Matter and Energy

Matter

• Matter is what everything is made of.• Matter is anything that is made of atoms and

molecules.• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up

space.

Properties of Matter

• Properties are the characteristics of a substance.

• Three major properties of all matter are mass, volume, and density.

Mass

• Mass is the amount of matter in an object or substance.

• Mass is measured in kilograms(kg), grams(g), and milligrams(mg).

• Mass is measured with a scale.

Volume

• All matter takes up space. • The amount of space that an object or

substance takes up is volume.• Volume is measured in cubic centimeters

(cm3) and cubic meters (m3).

Density

• Amount of mass per volume.• Water has a density of 1g/cm3

1 dime = 1 gram

Compare densities to water

• Density of Iron is 8g/cubic cm

• Density of Nickel is 8.912g/cubic cm.

Physical Property

• A physical property is a property that can be observed, measured, or changed without changing the substance itself.

Chemical Property

• The ability of a substance to change into a new substance with different properties.

Atoms and Molecules

• An atom is the smallest particle of a substance that has all the characteristics of that substance.

• atoms and molecules

• Atoms are mainly empty space.

Parts of an atom

• Nucleus is made up of the protons and neutrons.

• Protons have a positive charge, and neutrons have no charge.

• Electrons are in clouds around the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged.

Elements

• A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

• All the atoms of an element are alike.• There are about 110 known elements on

Earth. 94 occur naturally.• What elements are in you?

Molecules

• Atoms join together to form molecules.• A molecule can be made up of atoms of one

element or two or more elements.• Molecules are held together by chemical

bonds.• Chemical bonds contain energy• Molecule example: H2O, CO2, O2, N2

Periodic Table

• Lists all elements arranged by properties and by atomic number.

• An element’s atomic number equals the number of protons in one atom.

Phase Changes

• Watch the water molecules change phase.

States of Matter

Speed of particles

• Low energy = cold = slow • Medium energy = warm = faster• High energy = hot = fastest

• To make particles move faster, add energy. • To make particles slower, remove energy

states of matter

Solids

• Definite shape and volume• Definite means the object won’t change it’s

shape on its own. • A solid will keep its volume.

Crystalline Solid

• Particles have a regular repeating pattern• Melts at a distinct temperature

Amorphous Solid

• Do not melt at a distinct temperature• Becomes softer and softer as it is heated • Glass is a good example of an amorphous solid

Crystalline vs. Amorphous

Regular repeating pattern

Particles not arranged in repeating pattern

solids

Journal Quick write

• Use the kinetic theory of matter to describe the following situations. (speed of particles)

• how butter melts in a hot pan.• Why ice feels cold to the touch.

Liquids

• Liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape.

• They take the shape of their container

Properties of liquids

• Surface tension: an inward force or pull among the molecules that bring the molecules closer together.

• Viscosity: liquids resistance to flowing

Gases

• Gases have no definite volume or shape.

Properties

• When working with a gas you need know it’s temperature, volume and pressure.

volume

• Measured in cubic cm, cubic meters, mL, Liters, and other units.

• Volume of a gas is the volume of the container.

• Gas can be compressed into a tank.

Pressure

• Force of it’s outer push on the container divided by the area of the walls of the container.

• Pressure = force areaHow does an air pump work?

pressure experiment

how to make a lung model

Temperature

• Measure of average energy of random motion of the particles of matter.

• The particles of a gas are moving very fast, at 20 degrees Celsius gas particles travel at 500m/s.

temperature

How hot air balloons work

hot air balloons

Plasma

• Atoms that have had their electrons stripped away by heat and pressure.

• These electrons are free to move about• 99% of the known universe is plasma.

plasmaplasma from water electrolysishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALFYm_6IlX8&list=PL37TextelYlsVWwiAzlsgoLkhKHtPRVoJ

Changing states

• Melting pointTemperature at which the substance changes

from a solid to a liquid.m.p. of water = 0°C, 32°FMelting point and freezing point are the same,

just in opposite directions.

Melting point• At a solid’s melting point, its particles vibrate

so fast that they break free from their fixed positions.

Journal Quick write

• Explain using the graph what happens to snow on Mt. Rainier during the spring and summer.

Changing states

• Boiling point• Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas• B.p. of water = 100°C, 212°F• Condensation point and boiling point are the

same, just in opposite direction.

Vaporization point

• Vaporization occurs when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently.

How do clouds form?

cloud in a bottle

Sublimation

• Occurs when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they form a gas.

• Dry ice sublimates because the solid CO2 absorbs thermal energy rapidly.

• Fog forms from cooling water vapor around the dry ice.

Law of Conservation of matter

• Matter is not created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another!

• i.e. burning match, vinegar and baking soda, mass on the sun.

law of conservation of matter

Chemical Reactions

• iron with sulfur to form iron sulfide• Baking soda and vinegar• Match burning

• Matter is conserved in all reactions!