intro orgo chem for psych majors

7/24/2019 Intro Orgo Chem for Psych Majors

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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A1

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Introduction toIntroduction toOrganic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

1.11.1 What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?

1.21.2 The Unique Nature of CarbonThe Unique Nature of Carbon

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1.11.1

What isWhat isOrganicOrganic

Chemistry?Chemistry?


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1.1 What is Organic Chemistry (SB .2!

Organic ChemistryO

rganic Chemistry

" Chemistry of the compounds presentin living organisms.

" They all contain carbon.

Organic Chemistry is the Chemistryof Carbon.


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Livingthings /

biological

sources

Carbohydrates /Proteins / Fats /Vitamins /

ntibiotics

1.1 What is Organic Chemistry

!solation from "ature/"atural #ources!solation from "ature/"atural #ources

of Organic Compoundsof Or

ganic Compounds

variety of

organic productsobtained fromliving things


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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A

"aturalgas$Petroleum

$ Crude oilor coal

Fractional distillation /destructive distillation

l%anes /l%enes /l%ynes /

romatichydrocarbons


!solation from "ature/"atural #ources!solation from "ature/"atural #ources

of Organic Compoundsof Or

ganic Compounds

variety of

usefulproducts

derived fromcrude oil and

coal


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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A!

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#ynthesis in the Laboratory

#ynthesis in the Laboratory

scorbic acid$ valium$ vasotec$ &antac$Viagra$ aspirin and !buprofen


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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A""

!n the past'$

ChemistryChemistry

OrganiccompoundsOrganic

compounds

obtained fromliving organisms

!norganiccompounds!norganiccompounds

obtained fromnon(living sources


)evelopment of Organic Chemistry)evelopment of Organic Chemistry

as a #cienceas a #cience


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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A##

!n the past'$

Vitalism

Theory

Vitalism

Theory

*vital force from

living organisms +asnecessary to ma%e an

organic compound





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(#norganic

comoun$!(Organic

comoun$!

!n ,--$ ohler 0a 1erman chemist2





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3edefining ' ...

Organic chemistry is the study of carboncompounds 0e4cept CO$ CO$ carbonates$

hydrogencarbonates$ carbides and

cyanides2 obtained from natural sources orsynthesi5ed in the laboratories.

Organic chemistryis the study of carboncompounds 0e4cept CO$CO$ carbonates$

hydrogencarbonates$ carbides and

cyanides2obtained from natural sources orsynthesi5ed in the laboratories.

)evelopment of Organic Chemistry)evelopment of Organic Chemistryas a #cienceas a #cience



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1.21.2

The UniqueThe UniqueNature ofNature of

CarbonCarbon


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1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon

bility to form fourbility to form four strongstrongcovalent bondscovalent bonds

Carbon 0ground state2

6lectronic configuration of carbon0ground state2 7 ,ssp


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6ach carbon atom has four unpairedelectrons+hen e4cited

Tend to form four strong covalent bonds

Carbon 0e4cited state2

bility to form fourbility to form four strongstrongcovalent bondscovalent bonds


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Carbon atoms lin% together to formchainsof varying length$ branchedchains and ringsof different si5es

Catenation7

bility of atoms in forming stable

bonds +ith itself$ hence 8oining upinto chains or rings

bility to Catenatebility to Catenate


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C 9 C : #i 9 #i : 1e 9 1e : #n 9 #n

;ond strength as bond length


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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A1!1!



C 9 C : " 9 " : O 9 O

;ond strength

as the number of lone pairs


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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A1"1"



Cn ,$$?$'0no limit for n2

#in , to @ only silanes

1en , to ? only germanes

#nn


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1#

Carbon (e%cite$ state!


bility to Form Bultiple ;ondsbility to Form Bultiple ;onds

s

bonds$ bonds

s2

,bond$ ?bonds

s& Abonds


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Single bond Double bond Triple bond


' ) ha*ogens


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(a)How was organic chemistry defnedbeore 1800s?

ns+er(a! The +no,*e$ge of organic an$ inorganic

comoun$s ,as raise$ $uring the 1-/s.

Scientists $efine$ organic chemistry as the

stu$y of comoun$s that cou*$ be obtaine$

from *i0ing organisms. They be*ie0e$ that the

synthesis of organic comoun$s too+ *ace in

*i0ing organisms on*y.

1 1 O C


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(b) How is organic chemistry defnednowadays?

Back

ns+er(b! No,a$ays scientists ha0e $isco0ere$ that

many organic comoun$s can be synthesie$

from inorganic substances. The u$ate$

$efinition of organic chemistry is the stu$y of

carbon comoun$s e%cet for carbon

mono%i$e carbon $io%i$e carbonates

hy$rogencarbonates carbi$es an$ cyani$es.These comoun$s ha0e been tra$itiona**y

c*assifie$ un$er inorganic chemistry.

1 2 Th U i N t f C b


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hy is carbon able to catenate

Back

ns+erThe abi*ity to catenate of carbon is chief*y $ue tothe high strength of the CC sing*e bon$ (bon$

entha*y of C C sing*e bon$ is &34 +5 mo*61!.



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Would you expect silicon which is !ust belowcarbon in the "eriodic #able to catenate to ormdi$erse molecular structures? %xplain youranswer& ns+er

Si*icon un*i+e carbon $oes not catenate to form $i0erse

mo*ecu*ar structures. Carbon is ab*e to catenate because

carbon atoms ha0e a re*ati0e*y sma** atomic sie. This

enab*es a carbon atom to form strong co0a*ent bon$s

,ith other carbon atoms. 7o,e0er $ue to the greater

atomic sie of si*icon its abi*ity to catenate is much *o,erthan that of carbon.

Back



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Would you expect sulphur which has anelectronegati$ity $alue $ery close tocarbon to catenate? Why?

Back

ns+er

The e*ectronic configuration of su*hur is 1s22s224&s2&8. #t

has on*y t,o unaire$ e*ectrons. #ts atomic sie is *arger than

that of carbon. So it has a much *o,er ten$ency to catenate

than carbon.


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9SS#:N;


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B. #$entify ,hether the fo**o,ing comoun$s

are O>:9N#C or #NO>:9N#C. (Copy and

answer on a piece of pad paper).

1. Ba+ing so$a

2. 9cetic aci$

&. Sugar8. 7y$roch*oric aci$

3. Water

4. actic aci$

-. 9sirin. Carbon $io%i$e

@. Urea

1/.Tab*e sa*t


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9SS#:N;

intro orgo chem for psych majors

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