Introduction to Development, Personality, and Stage TheoriesTo view this presentation, first, turn up your volume and second, launch the self-running slide show.1

In this chapter we will discuss the most prominent stage theories in regard to motor and cognitive, social development, development, and moral development.To view this presentation, first, turn up your volume and second, launch the self-running slide show.2

How do you develop?Presentations are a powerful communication medium.

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Stage DevelopmentFORDevelopmentandPersonalityTheories3five simple rules for creating world-changing presentations.4

KohlbergsofStagesMoral Development

The first rule is: Treat your audience as king.5

Your audience deserves to be treated like royalty. Design a presentation that meets their needs, not just yours.6The theory holds thatmoral reasoning, the basis forethicalbehavior, has six identifiabledevelopmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessorAudiences want to know what you can do for them, why they should adopt your view, and the steps they need to follow to take action.7Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment far beyond the ages studied earlier byPiaget,who also claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages.Expanding on Piaget's work, Kohlberg determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice, that it continued throughout the individual's lifetimeThe six stages of moral development are grouped into three levels: pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, post-conventional morality.Level 1 (Pre-Conventional)Obedience and punishment orientation(How can I avoid punishment?)

2. Self-interest orientation(What's in it for me?)(Paying for a benefit)Pre-conventional

especially common in childrenalthough adults can also exhibit this level of reasoningReasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. is solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner. A child with pre-conventional morality has not yet adopted or internalized society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring

obedience and punishment driven

individuals focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves.

an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished.

The worse the punishment for the act is, the more "bad" the act is perceived to be.

This can give rise to an inference that even innocent victims are guilty in proportion to their suffering.

It is "egocentric," lacking recognition that others' points of view are different from one's own.self-interest drivenexpresses the "what's in it for me" position

Stage two reasoning shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might further the individual's own interests.

As a result, concern for others is not based on loyalty orintrinsicrespect, but rather a "You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours." mentality.

The lack of a societal perspective in the pre-conventional level is quite different from the social contract (stage five), as all actions have the purpose of serving the individual's own needs or interests. moral relativism.

and you will undoubtedly find favor with the king.14Level 2 (Conventional)3. Interpersonal accord and conformity(Social norms)(The good boy/girl attitude)4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation(Law and order morality)

conventional level

typical ofadolescentsand adults.

To reason in a conventional way is to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations.

Conventional morality is characterized by an acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong.

an individual obeys rules and follows society's norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience.

Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid, however, and a rule's appropriateness or fairness is seldom questionedGood boy/ Good girl Orientation

self enters society by conforming to social standards

Individuals are receptive to approval or disapproval from others as it reflects society's views

They try to be a "good boy" or "good girl" to live up to these expectations, having learned that being regarded as good benefits the self

Stage three reasoning may judge the morality of an action by evaluating its consequences in terms of a person'srelationships, which now begin to include things like respect, gratitude and the "golden rule".

I want to be liked and thought well of; apparently, not being naughty makes people like me."

The intentions of actors play a more significant role in reasoning at this stage; one may feel more forgiving if one thinks, "they mean well..."authority and social order obedience driven

it is important to obey laws,dictumsandsocial conventionsbecause of their importance in maintaining a functioning society.

Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three.

A central ideal or ideals often prescribe what is right and wrong.

If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would thus there is an obligation and a duty to uphold laws and rules.

When someone does violate a law, it is morally wrong;

Most active members of society remain at stage four, where morality is still predominantly dictated by an outside forceLevel 3 (Post-Conventional)

5. Social contract orientation6. Universal ethical principlespost-conventional levelalso known as the principled level

marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society,

and that the individuals own perspective may take precedence over societys view;

individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles. Post-conventional moralists live by their own ethical principles principles that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice. People who exhibit post-conventional morality view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights. social contract

the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights and values.

Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community.

Laws are regarded associal contractsrather than rigid edicts.

Those that do not promote the general welfare should be changed when necessary to meet the greatest good for the greatest number of people.This is achieved throughmajority decisionand inevitablecompromise.

Democratic governmentis ostensibly based on stage five reasoning.

universal ethical principles drivenmoral reasoning is based onabstract reasoningusing universal ethical principles.

Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws.

This involves an individual imagining what they would do in anothers shoes, if they believed what that other person imagines to be

In this way action is never a means but always an end in itself; the individual acts because it is right, and not because it avoids punishment, is in their best interest, expected, legal, or previously agreed upon.

Although Kohlberg insisted that stage six exists, he found it difficult to identify individuals who consistently operated at that level

$Give them those things in a clear, easily understandable way23

Stages ofFreudsDevelopmentPsychosexual2The second rule is: Spread ideas and move people.24

Theyre there to see you. To be inspired by your message25

Oral FixationAnal StagePhallic StageLatency StageGenital StageWHAT THE HECK?and witness the quality of your thought.26

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Freud believed that we develop through stages based upon a particular erogenous zone.

During each stage, an unsuccessful completion means that a child becomes fixated on that particular erogenous zone

and either over or under-indulges once he or she becomes an adult.Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)

During the oral stage, the child if focused on oral pleasures (sucking). Too much or too little gratification can result in an Oral Fixation or Oral Personality which is evidenced by a preoccupation with oral activities.

This type of personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, over eat, or bite his or her nails.

Personality wise, these individuals may become overly dependent upon others, gullible, and perpetual followers.

On the other hand, they may also fight these urges and develop pessimism and aggression toward others.Anal Stage (18 months to three years).

The childs focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and retaining feces.

Through societys pressure, mainly via parents, the child has to learn to control anal stimulation.

In terms of personality, after effects of an anal fixation during this stage can result in an obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control

On the opposite end of the spectrum, they may become messy and disorganized (anal expulsive).Phallic Stage (ages three to six). The pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Freud believed that during this stage boy develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother. Because of this, he becomes rivals with his father and sees him as competition for the mothers affection. During this time, boys also develop a fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, such as by castrating them. This group of feelings is known as Oedipus ComplexLater it was added that girls go through a similar situation, developing unconscious sexual attraction to their father. Electra Complex

According to Freud, out of fear of castration and due to the strong competition of his father, boys eventually decide to identify with him rather than fight him. By identifying with his father, the boy develops masculine characteristics and identifies himself as a male, and represses his sexual feelings toward his mother. A fixation at this stage could result in sexual deviancies (both overindulging and avoidance) and weak or confused sexual identity according to psychoanalysts.Latency Stage (age six to puberty).

Its during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.Genital Stage (puberty on).

The final stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened. Through the lessons learned during the previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peerswith the primary focus of pleasure is the genitals.