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Matter and Energy
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Matter
• Matter is what everything is made of.• Matter is anything that is made of atoms and
molecules.• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
space.
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Properties of Matter
• Properties are the characteristics of a substance.
• Three major properties of all matter are mass, volume, and density.
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Mass
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object or substance.
• Mass is measured in kilograms(kg), grams(g), and milligrams(mg).
• Mass is measured with a scale.
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Volume
• All matter takes up space. • The amount of space that an object or
substance takes up is volume.• Volume is measured in cubic centimeters
(cm3) and cubic meters (m3).
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Density
• Amount of mass per volume.• Water has a density of 1g/cm3
1 dime = 1 gram
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Compare densities to water
• Density of Iron is 8g/cubic cm
• Density of Nickel is 8.912g/cubic cm.
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Physical Property
• A physical property is a property that can be observed, measured, or changed without changing the substance itself.
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Chemical Property
• The ability of a substance to change into a new substance with different properties.
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Atoms and Molecules
• An atom is the smallest particle of a substance that has all the characteristics of that substance.
• atoms and molecules
• Atoms are mainly empty space.
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Parts of an atom
• Nucleus is made up of the protons and neutrons.
• Protons have a positive charge, and neutrons have no charge.
• Electrons are in clouds around the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged.
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Elements
• A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
• All the atoms of an element are alike.• There are about 110 known elements on
Earth. 94 occur naturally.• What elements are in you?
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Molecules
• Atoms join together to form molecules.• A molecule can be made up of atoms of one
element or two or more elements.• Molecules are held together by chemical
bonds.• Chemical bonds contain energy• Molecule example: H2O, CO2, O2, N2
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Periodic Table
• Lists all elements arranged by properties and by atomic number.
• An element’s atomic number equals the number of protons in one atom.
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Phase Changes
• Watch the water molecules change phase.
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States of Matter
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Speed of particles
• Low energy = cold = slow • Medium energy = warm = faster• High energy = hot = fastest
• To make particles move faster, add energy. • To make particles slower, remove energy
states of matter
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Solids
• Definite shape and volume• Definite means the object won’t change it’s
shape on its own. • A solid will keep its volume.
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Crystalline Solid
• Particles have a regular repeating pattern• Melts at a distinct temperature
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Amorphous Solid
• Do not melt at a distinct temperature• Becomes softer and softer as it is heated • Glass is a good example of an amorphous solid
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Crystalline vs. Amorphous
Regular repeating pattern
Particles not arranged in repeating pattern
solids
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Journal Quick write
• Use the kinetic theory of matter to describe the following situations. (speed of particles)
• how butter melts in a hot pan.• Why ice feels cold to the touch.
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Liquids
• Liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape.
• They take the shape of their container
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Properties of liquids
• Surface tension: an inward force or pull among the molecules that bring the molecules closer together.
• Viscosity: liquids resistance to flowing
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Gases
• Gases have no definite volume or shape.
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Properties
• When working with a gas you need know it’s temperature, volume and pressure.
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volume
• Measured in cubic cm, cubic meters, mL, Liters, and other units.
• Volume of a gas is the volume of the container.
• Gas can be compressed into a tank.
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Pressure
• Force of it’s outer push on the container divided by the area of the walls of the container.
• Pressure = force areaHow does an air pump work?
pressure experiment
how to make a lung model
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Temperature
• Measure of average energy of random motion of the particles of matter.
• The particles of a gas are moving very fast, at 20 degrees Celsius gas particles travel at 500m/s.
temperature
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Plasma
• Atoms that have had their electrons stripped away by heat and pressure.
• These electrons are free to move about• 99% of the known universe is plasma.
plasmaplasma from water electrolysishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALFYm_6IlX8&list=PL37TextelYlsVWwiAzlsgoLkhKHtPRVoJ
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Changing states
• Melting pointTemperature at which the substance changes
from a solid to a liquid.m.p. of water = 0°C, 32°FMelting point and freezing point are the same,
just in opposite directions.
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Melting point• At a solid’s melting point, its particles vibrate
so fast that they break free from their fixed positions.
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Journal Quick write
• Explain using the graph what happens to snow on Mt. Rainier during the spring and summer.
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Changing states
• Boiling point• Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas• B.p. of water = 100°C, 212°F• Condensation point and boiling point are the
same, just in opposite direction.
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Vaporization point
• Vaporization occurs when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently.
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How do clouds form?
cloud in a bottle
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Sublimation
• Occurs when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they form a gas.
• Dry ice sublimates because the solid CO2 absorbs thermal energy rapidly.
• Fog forms from cooling water vapor around the dry ice.
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Law of Conservation of matter
• Matter is not created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another!
• i.e. burning match, vinegar and baking soda, mass on the sun.
law of conservation of matter
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Chemical Reactions
• iron with sulfur to form iron sulfide• Baking soda and vinegar• Match burning
• Matter is conserved in all reactions!