Death by drowningDeath caused by sub in liquid Salt water Fresh water

Cause of death Asphyxia water occluding the airways Electrolite disturbance or cardiac arhytmia, produced by large volumes of water entering the circulation through lungs

In fresh water drowning, large volume of water pass through alveola capillary interface & enter the circulation.No evidence that the increased in blood volume cause significant electrolite irregularities or hemodilysis

Dry DrowningThe lungs do not have the heavy, boggy and edematous apparance. Cerebral hypoxia is alleged to be caused by laryngeal spasm.Occur 10 -15 % of all drowning

Autopsy findingsNo pathognomonic findings to indicated the diagnosis of drowning Washer womens hand/ soleThe deceased has been in the water for more than 1 -2 hours.Goose flash Spasm of the erector pilae muscles/ rigor mortis

Autopsy findingsHemorrhage edema fluid present in the nostrils, mouth & airwaysPulmunory edema Non spesificWet drowning lungs are large and bulky

Test of drowningGettler chloride test The blood was analysed from the right and left sides of the heartIf the chloride levels was less on the right then on the left drowned in salt watterif the chloride level was elevated on the right side of the heart drowned in fresh water

Test of drowning2. Identification of diatomes in the tissue of drowning victims.Diatomes are unicellular algae3. Identification of sands, other materials in lungs (alveolaes).

Burn FlameContactRadiant heatScoldingChemicalMiomaves

Flame burnsActual contact of body and flame with scorching of the skin progressife to drowning.

Contact burnsPhysical contact between the body and at objectTemperature0f 700 C and hightes forms epidermal necresi occurs in best the a seamd

Radiant heatCaused by heat waves, a type of electromagnetic wave most radiant heat burns, the hain is intact.

Scolding burnsCaused by contact with heat liquids most cammonly water

Chemical burnsUssualy caused by acid/ alkaline

Severity of burnThe severity of thermal injury depend on :The extent of the burned areaThe severity of the burnThe victim of ageThe presence of inhalation injuries

A. The extent of the burned areaDetermined by the rules of nine.The head is 9 %Upper extremities are each 9 %The front torso is 18 % The back is 18 %Each lower extremities is 18 %Perineum is 1 %

B. The severity of the burnCan be described as :First degree (superficial burns) The skin is erythematous congested vessels in the dermis* Second degree burnsPartial thickness burns subdivided into :1. Superficial2. Deep

Second degree burnsSuperficialDestruction of the striatum granulosum and cornium with the basal layer, not totally destroyed heals without scarring.2. DeepComplete disruption of epidermis and destruction of most basal layer

Third degree burnsCoagulation necrosis of the epidermis and dermis with destruction of the dermal appendages scar

Fourth degree burnsIncinerating injuries extending deeper than the skin

Electruction Manners of death* Accident* Suicides* Homocides

Mechanism of deathAmperage is the most important factor, currents between 75 100 mA caused ventricular fibrilation. Extremelly high currents 1A/ higher usually cause ventricular arrest.Paralysis of the muscles usually caused by low amperage electrocution asphyxiaParalysis of the respiratory center of the brain stemp caused by the hyperthermic effect of the current (high voltage current)

Autopsy findyngsElectrical burns, could at the point of entry or the point of exitAccelerated onset of rigor mortis caused by the muscle contraction and depletion of ATP Bone fracture due to generalised muscular contractionHigh voltage current third degree burnsRhexiss of the heart muscle

LightningDeath from lightning are caused by :1. High voltage direct current cardiopulmonary arrest 2. Electrotermal injuriesPathonomonic finding for lightning injuries is the arborrescent mark, gradually of fades within 24 hours