Writing MattersWriting Mattersby Rebecca Moore Howardby Rebecca Moore Howard

Thinking and Thinking and Reading CriticallyReading Critically7

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ComprehendingComprehendingPurpose of reading material?Purpose of reading material?

• To informTo inform

• To persuadeTo persuade

• To recordTo record

• To interestTo interest

Can you name some examples for each?Can you name some examples for each?

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ComprehendingComprehendingUnderstanding text takes careful thought.Understanding text takes careful thought.1.1. Preview/scanPreview/scan

• Title/subtitleTitle/subtitle• Abstract/introduction/conclusionAbstract/introduction/conclusion• First sentences and paragraphsFirst sentences and paragraphs• Key termsKey terms• Headings/subheadingsHeadings/subheadings• Figures/illustrationsFigures/illustrations

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ComprehendingComprehendingUnderstanding text takes careful thought.Understanding text takes careful thought.1.1. Preview/scanPreview/scan2. Get the gist2. Get the gist• Read through once from beginning to Read through once from beginning to

end.end.• Circle unfamiliar words or phrases. Circle unfamiliar words or phrases. • After finishing, close the book and After finishing, close the book and

paraphrase (put it in your own words) paraphrase (put it in your own words) from memory.from memory.

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ComprehendingComprehendingUnderstanding text takes careful thought.Understanding text takes careful thought.1.1. Preview/scanPreview/scan2.2. Get the gist/paraphraseGet the gist/paraphrase3.3. Summarize in your own wordsSummarize in your own words• Restate main idea and key support.Restate main idea and key support.• 10% to 50% as long as original.10% to 50% as long as original.• Helps you remember.Helps you remember.• Provides a helpful reference for later Provides a helpful reference for later

writing.writing.

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ComprehendingComprehendingUnderstanding text takes careful thought.Understanding text takes careful thought.1.1. Preview/scanPreview/scan2.2. Get the gist/paraphraseGet the gist/paraphrase3.3. SummarizeSummarize4.4. EnjoyEnjoy

• Think as you read.Think as you read.• Consider details.Consider details.• Note words and phrases.Note words and phrases.• Connect to your life.Connect to your life.

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ReflectingReflecting

Connects reading the text to Connects reading the text to understanding it.understanding it.

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

• DefinitionsDefinitions• Look up words.Look up words.

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

• DefinitionsDefinitions• ConceptsConcepts• Underline all that is interesting, Underline all that is interesting,

important, or difficult.important, or difficult.

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

• DefinitionsDefinitions• ConceptsConcepts• ToneTone• Is the writer sincere? Sarcastic? Is the writer sincere? Sarcastic?

Witty?Witty?

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

• DefinitionsDefinitions• ConceptsConcepts• ToneTone• BiasesBiases• What is the writer’s opinion?What is the writer’s opinion?• What is your opinion?What is your opinion?

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

• DefinitionsDefinitions• ConceptsConcepts• ToneTone• BiasesBiases• FallaciesFallacies• Errors in logic?Errors in logic?• Misleading?Misleading?

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

• DefinitionsDefinitions• ConceptsConcepts• ToneTone• BiasesBiases• FallaciesFallacies• ResponsesResponses• Ask questions.Ask questions.• Note your reactions.Note your reactions.

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

• DefinitionsDefinitions• ConceptsConcepts• ToneTone• BiasesBiases• FallaciesFallacies• ResponsesResponses• ConnectionsConnections• Relate to experience or other textsRelate to experience or other texts

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

Don’t forget footnotes or parenthetical Don’t forget footnotes or parenthetical text.text.

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate

When annotating an image rather than a When annotating an image rather than a text, follow the steps outlined in the Self-text, follow the steps outlined in the Self-Assessment checklist on p. 115 to focus Assessment checklist on p. 115 to focus your efforts. your efforts.

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate 2.2. JournalJournal

• Analyze the writer’s purpose.Analyze the writer’s purpose.• Freewrite your reactions.Freewrite your reactions.• Brainstorm related ideas.Brainstorm related ideas.• Outline the text.Outline the text.• Connect the material to your own Connect the material to your own

ideas.ideas.

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ReflectingReflecting1.1. Annotate Annotate 2.2. JournalJournal

A double-entry journal will help you A double-entry journal will help you avoid plagiarism by keeping your avoid plagiarism by keeping your own ideas separate from the ideas own ideas separate from the ideas you have found in the text. you have found in the text.

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze

To analyze means to break down—to To analyze means to break down—to tear apart and consider components.tear apart and consider components.•What do the parts mean?What do the parts mean?

•How do the parts work together as a whole?How do the parts work together as a whole?

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze

• Consider the major claims.Consider the major claims.• Evidence?Evidence?

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze

• Consider the major claims.Consider the major claims.• Consider the development.Consider the development.

• Counterevidence?Counterevidence?• Sources?Sources?

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze

• Consider the major claims.Consider the major claims.• Consider the development.Consider the development.• Consider the organization.Consider the organization.• Patterns?Patterns?• Classical Classical • Rogerian Rogerian • ToulminToulmin

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze

• Consider the major claims.Consider the major claims.• Consider the development.Consider the development.• Consider the organization.Consider the organization.• Consider the rhetorical appeals.Consider the rhetorical appeals.• Logos?Logos?• Ethos?Ethos?• Pathos?Pathos?

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze

• Consider the major claims.Consider the major claims.• Consider the development.Consider the development.• Consider the organization.Consider the organization.• Consider the rhetorical appeals.Consider the rhetorical appeals.• Consider the tone and style.Consider the tone and style.• What do they indicate about What do they indicate about

purpose? Audience?purpose? Audience?

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze

• Consider the major claims.Consider the major claims.• Consider the development.Consider the development.• Consider the organization.Consider the organization.• Consider the rhetorical appeals.Consider the rhetorical appeals.• Consider the tone and style.Consider the tone and style.• Consider the logical pattern.Consider the logical pattern.• Inductive? Exploratory argument.Inductive? Exploratory argument.• Deductive? Persuasive argument.Deductive? Persuasive argument.

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze2.2. InterpretInterpret

What is the significance?What is the significance?

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze2.2. InterpretInterpret

• AssumptionsAssumptions• OmissionsOmissions• ConclusionsConclusions• InfluencesInfluences• ContextContext

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze2.2. InterpretInterpret3.3. SynthesizeSynthesize

Connect material to the “real world.”Connect material to the “real world.”

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze2.2. InterpretInterpret3.3. SynthesizeSynthesize

• Compare to other textsCompare to other texts• Compare author’s other worksCompare author’s other works• Consider outside forcesConsider outside forces• Connect various ideasConnect various ideas• Claims as evidenceClaims as evidence• Compare to your own understandingCompare to your own understanding

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze2.2. InterpretInterpret3.3. SynthesizeSynthesize4.4. CritiqueCritique

A critique is a A critique is a well-informedwell-informed evaluation, evaluation, positive and/or negative.positive and/or negative.

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze2.2. InterpretInterpret3.3. SynthesizeSynthesize4.4. CritiqueCritique

• EvaluationEvaluation• EvidenceEvidence• Judgments based on analysisJudgments based on analysis• Informed by other texts and/or own Informed by other texts and/or own

knowledge and experienceknowledge and experience

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze2.2. InterpretInterpret3.3. SynthesizeSynthesize4.4. Critique Critique the authorthe author

• What are the author’s goals?What are the author’s goals?• What are the author’s claims?What are the author’s claims?• How credible is the evidence?How credible is the evidence?• What is the author’s expertise?What is the author’s expertise?

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Preparing to WritePreparing to Write1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze2.2. InterpretInterpret3.3. SynthesizeSynthesize4.4. Critique Critique yourselfyourself

• What is your purpose?What is your purpose?• What judgments do you have?What judgments do you have?• What are your readers’ interests?What are your readers’ interests?

Writing MattersWriting Mattersby Rebecca Moore Howardby Rebecca Moore Howard

Thinking and Thinking and Reading CriticallyReading Critically7

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