lin 3201 sounds of human language sayers -- week 1 – august 29 & 31
TRANSCRIPT
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LIN 3201 Sounds of Human Language
Sayers -- Week 1 – August 29 & 31
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What is Phonetics?What is Phonetics?
Study of human speech sounds:
Describing and classifying human sounds Understanding production of sounds Comparing and contrasting sounds across
languages Discovering constraints and limitations of
possible human speech
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Purposes of Phonetic Purposes of Phonetic InvestigationInvestigationModifying or correcting pronunciation
of second language students or actors
Understanding dialectal differences and historical changes in pronunciation
Assisting those with speech disorders
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Forensic analysis of speech in law
Discovering the phonemic system of a language – the way native speakers organize and perceive sound
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3 Fields of Phonetics3 Fields of Phonetics
1. Articulatory Phonetics Physical properties of sound – how sounds
are produced in the vocal tract
2. Acoustic Phonetics Sound as a wave – air compression and
disturbance as sounds are released
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3. Auditory Phonetics Interpretation and reception of speech
sounds
(Forensic Phonetics) Application of all fields to analyze legal
data
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Phonetics and LIN 3201
4 Goals:1. Understanding of the possible
modifications of sound as it travels through vocal tract What does our body do to produce a given sound?
2. Representation of sounds by a phonetic alphabet Recognizing IPA symbols Understanding the physical properties each
represents
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3. Production of sounds Your actual practice in physical production
4. Perception of sounds Your practice in observation and perception A thoroughthorough understanding of phonemes and
sound system organization
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A few caveats about sound…
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Or, Why Phonetics is so hard…
Adapted from Hardman 1996
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Sound and Perceptions – Sound and Perceptions – Some BasicsSome Basics
Sound is a wave – a fluid flow of “chaos”
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We attempt, as humans, to organize, shape and
structure these waves into meaningful units
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<<<BUT>>>
Sound, as a physical event, does not repeat itself
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This means that…
You individually organize sounds based on the structures of your native language(s) & the languages you have studied
Native language(s) act as filter; don’t “hear” phonetic distinctions; don’t hear phonetics directly
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SO Phonetics is hard because… You are attempting to
“observe” what your brain has worked against “observing”
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In theoretical terms…In theoretical terms…
Humans perceive through repetition
Any actual repetition is a function of your human capacity, not of “sound” itself
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Therefore…
Keep in mind that your phonetic transcriptions are not “absolute reality”
At best, transcriptions are approximations
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The IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet One symbol represents individual elements
of speech sound Serves as shorthand device for unique set
of characteristics in vocal tract
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Consonants
Columns front of mouth back of mouth
Rows Greatest stricture least stricture
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Vowels
Columns front of mouth back of mouth
Rows Least open most open
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Articulatory Phonetics
How sounds are produced by modifying air through vocal tract
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4 Processes in producing sounds4 Processes in producing sounds
1. Airstream mechanism
2. State of Glottis
3. Manner of Articulation
4. Place of Articulation (Consonants) OR
Tongue & Lip Position (Vowels)
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Active articulators
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AnatomyAnatomy
Active articulators – speech organs, generally at the top of the mouth, that move toward the upper mouth to modify air
Organs & Adjectives
Lower lip - labial Tongue - lingual
Tip - apical Blade - laminal Back - dorsal Root - radical
Epiglottis - epiglottal
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Passive articulators – speech organs, generally at the bottom of the mouth, that generally remain inactive during speech
Organs & Adjectives Upper lip - labial Upper Teeth - dental Alveolar Ridge – alveolar Hard Palate – palatal Soft Palate (velum) – velar Uvula (uvular flap) - uvular
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General Diagram of Vocal Tract
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Other Speech Organs Organs & Adjectives Pharynx – pharyngeal Glottis – glottal Larynx – laryngeal
Vocal Folds/Cords Oral Cavity Nasal Cavity Lungs