World History 3201

World History 3201UNIT 1 THE CAUSES OF WW1Things you need to do...Read pages 16-19 to gain understanding of European life at beginning of 20th century.

Read pages 20-27: focus on reasons for imperialism

What was it like at the turn of the century???Industrialization was on the rise creating a feeling of optimism and confidence about the century that lay ahead.

There was growing criticism of national political goals, and the darkness that results from new prosperity.What was it like at the turn of the century??? America presented new political views based on liberalism, a philosophy based on the idea of equality, individual rights, and the freedom of choice... Which was gaining broad acceptance.

The land of great opportunity!

Invention of the light bulb by Edison, the invention of the airplane by the Wright brothers.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEcpJQxtswA11:03

However...What was it like at the turn of the century???Much of the world still operated through authoritarian regimes, the absolute ruling by one person over an entire nation.

It was of normal thinking that rulers should rule and the rest should obey.

In Russia, the Czar had absolute power.

In Germany, the Kaiser ignored the weak Reichstag (parliament)

In Britain, even though Queen Victoria had little political power the royal family had substantial social influence

Most people in Asia and Africa were under rule of monarchs, rulers or European colonial powers. The World in 1900sThe worlds most powerful and technologically advanced nations were United StatesGreat BritainGermany France

Tension existed in Europe where the main powers were Great Britain Germany France Russia Austro-Hungary

War clouds were gathering over Europe.

Europe in 1900

Unit 1- WW1 Important termsImperialismNationalismColonyTriple AllianceTriple EntenteUltimatum

ImperialismDomination by a powerful nation over the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another state or region

Policy of forming and maintaining an empire

The urge to create empires was rooted in the search for, Gold, Glory and God (pg. 21 in text)

NationalismDevotion to and pride in ones country. It often develops when people share common language, culture, history, etc.

Factors contributing to nationalism include:common language, religion, culture, etc.military achievementssize of empireeconomic powermilitary powerexternal threats ( real or perceived)

NationalismMost often positive, but at the turn of the 20th century it meant hostility and feeling of superiority.

French region Alsace-Lorraine along Germanys western border.1871 Franco - Prussian WarSurrendered region to Germany Nationalism

Nationalism

ColonyRegion governed by a foreign country

The British Empire 1900

Triple AllianceMilitary alliance formed 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Otto von Bismarck of Germany sought this alliance to isolate France in 1882.

Triple EntenteMilitary alliance formed by Britain, France, and Russia

Note: Italy joined 1915!

Ultimatum A final proposal of terms that if and when rejected may end negotiations and result in war.Imperialism: Why Imperial Powers sought to expand? Increased power and prestige

Political rivalries and military strategies

Acquiring new raw material and markets for finished material

Empires of the world 1900

CountriesReasons for Imperialist ExpansionSpheres of InfluenceBRITAIN leading power in 1900 colonial acquisition = abundance of raw materials + markets supported by large navy 25% of Earths land surface (Incl. Canada, Australia, parts of Africa and Asia)

the sun never sets on the British Empire

FRANCE rivaled Britain as an imperial power no need for raw material BUT wanted prestige and power competition with Britain lead to many disputes and conflicts14% land surface

1/3 African continent, large part of SE Asia, some islands in South PacificGERMANY German Empire emerging as an Imperial Power wanted to expand empire beyond Europe to rival Britain & France need to access a warm water port for navy challenged France for control of Morocco seized interests in Asia prepared to challenge Britain & France on land and seaRussia need to access warm water port for navy Trans- Siberia Railway est. Link to Pacific and northern ChinaJapan secure raw materials for developing industrial base innovate by imitation keep Asia for Asians NOT E occupied Korea, moved North to Manchuria in Manchuria collided with Russians = Russo Japanese War 1904United States opposed to Euro Imperialism in West H. expand commercial interestsvital interest in Panama Canal econ/ military power dominated Latin America Purchase Alaska 1897 Annexation of Hawaii obtained Cuba and Philippines from Spain in 1898 controlled 40% of MexicoImperial PowersThe THREE major powers in 1900:Britain 25% of the Earths surfaceFrance 14%Germany - ~ 5%= 44% of Earths surface under the control of 3 countries!UNIT ONECause of WW1IntroductionAfter the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), Europe and the United States experienced a period of relative peace.

There was rapid industrial and commercial progress. The western powers expanded trade and colonies.

National rivalries gradually grew and alliance camps emerged.

Economic competition and arms race also became intense.

The Balkans became a hotpot of western intervention, as the Ottoman Empire declined. Finally war broke out in 1914, a war which was unexpectedly disastrous and destructive in scale. The war was caused by a number of interwoven factors.

Causes of WW11. NATIONALISM - there were two kinds of nationalism in 19th Century Europe:

The desire of subject peoples for independence It led to a series of national struggles for independence among the Balkan peoples. Other powers got involved and caused much instability.2. the desire of independent nations for dominance and prestige As the powers try to dominate each other in Europe, their rivalries may be regarded as one of the causes of the First World War.

Nationalism in BritainGreat pride in its empire/Royal Navy (largest in the world) which was seen as the greatest in the world

Belief that its noble destiny was to maintain world peace (e.g. Pax Britannia/peace of Britain)

Suspicious of German & Japanese desires for territory & military/economic power

Followed policy of Splendid Isolation from 1815-1914 as it tried to avoid any conflict in Europe & instead concentrated on its empire

Nationalism in FranceWanted revenge for 1871 loss of provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany & desire to regain control over coal/iron ore in this region

After 1871, created large overseas empire with colonies in Africa & Asia in order to emphasize national pride & prestige

Nationalism in GermanyDesire to be a world empire like Britain

Growing economic nationalism & strength as strongest economy in Europe (e.g. coal & iron ore, etc.)

Frustrated by inability to attain colonies in Africa/Asia & believed Britain & France conspired to prevent Germany from gaining colonies

Pride in strength & ability of its army (best in EuropeNationalism in Austria-Hungary Too many nationalities & ethnic nationalism tearing country apart as different nationalities wanted independence

Empire was in decay as industrialization was not widespread

Feared rise of Serbia & its nationalism & desire to create Greater Serbia that included Austrian controlled Bosnia-Herzegovina

Nationalism in RussiaBelieved in pan-Slavism - all Slavic peoples (Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, etc.) should work together & be led by Russia

Wanted to increase its role in the Balkans at expense of Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire (e.g. desired control of Constantinople & access to Mediterranean Sea from Black Sea)

Causes of WW12. ECONOMIC RIVALRY competition between nations to produce the greatest economic growth

After the Germany obtained Alsace- Lorraine from France, it flourished!

By 1900 many German industries surpassed those in Britain and by 1914 was producing twice as much steel.

Economic Rivalry Because Germany became industrialized later than Britain, its factories were newer and more technologically advanced = more efficient!!!

Also, Germany had a strong education system focusing on science and technology = creating engineers and scientists to continue developing technology, maintaining Germans efficiency.Causes of WW13. THE ARMS RACE the competition between two rival states to gain superior military weapons and technology.

Germany wanted to increase its naval power to equal Britains navy resulting in a naval arms race

In 1900 British navy was twice as large as any other navy

Arms RaceIn 1898, Germany started large scale naval building program to create a navy equal in size to that of Britain

Britain feared a large German navy as it would threaten its sea communications & trade with its empire

In response, Britain built a larger & newer navy around a new type of battleship the dreadnought (06) which made all other warships obsolete resulting in the Dreadnought Race with Germany

Arms RaceWhat was the significance of the naval race?Until 1900 Germany was Britains closest ally and since the days of Napoleon France was Britain's imperial rival.Germans naval expansion alarmed British leaders, creating suspicions Therefore in stead of facing a potential enemy in isolation, sought alliances with formal rivals France and Russia (Triple Entente)Causes of WW14. The system of Alliances

Military alliances members would come to aid of other alliance members if attacked by a state from outside that alliance.

Germanys aim until 1890 was to isolate France from having any other allies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfxrTD-kPps

Several alliances were created in the years leading up to the war:

Dual Alliance (1879): Germany & Austria-Hungary vs. RussiaTriple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy:Germany fear of FranceAustria-Hungary fear of RussiaItaly fear of FranceReinsurance Treaty (1887): Germany & Russia agree to remain neutral with each other if either state attacked by another countryGermany ensured France would not have Russia as an ally if France attacked Germany. Kaiser Wilhelm II did not renew the treaty in 1890, thus motivating Russia to look to France as an ally against future German attackDual Entente (1894): France & Russia vs. GermanyTriple Entente (1907): France, Russia & Britain:France: fear of attack from GermanyRussia: fear of attack from Germany and/or Austria-HungaryBritain: fear of Germany (due to Naval Race)

Causes of WW1 Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany, negotiated a Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879 and in 1882 drew Italy into it making it the Triple Alliance.

Causes of WW1German Alliances Pre WW1

1879 Bismarck and the Germans signed the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary

1882 he negotiated the Triple Alliance that drew Italy into the pact. The members of this alliance promised that if any one of them should be attacked, all three would wage warfare together against the aggressor. 1887 Bismarck persuaded Russia to sign a secret Reinsurance Treaty, whereby Germany pledged its support to the Balkans while Russia assured Germany of its neutrality in the event of a French attack on Germany.

Bismarck had achieved his goal of isolating France and securing Germany.

Causes of WW1 Some alliances began to dissolve however:Wilhelm II became the new Kaiser of Germany in 1888 and dismissed Bismarck to assume his role of Chancellor as well.

Wilhelm II embarked on very different policies and let the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia lapse in 1890

Feeling betrayed by an ally Russia turned to France and by 1894 they entered into a military alliance (Duel Entente)BIG DEAL THESE 2 COUNTRIES HAD BEEN ENEMIES SINCE THE FRENCH INVASION OF RUSSIA IN 1812!!!

Causes of WW1Britain became nervous having no allies (Splendid Isolation) and in 1907 joined France and Russia whom together became the Triple Entente