“Just a few days . . . Ebola, Zaire, 1976”

Joel Breman, MD, DTPHFogarty International Center

National Institutes of Health

50th Anniversary Celebration

Epidemic Intelligence Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Atlanta, April 22, 2001

International Commission for the Investigation and Control of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), 1976-77

Collaborators

Belgium

Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire)

Canada

France

South Africa

United States

World Health Organization

International Commission for the Investigation and Control of EHF 1976-77

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Participation

In DR Congo (Zaire)

Joel Breman, EIS 1976

Stan Foster, EIS, 1962

David Heymann, EIS 1976

Karl Johnson

Joe McCormick, EIS 1973

Michael White, EIS 1975 Laboratory, CDC

Luanne Elliot

Jim Lange

Fred Murphy

Pat Webb

Herta Wulff

Task Force Backup, Atlanta

John Bryan, EIS 1968

Lyle Conrad, EIS 1965

Bill Foege, EIS 1971

Larry Schonberger, EIS 1971

David Sencer, EIS 1975

Phil Brachman, EIS 1954

In Sudan

Don Francis, EIS 1971

Ebola, Zaire, 1976Spectrum of Emotion and Activity

Em

oti

on

Act

ivit

y

Anxiety

Terror

Fear

Confidence (false)

Sorrow

Uncertainty

Understanding

Anger

Comfort (false)

People fleeing

Commission formed

Chaos

Isolation and quarantine

Rapid Surveillance

Investigations/quick

Patient management

Field Investigations

Active case detection

Information Sharing

Highest Less high

HighLow

Celebration

Plasmapheresis

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, DR Congo (Zaire), 1976: Team Members, Antwerp, 1996

Number of Cases of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in the Equator Region, by Day of Onset and Probable Type of

Transmission, 1976Probable Type of Transmission

Cas

es

September October1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24 25-27 28-30 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24 25-27 28-30

Person to PersonBothSyringe

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

Ebola Virus, Zaire, 1976

Unfixed diagnostic specimen from Vero cell passage: sodium phosphotungstate x 90,000 (Fred Murphy)

Laboratory in Yambuku, DR Congo (Zaire), 1976

Guido van der Groen

Epidemiologists in Yambuku, DR Congo (Zaire), 1976

Peace Corps Volunteer, Joel Breman, Peter Piot, Pierre Sureau

Convalescent EHF Patient Undergoing Plasmapheresis, Yambuku, DR Congo (Zaire), 1976

Karl Johnson

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Team in Yambuku, DR Congo (Zaire), 1976

Evacuation of EHF Commission Member from Yambuku, DR Congo (Zaire), to Johannesburg,

November 1976

Ebola Virus

Marburg Virus

Both

Marburg and Ebola Virus Outbreaks from 1967-2000The Filoviral Triangle

Ebola Virus

Marburg virus

Both

Locations of Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Sudan

and DR Congo (Zaire), 1976, and DR Congo (Zaire), 1995

Time of Onset of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever by Transmission Type (after initial contact with source)

DR Congo (Zaire), 1976

Flying along the Zaire River to Yambuku, DR Congo (Zaire), October 1976

Villages on the Bumba to Yambuku Road, DR Congo (Zaire), October 1976

Patient with Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Bumba Zone, Equateur Province, DR Congo (Zaire), October 1976

Patient with Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Bumba Zone, Equateur Province, DR Congo (Zaire), October 1976