAX BORE HDD system provides suspension, improves wellbore sta-bility, controls filtration, and helpsreduce torque and drag in boring-fluid applications. It is a cost- effective product for achievingviscosity for hole cleaning, gelstrength for cuttings suspensionand transport, wellbore stability,fluid-loss control, and filter-cakequality in freshwater and seawaterapplications. Typical concentrationsof the MAX BORE HDD system rangefrom 15 to 45 lb/100 gal (18 to54 kg/m3).

Advantages• One-sack system provides ease

of mixing and reduces the numberof products required to prepare boring fluid

• Hydrates more than other typesof clays and is best for generatingviscosity for hole cleaning, devel -oping gels for suspension and controlling filtration

• Unique size, shape and high sur-face area provide superior filtrationcharacteristics

• Provides lubricity and wellbore stability for ease of drilling and stability of water-sensitive claysand shales

• Non-toxic and environmentally safe

LimitationsPerformance is reduced insalty (>10,000 mg/L Cl–) or hard

(>240 mg/L Ca++) waters dueto decreased hydration.



Packaging and storageThe MAX BORE HDD system is pack-aged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) multi-walledsacks, 56 per pallet.






Normal drilling 20 – 25 8.5 – 10 25 – 29

Clay environments 10 – 15 4 – 6 12 – 18

Gravel/rock/cobble 25 – 30 10 – 13 29 – 37

Typical Amounts of MAX BORE HDD Additions Added to Freshwater

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MAX GEL Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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• Blast holes

• Shaft drilling





















Normal drilling 15 – 25 6 – 11 15 – 30





ROD EASE

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LimitationsNone.







pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 to 7.5

Boiling point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572° F (>300° C)


Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554° F (290° C)

Cedar FiberCedar Fiber is a specially processedblend of fibers of controlled length,giving proper size distribution forregaining circulation.

• Non-fermenting

• Amounts used vary from1 to 35% by volume

Packaging and storageCedar Fiber is packaged in 40-lb(18-kg) bags.

MicaMica is a selected, non-abrasivemineral available in fine andcoarse grades. Mica has no adverseeffect on mud properties. It is usedto prevent and regain lost returns.Fine mica can pass through a20-mesh screen.

Application• Lost circulation: 5 to 15 lb (2.25 to

6.75 kg)

Packaging and storageMica is packaged in 50-lb(22.68-kg) sacks.

Drilling PaperDrilling paper is a blend of variable-sized particles of groundpaper that is applicable for use inall water-base mud systems.

Drilling paper can be used in concentrations of up to 20 lb/bbl(57 kg/m3) in slug treatments oras an additive to the entire system.In areas of known lost-circulationzones, it is advisable to pretreat thesystem before drilling into the zoneof loss. Drilling paper can be mixedthrough the mud hopper or added

directly to the pits and gunned intothe mud.

The most important aspect of com-bating lost circulation is using thecorrect particle size. Consequently, itis recommended that a combinationof materials be added to ensure agood particle-size distribution. If leftin the mud for an extended periodof time, drilling paper may be sus -ceptible to bacterial degradation.A bactericide may be necessary toprevent fermentation.

Packaging and storageDrilling paper is packaged in 40-lb(18-kg) plastic sacks.

Cottonseed HullsCottonseed hulls are fibrous andbiodegradable, creating an excellentbridging agent when large-particle-size material is needed. They can beused in any water-base mud system.

Cottonseed hulls are used in concentrations of up to 20 lb/bbl(57 kg/m3) as slug treatments oras an additive to the entire system.In areas of known lost-circulationzones, it is advisable to pretreatthe system before drilling into thezone of loss. Cottonseed hulls canbe mixed through the mud hopperor added directly to the pits andgunned into the mud. The mostimportant aspect of combatinglost circulation is using the correctparticle size. Consequently, it is rec-ommended that a combination ofmaterials be added to ensure agood particle-size distribution.

If left in the mud for an extendedperiod of time, cottonseed hullscan be susceptible to bacterialdegradation, resulting in therelease of H2S and CO2 into themud. Bactericide may be necessaryto prevent fermentation.

Packaging and storageCottonseed hulls are packagedin 50-lb (22.68-kg) and 100-lb(45.37-kg) burlap or paper sacks.

FED-SEALFED-SEAL* lost-circulation materialis an engineered product that con-tains an optimum blend of granu-lar, fibrous and flake materials.FED-SEAL LCM is available in threegrinds (coarse, medium and fine)covering a wide range of lost- circulation problems. FED-SEAL

additive is normally recommendedin concentrations of 20 to 30 lb/bbl(57 to 86 kg/m3) mixed in a slug of100 to 200 bbl and spotted at thezone of loss, displacing the slurry ata reduced pumping rate with eitherlarge nozzles or an open-ended sys-tem. FED-SEAL LCM can be added toeither the water-base mud beingused at the time of loss or in anyspecial purpose slurry preparedfor squeeze applications.

The FED-SEAL product has beenused for preventive measures oras a “filler” because the fine gradecan pass through 20-mesh shakerscreens in concentrations of 2 to10 lb/bbl (6 to 28 kg/m3).

LimitationsDo not mix in oil muds.


Packaging and storageFED-SEAL LCM is packaged in 40-lb(18-kg) multi-walled, paper sacks.

Lost-Circulation Materials (LCM)

86


MAX GEL

H D D M I N I N G A N D W A T E R W E L L : M I N I N G P R O D U C T S

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• Blast holes

• Shaft drilling





















Normal drilling 15 – 25 6 – 11 15 – 30






PLATINUM PAC

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pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 9.0

POLY-PLUS 2000

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POLY-PLUS 2000 polymer is a multi-function synthetic co-polymer developed for use in freshwater-,potassium- and saltwater-basedrilling fluids. POLY-PLUS 2000water-free dispersion has excellentfreeze/thaw stability and is not sub-ject to phase separation or prema-ture activation inside the pail ordrum. POLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymerprovides the same benefits as regu-lar POLY-PLUS polymer, but at lowerconcentration.

ApplicationsViscosity. POLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymeris a cost-effective viscosifier in low-salinity fluids. Its shear- thinningproperties maximize penetrationrates at the bit under high shearrates and exhibit excellent hole-cleaning characteristics under lowshear rates. It also allows for easysolids deposition in settling pits.

Shale stabilization/inhibition.POLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer can beused alone or in conjunction withKCl to stabilize active shales. It pro-tects by encapsulating reactiveshales, forming a protective coatingon the wellbore and around cut-tings. Coating reduces the shale’stendency to absorb water, swelland slough.

Foam stabilization. The long-chainpolymer of POLY-PLUS 2000 additivecreates a tighter, stronger foam,which improves the fluid’scuttings-carrying capacity.

Flowline flocculant. Small con -centra tions of POLY-PLUS 2000co-polymer (0.01 to 0.05 lb/bbl[0.028 to 0.14 kg/m3]) economicallyfloc culate drill solids. Additionsshould be made at the flowline tooptimize settling time of drill solidsin the pits.

Friction reduction/lubrication.The POLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer’sshear-thinning properties reducepower losses at points of high shear,

especially at the drill bit and atthe other restrictions such as thepump discharge, drill collars, etc.The polymer structure also helpsreduce turbulence, which reduceserosion and the likelihood ofwashouts in weak formations.

ApplicationViscosity. Add 1 to 3 vis cups (1 to3 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) of fluid fordesired viscosity.

Shale inhibition. At least 1 vis cup(1 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) of fluid.

Fluid-loss control. At least 2 viscups (2 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) offluid to be effective. Some solidscan be required.

Lubricity. At least 1 vis cup (1 L) per300 gal (1,135 L) of fluid.

Foam stabilization. 1 to 2 vis cups(1 to 2 L) per 100 gal (378.5 L) of fluid.

Advantages• 50% active material

• Low dosage rate for comparableviscosities

• Encapsulates drill solids

• Stabilizes clay formations

CleanupPOLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer can bechemically broken down with liq-uid bleach in regular householdconcentration (5% sodium hypo -chlorite). Use 5 gal (18.9 L) of liquid

bleach per 100 gal (378.5 L) of fluidformulated with POLY-PLUS 2000additive. Do not use perfumed liquid bleach or solid calciumhypochlorite.

LimitationsPOLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer is lesseffective in fluids with total hard-ness values in excess of 200 ppm.To optimize POLY-PLUS 2000co-polymer characteristics, totalhardness should be maintainedat 100 ppm or less. POLY-PLUS 2000additive is not as effective in tem-peratures above 275° F (135° C).The effective temperature rangecan be increased to 325° F (162° C)by adding an oxygen scavengerto the mud. The effectivenessof POLY-PLUS 2000 additive alsodecreases in fluids that have apH of 10.2 or greater.


Handle as an industrial chemi-cal, wearing protective equipmentand observing the precautions asdescribed on the Material SafetyData Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storagePOLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer is supplied in 5-gal (18.9-L) buckets.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White liquid dispersion


Viscosity (typical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 to 500 cP


pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 7.5

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248° F (120° C)


POLY-PLUS EHV

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POLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymeris an extremely-high-molecular-weight, high-charge, polyacry-lamide supplied as a dry granularpowder. POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer produces very high viscosity solutions at low dosagerates, particularly in freshwater.It has excellent handling character-istics, mixes easily and dissolvesquickly when added to water-basefluid systems.

ApplicationsPOLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymeris ideally suited for applicationssuch as water-well drilling,mineral exploration, and construction applications.

Due to its very high molecularweight, POLY-PLUS EHV additive isalso an excellent flocculant fordewatering drilling fluids, wastepits and sumps.

POLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymerhas several functions, including:

Viscosifier. As a viscosifier, theaddition of 0.5 to 1 lb/bbl (1.4 to2.9 kg/m3) of POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer is a cost-effective wayto generate viscosity in fresh- orlow-salinity drilling fluids. Its shear-thinning capacity ensures maxi-mum power at the bit under highshear while retaining excel -lent carrying capacity underlow-shear conditions.

Flocculant. As a flowline flocculant,POLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymercan also be used for clear-water orlow-solids drilling. Adding a 5%solution of POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer into the flowline or justprior to any mechanical separationgreatly enhances the removal ofdrill solids.

Friction reducer. Adding POLY-PLUS

EHV acrylic co-polymer into a drill -ing fluid helps to reduce turbulentflow, friction, and power losses atpoints of high shear. Lowering tur-bulent flow also helps reduce ero-sion and washouts of fragilegeologic structures.

Add slowly and uniformlythrough a high-shear jet type mixer.

Continue to circulate and agitatethe slurry until all materials are dispersed and dissolved.

Recommended applicationamounts:

Normal consolidated formation:

1.5 to 2 lb (0.7 to 0.9 kg) per 100 gal(378.5 L) water (0.6 to 0.8 lb/bbl[1.7 to 2.3 kg/m3])

Unconsolidated formation:

2.5 to 3.5 lb (1.1 to 1.6 kg) per 100 gal(378.5 L) water (1 to 1.5 lb/bbl [2.9 to4.3 kg/m3])

Advantages• Provides a clay-free boring fluid

that disperses easily withminimal shear

• Soil stabilizer can be used toreplace bentonite at a ratio of1:100 (e.g., one 50-lb [22.7-kg]bag can replace 2.5 tons [2.3 met-ric tons] of bentonite in a typicalgeo-construction application)

• Produces very-high-viscosity slurries at low dosage rates

• Slurries typically have lowgel strength

• Slurry binds loose sand, clay,shale and gravel, facilitating theirremoval and preventing dispersalinto the slurry

• Reduces fluid loss by penetratingthe surrounding soil with a high-viscosity gel fluid, sealing thewalls of the excavation site with-out the use of a conventionalfilter cake

• Stabilizes reactive formations andis an efficient viscosifier for aclear, solids-free drilling fluid

• Provides high cohesiveness to bindsandy soil and gravel

• Enhances core recovery in continu-ous wireline coring operations

• Facilitates the removal of drilledsoils from augers

• Non-fermenting, no petroleum distillates and easily broken downwith household bleach

CleanupPOLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymercan be chemically broken downwith liquid bleach in regular house-hold concentration (5% sodiumhypochlorite). Use 1 gal (3.8 L) of liquid bleach per 100 gal (378.5 L)of fluid formulated with POLY-PLUS

EHV acrylic co-polymer. Do not useperfumed liquid bleach or solid calcium hypochlorite.

Toxicity and handlingWhen used in accordance with themanufacturer’s published instruc-tions, this product is considerednon-hazardous. Drill cuttingsexposed to POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer should be washed withcalcium hypochlorite to breakdown the POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer before the cuttings canbe confined or stored in a sealedcontainer or drum.

Packaging and storagePOLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymer issupplied in 5-gal (18.9-L) buckets.

POLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymershould be stored inside under cool,dry conditions. When stored underthese conditions, it has a shelf lifeof at least one year.



Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 g/cc


pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 to 8.0


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ASKabout the new MEERKAT* PT shaker with reduced footprint, optional dual motion and killer economics.

REDUCEDrilling waste · Screen costs · Transport costs · Setup · Footprint · Crane lifts

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POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer(PHPA) is a readily dispersible prod-uct designed to provide cuttingsencapsulation and shale stabiliza-tion. It is formulated for easy mixingwith improved dispersion to elimi-nate “fish eyes.” This is beneficialwhen rapidly mixing either largequantities or high concentrations ofpolymer where good mixing equip-ment is unavailable. POLY-PLUS RDacrylic co-polymer acts as a viscosi-fier, friction reducer and flocculant. Italso provides some fluid-loss control.

POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer isa specially treated, high-molecular-weight product. It can be used insystems ranging from low solidsto weighted muds, using makeupwaters from freshwater to saltwater.

ApplicationsPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymermud systems. POLY-PLUS RD additiveprovides excellent cuttings encap -sulation and improved wellbore sta-bility. Typical concentrations ofPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer are0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3).It is also effective in salt muds, suchas KCl- or NaCl-enhanced fluids,although slightly higher concen -trations of POLY-PLUS RD acrylicco-polymer can be required.

Clear-water fluids. POLY-PLUS RDacrylic co-polymer can be used inclear-water, solids-free drilling flu-ids. This product enhances solidsremoval by flocculating the unde-sired solids and increasing viscos-ity. The polymer also providescuttings encapsulation and

improved wellbore stability.POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymeris frequently used in slim-hole, continuous-coring applications.

Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed(LSND) muds. POLY-PLUS RD acrylicco-polymer is well suited to LSNDsystems. In reduced-bentonitemuds, POLY-PLUS RD additive extendsbentonite to increase viscosity, floc-culates drill solids for more efficientremoval, encapsulates cuttings andimproves wellbore stability.

POLY-PLUS RD sweeps. ViscousPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymersweeps are effective for periodichole cleaning. Circulating aPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer

sweep through the well helpsclear accumulated cuttings andmaintain a clean hole.

Addition method POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymercan be mixed directly into theactive mud system. It can also be premixed at higher concentrationsin a separate pit or chemical barrel,then blended into the active system.Sweeps can be prepared by mixingPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymerdirectly in the active system at thesuction pit or by premixing a highconcentration in a separate pit andallowing the polymer to fully yieldbefore being pumped.




pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7


Nature of charge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anionic

Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >90%

POLY-PLUS RD

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Concentration PV YP Marsh Funnellb/bbl (kg/m3) cP lb/100 ft2 sec/qt

0.125 (0.4) 2 1 28

0.25 (0.7) 3 2 31

0.50 (1.4) 4 4 34

0.75 (2.1) 6 8 46

1.00 (2.9) 9 11 60

1.50 (4.3) 15 17 110

Typical Properties of POLY-PLUS RD in Freshwater

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Advantages• Readily dispersible and does not

form “fish eyes”

• Excellent cuttings encapsulatorlimits cuttings dispersion


• Powdered material has sig -nificantly lower toxicity thaninvert-emulsion, liquid polymers

• Highly concentrated product(>90% activity) reduces trans -portation costs and storagespace requirements

• Aids in preventing balling onthe bit, stabilizers and bottom -hole assembly by coating and lubricating solids

• Enhances removal of drill solids


Limitations• Severe flocculation can occur

during the initial treatment ofPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymerin a non-dispersed mud system.Flocculation causes high viscosityuntil all of the solids are coated.POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer

mud systems use low concentra-tions (<15 lb/bbl [<43 kg/m3]) ofMAX GEL viscosifier to reduce thisinteraction. Continued additionsof POLY-PLUS RD polymer resultin a stable system with thedesired rheology.

• Calcium-sensitive — begins to precipitate when the calcium concentration exceeds 300 mg/L.

• pH-sensitive with an optimum pHrange of 8.5 to 10.5. At levels abovethis range, hydrolysis can convertacrylamide into acrylate andrelease ammonia (NH3).

• Temperature-stable to approxi-mately 350° F (177° C), althoughthe co-polymer can begin to releaseammonia (NH3) and hydrolyze intopolyacrylate when exposed to pro-longed temperatures above 275° F(135° C)

• Subject to shear degradation ofits viscosity and can lose its abilityto viscosify. Cuttings encapsula-tion and shale stabilization arenot affected.

ContaminationPOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymerreacts with multivalent cations such

as calcium. In concentrations greaterthan 300 mg/L, calcium causes thepolymer to precipitate. Use soda ashto remove calcium concentrationsabove 300 mg/L.

Treat cement contamination tokeep the calcium and pH as low aspossible. Use sodium bicarbonatealong with a pH-reducing productlike lignite or citric acid to treatcement contamination.


No special requirements are necessary for handling and stor -age. Avoid inhalation of dust. Adust respirator and goggles are recommended if mixing in anenclosed area.

Packaging and storagePOLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymeris packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks or 5-gal(18.9-L) buckets.


POLYPAC R

94


POLYPAC* R polyanionic celluloseis a high-quality, water-solublepolymer designed to control fluidloss and increase viscosity inwater-base muds.

ApplicationsPOLYPAC R additive controls fluidloss in freshwater, seawater, KCland salt muds. The polymer formsa thin, resilient, low-permeabilityfilter cake that minimizes thepotential for differential stickingand the invasion of filtrate and mudsolids into permeable formations.

POLYPAC R fluid-loss-control addi-tive resists bacterial attack, elimi-nating the need for biocides orpreservatives. It is effective in lowconcentrations, with the normalfluid-loss treatment ranging from0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3).POLYPAC R polymer also develops vis-cosity to a degree that is dependenton the solids concentration, salinityand makeup water chemistry.

POLYPAC R anionic polymerattaches to and encapsulatesexposed shales and drill cuttings.This protective polymer “envelope”inhibits the dispersion of shale cut-tings and restricts fluid interactionswith exposed shales.






• Applicable in all water-basemuds, ranging from low-solids,non-dispersed polymer systems tohigh-density, dispersed systems




of approximately 300° F (149° C)




Packaging and storagePOLYPAC R anionic polymer is pack-aged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) and 55-lb(25-kg), heavy-duty, multi-walled,waterproof sacks.

Store in a dry, well-ventilatedarea away from incompatibles orsources of heat or ignition.



pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.0

POLYSWELL

95

POLYSWELL* co-polymer is used inlost circulation and expands to 200times its volume in freshwater. Thismaterial is environmentally safe.

ApplicationsPOLYSWELL co-polymer is used to fillor seal fractures. As the materialfully hydrates, the fracture/void issealed. This product can also bespotted in caving zones to reducecaving problems.

Directly after placing thePOLYSWELL pill, pull up above theproblem zone to prevent sticking.Full hydration occurs in 20 to 30min. Circulate with mud and Lost-Circulation Material (LCM) to fillthe bridge.

Advantages• POLYSWELL co-polymer can be

prehydrated before adding

• Because of its swelling capacityand variability in size, POLYSWELL

additive can accumulate in a variety of fracture sizes

Method of additionPOLYSWELL additive can be mixed inwater or drilling mud with or with-out LCM. Add 1 to 3 lb (0.5 to 1.5 kg)per 4 gal (20 L) of water or mud in apail. (Lesser and greater amountshave been used.) Pump the mixtureas soon as possible once the drypolymer beads are mixed. Whenusing POLYSWELL additive in coredrilling, be sure the core tube hasbeen pulled before pumping thesolution downhole. Repeat as necessary to stop fluid loss.

LimitationsImproper placement of thePOLYSWELL additive can resultin stuck drill rods.



Packaging and storagePOLYSWELL co-polymer is packagedin 5-gal (18.9-L) buckets.

Store in a dry location away fromsources of heat or ignition.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White powder


Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swells on contact with water


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RINGFREE

96

RINGFREE* additive is a highly effi-cient, thermally stable thinner andsurface-active agent that removesbentonite clays from the drillstring.It is environmentally acceptableand contains no heavy metals.Because it dissolves rapidly,RINGFREE additive immediatelyaffects the rheology of mostdrilling fluids.

ApplicationsRINGFREE additive is used primarilyto prevent bit balling and mudrings. It can also be used to reducethe viscosity and gel strengths ofmost freshwater drilling fluids.

Advantages• RINGFREE additive is an excellent

clay dispersant that quickly pene-trates sticky clays that can causetools to stick

• Works quickly to alleviate holeproblems and reduce costlypulling times or lost pipe

Methods of addition• Bit balling/mud rings: Use ½

vis cup (0.5 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L)of fluid up to 0.5 to 1.5 gal (1.9to 5.7 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) offluid. An alternate method is toslug rods with 1 vis cup (1 L)on connections.

• Thinning: Slowly add RINGFREE

additive to the mud as needed toreduce viscosity.

LimitationsEffectiveness is reduced in fluidswith more than 1,000 ppm dis-solved calcium and 10,000 ppmchlorides. Since RINGFREE additivereduces mud rheology, cautionshould be exercised when addingit to the active mud system.



Packaging and storageRINGFREE additive is packaged in5-gal (18.9-L) buckets.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pale yellow liquid


pH as supplied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 to 7.5



ROD EASE

97


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LimitationsNone.







pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 to 7.5

Boiling point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572° F (>300° C)


Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554° F (290° C)

THREAD BOND* Z is a unique greasecontaining 50% metallic-zinc pow-der. It is easy to apply, offers goodcoverage and has excellent adhe-sion. The high level of solids enablesTHREAD BOND Z to provide anti- seizing capabilities, help reduce friction, prevent galling and resistwater washout. THREAD BOND Zhelps minimize rusting of the pipethreads during storage.

Applications THREAD BOND Z is used primarilyon the threads of rotary, shoulderedconnections in drill pipe and drillcollars. It helps prevent galling dur-ing makeup and is an effectivethread sealant under high tempera-tures and pressures. It is particu-larly suited for drilling deep wells.

Advantages THREAD BOND Z reduces costsby extending the life of tooljoints. A thin layer of this product

is sufficient to perform well inall drilling applications.

Method of addition THREAD BOND Z can be brushed onjoints down to 0° F (–17.7° C) whileretaining its consistency up to385° F (196° C). Extreme tempera-tures may cause the base grease tomelt and the mineral oil to oxidize,however, the solid fillers willremain to prevent metal-to-metalcontact and reduce seizure. Thisproduct should be thoroughlymixed prior to use to ensure homo-geneity as it may separate duringextended storage periods.



Packaging and storage THREAD BOND Z is packaged in 3-gal(11.4-L) buckets.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grey paste

Solids %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Dropping point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385° F (196° C)

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430° F (221° C)

THREAD BOND Z

98


TUBE LUBE

99


TUBE LUBE* paste is brown andopaque. Since TUBE LUBE paste ismade completely of natural fattyacids, it is 100% biodegradable andnon-toxic.

ApplicationsTUBE LUBE paste is used to lubri -cate the inner core barrel andcore to facilitate core entry andremoval. TUBE LUBE additive pro-vides increased lubricity to water-base drilling fluids. It can be usedas a maintenance addition or canbe added when torque and dragbecome a problem. TUBE LUBE

paste is especially applicable inhigh-angle, exploratory drillingto reduce bit wear and increaseeffective bit weight.

Advantages• TUBE LUBE paste lubricates the

inner tube, which allows highlyfragmented or unconsolidatedcores to enter easily and not belost to the hole after coring

• Reduces core-removal time

Method of additionTo lubricate the inner core tube, puta ball of TUBE LUBE paste inside theinner core barrel prior to runninginto the core barrel. The lubricatingability of TUBE LUBE additive can beincreased by coating the ball witha polymer, such as POLYPAC* addi-tive, prior to inserting the ball intothe inner tube. TUBE LUBE pastecan be added to the drilling fluidto increase the lubricity. For mostapplications, the concentration ofthis product is 0.5 to 1.5% by vol-ume. At this concentration 1.5 to4.5 gal (5.7 to 17.1 L) of TUBE LUBE

paste per 300 gal (1,135 L) of fluidis required to build the proper ratio.

Some cases can require more paste.The quantity depends on the mudtype and drilling characteristics.



Packaging and storageTUBE LUBE paste is packed in 3-gal(11.4-L) buckets.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brown opaque paste

Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Faint soap

pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5

Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%

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Lost-Circulation Materials (LCM)

Cedar FiberCedar Fiber is a specially processedblend of fibers of controlled length,giving proper size distribution forregaining circulation.

• Non-fermenting

• Amounts used vary from1 to 35% by volume

Packaging and storageCedar Fiber is packaged in 40-lb(18-kg) bags.

MicaMica is a selected, non-abrasivemineral available in fine andcoarse grades. Mica has no adverseeffect on mud properties. It is usedto prevent and regain lost returns.Fine mica can pass through a20-mesh screen.

Application• Lost circulation: 5 to 15 lb (2.25 to

6.75 kg)

Packaging and storageMica is packaged in 50-lb(22.68-kg) sacks.

Drilling PaperDrilling paper is a blend of variable-sized particles of groundpaper that is applicable for use inall water-base mud systems.

Drilling paper can be used in concentrations of up to 20 lb/bbl(57 kg/m3) in slug treatments oras an additive to the entire system.In areas of known lost-circulationzones, it is advisable to pretreat thesystem before drilling into the zoneof loss. Drilling paper can be mixedthrough the mud hopper or added

directly to the pits and gunned intothe mud.

The most important aspect of com-bating lost circulation is using thecorrect particle size. Consequently, itis recommended that a combinationof materials be added to ensure agood particle-size distribution. If leftin the mud for an extended periodof time, drilling paper may be sus -ceptible to bacterial degradation.A bactericide may be necessary toprevent fermentation.

Packaging and storageDrilling paper is packaged in 40-lb(18-kg) plastic sacks.

Cottonseed HullsCottonseed hulls are fibrous andbiodegradable, creating an excellentbridging agent when large-particle-size material is needed. They can beused in any water-base mud system.

Cottonseed hulls are used in concentrations of up to 20 lb/bbl(57 kg/m3) as slug treatments oras an additive to the entire system.In areas of known lost-circulationzones, it is advisable to pretreatthe system before drilling into thezone of loss. Cottonseed hulls canbe mixed through the mud hopperor added directly to the pits andgunned into the mud. The mostimportant aspect of combatinglost circulation is using the correctparticle size. Consequently, it is rec-ommended that a combination ofmaterials be added to ensure agood particle-size distribution.

If left in the mud for an extendedperiod of time, cottonseed hullscan be susceptible to bacterialdegradation, resulting in therelease of H2S and CO2 into themud. Bactericide may be necessaryto prevent fermentation.

Packaging and storageCottonseed hulls are packagedin 50-lb (22.68-kg) and 100-lb(45.37-kg) burlap or paper sacks.

FED-SEALFED-SEAL* lost-circulation materialis an engineered product that con-tains an optimum blend of granu-lar, fibrous and flake materials.FED-SEAL LCM is available in threegrinds (coarse, medium and fine)covering a wide range of lost- circulation problems. FED-SEAL

additive is normally recommendedin concentrations of 20 to 30 lb/bbl(57 to 86 kg/m3) mixed in a slug of100 to 200 bbl and spotted at thezone of loss, displacing the slurry ata reduced pumping rate with eitherlarge nozzles or an open-ended sys-tem. FED-SEAL LCM can be added toeither the water-base mud beingused at the time of loss or in anyspecial purpose slurry preparedfor squeeze applications.

The FED-SEAL product has beenused for preventive measures oras a “filler” because the fine gradecan pass through 20-mesh shakerscreens in concentrations of 2 to10 lb/bbl (6 to 28 kg/m3).

LimitationsDo not mix in oil muds.


Packaging and storageFED-SEAL LCM is packaged in 40-lb(18-kg) multi-walled, paper sacks.

H D D M I N I N G A N D W A T E R W E L L : W A T E R W E L L P R O D U C T S

100

POLY-PLUS



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pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 to 9.0


Pour point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –20° F (–28.9° C)

Viscosity (Typical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 500 cP

Concentration1


0.50 (1.4) 0.056 (1.3) 0.133

0.75 (2.1) 0.084 (2.0) 0.200

1.00 (3.0) 0.110 (2.6) 0.262

1.50 (4.3) 0.170 (4.0) 0.405


SUPERFOAM

102

SUPERFOAM* agent is water-solubleand biodegradable. This material,designed exclusively for mineraland water-well drilling, has theability to foam in fresh, brackishor salty waters.

ApplicationsUsed in air-drilling applications,the SUPERFOAM product acts asa foaming agent. Based on theamount of product added andthe injection rate, it can be usedfor dust suppression, mist, foamand stiff-foam drilling.

AdvantagesSUPERFOAM liquid is more concen-trated and is an economically viablealternative to regular foaming agents.

Methods of addition• To use as a dust suppressor or to

prevent bit balling in damp for -mations: Mix ¼ to ½ pints (0.11 to0.23 L) per 50 gal (189 L) of water.

• For mist drilling with moderateamounts of water intrusion: Mix1 to 2 pints (0.5 to 0.95 L) per 50 gal(189 L) of water.

• For foam drilling with excessiveamounts of water intrusion: Mix4 pints (1.89 L) of SUPERFOAM liquidper 50 gal (189 L) of water.

• For slug drilling: Mix ¼ pint (0.11 L)in 2 gal (7.6 L) of water

• Stiff foams: To obtain desired vis-cosity, mix MAX GEL or POLY-PLUS

2000 product in 50 gal (189 L) ofwater and stir in ½ gal (1.9 L) ofSUPERFOAM liquid. Pump the slurryinto the air stream at 7 to 10 gal(26.6 to 38 L) per min.

LimitationsWhen used as recommended, thereare no limitations imposed on thisproduct.



Packaging and storageSUPERFOAM liquid is packaged in5-gal (18.9-L) buckets and 55-gal(208.2-L) drums.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clear liquid

Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.07

Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%


SUPERFOAM AF

103

SUPERFOAM AF product is a water- soluble, biodegradable foamingagent. This material is designedexclusively for mineral and water-well drilling. SUPERFOAM AF addi-tive has the ability to foam in fresh,brackish or salty waters. SUPERFOAM

AF foaming agent is completelybiodegradable and will not con -taminate streams or groundwater.SUPERFOAM AF foaming agent presents no disposal problemsand is not harmful to personnel,vegetation or livestock.

ApplicationsSUPERFOAM AF additive is usedas a foaming agent in air-drillingapplications. Based on the amountof SUPERFOAM AF foaming agentadded and the injection rate, it canbe used for dust suppression, mist,foam and stiff-foam drilling.

Advantages• Produces stable, consistent foam

in all types of water

• Environmentally acceptableand biodegradable

• Lubricating properties makeit suitable for use withdownhole hammers

• Improves hole cleaning andpenetration rates

Methods of addition• To use as a dust suppressor or to

prevent bit balling in damp for -mations: Mix 1⁄3 to π pints (0.2 to0.4 L) per 50 gal (189 L) of water.

• For mist drilling with moderateamounts of water intrusion:Mix 1.5 to 3 pints (0.8 to 1.5 L)per 50 gal (189 L) of water.

• For foam drilling with excessiveamounts of water intrusion:Mix 6 pints (2.9 L) of SUPERFOAM AFfoaming agent per 50 gal (189 L)of water.

• For slug drilling: 1⁄3 pint (0.2 L)in 2 gal (7.6 L) of water

• Stiff foams: To obtain desired vis-cosity, mix MAX GEL viscosifier orPOLY-PLUS 2000 additive in 50 gal(189 L) of water to 32 sec/qt andstir in π gal (3 L) of SUPERFOAM AFfoaming agent. Pump the slurryinto the air stream at 7 to 10 gal(26.6 to 38 L) per min.

LimitationsWhen used as recommended,there are no limitations imposedon this product.



Packaging and storageSUPERFOAM AF foaming agent ispackaged in 5-gal (18.9-L) bucketsand 55-gal (208.2-L) drums.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clear, amber solution


Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%

pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 to 8


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SUPER PLUG

104



SUPER PLUG* additive is a propri-etary blend of bentonite, hydrox-ides and silicates. It is a 100%inorganic additive designed tominimize environmental impactsin hole-abandonment applications.SUPER PLUG additive is designedto offer superior sealing character-istics where low-permeability, flexible seals are required.

ApplicationsSUPER PLUG additive can be usedto plug and abandon any type ofdrilled hole.

Advantages• SUPER PLUG additive is an

all-natural bentonite product

• Hydrates easily andsets efficiently

Method of addition Mix one 50-lb (22.7-kg) bag ofSUPER PLUG additive with 33 to43 gal (125 to 163 L) freshwater.This mixture is pumpable withmost pumping equipment avail-able. Though progressive cavityor positive displacement pumpsoffer the best results, diaphragmor gear pumps can also be used.

LimitationsLimitations are the same as formost bentonite products. Highchlorides and calcium decreasethe yield of this product.



Packaging and storageSUPER PLUG additive is packagedin 50-lb (22.7-kg) multi-walled, moisture-resistant bags. It is alsoavailable in super sacks.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light tan to gray powder


pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 to 10.0 (5% aqueous suspension)

Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble in water, forms colloidal suspension

SUPER DensityPLUG* Water lb/gal Fluid loss Solidslb (kg) gal (L) (kg/L) cm3 (in3) content %

50 (22.7) 33 (125) 9.2 (1.1) 8.9 (.54) 15.4

50 (22.7) 43 (163) 9 (1.08) 13 (0.8) 12.1

SUPER PLUG Slurry at Various Solids Content


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• Blast holes

• Shaft drilling





















Normal drilling 15 – 25 6 – 11 15 – 30





PLATINUM PAC Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

106
























pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 9.0

PLATINUM PAC* UL PolyanionicCcellulose (PAC) is a high-quality,water-soluble polymer designedto control fluid loss. Because it isan “Ultra-Low” (UL) additive, itcauses a minimal increase in viscosity in water-base muds.PLATINUM PAC UL additive is readilydispersible in a wide range ofwater-base mud systems.






















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pH (1% solubility). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.0

SMOOTH GROUT 20

108

SMOOTH GROUT* 20 slurry is aneasy-to-use bentonite-groutingcomposition containing high-swelling sodium montmorilloniteclay. It is designed for use in waterwells and monitoring wells, forsealing the annular space arounda well casing, and for pluggingdrilled holes and abandoned wells.SMOOTH GROUT 20 slurry containsno organic additives or polymers.

The SMOOTH GROUT 20 system,a one-sack formulation, mixeswith freshwater to yield a 20%pump able grouting slurry withan extended working time. Whenset up, the SMOOTH GROUT 20 slurrydevelops a satisfactory seal withadequate structural strength andlow-hydraulic conductivity. Whenproperly placed, SMOOTH GROUT 20slurry remains flexible, rehydrat-able and unstratified through heating and cooling cycles.

Applications• Sealing and grouting casings

• Sanitary sealing in water-wellconstruction

• Sealing in monitoring wells

• Plugging abandoned exploration boreholes

Advantages• Inorganic, non-fermenting

and non-toxic

• Develops lower-solids slurriesup to 20% total active solids

• Easy one-sack mixing

• Mixed and handled with mostconventional rig equipment

• Permanent, flexible seal pre -vents entry of contaminantsfrom the surface

• Extended working time controlledby grout-solids content

• Firm texture providing structuralstability after grout is set

Addition methodSMOOTH GROUT 20 slurry shouldbe mixed with freshwater to obtainoptimum results. The recommendedmixing rate is a 50-lb (22.7-kg) sackof SMOOTH GROUT 20 slurry with24 gal (90.8 L) of water to make a20%-active-solids slurry. The viscos-ity and consistency of mixed-groutslurry can be modified by adjustingthe amount of water used to obtainvarying solids content.

1. Using a mixing device, blend one50-lb (22.7-kg) sack of SMOOTH

GROUT 20 slurry into 24 gal(90.8 L) of freshwater.

2. Blend, do not over-mix. Theresulting slurry should look likecake batter, containing partiallyyielded bentonite. This pumpableslurry contains 20% solids. Pumpinto hole without delay.



Packaging and storageSMOOTH GROUT 20 slurry is pack-aged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), heavy-duty,multi-walled, waterproof sacks.

Store in a cool, dry place. Store ina dry location away from sources ofheat or ignition, and minimize dust.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beige to tan powder

Moisture content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8%


pH (8% slurry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0

Slurry density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 lb/gal (1.1 kg/L) for 20% solids

Dry bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 lb/ft3 (961.1 kg/m3)

Screen analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75% min. passing through 200-mesh



SMOOTH Solids Usable Estimate GROUT* 20 Water content slurry working

lb (kg) gal (L) % gal (L) time (min)

50 (22.7) 30 (113.6) 16.7 33 (124.9) 30 – 60

50 (22.7) 27 (102.2) 18.2 30 (113.6) 15 – 30

50 (22.7) 24 (90.8) 20 27 (102.2) 5 – 15

SMOOTH GROUT 20 Slurry at Various Solids Content

SMOOTH GROUT 30

109

SMOOTH GROUT* 30 additive is aneasy-to-use bentonite-groutingcomposition containing high-swelling, sodium montmorilloniteclay. It is designed for use in waterwells and monitoring wells, forsealing the annular space aroundthe well casing, and for pluggingdrilled holes and abandoned wells.SMOOTH GROUT 30 material containsno organic additives or polymers.

A one-sack formulation ofSMOOTH GROUT 30 additive mixeswith freshwater to yield a 30%pumpable grouting slurry withan extended working time. Whenit sets up, the SMOOTH GROUT 30slurry develops a satisfactoryseal with adequate structuralstrength and low hydraulic con -ductivity. When properly placed,the SMOOTH GROUT 30 compositionremains flexible, rehydratable, andunstratified though heating andcooling cycles.

Applications• Sealing and grouting casing



• Plugging and abandoning exploration boreholes


and non-toxic

• Develops lower-solids slurriesup to 30% activity

• Easily mixed with most conventional rig equipment


• Extended working time controlledby the grout solids content

• Firm texture providing structuralstability after grout set

Addition method SMOOTH GROUT 30 additive shouldbe mixed with freshwater to obtainmaximum results. A 50-lb (22.7-kg)sack of SMOOTH GROUT 30 additivewith 14 gal (53 L) of water makesa 30%-active-solids slurry. The vis-cosity and consistency of a mixedgrout slurry can be modified byadjusting the amount of water usedto obtain varying solids content.


GROUT 30 additive into 14 gal(53 L) of freshwater.

2. Blend, do not over-mix. Theresulting slurry should look likecake batter. Pump through tremieline without delay.




Packaging and storageSMOOTH GROUT 30 additive is pack-aged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled,paper sacks and is available in bulk.Store in a dry location (slip hazardwhen wet) and minimize dust (usedustless systems for handling, storage, and cleanup).

Material can be palletized ateither 56/pallet or 70/pallet.






pH (8% slurry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0

Slurry density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/L) for 30% solids

Dry bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 lb/ft3 (1,025.2 kg/m3)






50 (22.7) 14 (53) 30 17 (64.4) 30 – 60

50 (22.7) 15 (56.8) 28.6 18 (68.1) 15 – 30

50 (22.7) 16 (61) 27.3 19 (72) 5 – 15


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GOPHER GROUT

110

GOPHER GROUT* granular bentonitegrouting composition contains high-swelling sodium montmorilloniteclay. It is designed for use in waterwells and monitoring wells, for sealing the annular space aroundwell casing, and for pluggingdrilled holes and abandoned wells.GOPHER GROUT composition containsno organic additives or polymers.

A one-sack formulation ofGOPHER GROUT granular bentonitegrouting composition mixes withfreshwater to yield 20%-pumpablegrouting slurry with an extendedworking time. When set up, theGOPHER GROUT grouting compo -sition develops a satisfactoryseal with adequate structuralstrength and low hydraulic con -ductivity. When properly placed,GOPHER GROUT grouting composi-tion remains flexible, rehydratableand unstratified through heatingand cooling cycles.


• Sanitary sealing in waterwell construction

• Sealing monitor wells



and non-toxic

• Develops lower-solids slurries upto 20% total active solids

• Easily mixed and handledwith most conventional mixing equipment

• Permanent, flexible seal pre-vents entry of contaminantsfrom the surface

• Extended working time controlledby grout solids content


Addition methodsGOPHER GROUT grouting com -position should be mixed withfresh water to obtain maximumresults. The recommended mix -ing rate is a 50-lb (22.7-kg) sack ofGOPHER GROUT grouting composi-tion with 24 gal (91 L) of water tomake a 20%-active-solids slurry.Adjust the amount of water toalter viscosity and consistency.

Waterwell mixing procedures1. Using a mixing device, blend

one 50-lb (22.7-kg) sack ofGOPHER GROUT grouting com -position into 24 gal (91 L)of freshwater.

2. Blend, do not over-mix. Theresulting slurry should be likelumpy cake batter. Pump throughtremie line without delay.

Geothermal mixing procedures1. Start the mixing device in 27 gal

(102 L) of freshwater and add one50-lb (22.7-kg) sack of GOPHER

GROUT grouting composition.

2. Mix for approximately 1 min.

3. Add silica sand at a steady, con-tinuous rate (approximately2 min). Continue mixing until aconsistent mixture is reached.




Packaging and storageGOPHER GROUT grouting com -position is packaged in 50-lb(22.7-kg), heavy-duty, multi-walled, waterproof sacks.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beige to tan granular

Screen analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90% max passing through 20-mesh



pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0


Dry bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 lb/ft3 (1,281 kg/m3)



GOPHER Solids Usable Estimate GROUT* Water content slurry working lb (kg) gal (L) % gal (L) time (min)

50 (22.7) 30 (114) 16.7 33 (125) 30 – 60

50 (22.7) 28 (106) 17.5 31 (117) 15 – 30

50 (22.7) 24 (91) 20.0 27 (102) 5 – 15

GOPHER GROUT Slurry at Various Solids Content

KWIK-PLUG Fine & Micro

111

KWIK-PLUG* Fine and KWIK-PLUG

Micro granular bentonite productsare composed of dried sodium-montmorillonite clay. KWIK-PLUG

products can be used as a sealantfor earthen structures and dry, shallow-hole abandonment.KWIK-PLUG products can also beused to control lost circulationin mud used in rotary or coring operations.

Applications• Seal or grout casing in

well construction

• Plug abandonedearthen boreholes

• Seal ponds and otherwater structures

Advantages• High-swelling Wyoming

bentonite that forms tight seals

• Granular product withreduced dust

• Forms a low, permeable and flexible seal

Addition methodsFor an earthen structure seal,the normal treatment is 1 to2 lb/ft2 (4.88 to 9.76 kg/m2), depend-ing on the soil type. Treatment con-centration should be tested usinga 5-gal (18.9-L) bucket with holes

punched in the bottom. Put the soilto be treated in the bucket and add1 to 2 lb (0.5 to 0.9 kg) of KWIK-PLUG

granular bentonite. Pour water intothe bucket and observe the seal. Byusing this method, the exact con-centration of KWIK-PLUG productcan be determined.

For lost-circulation control inmud rotary applications, addKWIK-PLUG granular bentonitedirectly to the suction pit. For coring-rig applications, mixKWIK-PLUG product in vegetableoil and pour the solution downthe rods. Pump slurry to the pointof the lost circulation, then pickup the rods and wait while theslurry hydrates.

For dry, shallow-hole abandon-ment, pour the required amountof KWIK-PLUG product directlydown the borehole and hydratewith freshwater.




Packaging and storageKWIK-PLUG granular bentonite prod-uct is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg),heavy-duty, multi-walled, waterproofsacks and various sized super sacks.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gray-white granular


Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble in water

KWIK-PLUG Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97% min. passing 4-mesh

KWIK-PLUG Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% max. passing 20-mesh

KWIK-PLUG Micro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97% min. passing 8-mesh

KWIK-PLUG Micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% max. passing 20-mesh

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KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarse

112

The KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarseproducts are screen-sized bentonitecomposed of a naturally occurringclay which is used to seal and plugearthen boreholes. KWIK-PLUG

material will travel through waterstanding in the hole and reach thebottom of the hole with minimumhydration or swelling. The annularspace can be completely filled, andbridging of the particles in theupper portion of the hole mini-mized. The annular space beingcompletely filled is necessary toform an effective, long-term plug.KWIK-PLUG material is available intwo sizes: KWIK-PLUG Coarse (¾-in.[19.1-mm]) size and KWIK-PLUG

Medium (3⁄8-in. [9.5-mm]) size. Thesize of the open annular space willdetermine which size should beused. When the annular space is¾-in. (19.1-mm) or more, KWIK-PLUG

Medium material is recommended.When the annular space is 1½ in.(38.1 mm) or more, KWIK-PLUG

Coarse material is recommended.

Applications• Environmental monitoring wells

• Sealing outside casing annulus

• Plugging decommissioned boreholes

• Sealing lost-circulation zones

• Sealing above gravel packs

Advantages• Prevents entry of surface water

into boreholes

• Forms a permanent, flexible,downhole seal

• Allows hole re-entry

• Easy to apply, no mixing expense

• More cost effective compared topelletized bentonite




Packaging and storageKWIK-PLUG material is packagedin 50-lb (22.7-kg), heavy-duty,multi-walled, waterproof sacksand various sized super sacks.




Permeability of resulting plug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 x 10–9 cm/sec.

Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15%

Bulk density KWIK-PLUG Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 lb/ft3 (1,089.2 kg3)

Bulk density KWIK-PLUG Coarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 lb/ft3 (1,025.2 kg3)



GEL SUPREME

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H D D M I N I N G A N D W A T E R W E L L : N S F C E R T I F I E D P R O D U C T S


GEL SUPREME* viscosifier is apremium-grade Wyoming ben-tonite (a sodium montmorilloniteclay) which has not been chemicallytreated. It is used as a primaryfilter-cake-building filtration- control and suspension agentin freshwater systems, and hasapplication in all water-basemud systems. GEL SUPREME isa high-quality product thatmeets the API specificationfor non-treated bentonite.

ApplicationsGEL SUPREME bentonite is used toincrease viscosity and reduce fluidloss in water-base drilling fluids.It is a cost-effective product forachieving viscosity, controlling fluidloss and maintaining filter cakequality in freshwater and seawatermuds. Typical con centrations forGEL SUPREME additive range from5 to 35 lb/bbl (14.3 to 100 kg/m3).As with all bentonite productsthe yield decreases as the salinityincreases. In muds containing morethan 10,000 mg/L chlorides, theper formance of GEL SUPREME viscosi-fier is sig nificantly reduced unless itis prehydrated in freshwater, beforeadding it to the mud system.

Advantages• Hydrates more than other types

of clays and is best for generatingviscosity, developing gels for sus-pension and controlling filtration

• A premium-grade, API, non-treated bentonite. Therefore,it does not contain chemicaltreatments and is considered

to be more desirable for certain applications.

• The small particle size, uniqueflat shape and high surface areaof hydrated GEL SUPREME viscosi-fier provides superior filtrationcharacteristics

• Promotes the deposition ofthin compressible, filter cakesin the wellbore

LimitationsPerformance reduced in salty(>5,000 mg/L C1–) or hard(>240 mg/L Ca++) waters dueto decreased hydration.



Packaging and storageGEL SUPREME bentonite is packagedin 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled,paper sacks and is available inbulk. Minimize dust (use dustlesssystems for handling, storageand cleanup).

Store in a dry location (slip hazardwhen wet).




API Specifications — Suspension Properties1

Dispersed plastic viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10cP, min.

Yield point/plastic viscosity ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5, max.

Dispersed API filtrate volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 cm3, max.

1Suspension of 25 grams non-treated bentonite in 350 cm3 deionized water.


Normal drilling 50 – 70 20 – 30 60 – 85



Added to freshwater mud to improve hole-cleaning properties, increase hole stability and develop thin filter cakes 45 20 55

Typical Amounts of GEL SUPREME Additions Added to Freshwater

GOPHER GROUT Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

114


GOPHER GROUT* granular bentonitegrouting composition contains high-swelling sodium montmorilloniteclay. It is designed for use in waterwells and monitoring wells, for sealing the annular space aroundwell casing, and for pluggingdrilled holes and abandoned wells.GOPHER GROUT composition containsno organic additives or polymers.

A one-sack formulation ofGOPHER GROUT granular bentonitegrouting composition mixes withfreshwater to yield 20%-pumpablegrouting slurry with an extendedworking time. When set up, theGOPHER GROUT grouting compo -sition develops a satisfactoryseal with adequate structuralstrength and low hydraulic con -ductivity. When properly placed,GOPHER GROUT grouting composi-tion remains flexible, rehydratableand unstratified through heatingand cooling cycles.


• Sanitary sealing in waterwell construction

• Sealing monitor wells



and non-toxic

• Develops lower-solids slurries upto 20% total active solids

• Easily mixed and handledwith most conventional mixing equipment

• Permanent, flexible seal pre-vents entry of contaminantsfrom the surface

• Extended working time controlledby grout solids content


Addition methodsGOPHER GROUT grouting com -position should be mixed withfresh water to obtain maximumresults. The recommended mix -ing rate is a 50-lb (22.7-kg) sack ofGOPHER GROUT grouting composi-tion with 24 gal (91 L) of water tomake a 20%-active-solids slurry.Adjust the amount of water toalter viscosity and consistency.

Waterwell mixing procedures1. Using a mixing device, blend

one 50-lb (22.7-kg) sack ofGOPHER GROUT grouting com -position into 24 gal (91 L)of freshwater.

2. Blend, do not over-mix. Theresulting slurry should be likelumpy cake batter. Pump throughtremie line without delay.

Geothermal mixing procedures1. Start the mixing device in 27 gal

(102 L) of freshwater and add one50-lb (22.7-kg) sack of GOPHER

GROUT grouting composition.

2. Mix for approximately 1 min.

3. Add silica sand at a steady, con-tinuous rate (approximately2 min). Continue mixing until aconsistent mixture is reached.




Packaging and storageGOPHER GROUT grouting com -position is packaged in 50-lb(22.7-kg), heavy-duty, multi-walled, waterproof sacks.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beige to tan granular

Screen analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90% max passing through 20-mesh



pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0


Dry bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 lb/ft3 (1,281 kg/m3)

GOPHER Solids Usable Estimate GROUT* Water content slurry working lb (kg) gal (L) % gal (L) time (min)

50 (22.7) 30 (114) 16.7 33 (125) 30 – 60

50 (22.7) 28 (106) 17.5 31 (117) 15 – 30

50 (22.7) 24 (91) 20.0 27 (102) 5 – 15

GOPHER GROUT Slurry at Various Solids Content

KWIK-PLUG Fine & Micro Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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KWIK-PLUG* Fine and KWIK-PLUG

Micro granular bentonite productsare composed of dried sodium-montmorillonite clay. KWIK-PLUG

products can be used as a sealantfor earthen structures and dry, shallow-hole abandonment.KWIK-PLUG products can also beused to control lost circulationin mud used in rotary or coring operations.

Applications• Seal or grout casing in

well construction

• Plug abandonedearthen boreholes

• Seal ponds and otherwater structures

Advantages• High-swelling Wyoming

bentonite that forms tight seals

• Granular product withreduced dust

• Forms a low, permeable and flexible seal

Addition methodsFor an earthen structure seal,the normal treatment is 1 to2 lb/ft2 (4.88 to 9.76 kg/m2), depend-ing on the soil type. Treatment con-centration should be tested usinga 5-gal (18.9-L) bucket with holes

punched in the bottom. Put the soilto be treated in the bucket and add1 to 2 lb (0.5 to 0.9 kg) of KWIK-PLUG

granular bentonite. Pour water intothe bucket and observe the seal. Byusing this method, the exact con-centration of KWIK-PLUG productcan be determined.

For lost-circulation control inmud rotary applications, addKWIK-PLUG granular bentonitedirectly to the suction pit. For coring-rig applications, mixKWIK-PLUG product in vegetableoil and pour the solution downthe rods. Pump slurry to the pointof the lost circulation, then pickup the rods and wait while theslurry hydrates.

For dry, shallow-hole abandon-ment, pour the required amountof KWIK-PLUG product directlydown the borehole and hydratewith freshwater.




Packaging and storageKWIK-PLUG granular bentonite product is packaged in 50-lb(22.7-kg), heavy-duty, multi-walled, waterproof sacks and various sized super sacks.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gray-white granular


Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble in water

KWIK-PLUG Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97% min. passing 4-mesh

KWIK-PLUG Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% max. passing 20-mesh

KWIK-PLUG Micro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97% min. passing 8-mesh

KWIK-PLUG Micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% max. passing 20-mesh

KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarse Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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The KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarseproducts are screen-sized bentonitecomposed of a naturally occurringclay which is used to seal and plugearthen boreholes. KWIK-PLUG

material will travel through waterstanding in the hole and reach thebottom of the hole with minimumhydration or swelling. The annularspace can be completely filled, andbridging of the particles in theupper portion of the hole mini-mized. The annular space beingcompletely filled is necessary toform an effective, long-term plug.KWIK-PLUG material is available intwo sizes: KWIK-PLUG Coarse (¾-in.[19.1-mm]) size and KWIK-PLUG

Medium (3⁄8-in. [9.5-mm]) size. Thesize of the open annular space willdetermine which size should beused. When the annular space is¾-in. (19.1-mm) or more, KWIK-PLUG

Medium material is recommended.When the annular space is 1½ in.(38.1 mm) or more, KWIK-PLUG

Coarse material is recommended.

Applications• Environmental monitoring wells

• Sealing outside casing annulus

• Plugging decommissioned boreholes

• Sealing lost-circulation zones

• Sealing above gravel packs

Advantages• Prevents entry of surface water

into boreholes

• Forms a permanent, flexible,downhole seal

• Allows hole re-entry

• Easy to apply, no mixing expense

• More cost effective compared topelletized bentonite




Packaging and storageKWIK-PLUG material is packagedin 50-lb (22.7-kg), heavy-duty,multi-walled, waterproof sacksand various sized super sacks.




Permeability of resulting plug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 x 10–9 cm/sec.

Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15%

Bulk density KWIK-PLUG Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 lb/ft3 (1,089.2 kg3)

Bulk density KWIK-PLUG Coarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 lb/ft3 (1,025.2 kg3)

PLATINUM PAC























pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 9.0


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pH (1% solubility). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.0

POLY-PLUS Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 to 9.0


Pour point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –20° F (–28.9° C)

Viscosity (typical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 500 cP

Concentration1


0.50 (1.4) 0.056 (1.3) 0.133

0.75 (2.1) 0.084 (2.0) 0.200

1.00 (3.0) 0.110 (2.6) 0.262

1.50 (4.3) 0.170 (4.0) 0.405


POLY-PLUS 2000

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POLY-PLUS 2000 polymer is a multi-function synthetic co-polymer developed for use in freshwater-,potassium- and saltwater-basedrilling fluids. POLY-PLUS 2000water-free dispersion has excellentfreeze/thaw stability and is not sub-ject to phase separation or prema-ture activation inside the pail ordrum. POLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymerprovides the same benefits as regu-lar POLY-PLUS polymer, but at lowerconcentration.

ApplicationsViscosity. POLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymeris a cost-effective viscosifier in low-salinity fluids. Its shear- thinningproperties maximize penetrationrates at the bit under high shearrates and exhibit excellent hole-cleaning characteristics under lowshear rates. It also allows for easysolids deposition in settling pits.

Shale stabilization/inhibition.POLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer can beused alone or in conjunction withKCl to stabilize active shales. It pro-tects by encapsulating reactiveshales, forming a protective coatingon the wellbore and around cut-tings. Coating reduces the shale’stendency to absorb water, swelland slough.

Foam stabilization. The long-chainpolymer of POLY-PLUS 2000 additivecreates a tighter, stronger foam,which improves the fluid’scuttings-carrying capacity.

Flowline flocculant. Small con -centra tions of POLY-PLUS 2000co-polymer (0.01 to 0.05 lb/bbl[0.028 to 0.14 kg/m3]) economicallyfloc culate drill solids. Additionsshould be made at the flowline tooptimize settling time of drill solidsin the pits.

Friction reduction/lubrication.The POLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer’sshear-thinning properties reducepower losses at points of high shear,

especially at the drill bit and atthe other restrictions such as thepump discharge, drill collars, etc.The polymer structure also helpsreduce turbulence, which reduceserosion and the likelihood ofwashouts in weak formations.

ApplicationViscosity. Add 1 to 3 vis cups (1 to3 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) of fluid fordesired viscosity.

Shale inhibition. At least 1 vis cup(1 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) of fluid.

Fluid-loss control. At least 2 viscups (2 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) offluid to be effective. Some solidscan be required.

Lubricity. At least 1 vis cup (1 L) per300 gal (1,135 L) of fluid.

Foam stabilization. 1 to 2 vis cups(1 to 2 L) per 100 gal (378.5 L) of fluid.

Advantages• 50% active material

• Low dosage rate for comparableviscosities

• Encapsulates drill solids

• Stabilizes clay formations

CleanupPOLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer can bechemically broken down with liq-uid bleach in regular householdconcentration (5% sodium hypo -chlorite). Use 5 gal (18.9 L) of liquid

bleach per 100 gal (378.5 L) of fluidformulated with POLY-PLUS 2000additive. Do not use perfumed liquid bleach or solid calciumhypochlorite.

LimitationsPOLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer is lesseffective in fluids with total hard-ness values in excess of 200 ppm.To optimize POLY-PLUS 2000co-polymer characteristics, totalhardness should be maintainedat 100 ppm or less. POLY-PLUS 2000additive is not as effective in tem-peratures above 275° F (135° C).The effective temperature rangecan be increased to 325° F (162° C)by adding an oxygen scavengerto the mud. The effectivenessof POLY-PLUS 2000 additive alsodecreases in fluids that have apH of 10.2 or greater.



Packaging and storagePOLY-PLUS 2000 co-polymer is supplied in 5-gal (18.9-L) buckets.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White liquid dispersion


Viscosity (typical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 to 500 cP


pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 7.5

Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248° F (120° C)

POLY-PLUS EHV Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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POLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymeris an extremely-high-molecular-weight, high-charge, polyacry-lamide supplied as a dry granularpowder. POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer produces very high viscosity solutions at low dosagerates, particularly in freshwater.It has excellent handling character-istics, mixes easily and dissolvesquickly when added to water-basefluid systems.

ApplicationsPOLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymeris ideally suited for applicationssuch as water-well drilling,mineral exploration, and construction applications.

Due to its very high molecularweight, POLY-PLUS EHV additive isalso an excellent flocculant fordewatering drilling fluids, wastepits and sumps.

POLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymerhas several functions, including:

Viscosifier. As a viscosifier, theaddition of 0.5 to 1 lb/bbl (1.4 to2.9 kg/m3) of POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer is a cost-effective wayto generate viscosity in fresh- orlow-salinity drilling fluids. Its shear-thinning capacity ensures maxi-mum power at the bit under highshear while retaining excel -lent carrying capacity underlow-shear conditions.

Flocculant. As a flowline flocculant,POLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymercan also be used for clear-water orlow-solids drilling. Adding a 5%solution of POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer into the flowline or justprior to any mechanical separationgreatly enhances the removal ofdrill solids.

Friction reducer. Adding POLY-PLUS

EHV acrylic co-polymer into a drill -ing fluid helps to reduce turbulentflow, friction, and power losses atpoints of high shear. Lowering tur-bulent flow also helps reduce ero-sion and washouts of fragilegeologic structures.

Add slowly and uniformlythrough a high-shear jet type mixer.

Continue to circulate and agitatethe slurry until all materials are dispersed and dissolved.

Recommended applicationamounts:

Normal consolidated formation:

1.5 to 2 lb (0.7 to 0.9 kg) per 100 gal(378.5 L) water (0.6 to 0.8 lb/bbl[1.7 to 2.3 kg/m3])

Unconsolidated formation:

2.5 to 3.5 lb (1.1 to 1.6 kg) per 100 gal(378.5 L) water (1 to 1.5 lb/bbl [2.9 to4.3 kg/m3])

Advantages• Provides a clay-free boring fluid

that disperses easily withminimal shear

• Soil stabilizer can be used toreplace bentonite at a ratio of1:100 (e.g., one 50-lb [22.7-kg]bag can replace 2.5 tons [2.3 met-ric tons] of bentonite in a typicalgeo-construction application)

• Produces very-high-viscosity slurries at low dosage rates

• Slurries typically have lowgel strength

• Slurry binds loose sand, clay,shale and gravel, facilitating theirremoval and preventing dispersalinto the slurry

• Reduces fluid loss by penetratingthe surrounding soil with a high-viscosity gel fluid, sealing thewalls of the excavation site with-out the use of a conventionalfilter cake

• Stabilizes reactive formations andis an efficient viscosifier for aclear, solids-free drilling fluid

• Provides high cohesiveness to bindsandy soil and gravel

• Enhances core recovery in continu-ous wireline coring operations

• Facilitates the removal of drilledsoils from augers

• Non-fermenting, no petroleum distillates and easily broken downwith household bleach

CleanupPOLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymercan be chemically broken downwith liquid bleach in regular house-hold concentration (5% sodiumhypochlorite). Use 1 gal (3.8 L) of liquid bleach per 100 gal (378.5 L)of fluid formulated with POLY-PLUS

EHV acrylic co-polymer. Do not useperfumed liquid bleach or solid calcium hypochlorite.

Toxicity and handlingWhen used in accordance with themanufacturer’s published instruc-tions, this product is considerednon-hazardous. Drill cuttingsexposed to POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer should be washed withcalcium hypochlorite to breakdown the POLY-PLUS EHV acrylicco-polymer before the cuttings canbe confined or stored in a sealedcontainer or drum.

Packaging and storagePOLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymer issupplied in 5-gal (18.9-L) buckets.

POLY-PLUS EHV acrylic co-polymershould be stored inside under cool,dry conditions. When stored underthese conditions, it has a shelf lifeof at least one year.



Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 g/cc


pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 to 8.0

SMOOTH GROUT 20 Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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SMOOTH GROUT* 20 slurry is aneasy-to-use bentonite-groutingcomposition containing high-swelling sodium montmorilloniteclay. It is designed for use in waterwells and monitoring wells, forsealing the annular space arounda well casing, and for pluggingdrilled holes and abandoned wells.SMOOTH GROUT 20 slurry containsno organic additives or polymers.

The SMOOTH GROUT 20 system,a one-sack formulation, mixeswith freshwater to yield a 20%pump able grouting slurry withan extended working time. Whenset up, the SMOOTH GROUT 20 slurrydevelops a satisfactory seal withadequate structural strength andlow-hydraulic conductivity. Whenproperly placed, SMOOTH GROUT 20slurry remains flexible, rehydrat-able and unstratified through heating and cooling cycles.

Applications• Sealing and grouting casings



• Plugging abandoned exploration boreholes


and non-toxic

• Develops lower-solids slurriesup to 20% total active solids

• Easy one-sack mixing

• Mixed and handled with mostconventional rig equipment


• Extended working time controlledby grout-solids content

• Firm texture providing structuralstability after grout is set

Addition methodSMOOTH GROUT 20 slurry shouldbe mixed with freshwater to obtainoptimum results. The recommendedmixing rate is a 50-lb (22.7-kg) sackof SMOOTH GROUT 20 slurry with24 gal (90.8 L) of water to make a20%-active-solids slurry. The viscos-ity and consistency of mixed-groutslurry can be modified by adjustingthe amount of water used to obtainvarying solids content.


GROUT 20 slurry into 24 gal(90.8 L) of freshwater.

2. Blend, do not over-mix. Theresulting slurry should look likecake batter, containing partiallyyielded bentonite. This pumpableslurry contains 20% solids. Pumpinto hole without delay.



Packaging and storageSMOOTH GROUT 20 slurry is pack-aged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), heavy-duty,multi-walled, waterproof sacks.

Store in a cool, dry place. Store ina dry location away from sources ofheat or ignition, and minimize dust.




pH (8% slurry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0


Dry bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 lb/ft3 (961.1 kg/m3)




50 (22.7) 30 (113.6) 16.7 33 (124.9) 30 – 60

50 (22.7) 27 (102.2) 18.2 30 (113.6) 15 – 30

50 (22.7) 24 (90.8) 20 27 (102.2) 5 – 15


SMOOTH GROUT 30 Certified toNSF/ANSI 60

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SMOOTH GROUT* 30 additive is aneasy-to-use bentonite-groutingcomposition containing high-swelling, sodium montmorilloniteclay. It is designed for use in waterwells and monitoring wells, forsealing the annular space aroundthe well casing, and for pluggingdrilled holes and abandoned wells.SMOOTH GROUT 30 material containsno organic additives or polymers.

A one-sack formulation ofSMOOTH GROUT 30 additive mixeswith freshwater to yield a 30%pumpable grouting slurry withan extended working time. Whenit sets up, the SMOOTH GROUT 30slurry develops a satisfactoryseal with adequate structuralstrength and low hydraulic con -ductivity. When properly placed,the SMOOTH GROUT 30 compositionremains flexible, rehydratable, andunstratified though heating andcooling cycles.






and non-toxic

• Develops lower-solids slurriesup to 30% activity

• Easily mixed with most conventional rig equipment


• Extended working time controlledby the grout solids content


Addition method SMOOTH GROUT 30 additive shouldbe mixed with freshwater to obtainmaximum results. A 50-lb (22.7-kg)sack of SMOOTH GROUT 30 additivewith 14 gal (53 L) of water makesa 30%-active-solids slurry. The vis-cosity and consistency of a mixedgrout slurry can be modified byadjusting the amount of water usedto obtain varying solids content.


GROUT 30 additive into 14 gal(53 L) of freshwater.

2. Blend, do not over-mix. Theresulting slurry should look likecake batter. Pump through tremieline without delay.




Packaging and storageSMOOTH GROUT 30 additive is pack-aged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled,paper sacks and is available in bulk.Store in a dry location (slip hazardwhen wet) and minimize dust (usedustless systems for handling, storage, and cleanup).

Material can be palletized ateither 56/pallet or 70/pallet.






pH (8% slurry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0

Slurry density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 lb/gal (1.2 kg/L) for 30% solids

Dry bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 lb/ft3 (1,025.2 kg/m3)




50 (22.7) 14 (53) 30 17 (64.4) 30 – 60

50 (22.7) 15 (56.8) 28.6 18 (68.1) 15 – 30

50 (22.7) 16 (61) 27.3 19 (72) 5 – 15


SMOOTH GROUT THERMAL

ApplicationsSMOOTH GROUT THERMAL* is a spe-cially blended high-solids bentonitethat can be mixed with sand in atwo-part, thermally conductivegrouting material. SMOOTH GROUT

THERMAL can be mixed to meeta range of thermal conductivityfrom 0.40 to 1.20 Btu. SMOOTH

GROUT THERMAL has been care -fully developed as a thermally conductive grout to heighten theperformance of ground-source,heat-loop applications.

Advantages SMOOTH GROUT THERMAL improvesthe efficiency and system perform-ance of ground-source, heat-loopsystems by matching the thermalconductivity of the surrounding soiland creating a permanent, flexibleseal to prevent aquifer contamina-tion. Depending on site soil con -ditions, SMOOTH GROUT THERMAL

can be mixed and adjusted to meetindividual thermal-conductivityrequirements, improving the transferof heat between the fluid circulatedin the loop and the surrounding soilfor optimum system performance.

Methods of addition Place freshwater in a paddle-mixingtank of a commercial grout mixer.Start the grout mixer paddle, andadd one 50-lb (22.7-kg) bag ofSMOOTH GROUT THERMAL high-solidsbentonite to the water. Mix forabout 1 min. Add silica sand at asteady rate (1 to 2 min), and con-tinue mixing for about 2 min toobtain a consistent mixture. Pumpwith a positive-displacement pumpthrough a tremie pipe at a rate of 5to 15 gal/min (18.9 to 56.8 L/min).

Limitations Makeup water salinity and hard-ness will determine mixing abilityof the product.



Packaging and storage SMOOTH GROUT THERMAL is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) bags.

Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grayish powder


Thermal conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 to 1.20 Btu


K Btu/hr Silica Water Weight lb/gal Total ft ° F lb (kg) gal (L) Yield (kg/L) solids %

0.40 0 (0) 14 (53) 16.4 10.2 (1.22) 30

0.80 150 (68) 17 (64) 26.2 13.1 (1.57) 58.5

0.90 200 (91) 19 (72) 30.4 13.4 (1.61) 61.2

1.0 300 (136) 22 (83) 38 14 (1.68) 65.2

1.2 350 (159) 25 (95) 43.3 14.1 (1.68) 65.7

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TACKLE

TACKLE* liquid polymer is a low-molecular-weight, anionic thinnerdesigned to deflocculate a widerange of water-base drilling fluids.This concentrated aqueous producthas proven itself in applicationsfrom the surface to total depth.While it is frequently used as ashallow-hole thinner to knockthe “fluff” out of spud mud, it alsomaintains effective performance inmore complex systems. This syn-thetic additive has a high tempera-ture limit and is not subject tobacterial degradation.

ApplicationsTACKLE liquid polymer is an effectiveadditive for reducing and stabilizingviscosity in a wide range of systems.It is most effective in freshwater flu-ids that are low in soluble calcium.TACKLE polymer is used most oftenin high-temperature applicationsand in low-solids, non-dispersed,polymer muds such as the POLY-PLUS

system. Normal treatments rangefrom 0.1 to 2 lb/bbl (0.3 to 5.7 kg/m3).

AdvantagesAn effective deflocculant in fresh-water, KCl and seawater fluids:

• Thermally stable to >400° F(>204° C)

• Not subject to bacterialdegradation

• Effective in weighted orunweighted fluids and com -patible with both non-dispersedand dispersed systems

• Works well as a deflocculant inPOLY-PLUS polymer mud systems

• Compatible with most commonmud additives

• A concentrated liquid thinner,easily added to the mud systemthrough the mud hopper ordirectly into the surface system

LimitationsHighly anionic additive precipitatedby high concentrations of divalentcations such as calcium and mag -nesium. Total hardness must bemaintained below 200 mg/L withsoda ash.

• Should not be used in calciumsystems such as lime, gyp oruntreated seawater muds thathave high soluble calcium

• Effectiveness is limited inhigh-solids mud

• Initial treatments with TACKLE

additive can actually increase vis-cosity when the concentration isvery low, ~0.1 lb/bbl (~0.3 kg/m3).Dilution to reduce the solids,in conjunction with continuedtreatments with TACKLE additive,reduces viscosity

• Pilot tests are recommended priorto treating with this product



Packaging and storageTACKLE liquid polymer is packagedin 5-gal (18.9-L) cans.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amber to brown liquid


Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >212° F (>99° C) (PMCC)


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• Blast holes

• Shaft drilling





















Normal drilling 15 – 25 6 – 11 15 – 30





RINGFREE

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RINGFREE* additive is a highly effi-cient, thermally stable thinner andsurface-active agent that removesbentonite clays from the drillstring.It is environmentally acceptableand contains no heavy metals.Because it dissolves rapidly,RINGFREE additive immediatelyaffects the rheology of mostdrilling fluids.

ApplicationsRINGFREE additive is used primarilyto prevent bit balling and mudrings. It can also be used to reducethe viscosity and gel strengths ofmost freshwater drilling fluids.

Advantages• RINGFREE additive is an excellent

clay dispersant that quickly pene-trates sticky clays that can causetools to stick

• Works quickly to alleviate holeproblems and reduce costlypulling times or lost pipe

Methods of addition• Bit balling/mud rings: Use ½

vis cup (0.5 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L)of fluid up to 0.5 to 1.5 gal (1.9to 5.7 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) offluid. An alternate method is toslug rods with 1 vis cup (1 L)on connections.

• Thinning: Slowly add RINGFREE

additive to the mud as needed toreduce viscosity.

LimitationsEffectiveness is reduced in fluidswith more than 1,000 ppm dis-solved calcium and 10,000 ppmchlorides. Since RINGFREE additivereduces mud rheology, cautionshould be exercised when addingit to the active mud system.



Packaging and storageRINGFREE additive is packaged in5-gal (18.9-L) buckets.


Typical physical propertiesPhysical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pale yellow liquid


pH as supplied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 to 7.5


M-I GEL

128


M-I GEL* viscosifier is a premium-grade bentonite (a sodium mont-morillonite clay) that will yield 91to 100 bbl of 15-cP mud per ton(1.7 m3/100 kg). It is used as a pri-mary filter-cake-building, filtration-control and suspension agent infreshwater systems, and has appli-cation in all water-base mud sys-tems. M-I GEL viscosifier is ahigh-quality product which meetsthe ISO 13500 Clause 9 (formerlyknown as API Spec 13A, Section 9)specifications for bentonite.

ApplicationsM-I GEL viscosifier is a cost-effectivemeans of achieving viscosity, fluid-loss control and filter-cake qualityin freshwater and seawater muds.Typical concentrations for M-I GEL

viscosifier range from 5 to 35 lb/bbl(14.3 to 100 kg/m3).

As with all bentonite products,the yield decreases as water salinityincreases. In muds containing morethan 10,000 mg/L chlorides, the per-formance of M-I GEL viscosifier issignificantly reduced unless prehy-drated in freshwater before addingto the mud system.

Advantages• Hydrates more than other types

of clays and is best for generatingviscosity, developing gels for sus-pension and controlling filtration

• Small particle size, unique flatshape and high surface area ofhydrated M-I GEL viscosifier provides superior filtration characteristics

• Promotes the deposition ofthin, compressible filter cakesin the wellbore

Limitations• Performance reduced in salty

(>5,000 mg/L Cl–) or hard(>240 mg/L Ca++) waters dueto decreased hydration



Packaging and storageM-I GEL viscosifier is packaged in100-lb (45.4-kg), multi-walled, papersacks, 88-lb (40-kg) sacks, big bagsand is available in bulk.

Store in a dry, well-ventilatedarea. Keep container closed. Storeaway from incompatibles. Followsafe warehousing practices regard-ing palletizing, banding, shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.




ISO 135000 Clause 9 Specifications:

Suspension properties (Suspension of 22.5 g into 350 cm3 water):

Viscometer dial reading at 600 fpm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, min.

Yield point/plastic viscosity ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, max.

Filtrate volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 cm3, max.

Residue >75μ (wet screen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4% wt, max.


DRILLINGSOLUTIONS

WELLBOREPRODUCTIVITY

ENVIRONMENTALSOLUTIONS


Wellsite and project engineering

Simulation software

Drilling-fluid systems and additives

ALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS*FEDERAL* Wholesale

HDD Mining & Waterwell

Technical support


Cuttings treatment

Mud mixing

Oilfield screens

Pressure control


Rig instrumentation

Solids control

Waste injection

Engineering/simulation software

Reservoir drill-in fluids

Fluid-loss-control systems

Intervention fluids

Packer fluids

Breakers

Spacers and displacement chemicals

Specialized tools

Completion fluids

Filtration


Vessel cleaning

Oilfield/production chemicals

Chemical management

H2S removal

Drag reduction

Produced water management

Production-tank cleaning


Water treatment


Cuttings treatment


Mud mixing

Oilfield screens

Pressure control



Rig instrumentation

Solids control

Vessel cleaning

Waste injection

Water treatment

PRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGIES

A complete array of services available worldwide

www.miswaco.com

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Integrated Package Delivery

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R I G - E Q U I P M E N T E N G I N E E R I N G


Any well or DWM project where thereis room for improvement in drillingtime, production rates, environmentalissues and overall costs.

� P R O B L E M S

When equipment and process- control systems have not beenfully integrated, overlap of effort,ineffective project management, losttime and increased environmentalrisk result.


Integrated Package Delivery in theareas of fluids, drilling waste man-agement equipment and process-control encourages the use of flexi bleyet defined processes working inconcert. From in-depth projectunderstanding to strategic manage-ment, the solutions afforded by IPDenable seamless operations.


As part of a realistic, unified plan, project-specific bulk-handling anddrilling waste management pack-ages result in reduced costs ofshared materials and spares,improved operational efficiency,and reduced risk.


Integrated equipment and process-control packages help ensure theright balance between productionand environmental impact.

Reduce risk. Lower costs. Get meas urable, improvedresults on your next project.Those are the exact results thatthe M-I SWACO Integrated PackageDelivery (IPD) capabilities deliverthrough integrated mud mixing,fluids processing, drilling andDrilling Waste Management(DWM). We can apply this inte gra-tion to our drilling and DWM prod-uct lines across the globe, helpingyou succeed in harsh environments,where extended life requirementsof assets and facilities matter most,where QHSE issues demand contin-ual close attention, and where it

makes good business sense toreduce spares.

As the world’s largest supplier ofdrilling and completion fluids anddrilling waste management equip-ment, M-I SWACO can take youfrom flowline to ultimate reuseor disposal as a logical extensionof our vast knowledge of fluid tech-nology and management. OurAberdeen-based IPD organizationmanages the design, procurement,manufacture, installation and com-missioning of custom-built, inte-grated equipment packages forM-I SWACO operations worldwide.The team also has offices in Houston,Stavanger, Volgograd and Singapore.

Features and Benefits• Meet goals faster and more effi-

ciently through informed, up-to-the-minute engineering decisions

• Achieve higher-quality resultsfrom improved project insight

• Maximize the drilling fluids program through detailed engineering equipmentdesign and process

• Reduce non-productivetime through remote controland monitoring

• Mitigate QHSE incidents throughpreliminary planning, removalof personnel from hazardousenvironments and consistentdocumentation

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog.

Solids-Control Systems

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S O L I D S C O N T R O L : S O L I D S - C O N T R O L S Y S T E M S


Onshore and offshore rigs wherean integrated approach to fluidsand cuttings processing is needed tomaximize the operational efficiencyof the drilling rig.

� P R O B L E M S

The design of some solids-controlsystems does not reflect changes intechnology, regulatory requirementsand the increasing operational chal-lenges of drilling in new frontiers.


M-I SWACO has proven experience influids-related technologies, advancedresearch and development in solidscontrol, systems knowledge andcapabilities, and QHSE excellence.


By optimizing the solids-controlsystem design and integrationwith our fluids knowledge, weimprove drilling efficiency andreduce operational costs.


M-I SWACO solids-control andcuttings-handling systems arecustomized to meet local compli-ance and regulatory guidelines.

Improve drilling efficiency and environmental compliancewith an integrated solids-control systemThe goal of all modern solids-control systems is to reduce overallwell costs through the efficientremoval of drilled solids whilereducing and minimizing the lossof drill fluids. Additional goalsinclude worker health and safetyand environmental compliance.

The key to designing the bestsystems in the market comes downto working with the rig designers,

contractors, operators and shipyards to provide the best in class.

To operate each type of equipmentso that the maximum separationefficiency is achieved requires a lotof thought, and many factors mustbe considered. The quantity andsizing of equipment must be specificso that the efficiency of the solids-control system can be maximizedthrough data such as final volumeof mud accumulated while drilling,total volume of solids removed andfluid dilution rates. The greater per-centage of drill solids removed anddrilling fluid preserved, the higherthe operating efficiency.

Mud returns with drill

solids

Header boxes designed with controlled flow

distribution and purpose-built

controls

Latest shaker andscreening

technology

Cleanmud

Drillsolids

Waste disposal

Delivering solutions


Mud-Mixing System

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S O L I D S C O N T R O L : M U D M I X I N G


Onshore and offshore rigs wherelogistics demand that drilling andcompletion fluids be mixed onsitewith the same degree of safety,accuracy and thoroughness asfluids mixed at a mud plant.

� P R O B L E M S

Manually introducing drilling-fluidadditives to the fluid stream canpose health hazards, can result ininaccurate mixtures and can reducethe productivity of rig personnel.


The customizable mud-mixing sys-tem from M-I SWACO is designed,manufactured and installed bypeople with a thorough under - standing of the mixing processand the attendant health, safetyand environmental issues.


The safety, accuracy, automation anddesign features of the M-I SWACOMud-Mixing system result inincreased worker safety and thesavings in time and money thatresult from the system’s features.


The enclosures and automated fea-tures on system components greatlyreduce the exposure of rig personnelto potentially hazardous materials.

Regardless of rig size or projectcomplexity, M-I SWACO will useour operational and engineeringexperience to design a system thatmeets the customers and marketexpectations. We will then engi-neer, fabricate and commissionthe mud-mixing system requiredto perform efficiently and safely.Whether it’s a single HIRIDE* educ-tor, or a fully automated, touch-screen-controlled, multifunctionsystem, it will deliver the bestperformance available.

If one quality best describes thesystem, it is “versatility.” Originallyconceived for mixing drilling fluids,an M-I SWACO system can bedesigned for completion fluids aswell. Rugged construction, usinglow-temperature carbon steel andstainless steel, ensures long life inhostile environments. All compo-nents feature a minimized footprintand the flexibility to be positionedas rig space dictates.

System components• Solids induction

– Bulk-bag-additive unit– Surge tank– Automatic sack slitter

and pallet lifter

• HIRIDE* eductor

• HISIDE* blender (rental)

• Liquids injection– Caustic soda mix tank– Chemical-additive unit

• System control — The overall control system for the fluids- mixing package consists of aProgrammable Logic Controller(PLC) control cabinet networkedvia Ethernet to a server panelholding two redundant serverPCs, a logger PC and viewer monitors. A maintenance anddiagnostic Profibus MPI networkis provided for diagnostic andmaintenance tasks.The Mud-Mixing system runs on

Cimplicity Plant Edition^ which isrun on the Windows XP^ operatingsystem as the main SCADA package.A Microsoft SQL server is configuredas the logging PC to afford reliablehistoric data logging and retrieval.

User interface and system controlis achieved via a trackball/mouseand keyboard. All communicationsbetween the application PLCs and theworkstations are controlled via theM-I SWACO dual redundant servers.


^Cimplicity Plant Edition is a mark of GE Fanuc Automation.^Windows XP is a mark of Microsoft Corporation.

MEERKAT PT Shale Shaker

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S O L I D S C O N T R O L : S H A K E R S


Drilling rigs and separation operations where space is at a premium and performance requirements are high.

� P R O B L E M S

Because drilling rates and condi-tions change as drilling progresses,solids-control equipment must han-dle varying solids characteristics.When premium drilling fluids areused, maximum fluids recovery isof critical concern.


The dual-motion MEERKAT* PTshaker not only manages the highcuttings volumes associated withsurface hole sections (linear motion),it can change on the fly to balancedelliptical motion for longer cuttings-retention times. Shaker performancegets an extra boost from M-I SWACOspecialists and field personnel whoprovide expert advice and service.


The generous throughput capacityof the shaker can handle cuttingsloads generated by high ROP, savingrig time. The balanced ellipticalmotion recovers greater amountsof valuable drilling fluid, producesdrier cuttings for easier disposaland prolongs screen life.


The MEERKAT PT shaker processescuttings more thoroughly than con-ventional units, producing cuttingsthat require less treatment for dis-posal. The thorough processing alsoreduces the need for dilution whichresults in smaller waste volumes.

The flexibility of dual motionThe dual-motion shale shaker that adapts as solids change

M-I SWACO has combined linearand balanced elliptical motion tech-nology to create the revo lu tion aryMEERKAT PT dual-motion shaker.The design incor porates a 0.6-hpvibrator motor that allows it to perform on an unparalleled level.

But as drilling conditions change,the MEERKAT PT dual-motion shaker

can be adjusted “on the fly.” Simplyflipping a switch on the controlbox reconfigures the shaker fromlinear to balanced ellip tical motion.There is no need to suspend orshut down operations. With theMEERKAT PT shaker oper ating in thegentler balanced ellip tical mode,solids encounter reduced G-forcesand longer screen residence time.This results in drier solids, improveddrilling-fluid recovery, longer screenlife and reduced operating costs.

Features and Benefits• Units can be customized to meet

both tight-space requirementsand high-performance criteria

• All configurations are compactand modular

• Linear motion for fast con-veyance and heavy loading;balanced elliptical motion formaximum retention time anddrier cuttings

• Elliptical motion at the flipof a switch without stoppingthe shaker

• Balanced basket functions flaw-lessly in either linear or balancedelliptical mode, with dry, lightloads or wet, heavy loads

• Most reliable mechanical jack- ing system in the industry —

simple and easy to use; requiresno pinning

• Unique distribution box optioncan replace flowline possumbelly, providing increasedhandling capacity anddampening the velocityof fluid from the flowline

• Pre-tensioned compositescreens for fast screen changesand overall ease of use

• Ultra-tight seal between screenand screen bed eliminates solidsbuildup and costly bypass of solids

• Largest net-usable screenarea among shakers of similarfootprint: 15.9 ft2 (1.5 m2)

This is a summary page. For complete information,

please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL

SOLUTIONS catalog.

MONGOOSEPT Linear- and Dual-Motion Shale Shaker

134


1Patents applicable to MONGOOSE PT include6,485,640; 6,513,664; 6,679,385; 6,746,602; 6,838,008.


Onshore and offshore projectswhere shaker size is a significantissue and where cuttings withvarying quantities and propertiesare experienced.

� P R O B L E M S

Because drilling rates and conditionschange as a well progresses, solids-control equipment must handlevarying solids characteristics. Whenpremium drilling fluids are used,maximum fluids recovery is ofcritical concern.


The dual-motion MONGOOSE* PTshaker not only manages the highcuttings volumes associated withsurface hole sections (linear motion),it can change on the fly to balancedellip tical motion for longer cuttings-retention times. Shaker performancegets an extra boost from M-I SWACOengineers and field personnel whoprovide expert advice and service.


The generous throughput capacityof the shaker can handle cuttingsloads generated by high ROP, savingrig time. The balanced ellipticalmotion recovers greater amountsof valuable drilling fluid, producesdrier cuttings for easier disposaland prolongs screen life.


The MONGOOSE PT shaker processescuttings more thoroughly than con -ventional units, producing cuttingsthat require less treatment for dis-posal. The thorough processing alsoreduces the need for dilution whichresults in smaller waste volumes.

The flexibility of dual motionThe dual-motion shale shaker that adapts as solids change

M-I SWACO has combined linearand balanced elliptical motion tech-nology to create the revo lu tion aryMONGOOSE PT dual-motion shaker.The MONGOOSE PT design incor po-rates a 0.6-hp vibrator motor1

that allows it to perform on anunparalleled level.

But as drilling conditions change,the MONGOOSE PT dual-motionshaker can be adjusted “on the fly.”Simply flipping a switch on the con-trol box reconfigures the shakerfrom linear to balanced ellip ticalmotion. There is no need to suspend

or shut down operations. With theMONGOOSE PT shaker operatingin the gentler balanced ellip ticalmode, solids encounter reducedG-forces and longer screen resi-dence time. This results in driersolids, improved drilling-fluidrecovery, longer screen life andreduced operating costs.

The economy of linear motionThe dual-motor MONGOOSE PTlinear-motion shaker is especiallyeffective while drilling top-holesections where heavy, high-volumesolids are usually encountered. Inthese intervals, shakers need togenerate high G-forces to effec -tively move dense solids acrossthe screens.

Features and Benefits• Linear motion for fast con-

veyance and heavy loading;balanced elliptical motion formaximum retention time anddrier cuttings

• Elliptical motion at the flipof a switch without stoppingthe shaker

• Balanced basket functionsflawlessly in either linear orbalanced elliptical mode, withdry, light loads or heavy loads

• Most reliable mechanicaljacking system in the industry —simple and easy to use; requiresno pinning

• Unique distribution box optioncan replace flowline possumbelly, providing increasedhandling capacity anddampening the velocityof fluid from the flowline

• Pre-tensioned composite screensfor fast screen changes andoverall ease of use

• Ultra-tight seal between screenand screen bed eliminates solidsbuildup and costly bypass ofsolids

• Largest net-usable screen areaamong shakers of similarfootprint: 21.2 ft2 (1.97 m2)



SOLUTIONS catalog.

BEM-650 Shale Shaker

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135


Features and Benefits• Patented1, balanced elliptical

motion produces a drier cuttingsdischarge and results in improvedseparation efficiency

• Stainless steel constructionreduces maintenance costs asa result of low corrosion

• State-of-the-art motion genera-tors are oilfield proven andrequire minimal maintenance

• Flowback pan between topand bottom decks maximizeseffective screening area

• Integral scalping deck improvesprocess capacity, reduces installa-tion costs and improves primarydeck screen life

• Gumbo slide design minimizesgumbo buildup

• Dual-angle bottom deckimproves separation ofwater-base-mud cuttings

• Shallow header tank deliversbetter fluids distribution toscreens with no solids settling

• Sloping sump design with leftand/or right discharge minimizessettling of ultra-fines

• Meets certification requirementsat highest level — ATEX, NORSOK,CE and UL-rated versions available

• Low operational noise levelsensure safety

• Extra-long drip lips

• Easy-to-install optional vapor-extraction hood reduces operatorexposure to vapors associatedwith drilling fluids

• M-I SWACO design and serviceorganization provides assistancewith rig installation surveys,flow-distribution design to shak-ers, as well as shaker house andsolids- control system design

Flow-Distribution Box

• Detachable flow-distribution boxwith built-in lift points allows forflexible installation

• Allows true, “cold” installation to10-in. (254-mm) pipe flange

• No welding, torch cutting orgrinding is necessary

• Two large slide gates, with reliabletab/slot locators, reduce tendencyto clog with gumbo

Controls

• Control panel, with simplestart/stop button is suitable forremote operation, reducing oper-ator exposure to vapors associ-ated with drilling fluids

• Easy-to-use pneumohydraulicdeck-angle adjustment2 reducesmud losses from screens

• Bed-angle indicator aids accurateadjustment of basket angle

Screen Technology

• Composite screen technologyincreases effective open area,improves process capacity andmaximizes screen life

• Special, lightweight screendesign allows for easierscreen handling

• Pre-tensioned screens (top andbottom decks) allow for quickerscreen changes

• All screens front load to improveoperator safety

Screen-Clamping System

• Operated by single three-way,three-position SST ball valve

• Pressure regulator permanentlyset to proper operating pressure

• Pneumatic quick clampingof screens3 for quick screen-changing operations

• Screen clamping and angleadjustment operated by rig airsupply, lowering maintenanceand utilities

• All components bolt on

• Clamp blade axles cast into partwith larger shaft size

• Clamp blade receivers havetighter tolerance and increasedmaterials depth

Two Inspection/Cleanout Ports

• Removable cover allows easyaccess for rear-screen inspectionand maintenance

• Contains splashing and preventsfluid loss during surges

• Improves access to rearclamp blades

1Vibratory Screen Separator U.S. Patent No. 5,265,7302Patent pending3U.S. Patent No. 6,513,665

650650


Offshore and onshore projectswhere more effective fluids/solidsseparation is required in additionto the reduction of costs related toshaker performance.

� P R O B L E M S

Conventional shakers exhibit oneor more — or all — of the following:inefficient solids handling and fluidrecovery, screen blinding, prematurescreen wear and safety issues.


The BEM-650* shaker is the third-generation balanced elliptical motionshale shaker from M-I SWACO. It pro-vides better solids removal and fluidrecovery with less screen wear whileoccupying a relatively small footprint.


Significantly drier cuttings,improved solids removal and fluidrecovery at high feed rates, longerscreen life and minimal downtimeadd up to significant savings.


More efficient fluids/solids separa-tion results in significantly smallerdisposal volumes of dryer cuttings.


High-Volume Mud Cleaners

136

S O L I D S C O N T R O L : M U D C L E A N E R S

The M-I SWACO line of mud clean-ers consists of a two-stage separa-tion process using a combinationof hydrocyclones mounted over ashale shaker to operate as a singleunit. Designed to handle the entirecirculating volume, mud cleanersare effective on both weighted andunweighted drilling-fluid systemsin removing and drying solidswhile retaining the expensiveliquid. The hydrocyclones makethe primary separation withunderflow directed onto theshaker’s vibrating screen. Usedcorrectly, the M-I SWACO mudcleaners lower both drilling-fluidand disposal costs.

Versatile. M-I SWACO mud cleanerscan be configured with an M-I SWACOD-SILTER*, a D-SANDER* or both overa high-performance shaker toprocess weighted or unweighteddrilling-fluid systems.

Environmentally efficient.Removing and drying drilled solidshelps meet environmental regula-tions by minimizing waste gener-ated and reducing disposal costs.

Minimizes maintenance.Continuous removal of sand andabrasive cuttings from drillingfluids cuts downtime and reducesrepair and replacement of wornparts on downstream equipment.

Wide range of mud cleanersfor your drilling-fluid system.M-I SWACO mud cleaners are avail-able in a variety of configurations.

The Model 6T4 (12 clone), Model8T4 (16 clone) and Model 10T4(20 clone) D-SILTERS, when matchedwith an M-I SWACO shale shaker,provide processing rates from900 to 1,500 GPM (3,406.9 to5,678.1 L/min). The Model 2-12D-SANDER, when matched withan M-I SWACO shaker, providesprocessing capabilities to1,000 GPM (3,785.4 L/min).

The three-in-one Model 2-12D-SANDER and Model 6T4 (12clone) D-SILTER mounted over anM-I SWACO high-performanceshaker provides the most versa tileseparation combination packagewith rates of 1,000 and 900 GPM(3,785.4 and 3,406.9 L/min) respectively.

Works with oil- or water-base mudsM-I SWACO mud cleaners aredesigned to work with eitheroil- or water-base weighted muds,as well as with either dispersedor non-dispersed muds. They arealso effective on unweighteddrilling-fluid systems, removingfine drilled solids while retainingexpensive liquid phases. Field-proven, M-I SWACO mud cleanersare especially effective in controllingdrilled solids and retaining expen-sive barite when used in conjunc -tion with M-I SWACO fine-screenshale shakers and centrifuges.

Features and Benefits• Assists with environmental

compliances

• Cuts downtime and reduces repair

• Complete product line provides diverse configuration options

• Field-proven performance

• Lowers drilling-fluid anddisposal costs

• Minimizes maintenance ondownstream equipment

• Compatible with oil- or water-base muds

• Effective in controlling drilled solids and retainingexpensive barite


414 CENTRIFUGE

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S O L I D S C O N T R O L : C E N T R I F U G E S

The M-I SWACO 414 CENTRIFUGE*delivers high performance andlow operating costs for oilfieldand industrial mud and fluids-handling applications. This highlyefficient decanting centrifugerecovers up to 95% of barite andreturns it to the active system, whilerejecting finer, low-gravity solids.The advanced design of the stain-less steel bowl and scroll maintainsan even layer of conveyed solidsfor more uniform separation andmaximum solids-control efficiency.

Features and Benefits

The M-I SWACO 414 CENTRIFUGE —precision equipment engineered tohandle rugged oilfield service.

Liquid zone Drying zone

Liquid return to active Pool Beach Solids discard

Whole mud feed

• Balanced scroll design increasesrecovery capacity

• Efficient operation processes upto 140 GPM (530 L/min) with a6- to 10-micron cut on weightedmud systems; processes upto 250 GPM (946.4 L/min) witha 5- to 7-micron cut point onunweighted mud

• Stainless steel bowl, scrollcompartment and cover toresist corrosion and abrasion

• Tungsten-carbide scroll pointswith wide spacing of flights atthe narrow end create a finerlayer of conveyed solids formore uniform separationunder high G-forces

• Precision balanced to run at highRPMs for extended periods withgreater efficiency, minimizingmaintenance and downtime

• Operating safety controls includeself-limiting vibration and torqueswitches to protect against cata-strophic failure

• Variable speed electro-hydraulicbackdrive is available as anoption for the 414 CENTRIFUGE

• Recovers up to 95% of barite, minimizing costly additionswhile maintaining prescribedmud weights

• Rejects finer, low-gravity solidsfrom drilling fluids

• Cost-efficient operation —reduces discard volume versusdilution displacement alterna-tives 30 to 60% depending uponmud weights

• Ideal for use with weighted orunweighted mud systems

• Rugged construction andcorrosion-resistant materialsprovide long service life andlow maintenance costs in thetoughest oilfield environments



SOLUTIONS catalog.

518 CENTRIFUGE

138


The M-I SWACO 518 CENTRIFUGE* isthe premier high-speed, decantingcentrifuge for drilling-mud andfluids-handling applications.Ruggedly built for oilfield andindustrial service, it is especiallyeffective in environmentally sen -sitive areas. It delivers high fluid-recovery rates and efficient solidscontrol to significantly reduce thecosts of makeup fluids and disposal.The M-I SWACO 518 CENTRIFUGE

is precision-balanced for smoothoperation over long periods atspeeds of 1,900 to 3,250 RPM,generating centrifugal forcesup to 2,100 G’s.

How it works

Features and Benefits • Innovative design includes longer

bowl for increased retentiontime, resulting in drier solids andfiner cut points

• Tungsten carbide scroll pointswith wide spacing flights attapered end create a finer layerof conveyed solids for consistent,uniform separation and maxi-mum solids-control efficiency

• Stainless steel bowl, scroll, com-partment and cover resist corro-sion and provide long service life

• Precision balanced to run at highRPMs for extended periods withgreater efficiency, minimizingmaintenance and downtime

• Skid mounted, low profile minimizes space requirements

• Effectively removes the finestsilts and returns valuable fluidsfor reuse

• Reduces makeup fluids, dilution,cleanup and disposal costs

• Ideal for any solids-control appli-cation; especially valuable inenvironmentally sensitive areas

• Rugged construction andcorrosion-resistant materialsprovide long service life andlow maintenance costs in thetoughest oilfield environments

• Works efficiently with otherM-I SWACO equipment tomaximize solids control

The heart of an M-I SWACO cen-trifuge is its high-speed, precision-balanced rotating stainless-steelbowl. Inside the bowl, a double-lead spiral-screw conveyor rotatesin the same direction as the bowlbut at a slightly slower RPM.

Feed slurry enters through ahollow axle at the narrow endand is distributed to the bowl.Centrifugal force as high as 500 G’sat 1,900 RPM (or 2,100 G’s at 3,250RPM) holds the slurry against the

bowl wall in a “pool.” Trapped siltand sand-sized particles settleand spread against the bowl wallwhere they are conveyed to thesolids underflow discharge portsby tungsten-carbide-tipped scrollflights. Silt and sand particlesexit damp, but with no free liq-uid. The free-liquid phase carriesthe fine, 2- to 3-micron-size par ti-cles through the nonpluggingstainless steel and tungsten-carbide hardfaced-discharge ports.

Liquid zone Drying zone

Liquid return to active Pool Beach Solids discard

Wholemud feed



SOLUTIONS catalog.

CD-500 CENTRIFUGE

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High-volume solids removal.The CD-500 CENTRIFUGE can processup to 200 GPM (757.1 L/min) ofdrilling fluid.

Variable bowl speed. The bowlspeed can be adjusted infinitelyfrom 379 G’s at 1,200 RPM to2,066 G’s at 2,800 RPM to controlparticle separation (cut point)for improved solids removal orcleaner effluent:

• At 1,600 RPM and feed ratesof 200 GPM (757.1 L/min), itprovides a D90 cut point of 8 to12 microns, depending uponthe composition of the mud

• At 2,800 RPM and feed rates of100 GPM, (378.5 L/min) it providesa D90 cut point of 3 to 6 microns,depending upon the compositionof the mud

Variable-speed pump. Calibratingpump speed with feed rate allowsan optimum relationship betweenthe two variables that improvessolids-control efficiency.

Programmable Logic Controller(PLC). The PLC makes and monitorsspeed adjustments and may behoused within an explosion-proofenclosure. RPM readouts of the con-veyor and bowl are displayed at thecontrol panel.

Tungsten-carbide scroll points.Tungsten-carbide hardfaced pointsat the tapered end of the scrollprotect the conveyor against wear.

Specially designed, widelyspaced flights. Conveyor pitchin the conical section is designed

to reduce plugging and promotemaximum solids removal at high-differential speeds.

Stainless steel components. Thestainless steel bowl, scroll, compart-ment and cover resist corrosion andprovide long service life.

Operating safety controls. Safetyfeatures include self-limiting vibra-tion and torque switches to protectagainst catastrophic failure knownto occur in other “high-speed”centrifuges.

Drive options. The centrifugecan be supplied with a numberof drives: standard electric, PLC-controlled ; variable-frequency drive;or hydraulic drive.

Mounting options. For tight-fittingoffshore installations, the centri fugecan be supplied with a pedestalmount. For land applications, thelow-mount design allows for asimple centrifuge stand withone set of handrails.

Features and Benefits• Provides precise control over

the separation process toaccommodate variations insolids loading and materialsizes; can be regulated toproduce cleaner effluent

• High-volume processing

• Adjustable speeds on bowl,scroll and pump

• Automatic PLC monitoringand adjustment compensatesfor varied drilling conditions,while reducing operatorinvolvement and effort

• Allows drilling at high ROP

• Runs efficiently at high speedsfor prolonged periods

• Rugged construction andcorrosion-resistant materialsprovide long service lifeand low maintenance costsin the toughest oilfieldenvironments

• Protection against failure at high speeds

• Reduces solids packoff

• Works efficiently with otherM-I SWACO equipment tomaximize solids control

How it worksThe heart of the M-I SWACOCD-500 CENTRIFUGE is its high-speed, pre cision-balanced rotat-ing stainless steel bowl. Inside thebowl, a single-lead spiral-screwconveyor rotates in the same direc-tion as the bowl but at a lower RPM.

Feed slurry enters through ahollow axle at the narrow endand is distributed to the bowl.Centrifugal force as high as 379 G’sat 1,200 RPM (or 2,066 G’s at 2,800RPM) holds the slurry against the

bowl wall in a “pool.” Trapped siltand sand-sized particles settleand spread against the bowl wallwhere they are conveyed to thesolids underflow discharge portsby the tungsten-carbide-tippedscroll flights on the conveyor.

Silt and sand particles exitdamp, but with no free liquid.The cleaned fluid is dischargedthrough weirs that regulate thepool depth.



SOLUTIONS catalog.

CD-600 CENTRIFUGE

140


The CD-600 CENTRIFUGE* fromM-I SWACO is specially engineeredfor high-volume drilling. Controlledand monitored via a ProgrammableLogic Controller (PLC), the centrifugeexperiences less solids packoff,produces cleaner effluents, requiresfewer operating personnel andfeatures automatic adjustment fordifferent operating conditions.

A touch screen on the operator’sconsole provides the interface formonitoring the RPM of the conveyorand bowl and for adjusting motor

speed. The manual control panel forthe centrifuge has the option foroperating the centrifuge manuallyor automatically. The main drivespeed can be adjusted on the touchscreen panel when operating theCD-600 CENTRIFUGE manually.

Features and Benefits • High processing volumes

• Resists packoff

• More thorough processingfor cleaner effluents

• Requires fewer operatingpersonnel

• Automatically adjusts tochanging drilling conditions

• Manual or automatic controlvia touch-screen or manualcontrol panel

SpecificationsPhysical Data

• Bowl size 23.5 x 76 in. (598 x 1,928 mm)

• Length 178 in. (4,500 mm)

• Width 87 in. (2,210 mm)

• Height 85 in. (2,145 mm)

• Weight 19,842 lb (9,000 kg)

Rotating Assembly

• Length 115 in. (2,911 mm)

• Lambda ratio 3.23 (bowl length/bowl inside diameter)

• Weight 2,116 lb (960 kg)

Cylindrical Section

• Diameter 23.5 in. (598 mm)

• Length 52 in. (1,322 mm)

• Material Duplex A890 (4A)

Conical Section

• Diameter, large end 23.5 in. (598 mm)

• Length 23.9 in. (606 mm)

• Diameter, small end 18 in. (450 mm)

• Cone angle 7°

• Material: Conical section Duplex A890 (4A)

Discharge ports Tungsten carbide (hard facing/HRC 67)

Overload Protection

• Primary Electrical

• Secondary Resettable back drive of the torque limiter

Conveyor

• Weight 1,080 lb (490 kg)

• Type One lead

• Pitch 5.9 in. (150 mm)

• Material:Body Duplex A890 (4A)Flighting AISI 304 stainless steelHard-facing Tungsten carbide

(hard facing/HRC 67)

Gear Box

• Type Two-stage ZSPN 621-190-87 (Cyclo SUMITOMO gear box)

• Gear ratio 87:1

• Torque 9,330 ft-lb (12,650 Nm)maximum

• Weight 198 lb (90 kg)

• Differential speed Variable, 1 to 50 rpm

Control System

• Automatic control by PLC

• Closed-loop hydraulic power package with 180-hp electric motor

• Touch-screen panel

Area Equivalent

• Ae = 2.114 x 106 m2

Theoretical Solids-Conveying Capacity at 50-rpm Differential Speed

• Qs = 38.594 m3/hr

Maximum G-force at 2,600-rpm Bowl Speed

• G = 2.267 x 103 or 2,267 G


FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM (FPS)

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S O L I D S C O N T R O L : F L U I D S P R O C E S S I N G S Y S T E M ( F P S )

The FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM

from M-I SWACO is a completesolids-control solution — fromshale shakers to centrifuges toD-GASSER units — strategicallycombined into a single, skid-mounted unit. Just as important,every FPS comes with a round-the-clock service crew, backed by asystem supervisor and on-calltechnical services engineers.

System integration. Instead ofa collection of equipment fromvarious sources, the FPS is a field-proven network of solids-controlcomponents specifically designedto function as a single unit.

Custom engineering. M-I SWACOanalyzes well parameters and drill -ing objectives for each applicationand tailors the right combinationof equipment for optimal results.


Land rigs that require a high degreeof control over the solids-controlfunction in order to reduce costs,improve solids-control efficiencyand satisfy the most demandingenvironmental requirements.

� P R O B L E M S

Despite growing performance andenvironmental demands on landrigs, the solids-control systems onmany rigs are collections of equip-ment from various sources, withlittle or no fine-tuning and real inte-gration to optimize performance.


The FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM*(FPS*) from M-I SWACO is a completesolids-control solution — from shaleshakers to centrifuges to D-GASSER

units — strategically combined intoa single, skid-mounted unit.


Typical rig-owned solids-controlequipment is less than 50% effec-tive; the M-I SWACO FPS unitsachieve 80 to 90% efficiencyin solids removal and drillingfluids recapture.


The system is designed to reduceor entirely eliminate the need forreserve pits, minimize waste andhelp satisfy the most stringentenvironmental requirements.

Features and BenefitsImproved Efficiency andProcessing Rates

• M-I SWACO FPS units achieve 80to 90% efficiency in solids removaland drilling-fluids recapture

• Increased ROP of nearly 40%

• Average 37% reduction indrill bit consumption

• An average of 33% faster indrilling days to TD

• Helps prevent lost circulation

• Reduces circulation time tocondition mud

• Reduces pump maintenanceand downtime

• Reduces potential for stuck pipeand hole problems

• Improves well logging, mud circu-lation and mud conditioning

Cost Savings

• Reduces mud costs up to 43%

• Reduces costs of transportingmakeup water, diesel andchemical makeup materials

• Significantly reduces site prepa -ration and restoration costs

• Reduces waste haul-off expense

Environmental Advantages

• Reduces or entirely eliminatesthe need for reserve pits

• Minimizes waste

• Helps satisfy the most stringentenvironmental requirements

Flexibility

• Versatile enough for use withwater-, oil- or synthetic-base fluids

• Saves transport and assembly time

Equipment Features

• Skid shakers and MUD/GASSEPARATOR (MGS) togetherfor one lift

• MGS pivots down for easy moving

• Hydroclones fold into tanks

• Tanks designed for easy cleaning,easy operating and moving faster

• Tanks designed for easy operating

• Optional covered tank design toeliminate roofs

• Optional cantilevered skid(mechanical or hydraulic)

• Tanks designed for QHSE issues

• Cantilever walkways reduce pinchpoints (quicker rig up/down)

• Reduces trip hazards by havingvalves on side of tank

• Reduces operator fatigue


CLEANCUT Cuttings Collection

142

C U T T I N G S T R A N S P O R T A N D H A N D L I N G

In addition to deeper water depths,complex logistics and hostile envi-ronments, offshore operators faceanother challenge — zero, or near-zero, discharge of drill solids. Withincreasing environmental regula-tions, operators have had to rethinkthe way in which cuttings contami-nated with oil- and synthetic-basedrilling fluids are handled.

New thinking solves an old problemIt’s not that other companieshaven’t tried to remediate the cut-tings disposal situation; they have.Skip-and-ship, slurrification andre-injection are just some of themethods devised for coping withthis situation.

In contrast, the CLEANCUT processis the comprehensive, economicalsolution that is borne of threedecades of proven M-I SWACOmaterials handling and worldwide

wastemanagement expertise. Theresult is a complete field-provenmethod for containing, handlingand transporting drill cuttings. Bylooking at the problem of cuttingsdisposal from the operator’s per-spective, we have developed a totallyenclosed system for pumping cut-tings from shaker to storage, storage to boat and then from boatto a receiving station onshore priorto processing.

The increase in safety and reduc-tion of environmental exposure isobvious to even the casual observer.


Offshore and onshore projectswhere large amounts of drill solidsmust be handled and stored priorto shipment.

� P R O B L E M S

Under increasingly stringent regu -lations dictating zero or near-zerodischarge of drill solids, and withincreased concerns of personnelsafety, operators have had to rethinkthe way in which cuttings contami-nated with oil- and synthetic-basedrilling fluids are handled.


The CLEANCUT* process provides acomplete field-proven method forcontaining, handling, temporarilystoring and transporting drill cut-tings within a totally enclosed andprotected environment. Our experi-enced engineers and technical per-sonnel ensure that you get theexact system you need.


The CLEANCUT system can handlecuttings generated at high ROP,reducing and even eliminatingdowntime caused by overloadedprocessing equipment. The flexible configuration can be engi-neered to fit rig layouts withsmall equipment footprints.


The totally enclosed system designprevents exposure of personneland the environment to contam i-nated wastes, even in extreme arctic and tropical conditions.

Features and BenefitsSafety

• Crane lifts are minimized,improving offshore safety

• Conveying is fully enclosedand automated, with minimuminvolvement of personnel

Ease of Use

• Flexible installation tosuit rig layout with smallequipment footprints

• The system can transfer raw cuttings at high rates

• Cuttings are pumped to the supply boat througha quick-connect flexible hose

• The ISO-PUMP unit is certifiedby DNV for shipping worldwideas a standard container

Reliability

• Dense phase conveying technol-ogy, now proven in oilfield serv-ice, has been proven in threedecades of tough service in arange of industries

• All equipment is built and certified to DNV standards

Environmental Protection

• Totally enclosed system

• No addition to waste stream

• Can encompass the entire cuttings supply chain

• The first total solution fromshaker to process plant


VACUUM COLLECTION SYSTEM

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Rigs and/or other installationsrequiring an enclosed system for:cuttings collection and transporta-tion; slurrification and re-injection;rig, pit and tank cleaning; vesselcleaning; and fluid recovery.

� P R O B L E M S

With growing concerns for person-nel safety, environmental issuesand an increased emphasis onsaving costly rig time, the industryhas required a totally enclosedsystem for collecting and storingdrilled cuttings.


The VACUUM COLLECTION SYSTEM*(VCS*) from M-I SWACO collects,moves and stores drilled cuttingswithin a totally enclosed envi - ronment that minimizes spillsand contamination.


In addition to preventing manysafety and environmental problems,the VCS is easy to configure to anyrig, requires little or no welding,and sets up quickly and easily. Thesesame features allow it to be movedfrom one location to another in aminimal amount of time.


The totally enclosed system mini-mizes spills and containment prob-lems, vapor escape or safety issuesthat can arise with open systems.

Features and BenefitsField-Proven

• Operated successfully for majorproducers around the worldsince 1993

Versatile

• Suitable for most applications:cuttings collection and trans-portation; slurri fication andre-injection; rig, pit and tankcleaning; vessel cleaning; andfluid recovery

Safe

• No hazardous moving parts

• Fill sensors for automatic shut-off

• Vacuum power skid is completelycontained

• Customized, non-sparkingblower design with hazardous-duty class electric motors

• Explosion-proof (Class I, Zone I) 30- or 100-hp electric motor

Efficient

• Maximizes filling of cuttings-collection modules

• Cuttings collection and disposaldoes not interrupt drilling

• Conveys fluids and cuttingshorizontally and vertically,saving valuable rig-floor space

• Skid-mounted diaphragm pumpfor recycling and fluid transfer

Environmental Compliance

• Designed to meet or exceedfuture discharge regulations

Total Containment

• Contains all drilling waste streams

• Minimizes potential contamination during drilling

Modular Design

• Flexible design allows central riglocation with remote on/off

• Suitable for all rig configurations

Simple Installation

• Minimal or no welding required

• Makes hookup faster and safer

• Preinstalled collection pipe servesmultiple collection locations

• Equipment tool box with spareparts includes connections,pipe, wands and hoses

VERTI-G Cuttings Dryer

144


In the quest for improved environ-mental practices, operators needsolids-control solutions that takeliquids/solids separation to a newlevel. The VERTI-G cuttings dryerfrom M-I SWACO incor porates ahigh-speed vertical centrifuge thatachieves maximum liquids/solidsseparation in large-volume proc ess-ing. This gives oper ators a criticaladvantage in meeting increasinglystringent environmental regulationsfor offshore cuttings disposal.

The VERTI-G processCuttings from shale shakers are con-veyed to the VERTI-G dryer througha variety of site-engineered convey -ance systems that include gravityfeed, pneumatic transfer, vacuumtransfer and screw conveyors.

The flow of cuttings into theVERTI-G centrifuge is PCL-controlledand continuously fed to yield opti-mum liquids/solids separation.Once cuttings are introduced intothe dryer’s charge hopper, widelyspaced, independently adjustableflights continuously direct cuttingsto the screen surface. Flights withinthe VERTI-G dryer create a rollingaction that promotes further sep a-ration and prevents screen plug-ging. Under high G-forces createdby the large cone diameter, liquids/solids sep ara tion occurs instantlyas cuttings make contact with thefiner-mesh, high-capacity centri -fuge screen while producing cleanerreturn fluid and drier solids discharge.

Solids are discharged at thescreen bottom and fall by gravityinto the water-flushed cuttingstrough and shunted overboard.Solids can also be collected foronshore disposal. Processed liquidspass through the screen and thenexit through one of two effluentopenings. The fluid is collected andpumped to the M-I SWACO decant-ing centrifuge for final processingand reuse in the active mud system.

CapacityTypically, VERTI-G dryers processup to 60 tons (61 metric tons) ofmaterial per hour.


Offshore and onshore projectswhere the recovery of valuable drill -ing fluid from cuttings, as well asrecovery of whole mud lost fromshaker failure, rig motion andscreen blinding are priorities.

� P R O B L E M S

More stringent cuttings-dischargeregulations have pressured oper a-tors and drilling contractors toreduce drilling waste volumes andrecover premium products for reuse.


The VERTI-G* cuttings dryer featuresa state-of-the-art design that canprocess varying amounts of cuttingsand fluids, typically up to 60 tons(61 metric tons) per hour. Dry solidsdischarged from the dryer are typi-cally <5% oil content by wet weight.


The VERTI-G cuttings dryer improvesoverall cost-efficiency, producingreduced amounts of extremely drycuttings for disposal and recoveringvaluable fluid for reuse. It is effectivewith water-, oil- and synthetic-basedrilling fluids.


The VERTI-G dryer minimizes wastevolumes, dramatically reducing dis-posal costs and ensuring compliancewith local regulations.

Features and BenefitsSuperior EnvironmentalPerformance

• Highly effective liquids/solidsseparation minimizes fluidcontent of cuttings

• Reduces waste-disposalvolumes

Improved Drilling-FluidRecovery

• Effective separation reclaimshigh percentages of fluid thatcan be reused in the activemud system

• Recovers whole mud lost fromshaker failure, rig motion andscreen blinding

Safety

• Explosion-proof motors andstart/stop boxes are certifiedfor use in Class I, Division Iareas

• Custom-built stands andwalkways integrated into therigs reduce risk to personnel

Skilled Operators

• Experienced M-I SWACOpersonnel maintain peakoperating efficiency

Operational Advantages

• Programmable LogicController (PLC), with auto-matic warning indicators,monitors temperature, torque,oil levels and operating hours

• High-capacity, continuous-feed units have the through-put to keep up with drilling

• Tungsten-carbide-coated,independently adjustableflights reduce wear andensure optimal tolerance

Ease of Maintenance

• Normal wear parts are easilyaccessible from the top ofthe unit; belts are easilychanged without removinggear assembly

• Interchangeable tungsten- carbide rotor blades protectrotor and gear box from exces-sive erosion, minimizing maincomponent failure


VERTI-G Low-Profile Cuttings Dryer

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ARRANGEMENT DRAW ING : VERT I - G LOW-PROF I LE CUTT INGS DRYER

All dimensions are expressed in inches (millimeters).

1.8 (46)C of G

16.3 (413)C of G

8 (203) liquid effluentreturn line

quantity 2 typical

16.2 (411)C of G

11.8 (300)C of G

Centrifugesolids discard(optional)

42.5 (1,080)

91.7 (2,329)Standheightmayvary

Overboardflange

12 (304) or 14 (356)

available

81.5 (2,070)typical width

97.8 (2,484)

10.9(277)

11.8 (300)C of G

1.8 (46)C of G

94 (2,388)C of G

2 (51) slideflush rail

can be rotated

System component specificationsVERTI-G Low-Profile Cuttings Dryer

Dryer Length with Motor Width Height Weightin. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) lb (kg)

97.8 81.5 42.5 4,200(2,483) (2,070) (1,080) (1,905)

Power Requirements

• 380 to 440V/3-phase/60Hz (150-amp circuit breaker)

• One (1) 30-hp explosion-proof motor for centrifuge

• One (1) 0.5-hp explosion-proof motor for lubricator pump

Operational Specifications

• Screen turns up to 1,022 rpm

• G-force — up to 400

Screen Specifications

Opening Equivalent Canadian & Micronin. (mm) Tyler mesh U.S. mesh equivalent

0.008 (0.203) 65 70 2030.010 (0.254) 60 60 2540.015 (0.381) 45 45 3810.020 (0.508) 32 35 508



SOLUTIONS catalog.

XR MESH for Shale Shaker Screens

146

O I L F I E L D S C R E E N S


Offshore and onshore projects wheregreater flow capacity and longerscreen life for new and existingshakers would be considered bene-fits in reducing overall well costs.

� P R O B L E M S

Conventional, thin-wire, square-mesh screens are prone to blindingand early failure. Conventional,thin-wire, rectangular-meshscreens are prone to excessivewire movement which signifi-cantly degrades separation.


The XR MESH* weave uses large-diameter wire and a modified-mesh geometry that results in aself-cleaning screen that last two tofour times longer than comparablestandard-mesh screens.


Operators running XR MESH screenson a wide variety of shakers reportsignificantly increased flow capac i-ties and major savings in screen-replacement costs.


Use of XR MESH screens has con sis-tently provided longer screenlife, increased fluids recovery andimproved solids-control perform-ance, resulting in an overall reduc-tion of drilling waste.

The extended-life rectangular mesh The patented1 XR MESH design com-bines high-performance geometryand sturdy construction to dramati-cally upgrade the effectiveness ofany major OEM shale shaker. Itsunique, rectangular mesh promoteshigher fluid-handling capacity. Butunlike other rectangular designs,XR MESH material has the stabilityand strength to extend screen life byas much as four times compared tostandard-mesh screens. The result isa screen mesh that reduces totalcosts and sub stantially improvessolids control.

Patented XR designXR MESH screen is utilized ina unique three- or four-layerarrangement that creates excep-tional shale shaker screens. TheXR MESH screen design featuresinnovative oblong openings with agreater length-to-width ratio thanother rectangular meshes. It alsoincorporates wire diameters thatare 50% larger than comparablemeshes. The large-diameter wireis calendared to lock mesh openingssecurely in place. All layers are madeof finely woven stainless steel. Thesecond layer increases screen lifeby acting as a buffer between thefine top mesh and coarse backuplayer(s), as well as serving as amechanical deblinding agentfor the top mesh.

Longer lifeThe larger wire diameters ofXR MESH design increase durabilityand extend screen life, resultingin fewer screen changes and lessdowntime. Side-by-side testingconducted in a variety of drillingenvironments indicates thatXR MESH equipped screens lastfrom two to four times longer thancom parable standard-mesh screens.

Increased fluid-handling capacityXR MESH screens deliver higher conduc tance and increased flowcapacity, with significantly lessblinding. The rectangular weave ofan XR MESH screen maximizes openarea on the screen and allowsgreater fluid passage. In addition,the larger length-to-width ratio ofXR MESH openings increases flowcapacity from 20 to 40% comparedto standard meshes. Increased con-ductance allows the use of finermesh screens and improves overallsolids performance. Separationpotential for XR MESH screensis consistent with layered square(Ultra-Fine) meshes.

Blinding resistanceAll shaker screens experience somedegree of blinding, which occurswhen particles similar in size to themesh opening become trapped,blocking fluid flow. However, thegeometry of XR MESH design makesit much less susceptible to blinding.In addition, XR MESH screens pro-vide a measure of self-cleaning.Since the layers of mesh do nothave to be bonded together, lim-ited movement can occur duringshaker operation. This allows thesecond layer to brush against thetop layer, helping to dislodgetrapped particles.

Conductance/flow capacityTransmittance is the product ofconductance and usable screeningarea, and allows for comparisonsbetween different screens for totalfluid-handling capacity. Pleasenote that “XR” refers to an XR MESH

hookstrip screen with a 1-in.(25.4-mm) perfo rated backing.XL (Ultra-Fine) refers to standardsquare-mesh hookstrip screensalso with a 1-in. (25.4-mm) perforated backing.

1U.S. Patent No. 5,944,197.


DURAFLO Composite Screens

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Offshore and land rigs runningM-I SWACO BEM-600, BEM-650and MONGOOSE PT shale shakers,and Brandt VSM 300 brand shakers.

� P R O B L E M S

Metal shaker screens have inherentproblems: rusting, delamination,weight and reduced processing area.


DURAFLO OEM screens for theM-I SWACO BEM-600, BEM-650 andMONGOOSE PT shale shakers andreplacement screens for BrandtVSM 300 brand shakers offer higherthroughput rates than metal screensas well as longer life, lower weight,and fast, easy repair.


Higher throughput rates reduceoperating costs by optimizingshaker performance, while longerframe life translates into lowerscreen-replacement costs.


The variety of mesh sizes and typeson the DURAFLO screen lets operatorsmatch separation efficiency to theformation, for better separation andlower drilling waste volumes.

Features and Benefits• Available for M-I SWACO

BEM-600, BEM-650 andMONGOOSE PT shale shakersand Brandt VSM 300brand shakers

• Patented, compositeframe design

• Smaller, more numerous panels

• Open area remains unchanged

• Screen weight remains the same

• SNAP-LOK plug-repair system forthe Brandt VSM 300 shaker

• Improved labeling system

• Screen is resistant to fluids thatshorten metal-frame-screen life

• Consistently manufactured,rugged construction

• Increased operational life

• Lower screen replacement costs

• Quick and easy to repair

• Less downtime

• Does not rust or delaminate

• Improved QHSE considerations

1U.K. Patent No. GB 2,322, 590; U.S. patents pending.

DURAFLO screen frames consistof a grid made from a compositeof high-strength plastic and glass,reinforced with high-tensile-strength steel rods. Because theseframes balance durability withstrength, they are more efficienttransport mechanisms than steelframes in several ways. DURAFLOscreens have higher throughputcapacities and significantly longeroperational lives. They do not rustor delaminate, so they can be

used, stored and reused. Modelfor model, composite framesweigh less than all-steel frames.And they have an increasedopen area, providing a higherconductance rate.

Patented1 DURAFLO CompositeFrame technology, combined withthree different screen meshes, letsyou choose the right mesh for thejob without sacrificing long life,through put capacity or any of theother composite screen advantages.

High-strength, glass-reinforced plastic frame

High-tensile-strength steel rod sub-structure

The anatomy of a three-layer DURAFLO screen Triple-layer

screen mesh

HIFLO Replacement Screens

148


Because you have to drill differenttypes of formations, you have tomake choices in your shakerscreens. Quite often, this choiceinvolves a trade-off of using a meshthat is efficient but is mounted on aframe that leaves a lot to be desired.With drilling costs on the rise, youneed to be choosing among positiveoptions, not trade-offs.

HIFLO composite frame technology is the basis for greater efficiencyAs often happens, screen manufac-turers call great attention to theirscreen meshes while avoiding thesubject of the frames. Usually, it isbecause the frames are all-metaland are not engineered as wellas the screen mesh mate rial. Incontrast, HIFLO* patented screenframes consist of a grid madefrom a composite of high-strengthplastic and glass, reinforced withhigh-tensile-strength steel rods.

Because these frames balancedurability with strength, theyare more efficient transport

mechanisms than steel frames inseveral ways. HIFLO screens havehigher throughput capacities andsignificantly longer operationallives. They do not rust or delami-nate, so they can be used, storedand reused. Model for model,HIFLO frames weigh less than

all-steel frames. And they have anincreased open area, providing ahigher conductance rate. Whencompared to metal-frame screens,HIFLO screens for use with BrandtVSM 100^ brand shakers have 27%more open area.

Features and Benefits• HIFLO frames combine durability,

lightweight and longer life intoa cost-effective alternative tometal frames

• Longer frame life translates intolonger overall screen life

• Higher throughput rates furtherreduce operating costs by opti-mizing shaker performance

• A choice of mesh styles ensuresflexibility for drilling a range offormations

• TBC mesh delivers a well-definedseparation efficiency or cut

• Ultra-Fine (XL) mesh overcomesthe blinding problems associatedwith sandstone

• XR three-layer mesh config -uration maintains separationefficiency while reducing theeffects of inter-cloth abrasionand resists blinding

• Larger-diameter wire givesXR MESH screens the longestlife in the industry today

High-strength, glass-reinforced plastic frame

High-tensile-strength steel rod sub-structure

TBC screen mesh(shown as anexample)

The anatomy of a two-layer HIFLO screen

^Mark of Varco I/P, Inc.



2000First commercial use of CLEANCUT system

598well sections drilled

1,053,593barrels cuttings collected

2,849,292feet drilled

72,083hours operating time

ZERO NPTAny Questions?

Seven years of delivering solutions

www.miswaco.com

Drilling 16-in. section moves at 131 ft/hr safely, no NPTDuring peak drilling operations inthe OBM phases on this well, theCLEANCUT* system contained up to1,273 ft/day (388 m/day) of 16-in. holeat ROPs of up to 131 ft/hr (40 m/hr).In the 12∏-in. and 8∑-in. sectionsand the 12∏-in. sidetrack, it con -tained an average of 1,680 ft/day(512 m/day). No spills or dischargesto the sea. No restrictions on ROP.No equipment-related Non-ProductiveTime (NPT).

Bulk cuttings transfers at up to 22 tons/hr, 131 ft verticallyFor platform-to-vessel conveyance,the CLEANCUT bulk-transfer sys tem isproven technology, regularly movingcuttings 500 ft (152 m) horizontallyand 98 to 164 ft (30 to 50 m) downto the supply vessel. With the prac -tice of Waste Injection (WI) increasing,the system’s rate of up to 22 tons/hr(20 tonnes/hr), 131 ft (40 m) verticallyup or down, is even better news for bothshort hauls and interfield transfers.

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Waste Injection

150

W A S T E I N J E C T I O N


Onshore and offshore projects, espe-cially in remote and environmentallysensitive locations.

� P R O B L E M S

Disposal regulations and policieshave tightened, especially in remoteand environmentally sensitive areas.Traditional disposal practices, espe-cially those which could result inreliance on storage and transport,may present costly safety and logis -tical challenges and exposure thatcan lead to long-term liability.


M-I SWACO has optimized the WasteInjection (WI) process, matching itto your development-programrequirements. Our integrated serv-ice is complete: from preliminaryengineering studies through imple-mentation, continuous injection-pressure monitoring and analysisfor process assurance.


When coupled with advanced tech-nologies for managing logistics, WIfrom M-I SWACO offers permanent,cost-efficient solutions for disposalof wastes from upstream and downstream sectors.


WI is a key component in com pli-ance strategy, offering a soundprocess solution for locales wheretraditional disposal options arenot viable, such as extremely sensitive, highly regulated environmental areas.

Features and BenefitsOnsite Cuttings Disposal

• Is a cost-effective alternative

• Eliminates cuttings transportand landfill disposal fees

• Achieves zero discharge

• Maintains the goal of total cuttings containment

• Assists in environmental compliance

• Ensures successful operationsthrough engineered designand monitoring and analysisservices

• Collection and disposal areaccomplished without costlydowntime

Environmentally Responsible

• The practical option for onshoreand offshore drilling areas withzero-discharge policies

Operationally Reliable

• Field-proven technology

• Redundancy features toenhance reliability. Shutdownof one component does not stopcuttings processing.

• Equipment built to the highestquality standards for safety and consistent performance

• 24-hr monitoring analysis coverage

Equipment Flexibility

• Modular components are custom-configured to adaptto cuttings volume, flexibility,space availability and other specific client requirements

• Vacuum system provides moreoptions for location of equip-ment, allowing placementwhere other conveyance systems could not work

• Compact size leaves morefloor space for other drillingoperations

Expertise

• Operations performed byhighly qualified and specialized M-I SWACO personnel assuringmaximum efficiency

• Authorized licensee of thepatented ARCO slurrification/re-injection process


WI Training Centers

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Types of wastes suitable for injection• Drill cuttings

• Production waste

• Well cleanup waste

• Storage waste

• Scale waste

• Spent drilling fluids

• Spent completion fluids

• Produced sand

• Produced water

• Waste water

• Naturally occurring radioactivewaste (NORM)

Our record speaks for itselfM-I SWACO has been providing WIservices to the petroleum industrysince 1991. Along the way severalbenchmarks have been set at someof the highest profile, most environ-mentally sensitive areas of theworld, including the North Sea,Alaska, Azerbaijan, Mexico, Canadaand Russia. Millions of barrels ofwaste slurry have been injectedon single long-term project sites.

M-I SWACO was first: to imple-ment modular, all-weather offshorepackages designed for high penetration rates (1995); to implementmobile, unitized, all-weatheronshore WI facilities (1999); to integrate HMI (Human MachineInterface) to WI control systems

(2003); and was the first and onlyWI pro vider to fully develop andimplement an assurance-basedquality program (CAP-2005).

Our WI assurance process wascreated to permit the detection andidentification of potential risks andsuggest mitigating actions. Byunderstanding and analyzing everystep of the operation, M-I SWACOprovides assurance of success andmonitors efficiency to prolong thelife of the injector. Today, an averageof 4 million barrels are injected onan annual basis with the numberof jobs increasing exponentially.

You’ll find M-I SWACO on thefrontiers of development applyingthe newest technologies with thehighest standard of care.

Training is the key tosuccessful WI operationsM-I SWACO is committed to assur -ing the competency of personneland delivers both theoretical andpractical hands-on training solu-tions in all aspects of the WI processto both employees and customers.Training centers around the worldare fully equipped with trainingrooms, laboratories, WI/ CLEANCUT

training sim ulators, a full-scale WIslurrification system, a CLEANCUT

cuttings col lection and transportsystem, a VACUUM COLLECTION

SYSTEM (VCS) and an M-I SWACO518 CENTRIFUGE. The WI curricu lumis competency-based, requir ingtrainees to complete trainer-assessed tasks and follows therequirements of ISO 9001 andISO 10015. M-I SWACO WI TrainingCenters are located in Aberdeen,Scotland; Bangkok, Thailand;and Houston, Texas.

Thermal Desorption Technologies

152

C U T T I N G S T R E A T M E N T


Onshore and offshore projectswhere drilling waste solids fromoil-base mud operations need appropriate “end-point” disposal.

� P R O B L E M S

Untreated, oil-contaminated drill -ing waste creates environmentalliability and often is a source ofunrealized revenue.


The project-specific, advancedThermal Desorption technologyoptions from M-I SWACO incor - porate efficient processes forreclaiming entrained hydro - carbons, minimizing waste andpreparing solids for disposal.


M-I SWACO preproject analysishelps determine the optimum thermal desorption method(s) fora particular situation, allowing theoperator to optimize operationsand control the capital cost of theequipment required.


Recovered synthetic, oil, diesel orlow-toxicity mineral oil can be rein-troduced to the active mud system,used as a supplemental fuel or soldfor reuse. Treated solids are containedand rigorously tested prior to disposal.

Oil-base drilling waste is a fact oflife in the oil and gas industry. Baseoil entrapped in drill cuttings repre-sents a potential dual liability: envi-ronmental and financial. Whileoil-base fluids remain the systemsof choice for many operators, strictregulation of usage in many areasrequires specialized treatment priorto disposal.

M-I SWACO offers three thermal desorption technologies —Thermal Phase Separation (TPS),Hammermill (onshore and offshoresystems), and Rotary Kiln. All aredesigned to reduce the amountof produced waste at the source,reclaim valuable base oils and prepare solids for disposal.

The M-I SWACO thermal desorp-tion technologies are capable of pro-ducing dry, clean solids with lessthan 1%, and often less than 0.5%,Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)content. All TPS, Hammermill andRotary Kiln units are engineeredfor high mobility and feature theflexibility to adapt to changingoperational requirements. Afterappropriate treatment, dischargematerial can often be used as afundamental building material;

for example, as a base materialin the construction of roads orbuilding blocks.

Finding the best solutionsThe best solutions are the result ofan in-depth understanding of theunique project situation and issuesthat can include:

• Project location

• Source of material

• Discharge or reuse

• Recovery

• Logistics

• Storage capacity

• Preprocessing preparation

• Separation of solids, oil and water

• Processor type and capacityAddressing each set of circum-

stances allows M-I SWACO toaddress the broad spectrum cus-tomer needs, including removal ofcontaminants, safe solids disposal,reuse of hydrocarbons and water,cost control and safety.

Thermal desorption andrevenue generationOil-contaminated cuttings actuallyrepresent two forms of revenue foroperators: one direct and one indirect.

The direct stream is representedby the base oil recovered from thecuttings. The reclaimed product canbe reused in making up drillingfluid, used as a fuel supplement orsold. The savings or income is direct,immediate and significant.

The indirect revenue streamderives from the reduction in dis-posal costs and environmentalexposure, both of which can quicklyturn a successful project into afinancial liability.

How it worksM-I SWACO uses indirect-heatthermal desorption to volatilizehydrocarbons from oily solidsin a closed chamber using carefully controlled heat.Temperature levels and reten-tion time in the chamber areclosely monitored to ensuremaximum phase separation without exceeding the fractionation point of thebase oil.

Vapors are collected and rap-idly condensed. The condensateis then divided into fractionswith a specially engineeredoil/water separator. Recoveredbase oil is collected, tested andrecycled. Water is recovered andis also used to re-wet treatedsolids which can then be dis-posed of onsite or taken to adisposal facility.


Thermal Desorption: Hammermill

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Hammermill: Onshore ApplicationThe Hammermill desorption processis based on direct mechanical heat-ing through the use of a poundingmill’s action on the cuttings. Thecombination of high mechanicalshear and in-situ heat generationcreates an environment that pro-motes flash evaporation of waterand hydrocarbons. There is no igni-tion source in this type of desorptionprocess, hence the term “friction.”This technology eliminates the needfor large surfaces and complex sys-tems for warming and maintaininga heat-transfer medium, e.g., hot oil,steam or exhaust gas. It is fast, cleanand efficient to run.

Due to the operating flexibilityof the mechanical approach to desorption, Hammermill systemscan be designed as compact unitsthat meet the highest safety and explosion-proofing standards. Thelimited process temperatures andvery short retention time requiredfor complete removal of oil in thesolids are key benefits becausethis significantly reduces the riskof thermal degradation of therecovered base fluids.

Hammermill: OffshoreThe Hammermill unit is sized foroffshore applications and can beinstalled in the space previouslyallocated for the skips that wouldordinarily be used to collect andtransport cuttings to shore. Through

the integration of the provenCLEANCUT cuttings transfer andstorage technology with anM-I SWACO TCC modular design,we provide the total offshore solution, including:

• Pneumatic transfer of drilled cuttings to the Hammermill

• Completely enclosed systemsized for offshore installations

• CLEANCUT system and TCCVapormill PLC-controlled reducemanpower requirements

• Cross-trained CLEANCUT andTCC specialists

• Modular, DNV 2-7.1-approvedmodules

• Minimal rig-up/rig-down time

• Plug and socket on cabling toreduce rig-up/rig-down time

• ATEX-approved

• Rated for Zone 2 use

Reduced emissions• Best available technology for

drive module featuring the newCAT C32 low-emissions engine(less than Tier 2)

• Reduces emissions generatedin the transport and handlingof skips:

– Offshore diesel crane forloading boats

– Ship-to-shore boat hauling skips

– Onshore diesel craneshandling skips

– Transport trucks hauling skipsfor onshore processing

– Diesel cranes unloading skips atthe onshore treatment facility

– Forklifts emptying skips at theonshore treatment facility

Reduced cost, increased safety• Eliminates rental of cuttings

containers

• Eliminates waste hauling to shore

• Eliminates manpower neededfor handling skips

• Eliminates crane lifts handling skips

Features• ATEX approved

• CE marked

• Small footprint

• Low manpower requirements

• Operates very cleanlyand quietly

• Excellent for offshore application as well as onshore

Benefits• Limited process temperature

• Very short retention timerequired for complete removalof oil in the solids

• Reduced risk of thermal degra-dation of valuable base oils

• Efficient, intense agitationbreaks up solid particlesand induces flash distillationwithout thermal degradationof the oil


Thermal Desorption: Rotary Kiln

154

C U T T I N G S T R E A T M E N T

Thermal Desorption: Rotary KilnThe Rotary Kiln technique ofThermal Desorption is an effective, high-throughput methodof recovering produced waterand light hydrocarbons from drillcuttings. This technique, whichuses a rotating, inclined cylinder,has been successfully used formany decades in the oilfieldand other industries.

The M-I SWACO Rotary Kilnprocess moves contaminated soilto a feed auger that delivers it intothe kiln where an indirectly firedthermal desorber heats the soil,driving off the oil and water asvapor. In indirect-firing all heatis transferred to the cuttingsthrough the vessel shell wall,a process designed to preservethe characteristics of the recoveredoil. The oil-free soil is then cooledby a water spray in the dischargeend of the kiln and is next movedto a discharge auger where it isfurther cooled for disposal offsite.

Features• Variable process rates from

15 MT/day to 35MT/day depending on material composition and kiln size

• Modular design enables custom system configurations

• Truck-mounted mobile design

• Minimal rig-up /rig-down time

• Indirect thermal desorption

Benefits• Operates with low emissions

• Recovers more than 99% of valu-able base oil for immediate reuse

• Consistent treated solids results:1% TPH

• Significantly less solids carryover(<1% BSW) in recovered oil

• Effectively treats high-liquid- content cuttings (>40%)by weight

• Reusable recovered oil quality

• Minimal personnel requirements

Rotating cylinder

Hydration

(Water recovery)

External warming system

(oil recovery)

Contaminatedsolids andfluids enter

Inert solids

Hot gases

Water

Oil

Heat exchanger

Blower

Production ofwater and oil

Pump

Condensed fluid

Fluidrecovery

wateroil

OilWater

Evaporated gasesleave the cylinder


Thermal Desorption: FOx System Enhancement

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Thermal Desorption: FOx System EnhancementThe Fluid Oxidizer (FOx*) processenhancement is a straightforwardsolution that removes pungentodors from thermally recovered oiland water produced by all threeM-I SWACO Thermal Desorptiontechnologies.

The process is based on the ozonetreatment of both oil and water,proven to be an effective methodof removing odors caused by hightemperatures and thermal cracking.The FOx enhancement is the firstanalytical method developed to sci-entifically quantify and treat odor.Previously, the industry relied ona smell test and Volatile-Organic-Compound (VOC) measurementto quantify odor of thermally recovered oil and water. The FOxenhancement is available for landprojects and is currently being configured for offshore use.

Field tests with a pilot unit inKazakhstan have proved the effec-tiveness of ozone treatment technol-ogy in treating thermally recoveredoil with the oxidation of organiccompounds to enhance final prod-uct quality. The tests showed suc-cessful treatment of oil and waterin multiple 24-hr continuous runs.

A majority (in the range of 95, 85and 84%) of participants from threediscrete locations ranked ozone-treated oil as less offensive thanuntreated oil, while some partici-pants (70, 35 and 33%) rankedozone-treated oil as less offensivethan virgin base oil.

Features• Self-contained, 20-ft, (6.1-m)

portable unit

• Integrated air supply

• CE marked

Benefits• Cleans both water and oil

• Purifies oil without creatinga waste stream

• Eliminates challenges associated with clay filtration

Specifications

FOx Land Unit Specifications

• Self-contained and portable

• Unit size ISO 20-ft (6.1-m)container

• Normal +41° F/104° Foperating (+5° C/+40° C)temperature

• Survival –4° F/104° Ftemperature (–20° C/+40° C)

• Ingress IP55Protection Rating

• Recovered 793 gal/dayOil Process (3,000 L/day)Rate

• Recovered 2,906 gal/dayWater (11,000 L/day)Process Rate

• Voltage 400V AC

• Frequency 50 Hz

• Conformity CE, GOST R(Voltage, frequency, IP rating, and conformity can be configured to suit each project or application.)


D-GASSERs

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P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : D - G A S S E R S

Introduced in 1951, the M-I SWACOD-GASSER* has performed reliablyon over 200,000 wells and earnedits reputation as the standard of theindustry. All M-I SWACO D-GASSER

units are designed to remove virtu-ally all entrained gases, including H2Sand corrosive oxygen, from drillingmud. This reduces the threat of dan-gerous and costly blowouts caused

by recirculating gas-cut mud.With its smaller footprint, 42 x60.7 in. (1,066.8 x 1,541.8 mm),the vertical model is ideal forconfined-space applications.

Specifications

• Length 157 in. (3,988 mm)

• Width 42 in. (1,067 mm)

• Height 87 in. (2,210 mm)

• Weight 3,350 lb (1,521 kg)

• Capacity 1,000 gpm (3,785.4 L/min)

Horizontal D-GASSER

ARRANGEMENT DRAW ING : HOR I ZONTAL D -GASSER

176.9(4,493)

103.5(2,629)

32.7(831)

21 Typ.(533)

17.6(447)

5.9(150)

5.8(147)

6.8(173)

157(3,988)

42(1,067)

47.9(1,217)

12.5(318)

34.5(876)

22.4 (569)

All dimensions are expressedin inches (millimeters).


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Features and Benefits• Skid-mounted. Simplifies spotting

and installation.

• Self-contained. The unit consistsof a cylindrical vacuum tank withinternal baffle system, vacuumpump, jet nozzle and three-wayfloat valve.

• Three-way float valve. Uniquedesign allows venting to the flareline during H2S service.

• Simple operation. The return-flow, gas-cut mud is drawn intothe tank through a vacuum

created by the discharge jet andpump. The mud is then dispersedin a thin layer over a two-tier,baffle-plate system where theentrained gas, including H2S andcorrosive oxygen, is recovered bythe vacuum pump. The freed gas isthen discharged at a safe distancefrom the drilling oper ation whilethe restored mud is returned to theactive mud system.

• Few moving parts. The D-GASSERunit features only three movingparts: the float inside the vacuum

vessel, the vacuum breaker valve,and the vacuum pump. The floatensures that the system maintainsthe desired mud-fill level withinthe vessel during operation.

• High performance. An M-I SWACOD-GASSER can handle up to 1,000GPM (3,785.4 L/min) while restor-ing mud to its original density.

• Built rugged. The unit is ruggedlybuilt and coated inside and outwith corrosion-resistant epoxyto ensure long life and mini-mum maintenance.

Specifications

• Length 60.7 in. (1,541.8 mm)

• Width 42 in. (1,066.8 mm)

• Height 149 in. (3,784.6 mm)

• Weight 2,950 lb (1,339 kg)

• Capacity 800 gpm (3,028.3 L/min)

Vertical D-GASSER ARRANGEMENT DRAW ING : VERT ICAL D -GASSER

12(304.8)

21(533.4)

45typ 4 plcs

13.8(350.5)

54.8(1,392)

34.2(868.7)

36 (914.4)

diameter

20.3(515.6)

149(3,784.6)

119.9(3,045.5)

56.9(1,445.3)

36.3(922)

20.3(515.6)

42(1,066.8)

31.7(805.2)

60.7(1,541.8)

27(685.8)

13.5(342.9)

.31(7.9)

2.5(63.5)

42(1,066.8)

30.3(769.6)

18.2(462.3)

All dimensions are expressedin inches (millimeters).


Compact Vacuum D-GASSER

158


Process overviewGases are entrained in drillingfluids from the wellbore duringnormal drilling operations aswell as during “kicks” or well- control situations. These gasespresent safety hazards and createoperational problems when gas-laden fluid reaches the surface.Degassing is accomplished at thesurface by one of two methods(1) atmospheric separation or(2) vacuum separation.

The simplest form of atmosphericdegassing occurs naturally in the

surface mud tank system. As themud flows over the shale shakersand through the pits, gas bubbleswill form in the mud and escape tothe atmosphere. In event of haz-ardous gases being present, it isdesirable to localize the point wheregas is released from the mud byinstalling a vacuum-style degasser.

Vacuum-style degassers areinstalled in the first compartmentdownstream of the sand trapand upstream of any centrifugalpumps. Vacuum degassers workby removing entrained gases from

the drilling fluid by exposing thefluid to pressures well belowambient atmospheric pressure.

Features and Benefits• Fiberglass leaves eliminate

corrosion; reduce repair andmaintenance costs

• Large Cleanout Port allowseasier access for cleaninginside of D-GASSER

• Greater surface area allowsgas-entrained mud to bereleased more efficiently

• Interchangeability of manyof the parts as the HorizontalD-GASSER allows use ofexisting inventory parts

• Same field-proven vacuumpump as Horizontal D-GASSER

• Shorter footprint can beinstalled in smaller spaces

How it worksThe M-I SWACO Compact D-GASSERunit works by removing entrainedgases from the drilling fluidas illustrated at right. Vacuumdegassing is more effective thanatmospheric degassing due to theexposure of the drilling fluid topressures well below ambientatmospheric pressure. The unitdirects the incoming fluid flow overinternal plates that create largesurface areas over which thin lay-ers of the fluid continuously flow.The transit time required for thegas to travel up, through the fluidand “break out” of the mud is min-imized by spreading the fluid intothin layers.

At pressures below atmosphericpressure, the rate at which gas sep-arates from a fluid is accelerated.The low pressure promotes thegrowth of large gas bubbles whichrise rapidly to the nearest surface.

The free gas that breaks out ofthe drilling fluid is continuouslyremoved from the vessel by the

action of the piston-style vacuumpump on the unit. The removedgas is typically directed to theflare stack.

The level of mud within the ves-sel is controlled by a float valve toensure that the disk stack is neversubmerged. As fluid level rises andlifts the float, air enters the vesselthrough the three-way valve todecrease the vacuum inside thevessel. With less vacuum insidethe vessel, the rate at which fluidis drawn into the tank slows andthe rate at which fluid exits thevessel increases. The fluid levelinside the vessel drops rapidlyuntil the float lowers and fullvacuum is restored.

A liquid-trap tank in the gas-removal piping collects any fluidor condensate that may haveentered the gas-removal piping.A float ball in the liquid-traptank prevents the liquids fromentering the vacuum pump.

Incoming fluid disperses in thinlayers over the internal disk stack

Motive force fluidto venturi jet pump

Outlet to mud pit Inlet: gas cut mud

Fluid level

Gas outlet

Degassedmud



SOLUTIONS catalog.

CD-1400 Centrifugal D-GASSER


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The M-I SWACO CD-1400 CentrifugalMUD D-GASSER* unit provides aninnovative and space-saving solu-tion to degassing problems. TheD-GASSER units use a patented,centrifugal-force system ratherthan conventional vacuum orimpact systems.

M-I SWACO D-GASSER units exertcentrifugal force to the mud, multi-plying the force acting on the gasbubbles to increase buoyancy andrelease. The increase in buoyancyaccelerates the bubble-rise velocity.As the bubbles rise toward thesurface, they escape the mudand are further broken downby flow turbulence.

The freed gas and the gas-freemud are then separately dischargedas desired.

Features and Benefits• Removes entrained gases.

The centrifugal D-GASSER unitsremove all of the entrained gasesfrom the drilling fluids in thereturn flow by using high-speedcentrifugal force.

• Reduces potential blowouts.The removal of entrained gases,including H2S and corrosiveoxygen, from drilling fluidsreduces the threat of dangerousand costly blowouts caused byrecirculating gas-cut mud.

• In-tank mounting. Easy-to-install,in-tank mounting vir tually elimi-nates the need for rig-floor space.

• Energy efficient. System requires less energy to operatewith UL-approved, 25-hp, explosion-proof 230/460 VAC 3-phase 60-Hz motor.

• Self-contained. The unit iscomplete with centrifugal cylin-der unit, screens, electric motorand mount.

• High performance. Provideslowest hp/GPM throughputratio, generating up to 1,000to 1,300 GPM (4,164 to4,921 L/min), depending on operating conditions.

CD-1400 Centrifugal D-GASSER

ARRANGEMENT DRAW ING : CD -1400 CENTR I FUGAL D -GASSER

N2

24typ10

typ

N1

71.7(1,821.2)

67.1(1,704.3)

59.4(1,508.8)

64.9(1,648.5)

121.9(3,096.3)

19.9(505.5)

23.8(604.5)

13.2(335.3)

20.8(528.3)

0.9 typ(22.9)

on 37.7 B.C.(957.6)21.2

(538.5)

21(533.4)

41.5(1,054.1)

All dimensions are expressed in inches (millimeters).

Notes

N1 Mud discharge nozzle6 in. (152.4 mm)

N2 Gas discharge nozzle 2.5 in. (63.5 mm)


MUD/GAS SEPARATOR

160

P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : M U D / G A S S E P A R A T O R S

The field-proven M-I SWACOMUD/GAS SEPARATOR* is anextremely reliable, vital pieceof safety equipment for today’sdrilling operations. It is ideal foruse where drilling is likely toencounter large volumes of gas,sour gas or when an operator isdrilling with an underbalancedmud column. The MUD/GAS

SEPARATOR is primarily used to sep -arate and safely vent large pocketsof free gas, that may include toxicgases such as hydrogen sulfide,from the drilling-fluid system.

Separates free gas. Separates andvents large pockets of free-gas accu-mulations, including toxic gasessuch as H2S, from the active system.

Reduces hazardous gas threat. Theseparated gas is carried by vent linesto a remote location and flared. Fail-safe gas delivery is controlled by aback-pressure manifold valve inthe flare line.

Skid-mounted and trailerable.Simplifies transport, spotting andinstallation. Unit can lay downduring over-the-road transport.

Versatile configuration. TheMUD/GAS SEPARATOR is available ineither a land or compact offshoreconfiguration. The land version isdesigned so it can be raised or low-ered for flowline adjustments tominimize piping.

ASME and NACE specifications.The only separator designed inaccordance with ASME and NACEspecifications.

Rugged construction. The unit isruggedly built and coated withcorrosion-resistant epoxy to ensurelong life while processing hazardousand toxic gases.

Features and Benefits• Separates large volumes of

free gas including H2S

• Reduces threat of hazardousand toxic gases

• Skid-mounted for easytransport

• Versatile configurations

• Designed to ASME and NACEspecifications

• Corrosion-resistant epoxycoated to ensure long life

How it worksThe M-I SWACO MUD/GAS SEPARATORconsists of a cylindrical pressurevessel in a fixed vertical position.Inside is a series of speciallyangled baffle plates, stepped fromthe top to the bottom.

When contaminated mud isrouted into the separator, it flowsdownward successively over eachplate. During this process, theheads of entrained gases “breakout.” The released gas is thencarried by the vent lines to aremote location where it canbe safely flared.

The flow of liquid from the ves-sel can be regulated by a liquid-level-control valve or a U-tube,ensuring adequate retention timein the separator for the gas tobreak out.

The gas delivery from theMUD/GAS SEPARATOR to the flareline can be controlled by a back-pressure manifold (valve) in theflare line.

The M-I SWACO MUD/GASSEPARATOR is ideal to assist incontrolling dangerous, near- surface expansion and accumu -lation of gas during a well kick.


SUPER MUD/GAS SEPARATOR (SMGS)P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : M U D / G A S S E P A R A T O R S

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The M-I SWACO SUPER MUD/GAS

SEPARATOR* offers the highestgas- and liquid-handling capacityavailable. Its highly efficient baf-fling system maximizes mud/gassep aration, enabling operators todrill deeper, larger-diameter wellsand exploratory wells at higher circu lating rates while safely han-dling greater volumes of gas. Italso minimizes mist carryoverand gas-cut mud at the flowline.

Features and Benefits• Large 6- x 22.3-ft (1.8- x 6.8-m)

diameter vessel with 12-in.(304.8-mm) flare line. Allows thehighest gas- and liquid-handlingcapacity available.

• Optimizes safety and control.The SUPER MUD/GAS SEPARATORunit enhances safe drillingpractices during underbalancedconditions, improves “kick”handling capabilities, permitsoptimum cir culation rates andlarge-diameter holes to be drilledthrough the targeted zone, pro-vides more efficient separationof emulsions and gas-cut mudin either gas or oil environments,and eliminates the need and costof a skimming system in a gasenvironment.

• High-efficiency baffle system.Maximizes mud/gas separation,minimizes mist carryover whichproduces a cleaner flare andminimizes gas-cut mud at theflowline.

• Capable of pressured operation.Increases gas- and liquid-handlingcapacities and permits immedi-ate sale of gas during drillingoperations.

• Adjustable U-tube (liquid seal)height to 14 ft (4.3 m) withoutadditional elevation of the vessel.Increases vessel pressure, creat-ing higher flare capacity, enablingmore efficient separation ofemulsions and gas-cut mud ineither gas or oil environments.

• Higher liquid-capacity vesselwith multiple nozzle ports.Permits pumping of “hot” muddirectly into the vessel to reducegas hydrates. Increases mud gra-dient within U-tube to increasegas-handling capacity.

• Manufactured to exactingstandards in accordance with:

– NACE MR-01-75 for H2S service.Provides for safe handling ofcorrosive, deadly sour gas andgas-cut drilling fluids.

– OSHA 29CFR 1910 for safety.Provides safe and easy accessfor rig-up and servicing vialadder and platform system.

– ASME boiler and pressure ves-sel code Section VIII, Division I,Section IX, lethal service and sostamped. Provides maximumrigsite safety during underbal-anced drilling operations.

Specifications

• 200-ft (60.9-m) flare line up to12-in. (304.8-mm) diameter

• 8-in. (203.2-mm) inlet and 12-in. (304.8-mm) return flowlines

• Atmospheric operation1:Gas capacity 65 MMscf/dFluid capacity 38,000 bbl/d

• Pressured operation:Gas capacity 83 MMscf/dFluid capacity 59,000 bbl/d

• Vessel:Diameter 6 ft (1.8 m)Height 22.3 ft (6.8 m)Flare line 12 in. (304.8 mm)

• Weight: 24,000 lb (10,866 kg)

• Skid: 8 x 10 x 30.4 ft (2.4 x 3.1 x 9.3 m)

1Gas- and liquid-handling capacity can be increasedby customizing your system configuration.

How it works• The mud enters the vessel

through the intake line

• The fluid runs over the bafflesystem as gas is separated andmigrates out of the vesselthrough the flare line

• The degassed mud is dis-charged into the activemud system through themud return line

Intake line

Gas to flare line

Degassed mud returned to system

TOGA System

162

P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : M U D / G A S S E P A R A T O R S

M-I SWACO total-gas-containment system safely vents all gases

Gas vent line

MUD/GASSEPARATOR

Gas vent lineGas vent line

Back flowGas-cut

mud fromflowline or

shale shaker

Mud tank

Degassed mud

Vacuum D-GASSER

Almost all the gases encounteredin drilling operations are extremelydangerous. This is due to the flam-mability and explosiveness ofhydrocarbon vapors when mixedwith air. These vapors may alsocontain highly corrosive hydro-gen sulfide gas which is fatal tohumans and can cause completefailure in some steels. Developedby M-I SWACO research and engi-neering, the TOGA* system com-bines two field-proven prod ucts— the M-I SWACO D-GASSER andM-I SWACO MUD/GAS SEPARATOR

— working together to totally sepa-rate and vent or flare all gases.

Safely vents all gases. The TOGA

system is a totally enclosed gas- separation system that safelyremoves and/or flares all gasesin the drilling fluid circulatedfrom the wellbore.

Efficient. Effectively containsand separates gases encounteredwhile drilling.

Meets or exceeds safety regu lations.The TOGA system meets USGS andTexas Railroad Commission regu -lations as well as API guidelinesand NACE standards for drillingin H2S environments.

Multiple applications. The TOGA

system is suitable for both onshoreand offshore applications. The

system is available in a varietyof efficient configurations includ-ing land, space-saving offshore,and highly mobile trailer-mountedversions .

Used primarily to control high-volume free gas, the TOGA systemis also a valuable tool during a wellkick to help control the near-surfaceexpansion of gas. It is also idealfor control of continuous under -balanced drilling.

Features and Benefits• Totally enclosed system

safely removes and/or flaresall gases

• Ideal for control of continuousunderbalanced drilling

• Available in a variety of con-figurations to accommodatevirtually all applications

• Meets or exceeds all safetyregulations for drilling inH2S environments

• Two vacuum pumps forincreased discharge capacityand redundancy for routinemaintenance and repair

• Removes virtually allentrained gases, includingH2S and corrosive oxygen,from drilling fluids

• Restores mud to its originaldensity allowing for reuse inthe active mud system

• Reduces the threat of danger-ous and costly blowouts

• Prevents gas from escapinginto the active mud system


Standard Chokes

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P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : D I S C - T Y P E C H O K E S

The M-I SWACO 10,000-psi (689-bar),15,000-psi (1,034-bar) and 20,000-psi(1,379-bar) SUPERCHOKE* units arethe most widely used and respectedwell-killing and high-pressure- control drilling chokes in the indus-try. For more than 35 years, thesechokes have been especially effec-tive when used during well kicks,well testing and well cleanup oper -ations. They are designed andmanufactured for H2S and abrasive-fluid applications and in accordancewith API and NACE standards.

High pressure drilling chokes.Built to handle 10,000 to 20,000 psi(689 to 1,379 bar), M-I SWACOchokes are precision engineeredfor precise well control.

Full Restricted Fully flow flow closed

Unique choke-plate design. Heavyduty, diamond-lapped tungsten-carbide plates are honed to a flatness measured by lightbands

and feature unique half-moon-shaped orifices. Rotation of theactuator fork allows finite regu -lation of the size of the openingfrom full open to full close.

Positive closure. A 17° deadbandoverlap beyond the full-close posi-tion is designed to ensure closureeven if the plates become wornfollowing extended exposure toabrasive-laden fluid flow. Pressuredrops or surges don’t affect thequality of the seal in the plate-to-plate design. In fact, the sealimproves under pressure.

Tungsten-carbide wear sleeves.Hardfacing on wear sleevesincreases in-service life. Extendedwear sleeves are available to absorbeffects of abrasive downstreamturbulence, especially during under-balanced drilling operations.

Versatile. Ideal for onshore andoffshore applications. Controls canbe operated from either remote oronsite consoles.

Three methods of operation• Normal operations: Activation is

rig-air operated

• If rig air is lost: Activation is man-ual with hydraulic pump locatedon remote-control skid

• If hydraulic lines are severed:Activation is manual with barprovided on indicator head

Manufactured to exactingstandards. Constructed for H2Sservice and abrasive-fluid appli -cations in accordance with API 6Aand NACE MR-01-75 standards.

Features and Benefits• Built for the oilfield

• Precision engineered

• Handles 10,000 to 20,000 psi(689 to 1,379 bar)

• Unique choke-plate design

• Provides positive closure

• Tungsten-carbide wearsleeves extend in-service life

• Ideal for onshore and offshore applications

10k SUPERCHOKE 15k SUPERCHOKE 20k SUPERCHOKE

Chokes Length Width Height Weight

10k SUPERCHOKE* 35.7 in. 21.6 in. 11.5 in. 441 lb(906.8 mm) (548.6 mm) (292.1 mm) (200 kg)

15k SUPERCHOKE 43.3 in. 21.6 in. 11.5 in. 600 lb(1,099.8 mm) (548.6 mm) (292.1 mm) (272 kg)

20k SUPERCHOKE 43.4 in. 24.3 in. 13.2 in. 650 lb(1,102.4 mm) (617.2 mm) (335.3 mm) (295 kg)

ESUPERCHOKE

164


The ESUPERCHOKE* drilling chokefrom M-I SWACO is the latest evolu-tion of a proven idea — a remotelyoperated, electrically actuated, variable-speed version of theSUPERCHOKE* drilling choke. Thesmall, portable, remote actuator control panel is easily carried to thedrill floor by an operator and willreplace the large choke console cur-rently required for hydraulic opera-tion. Although the ESUPERCHOKE unithas many outstanding features, theyall have one goal — to give the operator a high degree of control, safetyand speed in well-control situations.

Features and Benefits• Variable-speed drive. The opera-

tor can control the speed at whichthe choke is opened or closed. Thisgives the operator precise choke-positioning adjustment duringcritical well-control situations.

• Faster open/close speeds. Eightseconds from full-open to full-close. The operator can rely on aquick response from the actuatorassembly during well-controloperations. The ESUPERCHOKE sys-tem’s response time exceeds thehydrau lic 10k SUPERCHOKE systemin cold weather environments.

• Performance tested to full 10koperating pressure. The electricactuator required only 26% maxi-mum available peak current oper-ating at maximum speed and load.This performance test assures thatthe ESUPERCHOKE unit will meetthe operator’s well-control needs.The rated peak current for themotor is 14.1 amps RMS.

• High torque. The ESUPERCHOKE sys-tem is capable of over 19,400 in.-lb(2,191.9 Nm) of torque. It can severa ∑-in. (12.7-mm) alloy steel rod,demonstrating its ability to clear

obstructions that may becomelodged between the plates whiledrilling or flowing back a well, andstill attain a fully closed position.

• Electronic pressure sensing andtransmitting. The design of theESUPERCHOKE eliminates the needfor hydraulic hoses and fittings.This greatly reduces calibrationand maintenance requirementswhile enhancing accuracy.

• Three modes of operation.Remote at driller’s console, Localat the choke manifold, Manualat the choke valve, using thehand-wheel. Whether on the drillfloor or at the choke man ifold, theESUPERCHOKE system allows acces-si bility for an operator to quicklyrespond to a well-control situation.The three modes of opera tion alsoprovide redundancy and ensurethat the operator has control ofthe choke at all times.

• Reduced cabling requirements.The ESUPERCHOKE unit requiresonly one com munication cablebetween the Remote and theLocal console. Simplified cablinglessens tripping hazards and

trouble shooting while providingthe operator with the best avail-able transmission medium fordata communication.

• Zero gear lash. In critical well- control situations, the operatormust rely on the choke valve toopen and close without delay. TheESUPERCHOKE drilling choke pro-vides absolutely no play in thegear box when actuated.

• Small and portable. The systemis designed for transport byan operator and easily placedin the doghouse or on thedriller’s console.

• Advanced position enunciation.The LCD digital display includesboth the percentage (%) of open/close and the choke-bean size. Theoperator can closely monitor thechoke’s precise position and the rateof change in the choke’s position,giving a “feel” for the well duringoperation. The advanced positionenunciation is provided at both therig floor and the choke manifold forgreater accessibility during criticalwell-control operations.

P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : D I S C - T Y P E C H O K E S

AUTOCHOKE

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P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : S H U T T L E C H O K E S

The M-I SWACO 10k and 15kAUTOCHOKE* provides easier, moreprecise well-pressure control. TheAUTOCHOKE reduces the risk of formation breakdown or secondarybubbles during well-control anddrilling operations, assuring faster,safer kick control and imple mentation of Managed-Pressure-Drilling(MPD) practices. The AUTOCHOKE

regulates pressure automaticallyunder all conditions. Choke oper a-tors no longer have to fight con-trols during transition oper ationssuch as mud-pump startup orshutdown, making or breakingconnections, or when mud andgas are flowing alternately throughthe choke.

The AUTOCHOKE also makesstripping pipe simpler and saferby maintaining casing pressure.As drill pipe is lowered into thehole, an equal volume of fluidis automatically displaced throughthe choke.

Typical applications include MPD;UnderBalanced Drilling (UBD); H2Sservice; all pressure control up to15,000 psi (1,034 bar); controllingkicks and killing wells; frac flow-back; and Equivalent-Circulating-Density (ECD) drilling.

Features and Benefits• Patented sliding shuttle/ sleeve

design automatically adjustsfluid flow to regulate well, casingand drill-pipe pressures

• Triple, tungsten-carbide wearsleeves provide downstreamchoke-bore protection

• No-leak shut-in seals (metal-to-metal and Teflon-to-metal)

• High-capacity, 3-in. (76.2-mm)choke bore

• Long-life for severe serviceoperations, tungsten-carbidestatic-trim, reversible dynamictrim, hard-faced (stellite) shuttleassembly and internal removable-body sleeve preventing valve-body erosion

• Chrome-plated internal boresfor corrosion resistance

• Plated and stainless externalsurfaces eliminate painting

• Simple seal replacement

• Electronic position indicator,computer compatible; controlconsole includes digital pumpstroke counters with rate meter,stop watch and clock

• Easy, predictable standpipepressure control

• Preset maximum pressurecapability

• No-leak shut-in

• Precision control for strippingpipe into the hole; for UBD andMPD techniques when control-ling back pressures; of bottom-hole pressure during well-controloperations, UBD and MPD; andreduces lost circulation, gasintrusion, fluid costs, productiondamage and blowouts

• Self-cleaning orifice reducesplugging; easy-to-maintaininternal components

• Tungsten-carbide or stellite-coated internal wear parts areall replaceable, eliminating theneed to ever machine or recertifythe valve body; more durablethan needle-valve or rotating-disc chokes

• Improved flow characteristicsat throttle point and throughchoke bore

• Simple, eight-bolt design allowsinternal inspection in only fiveminutes

• Rated for H2S service

Shuttle

Shuttle nut Inlet

Dynamictrim

Extended trim

DischargeLong trim

Static trim



SOLUTIONS catalog.

Standard Choke Consoles

166

P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : C H O K E C O N S O L E S

M-I SWACO choke-control consolesM-I SWACO choke-control consolesare available as single- or dual-choke-control units and with standardpressure gauges or state-of-the-artdigital gauges.

The single-choke-control consoleis precision-built to provide accu-rate control of your operation, yetis built to withstand the harshestconditions. It operates eitherhydraulically or manually and isself-contained and skid-mountedfor easy installation on or nearthe rig.

A key feature of the console is thelarge easy-to-read gauges whichmonitor critical drill-pipe and cas-ing pressure. A choke position indi-cator shows relative plate openingfrom “full open” to “full close.” Thedual-choke control console providesa separate valve to regulate chokesfrom independent hydraulic sys-tems during special applications.

An operator has full command ofboth chokes without switchingcontrols. The dual unit offers all thebenefits of the single-choke-control

console. For greater space efficiency,it features the same footprint as thesingle-choke-control console.

Digital choke console Features and Benefits• Quick responding and

highly accurate

• Provides operator comfortand reduces fatigue

• Long in-service life

• Easy to reconfigure from single- to dual-choke control

• Digital and standard flush-mounted gauges

• Easy-to-read gauges

• Two choke open/close speeds

• Built of corrosion-resistantstainless steel

• Ergonomic panel height andpanel design

The M-I SWACO digital chokeconsole provides drillers one ofthe most accurate and quick-response choke-control systemsin the industry. The panel layoutis ergonomically designed to pro-vide operator comfort with user-friendly placement of gauges.The console has both digital andstandard 10,000-psi (689-bar)drill-pipe and casing-pressuregauges, a 3,000-psi (207-bar)gauge to display hydraulicpressure for each system and a200-psi (14-bar) gauge to displayair-supply pressure. The panelfeatures a larger choke position

indicator gauge, high-speedbypass valve and two chokeopen/ close speeds — “Regulated”and “Maximum.”

Consoles Length Width Height Weight

Single Console 55 in. 27 in. 65 in. 588 lb(1,397 mm) (686 mm) (1,651 mm) (267 kg)

Dual Console 55 in. 27 in. 69 in. 690 lb(1,397 mm) (686 mm) (1,753 mm) (313 kg)


PRESSURE & FLUID MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PFMS)

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P R E S S U R E C O N T R O L : P R E S S U R E & F L U I D M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M ( P F M S )


Coiled-tubing and workover rigs;conventional drilling projects withsmall-footprint requirements; andcleanup, frac and flowback, re-entryand recompletion operations.

� P R O B L E M S

The equipment configurationsused on most rigs are not suited tocoiled-tubing drilling or other typesof drilling that require very closemonitoring of pressures and solids-control parameters. Additionally,these more common configurationsare not optimized for small spaces.


The M-I SWACO PRESSURE & FLUID

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM* has beendesigned specifically for the needsof coiled-tubing drilling: automatic,accurate control of pressures andfluids parameters; small equipmentfootprint; and self-contained electri-cal and plumbing.


The PRESSURE & FLUID MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM gives operators and drillingcontractors a big advantage in con-trolling the problems that can ruina project financially: blowouts,stuck pipe, lost circulation, forma-tion damage, collateral-equipmentdamage and lost time due tologistics problems.


In most areas, smaller drilling oper a-tions are subject to the same envi-ronmental restrictions as largerprojects. The PRESSURE & FLUID

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM reduces dis-posal and fluids costs in additionto the environmental benefits ofavoiding well-control incidents.

Features and BenefitsEase of Logistics

• The three-piece modular systemis skid-mounted

• A 154-bbl, three-compartmenttank with all the pumping,mixing, fluids-movingcapabilities necessary

• Single-point accountability —only M-I SWACO is on locationfor Drilling Waste Management(DWM) and pressure control

• No welding or bolting required,all plumbing uses victaulic orhammered unions for fast rig-up

• Smaller footprint, lighter load,meets all height and weightlimitations for transportation

• Reduced requirements for addi-tional hoses, pumps and lines

• All electrical is self-contained,requiring only one 300-kwsupply connection to themain electrical distributionpanel on the tank

Cost Reduction

• Significant reduction in well- control events, stuck pipe,lost circulation , formationdamage and collateral- equipment damage

• Reduced disposal and fluids costs

• Rig-up through rig-down is faster,improving overall project cost

Superior Performance

• A continuous, closed-loop,pressure-control and drillingwaste management systemof field-proven equipment:patented 10k AUTOCHOKE

units, FMC 1502 2-in. (50.8-mm),15,000-psi (1,034-bar) manifold,M-I SWACO MUD/GAS SEPARATOR,vacuum D-GASSER, 4T4 D-SILTERand patented MONGOOSE PTshaker equipped with patentedOEM composite screens

• Sensitive and precise wellhead-pressure, casing-pressure anddrill-pipe-pressure control

• Chokes rated for severe-serviceoperations (engineered forreduced wear) and H2S rated

• The 3-in. (76.2-mm), full-bore10k AUTOCHOKE features anon-plugging, self-cleaningorifice

• Efficient gas separation achievedby a vortex- and baffling-effectin the MUD/GAS SEPARATOR, andbaffling- and vacuum-effect inthe D-GASSER

• Dual-motion MONGOOSE PTshaker: linear motion for fastconveyance and heavy loading;balanced elliptical motion formaximum retention time anddrier cuttings

• Pre-tensioned OEM compositescreens for fast change-out,accommodate a greater fluidcapacity, resist blinding, producea drier solids discharge, and arethe most rugged, efficient andlongest- lasting screens available

• A 600-GPM- (2,271.2-L/min-)capacity 4T4 D-SILTER that willefficiently remove silt and sandparticles above 25 microns andsome as small as 5 microns



SOLUTIONS catalog.

SG-SMART Data-Acquisition System

168

R I G I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N

The SG-SMART* data-acquisitionsystem is an advanced driller’smonitoring system that can accu-rately measure, monitor and dis-play all drilling variables in realtime. This computer-controlleddata-acquisition system employsintegrated microcontroller tech - nology and fiber optics to provide

accurate, instantaneous measure-ment and display critical drilling data.

The M-I SWACO SG-SMART data-acquisition system has beenawarded U.S. patents1 for itsintrinsically safe operation inhazardous locations.

Features Easy to use. A common-sense inter-face makes the SG-SMART systemsimple and easy to use, and itsself-documenting, menu-drivenfeatures facilitate evaluationand analysis.

Designed for the driller. Both thehardware and the software aredesigned to assist the driller. Datadisplays in easy-to-read alpha - numeric and graphical formats.

Accurate. Integrated microcon-troller technology and fiber opticslink the sensors with the systemto ensure high-speed accuracy,reliability and improved measure-ment resolution.

Safe and reliable. CSA-approved,field-proven and intrinsically safefor installations in Class I, Division Iareas, the SG-SMART system canoperate in a wide range of temper -atures from –25° to 150° F (–32°to 65° C).

Minimum maintenance. Built-indiagnostics simplify trouble shoot-ing, stainless steel enclosures resistcorrosion, and field repair abilityreduces downtime.

Versatile. Besides measuring andmonitoring parameters onsite,all information displayed on thedriller’s monitor can be transmittedvia regular, voice-grade telephonelines to a remote monitor locatedanywhere in the world.

Flexible. Two levels of capabilityallow expandability:

• Level I. Provides basic monitoringand measurement functions ofPVT (up to 10 pits), gain or loss,PVT for two trip tanks withgain/loss, total pump strokes(5 pumps), return-flow rate(0 to 100%), fill-stroke count(each fill and total).

• Level II. This system monitorsand tracks additional information,including: Rate of Penetration(ROP), RPM, pump pressure,hydraulic and rotary torque,weight-on-bit, and hook load.

• Options. Choice of additionalanalog output channels, com-pany man’s display, tool pusher’sdisplay, circular chart recorderand transmission hardware toremote monitor.

Features and Benefits• Integrated microcontroller

technology, fiber optics andstate-of-the-art electronics

• Designed to enhancedrilling operations

• Built-in diagnostics tosimplify troubleshooting

• Expandable for futuretechnologies

• Drilling data can be trans - mitted to a remote monitor

• Optional data storage ofall parameters

• Real-time measurement anddisplay of critical drilling data

• Intrinsically safe operationin hazardous locations

• Reliable operation in awide range of temperatures

• Simple, practical andeasy to use

• Field repairabilityreduces downtime

• Stainless steel enclosuresresist corrosion

1U.S. Patent Nos. 5,583,764, 5,838,589 and 6,574,652.

Major ComponentsThe SG-SMART data-acquisitionsystem consists of four majorcomponents:

• Driller’s Monitor

• CPU Junction Box

• Barrier Box

• One Satellite Box (Level I) orTwo Satellite Boxes (Level II)


The solution and resultsM-I SWACO installed two MONGOOSE PT shakers over

holding tanks on the operator’s land rig and connectedthem to a manifold carrying fluid evenly to both shakers

in the course of drilling 15 wells. The MONGOOSE PT shakerssuccessfully handled the same circulating fluid volume as

the three standard shakers: 140- to 250-mesh screens at flowrates of 450 to 460 GPM (1,703 to 1,741 L/min) and a drilling

rate of 63.6 ft/hr (19.4 m/hr). Improved cuttings dryness (WOC)resulted in 8% waste reduction and 5,283 gal (20 m3) per well of

drilling mud saved — an average of $18,156 per well. The ability toconvert the MONGOOSE PT shaker’s motion from linear to elliptical

helped reduce fluid loss by 8%, for an average mud-cost savings of $2,570.The 15-well program required only four screens, compared to the 45 screens

consumed for the same number of wells drilled with the standard shakers.Screen savings amounted to $17,835.

See for yourself how M-I SWACO prevents costly problems for operators worldwide. This success story is just one of hundreds where our ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS*specialists, equipment, processes and services prevent serious problems foroperators every day. Your M-I SWACO representative can tell you more aboutour complete suite of solutions.

Onshore Argentina:

Two MONGOOSE PT shakers outperform

three standard units;screen usage drops

from 45 to 4

The situationA major international opera torwanted to determine the value ofreplacing three standard shakerunits with two M-I SWACO*MONGOOSE* PT shakers. Anonline test while drilling com -pared flow capacity, cuttingsdryness and time savings.


“M-I SWACO replaced three standard

shakers with two MONGOOSE PT

shakers to optimize solids-control

system efficiency, reduce the WOC

percent in cuttings, cut dilution

expenses and saved $121,465.”

www.miswaco.com

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FMC.0600.0804.R1 (E) 2.5M Litho in U.S.A.

P.O. Box 42842Houston, Texas 77242-2842

Tel: 281·561·1300Fax: 281·561·1441

www.miswaco.comE-mail: [email protected]

Technology Centers:

HOUSTON, TEXASTel: 281·561·1300 · Fax: 281·561·1441

ABERDEEN, SCOTLANDTel: 44·1224·334634 · Fax: 44·1224·334650

STAVANGER, NORWAYTel: 47·51·577300 · Fax: 47·51·576503

This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes noguarantees or warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and useof this data. All product warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Termsof Sale. Nothing in this document is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.

mi-swaco - drilling_solutions_catalog 2008

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