immunogenetics methodological considerationsimmunogenetics methodological considerations eric...
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Immunogenetics
Methodological considerations
ERIC international workshop
Biomarkers in CLL : the art of synthesis
Belgrade, March 16-17, 2018
Anton W. Langerak,
Laboratory Medical Immunology, Dept. Immunology
Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
Immunogenetics
Analysis of immunoglobulin (IG) / T-cell receptor (TR) rearrangements
exploiting the unique “molecular signatures” for different applications:
research
B/T cell ontogeny, immunodeficiency, autoimmune disease, hematological disease
clinical diagnostics
• clonality assessment
• MRD monitoring
• (clonal) repertoire analysis
Immunogenetics
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1 2 3 4 5 6 66 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
VH DH JH Cms
DJ joining
VD-J joining
precursor IGH mRNA
mature IGH mRNA
transcription
RNA splicing
V DJ Cm
27
IgH
IgL IgL
V V
C C
J J
IgHV V
D D
J J
C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CD
79
a
CD
79
b translation
IG genes : a unique set of genes
5 4
- -
> 50 > 40
Ig Ig
> 1012Estimation of total primary receptor repertoire
++Junctional region
diversity
> 5 x 106
Combinatorial
diversity
6- J genes
27- D genes
> 100- V genes
Number of genes
IgH
Human IG repertoire
>> 1012Further diversification into SHM-shaped repertoire
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IG gene analysis in CLL
IGHV mutation analysis
optimization at two levels
• technical protocol to generate a reliable sequence
- avoid missing sequences
- avoid non-reliable sequence
• interpretation and conclusion to generate a reliable report
- correct clinical interpretation
IG analysis: from patient to sequence
Parameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
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IG gene analysis in CLL
• peripheral blood
• bone marrow (idem)
• lymph node
• other
Survey prev. workshop (n =63)
0
10
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PB BM LN other
Source of cells
other
frozen, paraffin, biopsies
Cell sourceParameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
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EDTA CPT heparinized other
Anticoagulant
• EDTA tubes
• CPT tubes
• heparinized tubes
• other
IG gene analysis in CLL
Survey prev. workshop (n =63)
AnticoagulantParameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
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other
FFPE, whole blood, red cell
lysis, osmotic analysis
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Fi col l cel l susp other
W orkup o f cells
• Ficoll gradient (PB / BM)
• cell suspension of biopsy (e.g.
for flow analysis)
• other
IG gene analysis in CLL
Survey prev. workshop (n =63)
Work-up of cellsParameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
0
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gDNA only RNA / cDNA only both
Nucleic acid
IG gene analysis in CLL
Survey prev. workshop (n =63)
Parameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
• genomic DNA
• RNA / complementary DNA
Type of nucleic acid Quantity of gDNA / RNA
-mostly 100-500 ng gDNA
(range 1 ng – 1 ug)
-mostly 1 ug RNA for cDNA
reaction (range 400 ng – 2 ug)
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advantage disadvantage
gDNA -more optimal for long-distance -unproductive
transport rearrangement can
-use of archival material also be amplified
RNA/cDNA -identifies mostly only -reverse transcription
productive rearrangement step required
-allows isotype identification
no scientific rationale for choosing gDNA or RNA/cDNA
(But advisable to use similar type of nucleic acid in multi-center trials)
IG gene analysis in CLL
Type of nucleic acid
IG gene analysis in CLL
Type of nucleic acid
Unproductive rearrangements are
not restricted to gDNA
RNA / cDNA: 1.6%
gDNA: 13.9%
Single unproductive
RNA / cDNA: 0.4%
gDNA: 0.8%
Langerak, Leukemia 2011
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IG gene analysis in CLL
Type of nucleic acid
Double rearrangements are not
restricted to gDNA
RNA / cDNA: 3.8%
gDNA: 14.8%
RNA / cDNA: ~1/3
gDNA: ~2/3
Langerak, Leukemia 2011
• no need for Taq enzyme with proofreading capacity
• number of independent reactions 1 or 2
(Taq polymerase errors are very rare)
• existing protocols optimized for applied PCR primer sets
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multiplex single both
PCR strategy
IG gene analysis in CLL
Parameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
Survey prev. workshop (n =63)
PCR protocol and Taq polymerase
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L exon – VDJ exon – C exon
LVDJC transcript
Figure from Giudicelli and Lefranc, Ig gene analysis in CLL
IG gene analysis in CLL
Parameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
• IGHV leader primers in 2017 ERIC recommendation
LH (family-specific) – CH (Saohota, Blood 1996)
LH & VH (family-specific) – CH (Fais, J Clin Invest 1998)
• IGHV FR1 primers only in rare circumstances
FR1 consensus – JH (Aubin, Leukemia 1995)
FR1 multiplex – JH (BIOMED-2) (Van Dongen, Leukemia 2003)
• IGHV FR2 / FR3 primers : too short IGHV sequences NOT ACCEPTABLE
(only recommended upon negative leader / FR1 results, due to SHM)
IG gene analysis in CLL
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advantage disadvantage
HD analysis / -unlabeled products -lower detection limit
PAGE allow direct sequencing
GS analysis -higher detection limit -labeled products less
-optimal visualization optimal in sequencing
Clonality testing strategies – preferred methods
• heteroduplex analysis
• high resolution PAGE
• Gene Scan analysis / fragment analysis / spectratyping
• agarose electrophoresis : too low resolution DISCOURAGED
Parameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
IG gene analysis in CLL
Cases A, C, E, F, G
monoallelic
direct sequencing
Case D
bi-allelic
What is the next step ?
• direct sequencing
• single PCR sequencing
• gel excision sequencing
• cloning sequencing
IG gene analysis in CLL
HD interpretation
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Case B
What are possible scenarios ?
a. Small clone below detection limit
follow-up sample
b. Clone is present, but not
recognized different primer set
required
c. Lymphocytosis not due to CLL
clone check immunophenotype
IG gene analysis in CLL
HD interpretation
Direct sequencing
• one product from multiplex PCR
starting from IGHJ / IGHC, then reverse sequencing via IGHV family primer
• one product from single PCR
sequencing via specific primers from both sides
Sequencing after gel excision + elution
• bi-allelic rearrangement : physical separation of products
Sequencing after subcloning
• final option, e.g. physical separation of biallelic rearrangements impossible
0
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direct cloning gel excision
Sequencing strategy
IG gene analysis in CLL
Sequencing strategies
Survey prev. workshop (n =63)
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0
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same nested M13 other
Primers used for sequencing
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forw ard reverse both
Strands sequenced
Parameters
• Material
• Cell source
• Anticoagulant
• Work-up of cells
• Type of nucleic acid
• PCR methodology
• PCR protocol
• Taq polymerase
• PCR primers
• Processing and clonality
• Sequencing
IG gene analysis in CLL
Survey prev. workshop (n =63)
IG gene analysis
Most relevant parameters
• Type of nucleic acid RNA / cDNA and/or gDNA
• PCR primers Leader primers (FR1 only in exceptional cases)
• Clonality analysis PAGE / HD analysis or GeneScan analysis
• Sequencing mostly direct (w or w/o gel excision)
reliable sequence from two strands
Many parameters: no clear scientific rationale for one or the other option
Some strategies show complementary value
Clonality testing is an essential phase in the strategy !
ERIC recommendations
Rosenquist, Leukemia 2017
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IG gene analysis
Rosenquist, Leukemia 2017
ERIC recommendation on report format
IG gene analysis
Rosenquist, Leukemia 2017
ERIC recommendation on report format
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Guidelines on IG gene analysis
IG gene analysis - certification
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IG gene analysis – support service
Acknowledgements
Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala
Richard Rosenquist
Lesley-Ann Sutton
Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris
Fréderic Davi
San Raffaele, Milan
Paolo Ghia
Nikea, Athens/ Piraeus
Chrysoula Belessi
G. Papanicolaou, Thessaloniki
Kostas Stamatopoulos
Anastasia Hadzidimitriou
CEITEC, Brno // University Kiel
Nikos Darzentas
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Kinderdijk, NL
Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
Ruud Meijers Ellen van Gastel Michele van der Klift
Alice Muggen Ingrid Wolvers Irene Groen-van Mourik
Martine Kallemeijn Joyce Schilperoord Tamara Wabeke
Fatemeh Saberi Hosnijeh Kim Heezen
Jorn Assmann Tamara Pesic