v.2 mc nabb patrick final project (media) intro to media psych fall 2011 their footprint remains

O c c u p y W a l l S t . o r g a s a P r o s o c i a l D e m o n s t r a t i o n o f B a n d u r a ’ s S o c i a l C o g n i t i v e T h e o r y

P a t r i c k E . M c N a b b F i e l d i n g G r a d u a t e U n i v e r s i t y

F i n a l P r o j e c t ( M e d i a )

M S C - 5 5 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n t o

M e d i a P s y c h o l o g y a n d S o c i a l C h a n g e

F a l l 2 0 1 1

“…a footprint remains.”

Abstract

Where Morse wrote “What hath God wrought?” at the inauguration of the telegraph, media psychologists and social historians might someday be writing “What hath Bandura wrought?’ in reference to the Occupy Wall Street movement.

Although not directly responsible for the activity at Zuccotti Park and its related actions around the World, the tenets of Bandura’s social cognitive theory have found ready vehicles for prosocial action and expression in the ongoing movement.

Abstract

One vehicle, Occupy Wall Street’s flagship website (http://occupywallst.org) provides a living demonstration of Bandura’s ideas in action.

In the following slideshow the author discusses what Occupy Wall Street is, the transmedia nature of the website, and how social cognitive theory, in particular the concepts of collective efficacy and social modeling, are manifested in it.

To paraphrase songwriter Gil Scott Heron, the revolution may not be televised but it is being webcast.

http://occupywallst.org/�

Introduction

O n N o v e m b e r 2 1 , 2 0 1 1 , i n w h a t t u r n e d o u t t o b e a p r e m a t u r e o b i t u a r y f o r t h e O c c u p y W a l l S t r e e t m o v e m e n t ( O W S ) e n t i t l e d “ A M o v e m e n t , A Q u e s t i o n : W h a t N o w ? ” N e w Y o r k T i m e s c o l u m n i s t D a v i d C a r r w r o t e : “ A f t e r l a s t w e e k ' s d e a d - o f - n i g h t o p e r a t i o n i n N e w Y o r k t o b r e a k u p t h e p r o t e s t s i t e i n Z u c c o t t i P a r k , a n d s i m i l a r a c t i o n s i n o t h e r c i t i e s , i t i s i n e v i t a b l e t h a t O c c u p y W a l l S t r e e t w i l l e v e n t u a l l y b e c o m e m o r e o f a n i d e a t h a n a p l a c e . ” ( p a r a . 1 )

Introduction

H e e n d e d w i t h a c a v e a t t h o u g h –

“ I f t h e c o m i n g e l e c t i o n e n d s u p b e i n g f r a m e d i n t e r m s o f ' ' f a i r n e s s , ' ' t h e p e o p l e w h o t o o k t o t h e s t r e e t s , b a t t l e d t h e p o l i c e a n d s a t t h r o u g h

t h o s e e n d l e s s g e n e r a l a s s e m b l y m e e t i n g s w i l l k n o w t h a t e v e n t h o u g h t h e i r t e n t s a r e g o n e ,

the ir footp r in t r e m a in s . ” ( p a r a . 1 8 ) .

Introduction

Occupy Wall Street’s “footprint” remains online where it has always been at occupywallst.org.

As Bandura (2002), the great prophet of collective efficacy, foresaw, “The internet technology is changing social and political processes. It provides vast opportunities to participate directly in sociopolitical matters of concern, and a ready vehicle for mobilizing grass-roots activity to promote desired changes in social practices and policies.” (p. 10)

Introduction

http://www.occupywallst.org/�

What is “Occupy Wall Street”?

?

What is “Occupy Wall

Street”? You can’t talk about the OWS website without talking about the Occupy Wall Street movement.

The story of OWS is a classic narrative of Us against Them, David vs. Goliath, but in this case “Goliath” is the 1% of the wealthiest Americans (and by extension the World) who lord their power and influence over the rest of the population, the 99% (aka David), and are blamed for the recent economic meltdown that has left many in the 99% without jobs, homes, and hope.


Street”? As the “About” section of occupywallst.org, notes,

“The movement is inspired by popular uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia, and aims to fight back against the richest 1% of people that are writing the rules of an unfair global economy that is foreclosing on our future.”



Street”? It’s a cognitive distinction that Bandura would recognize.

Referring to the “triadic reciprocal causation” aspect of his social cognitive theory, he notes that, “In this transactional view of self and society, personal factors in the form of cognitive, affective, and biological events, behavioral patterns, and environmental events all operate as interacting determinants that influence each other bidirectionally ….” (Bandura, 2001, pp. 265-266).


Street”? All is not lost, however. Where David had his sling and stones, the 99% have the Internet and social media.

Referring to the “Arab Spring” protests that have led to revolutions across the Middle East in the past year, journalist John Boudreau noted in the November 2, 2011 edition of the San Jose Mercury News that,

“The revolution is being tweeted …American activists are using the same Internet tools that Arabs used to challenge oppressive governments…” (para.1, 14).


Street”? In the case of OWS the revolution began with a prompt from the Canadian prosocial website Adbusters.org.

“The first apparent mention was that July 13 blog post by activist group Adbusters … urging people to #OccupyWallStreet, as though such a thing (Twitter hashtag and all) were possible.” (Berkowitz, 2011, para. 5, 1)


Street”? According to Berkowitz (2011), Adbuster’s prompt didn’t catch immediately, but by September 17 enough momentum had built across the Web that an actual occupation materialized at Zuccotti Park, New York City on Constitution Day, September 17, 2011

(see also Greene, 2011).


Street”? Boudreau (2011), quoting Eugene Sherill, “a member of the tech committee at Occupy San Jose”, notes,

"If it were not for Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, email, this would have been squashed on Wall Street, …Without the open public media, this movement wouldn't have gone national and global. It can't be slowed by big corporate media." (para. 13).


Street”? Bandura (2001), anticipates this phenomenon when he notes that:

“Social cognitive theory is founded in an agentic perspective (Bandura, 1986, 2001b). … personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Personal agency and social structure operate as codeterminants in an integrated causal structure rather than as a disembodied duality.” (p. 266)

The Transmedia and Convergent Nature of

occupywallst.org



occupywallst.org

Jenkins (2006) defines transmedia storytelling as, “Stories that unfold across multiple media platforms, with each medium making distinctive contributions to our understanding of the world, a more integrated approach to franchise development than models based on urtexts and ancillary products.” (p. 334)



occupywallst.org By its very nature occupywallst.org is an example of a transmedia phenomenon because it concurrently utilizes multiple media and media technology platforms to spread its message across textual, audio, and visual channels, including Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, RSS feeds, blogs, video feeds, chat forums, and email, among others.

The web page is just one of the collecting points, but it is a portal and a central rallying place where the different media can meet and be subsequently consumed, inputted, and/or re-transmitted. In other words, they “converge”.




occupywallst.org

As Jenkins (2006) notes: “…media convergence refers to a situation in which multiple media systems coexist and where media content flows fluidly across them.” (p. 322)

He adds: “Convergence is understood here as an ongoing process or series of intersections between different media systems, not a fixed relationship.” (Jenkins, 2006, p. 322)



occupywallst.org

Another advantage to taking a transmedia and convergent approach is that not only can the message get through via different technological channels to the information-consumer (and potential activist or supporter) but it can also get into different areas of their brain as well.



occupywallst.org

As Weinschenk (2009) notes, much of our decision making and the way we are influenced occurs outside of our conscious awareness, in the older “unconscious” parts of the brain, and an effective website must respond to that.

Weinschenk (2009) comments, “To get us to click, they have to persuade us. … We want to think that we are making logical decisions, even though we aren’t. The most effective Web sites are Web sites that talk to all three brains.” (p. 13)


The Method behind the Media


The transmedia and convergent nature of the Occupy Wall Street movement are one of the hallmarks of why it has been so successful.

Berkowitz (2011), quoting futurist Paul Saffo, observes, “In the 1960s, "The tools of social protest were mimeograph machines and postage stamps …Now it's cyberspace. You have the exponential growth of the World Wide Web and social media and velocity … as things move much more quickly” (para. 9).


However, as Darth Vader, the black suited anti-hero of another media phenomenon that Jenkins (2006) cites as an excellent example of transmedia, cautions, “Don't be too proud of this technological terror you've constructed …”

The technology of media can only get you so far – it has to be used correctly to be effective.


As Jenkins (2006) comments,

“Delivery systems are simply and only technologies; media are also cultural systems. Delivery technologies come and go all the time, but media persist as layers within an ever more complicated information and entertainment stratum.” (p.4)

The Method behind the Media:

Social Cognitive Theory

So what is the method behind the media that makes occupywallst.org (and, by extension, the movement) so effective?

And how can you measure that effectiveness?

Bandura and his social cognitive theory, in particular his concepts of collective efficacy and social modeling,

can provide an explanation.



Snyder, Lopez, and Pedrotti (2011) define social cognitive theory as :

“A theory suggesting that people’s self-efficacy (confidence in their abilities) influences their actions and thoughts in such a way that they shape their environments.” (p. 203-204).


Bandura (2001) provides a more technical definition:

“Social cognitive theory provides an agentic conceptual framework within which to analyze the determinants and psychosocial mechanisms through which symbolic communication influences human thought, affect and action.” (p. 265)

Social Cognitive Theory :

Collective Efficacy “Collective efficacy” is a group form of what Bandura calls “personal efficacy”. To understand collective efficacy you have to define what personal efficacy is first.

According to Snyder et al. (2011):

”Bandura (1997, p. vii) defined self efficacy as “peoples’ beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired effects by their own action.” Similarly, Maddux (2009a, p. 336) has described self efficacy as “what I believe I can do with my skills under certain conditions.” (p. 168)


Collective Efficacy Bandura (2004) himself adds,

“Efforts at social change typically challenge power relations and entrenched societal practices. Successes do not come easy. To change their lives for the better, people have to struggle against dated traditions and normative constraints.” (p. 80)


Collective Efficacy

One of the signature elements of OWS that helps them to foster, maintain, and encourage collective efficacy in their groups and self efficacy for the individual members is the way they organize themselves both offline and online.


Collective Efficacy

For example, OWS does not employ the top – down vertical structure with a leader on top and the followers below that is typical of other groups. In fact, it is a movement purposely comprised of people organized horizontally, with no single leader pulling the strings.


Collective Efficacy

And it works. Berkowitz (2011) adds: “The Occupy movement, decentralised [sic] and leaderless, has mobilised [sic] thousands of people around the world almost exclusively via the internet. To a large degree through Twitter, and also with platforms such as Facebook and Meetup, crowds have connected and gathered.” (para. 3).


Collective Efficacy

So how can such a group be organized and controlled in a productive fashion without falling into mobocracy?


Collective Efficacy On the ground, Occupy Wall Street uses a concept called the “General Assembly”, a form of pure (or “direct” as the website puts it) democracy where everyone gets a vote.

Online, they use tools such as the website to host virtual versions of the same groups they have created offline.


Collective Efficacy On the website, or linked to it, Occupy Wall Street uses social media tools to create, foster, and maintain what Jenkins (2006) would recognize as “knowledge communities”.

“Knowledge communities form around mutual intellectual interests; their members work together to forge new knowledge often in realms where no traditional expertise exists …” (Jenkins, 2006, p. 20).


Collective Efficacy And online knowledge communities need not be social, although they do need the technology of social media to work.

As Giles (2010) points out,

“Many online communities have been developed whose primary goal is not social but informational …” (p. 170).


Collective Efficacy These practices are entirely in keeping with Bandura’s social cognitive theory. He notes:

“Social cognitive theory extends the conception of human agency to collective agency. People’s shared beliefs in their collective power to produce desired results are a key ingredient of collective agency. A group’s attainments are the product not only of shared knowledge and the skills of its different members, but also of the interactive, coordinative, and synergistic dynamics of their transactions.” (Bandura, 2000, pp. 75-76).


Social Modeling In describing social modeling, Bandura (2004) notes:

“Modeling influences serve diverse functions in promoting personal and social change (Bandura, 1986, 1997). They include instructive, motivational, social prompting, and social construction functions. With regard to the instructive function, models serve as transmitters of knowledge, values, cognitive skills, and new styles of behavior. Observers also acquire emotional proclivities toward people, places, and objects through modeled emotional experiences.” (p. 78)


Social Modeling

One of the signature elements of Occupy Wall Street, and a measurement of its success, is that it can be (and frequently is) replicated elsewhere in other communities, both physical and and/or topical


Social Modeling To do this the movement engages in social modeling, with the flagship website occupywallst.org serving as both a prototype, example and cultivator of what in effect has turned out to be kind of a prosocial activist franchise. While the groups are not directly related to each other, a kind of horizontal confederacy exists between them (in keeping with the local organizational structure discussed earlier) where each group controls itself locally.



Social Modeling In addition, in an example of what could also be categorized under the collective efficacy discussed above, the different franchises frequently collaborate together using social media, sharing resources, especially information, and moral support.


Social Modeling The practical nature of the social modeling practiced by the Occupy Wall Street site is in is in keeping with the precepts of Bandura’s theory, all the more so because the modeling occurs “vicariously” online while the receiving Occupy groups can be located around the World.


Social Modeling As Bandura (2002), notes “… their [peoples’] conceptions of social reality are greatly influenced by vicarious experiences – what they see, hear, and read in the mass media – without direct experiential correctives.” (p. 12).

He adds: “To a large extent, people act on their images of reality. The more people’s images of reality depend upon the media’s symbolic environment, the greater is its social impact (S. Ball-Rokeach & DeFleur, 1976).” (Bandura, 2001, p. 271).

Measuring the Effect of Occupy Wall Street and occupywallst.org

So how do you measure the effectiveness of a movement like Occupy Wall Street and a

website like occupywallst.org?




Bandura (2000) offers the following advice. There are two main approaches to the measurement of a group’s perceived efficacy:



The first method aggregates the individual members’ appraisals of their personal capabilities to execute the particular functions they perform in the group.



The second method aggregates members’ appraisals of their group’s capability operating as a whole. The latter holistic appraisal encompasses the coordinative and interactive aspects operating with-in groups. (p. 76)



At the time of this writing the author of this media project was not able to come across many reliable quantitative facts and figures regarding OWS and the website, perhaps because of the decentralized nature of the movement or because it is still so new .

(Not that the author didn’t try - 255 separate LiveStream channels were hand-counted as of 12/17/11 at occupystreams.org/ where OWS showcases its links to its LiveStream videos.)


http://occupystreams.org/�


The following qualitative anecdotes, from a New York Times article entitled simply “Occupy Wall Street” (12/14/2011), are more in keeping with Bandura’s advice:



“Three weeks into the protest, similar demonstrations spread to dozens of other cities across the country, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago and Boston. In October, demonstrations in emulation of Occupy Wall Street were held in Europe, Asia and the Americas, drawing crowds in the hundreds and the thousands.” (para. 6-7)



In other words, the “efficacy”, to use Bandura’s term, demonstrated by OWS has literally “moved” people.

And OWS is getting noticed where it counts – the media: “… there was a sevenfold increase in Google searches for the term “99 percent” between September and October and a spike in news stories about income inequality throughout the fall, heaping attention on the issues raised by activists.” (para. 17)


Conclusion

Conclusion It remains to be seen what

will come of the Occupy Wall Street movement, its website, and what History will say about it. But it has already made a difference.

According to the New York Times (12/14/2011), “Whatever the long-term effects of the Occupy movement, protesters have succeeded in implanting “We are the 99 percent,” referring to the vast majority of Americans … into the cultural and political lexicon.” (para. 15)

Conclusion Bandura (2000) adds:

”People’s success in shaping their social and economic lives lies partly in a shared sense of efficacy to bring their collective influence to bear on matters over which they can have some command …. As globalization reaches ever deeper into people’s lives, a resilient sense of shared efficacy become critical to furthering their common interests.” (p. 78)

Conclusion

Regardless of the outcome, the footprint of OWS – and by extension the real world application of social cognitive theory – will remain.

References

(Unless otherwise specifically stated, and for the sake of brevity, all direct quotes from “Occupy Wall Street” were obtained from or through the main OWS website at http://occupywallst.org/ ) Bandura, A. (2000, June). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), 75-78. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265-299. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03 Bandura, A. (2002, March). Growing primacy of human agency in adaptation and change in the Electronic era. European Psychologist, 7(1), 2-16. doi:10.1027//1016-9040.7.1.2 Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory for personal and social change by enabling media. In A. Singhal, M. J. Cody, E. M. Rogers, & M. Sabido (Eds.), Entertainment-education and social change: history, research, and practice (pp. 75-96). Berkowitz, B. (2011, October 19). From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world. Brisbane Times. Retrieved from http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/technology/technology-news/ from-a-single-hashtag-a-protest-circled-the-world-20111019-1m72j.html

References

Boudreau, J. (2011, November 2). Occupy Wall Street, brought to you by social media. San Jose Mercury News (California), breaking; technology; news; business; high-tech; science and tech. Carr, D. (2011, November 21). A movement, A question: What now? New York Times, section b, column 0; business/financial desk: the media equation; pg. 1. Giles, D. (2010). Psychology of the Media. Great Britain: Palgrave MacMillan. Greene, B. (2011, October 17). How 'Occupy Wall Street' started and spread. USNEWS.com, politics & policy; washington whispers. Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture. New York: New York University Press. Memorable quotes for Star Wars (1977). (n.d.). Retrieved December 16, 2011, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/quotes Occupy Streams . (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2011, from http://occupystreams.org/ Occupy Wall Street. (2011, December 14). New York Times. Retrieved from http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/o/occupy_wall_street/indexhtml

References

OccupyWallStreet - NYC protest for World revolution. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2011, from http://occupywallst.org/ Scott-Heron, G. (n.d.). Excerpt from "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised." Retrieved October 1, 2011, from http://quotevadis.com/post/6007217649/the-revolution-will-not-be-televised?99a83568 Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., & Pedrotti, J. T. (2011). Positive Psychology. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Inc. Weinschenk, S. M. (2009). Neuro Web Design. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.

Media Credits

Unless otherwise noted all other graphics/images/animations/sounds were Microsoft ClipArt or downloaded from Microsoft Office Online at http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/images/?CTT=97 “Civics” PowerPoint 2007 Slideshow template used (standard template already installed with software) Image/Graphics Adbusters-Occupy Wall Street logo (slides 13, 14, 15) http://www.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_606w/WashingtonPost/Content/Blogs/blogpost/20109/Images/adbusters_blog_occupywallst.jpg?uuid=VlAcAvUTEeC3QQDUJ2orTA Retrieved 12/18/11 “Anonymous together” (slide 37) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy-wall-street-99.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “brain full color” (slide 21) http://positivepsychologynews.com/ppnd_wp/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/brain_000005809739xsmall.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11

Media Credits

“Darth Vader and technology” (slide 25) http://tech.mikeshouts.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Darth-Vader-Meet-the-Maker-Holiday-2011-Deluxe-Mini-Bust-2-544x345px.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Efficacy – Grades” graphic (slide 48) http://i3.squidoocdn.com/resize/squidoo_images/250/draft_lens7196522module60263182phot_1254358894Self-Efficacy_Belief_in_Results.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “From pitchforks to PDAs Protest” graphic (slide 8) http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203764804577060062028463068.html#printMode Retrieved 12/14/11 “Egypt – Arab Spring protest” (slide 10) http://womennewsnetwork.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/015-EGYPT-CairoUniversityProtest-ImageSarahCarr.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11

Media Credits

“Lost my job found my occupation” (slide 32) http://www.businessinsider.com/image/4e9d80b5eab8ead153000023/occupy-wall-streetsign.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 New York Times logo (slide 51) http://www.nytimes.com/ Retrieved 12/18/11 “Occupied Wall Street Journal” (slide 23) http://www.buffalonews.com/incoming/article579230.ece/BINARY/w620/bbc0fb315be545aea46037ecb1cf1373.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Occupy Everywhere” (slide 49) http://www.reviewon.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/occupy-the-world-together-300x292.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11

“Occupy Google” (slide 53) http://media.salon.com/2011/10/goog-460x307.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11

Media Credits

“occupy-laptop_640” (slide 24) http://mashable.com/2011/12/12/ows-tech-innovation/ Retrieved 12/13/11 “Occupy Sesame St.” (slide 41) http://cdn.tauntr.com/sites/default/files/userfilesimages/OccupySesameSt.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Occupy USA” (slide 56) http://s3.amazonaws.com/data.tumblr.com/tumblr_lswl3rJMMq1qze0z6o1_1280.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ6IHWSU3BX3X7X3Q&Expires=1324339372&Signature=iXLB3NUEo2iausSFyyF%2FN8C%2By8w%3D Retrieved 12/18/11 “Occupy Wall Street” logo (slide 57) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Occupywallstreetlogo.png Retrieved 12/18/11 “Occupy Wall Street” poster (slide 55) http://www.thebusinessquiz.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/image018.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11

Media Credits

“Occupy the World” (slide 44) http://reflectivity.globalchangemultimedia.net/article_images/how-do-you-choose-to-occupy-this-world.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Occupy your Heart” (slide 53) http://occupydesign.org/gallery/sites/default/files/images/OccupyYourHeart-World.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “a plethora of self efficacy graphic” (slide 47) http://i2.squidoocdn.com/resize/squidoo_images/590/draft_lens13872441module130610991photo_1288747032se6.png Retrieved 12/18/11 “Psychology of the Media” cover (slide 38) http://resources.macmillanusa.com/jackets/500H/9780230249868.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Protestors changing the World” poster-graphic (slide 52) http://voodoodr06.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/occupy-the-world.png?w=430&h=546 Retrieved 12/18/11

Media Credits

Snyder, Lopez, and Pedrotti - Positive Psychology handbook cover (slides 28, 30) http://i.oodleimg.com/item/2718842222u_0x424x360f?1315601215 Retrieved 12/18/11 “That’s All Folks! Looney Tunes” graphic (slide 70) http://www.cloudwalkers.co.uk/forum/img/thats%2Ball%2Bfolks.jpg Retrieved 8/7/11 Together (slide 36) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Together.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 Zuccotti Park (slides 14, 15) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_Wall_Street_Crowd_Size_2011_Shankbone.JPG Retrieved 12/18/11

Media Credits

Personalities: Albert Bandura photos “Bandura 2” (slide 7) http://01.edu-cdn.com/files/static/g/pcl_0001_0001_0_img0016.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Bandura 3” (slides 16, 51) http://des.emory.edu/mfp/Bandura2004cA.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Bandura 4” (slides 11) http://learningandtheadolescentmind.org/images/ab_color.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Bandura 5” (slides 27, 29, 30, 31) http://www.famouspeopleinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Albert-Bandura-5.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11

Media Credits

“Bandura 6” (slide 39) http://www.psychologyinspiration.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/albert-bandura.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 Bandura 7” (slide 40) http://blogs.adams.edu/enews/files/2010/05/psych.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 Bandura compilation (slide 45) http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NDSpHNh3DEk/TmfUC3IyD0I/AAAAAAAAAAY/JmRUnYUSFBQ/s1600/al.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 Henry Jenkins photos “Jenkins 1” (slide 26) http://copygrounds.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/henryjenkins.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11

Media Credits

“Jenkins 2” (slide 18) http://henryjenkins.org/me%20and%20minime.JPG Retrieved 12/18/11 “Jenkins 3” (slide 20) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Jenkins.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Jenkins 4” (slide 37) http://www.deepmediaonline.com/.a/6a010536e486db970b0153907eb0ae970b-250wi Retrieved 12/18/11 Other Personalities: “David Giles” (slide 38) http://mprcenter.org/mpr/images/bio_photos/david_giles.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11 “Susan Weinschenk” (slide 22) http://www.whatmakesthemclick.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/SusanWeinschenk.jpg Retrieved 12/18/11

v.2 mc nabb patrick final project (media) intro to media psych fall 2011 their footprint remains

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