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Citing Citing ExpertlyExpertly17

Writing MattersWriting Mattersby Rebecca Moore Howardby Rebecca Moore Howardand Amy Rupiper Taggartand Amy Rupiper Taggart

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A citation distinguishes your A citation distinguishes your original work from ideas and original work from ideas and

information drawn from the works information drawn from the works of other writers and researchersof other writers and researchers

But expert But expert rhetorical citation rhetorical citation does does more more

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Your goal for citations should be to Your goal for citations should be to show how your ideas and show how your ideas and

perspectives developed and how perspectives developed and how they relate to the work of other they relate to the work of other

scholars participating in the scholars participating in the conversation around your topicconversation around your topic

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsiblyCitation indicates that your text is Citation indicates that your text is incorporating material from other sourcesincorporating material from other sources•May useMay use• Parenthetical citationsParenthetical citations• Signal phrasesSignal phrases• A combination of bothA combination of both

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly1.1. Parenthetical citations in the MLA Parenthetical citations in the MLA

documentation style includedocumentation style include• The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly1.1. Parenthetical citations in the MLA Parenthetical citations in the MLA

documentation style includedocumentation style include• The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)• The page number(s) from which the The page number(s) from which the

incorporated material is drawn (when that incorporated material is drawn (when that information is available) information is available)

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly1.1. Parenthetical references in MLA Parenthetical references in MLA

citations includecitations include• The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)• The page number(s) from which the The page number(s) from which the

incorporated material is drawn (when that incorporated material is drawn (when that information is available) information is available)

• Use parenthetical references to Use parenthetical references to acknowledge paraphrases and summaries acknowledge paraphrases and summaries of others’ works as well as direct quotationsof others’ works as well as direct quotations

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly1.1. Parenthetical references in MLA Parenthetical references in MLA

citations includecitations include• The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)• The page number(s) from which the The page number(s) from which the

incorporated material is drawn incorporated material is drawn • Use parenthetical references to Use parenthetical references to

acknowledge paraphrases and summaries acknowledge paraphrases and summaries • Insert each reference at the end of the Insert each reference at the end of the

passage containing the source materialpassage containing the source material

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly1.1. Parenthetical references in MLA citations includeParenthetical references in MLA citations include• The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)The last name(s) of the source’s author(s)• The page number(s) The page number(s)

• Use parenthetical references to acknowledge Use parenthetical references to acknowledge paraphrases and summaries paraphrases and summaries

• Insert each reference at the end of the passage Insert each reference at the end of the passage containing the source materialcontaining the source material

References in other documentation References in other documentation styles may include different styles may include different

informationinformation

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly2.2. Signal phrases Signal phrases • couple an identification of the source couple an identification of the source

(usually the author’s name) with a verb (usually the author’s name) with a verb • allow you to signal your sense of the allow you to signal your sense of the

source writer’s intentsource writer’s intent• may use verbs that suggest the source may use verbs that suggest the source

writer’s attitude, position, and purposewriter’s attitude, position, and purpose

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly• Signal phrase verbs Signal phrase verbs • will often be neutral (writes, will often be neutral (writes,

observes, or comments)observes, or comments)• where possible, will indicate attitude where possible, will indicate attitude

(quips, laments, or rails)(quips, laments, or rails)• may indicate position or purpose may indicate position or purpose

(agrees, insists, admits)(agrees, insists, admits)

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly• Avoid ascribing intent with a signal Avoid ascribing intent with a signal

phrase verb where the text does not phrase verb where the text does not clearly suggest itclearly suggest it

• Vary signal phrase verbs to avoid Vary signal phrase verbs to avoid staleness or predictabilitystaleness or predictability

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Integrating Source Material Integrating Source Material ResponsiblyResponsibly

See the Quick Reference box on p. 277 See the Quick Reference box on p. 277 in in Writing MattersWriting Matters for a list of signal for a list of signal

verbs classified by attitude, purpose, and verbs classified by attitude, purpose, and perspectiveperspective

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Showing Source BoundariesShowing Source Boundaries• Quotation marks indicate a source Quotation marks indicate a source

boundary for quoted material.boundary for quoted material.

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Showing Source BoundariesShowing Source Boundaries• Distinguish a paraphrase or summary Distinguish a paraphrase or summary

from your own work by placing the from your own work by placing the signal phrase immediately prior to the signal phrase immediately prior to the phrase, clause, or sentence expressing phrase, clause, or sentence expressing the material drawn from the source.the material drawn from the source.

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Showing Source BoundariesShowing Source Boundaries• Distinguish a paraphrase or summary Distinguish a paraphrase or summary

from your own work by placing the from your own work by placing the signal phrase immediately prior to the signal phrase immediately prior to the phrase, clause, or sentence expressing phrase, clause, or sentence expressing the material drawn from the sourcethe material drawn from the source

• Place the corresponding parenthetical Place the corresponding parenthetical reference at the end to signal reference at the end to signal conclusion of the borrowed material conclusion of the borrowed material and to indicate the page number. and to indicate the page number.

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Showing Source BoundariesShowing Source Boundaries

• When the author’s name is included in When the author’s name is included in the signal phrase, it is omitted from the the signal phrase, it is omitted from the parenthetical reference.parenthetical reference.

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Showing Source BoundariesShowing Source Boundaries

• When citing quoted material from an When citing quoted material from an unpaginated source, include only the unpaginated source, include only the author’s name in the parenthetical author’s name in the parenthetical reference. reference.

• When quoting from an unpaginated When quoting from an unpaginated source, quotation marks indicate the source, quotation marks indicate the source boundary.source boundary.

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Showing Source BoundariesShowing Source Boundaries• When working with paraphrase or When working with paraphrase or

summary of unpaginated material, summary of unpaginated material, describedescribe the author in the signal phrase the author in the signal phrase without explicitly mentioning the name.without explicitly mentioning the name.

• Include the source author’s name in the Include the source author’s name in the parenthetical reference.parenthetical reference.

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Emphasizing Your VoiceEmphasizing Your Voice

The use of a signal phrase with a The use of a signal phrase with a parenthetical reference allow you to parenthetical reference allow you to set off material from sources so set off material from sources so your reader can unambiguously your reader can unambiguously distinguish your ideas and synthesis distinguish your ideas and synthesis from those of your sources’ authorsfrom those of your sources’ authors

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Emphasizing YourEmphasizing Your Voice Voice

To accentuate the distinction To accentuate the distinction between your thoughts and those of between your thoughts and those of your sources’ authors, your sources’ authors, •refer to yourself in first person refer to yourself in first person when offering your insights or when offering your insights or discernments (I believe that . . .”)discernments (I believe that . . .”)

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Emphasizing YourEmphasizing Your Voice Voice

To accentuate the distinction between To accentuate the distinction between your thoughts and those of your sources’ your thoughts and those of your sources’ authors, authors, •refer to yourself in first person refer to yourself in first person •use first person plural to subtly draw the use first person plural to subtly draw the audience into the scholarly conversation audience into the scholarly conversation with you (we note that, in lines 6-10 . . .”)with you (we note that, in lines 6-10 . . .”)

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Emphasizing Your VoiceEmphasizing Your Voice

To accentuate the distinction between To accentuate the distinction between your thoughts and those of your sources’ your thoughts and those of your sources’ authors, authors, •refer to yourself in first person refer to yourself in first person •use first person pluraluse first person plural•refer to your research instead of refer to your research instead of yourself (“Such information suggests an yourself (“Such information suggests an irony . . .”)irony . . .”)

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Emphasizing Your VoiceEmphasizing Your VoiceTo accentuate the distinction between To accentuate the distinction between your thoughts and those of your sources’ your thoughts and those of your sources’ authors, authors, •refer to yourself in first person refer to yourself in first person •use first person pluraluse first person plural•refer to your research instead of refer to your research instead of yourselfyourself•offer commentary on the source offer commentary on the source (“Franklin makes gentle fun of himself by (“Franklin makes gentle fun of himself by noting . . .”)noting . . .”)

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Providing ContextProviding ContextRhetorical citations Rhetorical citations can also tell the can also tell the reader important information about your reader important information about your sources and their authors, allowing you sources and their authors, allowing you to indicateto indicate•why you chose the sourcewhy you chose the source•what kind of source it iswhat kind of source it is•when it was publishedwhen it was published•what its argument iswhat its argument is

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Providing ContextProviding Context1.1. Explaining your choice of sourceExplaining your choice of source• Readers want to know your source’s Readers want to know your source’s

strengths and weaknessesstrengths and weaknesses

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Providing ContextProviding Context1.1. Explaining your choice of sourceExplaining your choice of source• Readers want to know your source’s Readers want to know your source’s

strengths and weaknessesstrengths and weaknesses• Use commentary in the signal phrase Use commentary in the signal phrase

and surrounding text to interpret the and surrounding text to interpret the source’s utility or authority (Gary source’s utility or authority (Gary Wolf provides a wide-ranging Wolf provides a wide-ranging overview . . .)overview . . .)

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Providing ContextProviding Context1.1. Explaining your choice of sourceExplaining your choice of source• Indicate source’s strengths, weaknessesIndicate source’s strengths, weaknesses• Interpret the source’s utility or authority Interpret the source’s utility or authority • Acknowledge shortcomings and assert the Acknowledge shortcomings and assert the

source’s usefulness in embedded source’s usefulness in embedded commentary (Although the article did not commentary (Although the article did not trace the effects of the policy on the trace the effects of the policy on the victims, it did clearly indicate the victims, it did clearly indicate the participants’ foreknowledge . . . ) participants’ foreknowledge . . . )

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Providing ContextProviding Context2.2. Identifying the type of sourceIdentifying the type of source• Include a description in the Include a description in the

signal phrase (Writing in the signal phrase (Writing in the New New York TimesYork Times, Gary Wolf provides a , Gary Wolf provides a wide-ranging . . .)wide-ranging . . .)

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Providing ContextProviding Context3.3. Identifying the date of publicationIdentifying the date of publication• In many fields of study and topics, In many fields of study and topics,

information’s currency is an information’s currency is an important factor in its value to important factor in its value to scholarsscholars• Use a date embedded in the Use a date embedded in the

commentary adjacent to the signal commentary adjacent to the signal phrase (In an article in the August phrase (In an article in the August 2011 issue of . . . )2011 issue of . . . )

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Providing ContextProviding Context4.4. Identify the larger discussion in Identify the larger discussion in

the sourcethe source• The best citations convince the reader that The best citations convince the reader that

the writer has read and understood the the writer has read and understood the intent and probative value of the sourceintent and probative value of the source

• Build a summary into your citation to Build a summary into your citation to indicate how the source functions in your indicate how the source functions in your text (Wolf’s wide-ranging overview of our text (Wolf’s wide-ranging overview of our motives for gathering and sharing data motives for gathering and sharing data about ourselves . . .)about ourselves . . .)

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Integrating Altered QuotationsIntegrating Altered QuotationsWriters may do any of the following Writers may do any of the following in order to gracefully incorporate in order to gracefully incorporate quoted source material:quoted source material:• quote short phrases rather than full quote short phrases rather than full

sentencessentences• add or change words for clarityadd or change words for clarity• change capitalizationchange capitalization• change grammarchange grammar

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Integrating Altered QuotationsIntegrating Altered QuotationsIntegrate quotations smoothlyIntegrate quotations smoothly– Incorporate part of a quotationIncorporate part of a quotation

• Should flow in textShould flow in text• Quoted parts will have quotation marksQuoted parts will have quotation marks

– Add or change wordsAdd or change words• Place new material Place new material

in square brackets in square brackets – Delete portionsDelete portions

• Replace with ellipses Replace with ellipses [ ][ ]

……

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Integrating Altered QuotationsIntegrating Altered Quotations

In no case is it acceptable or change In no case is it acceptable or change a quotation in order to alter its a quotation in order to alter its original meaning or intent.original meaning or intent.

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Citing ExpertlyCiting ExpertlyCitation is not only ethical but rhetoricalCitation is not only ethical but rhetorical•It safeguards you from charges of plagiarismIt safeguards you from charges of plagiarism•It clarifies the relationship of your work to that It clarifies the relationship of your work to that of your sources and their authorsof your sources and their authors•It reveals much about your researching It reveals much about your researching strategy as well as your critical thinking ability strategy as well as your critical thinking ability and your attitude towards your readers, your and your attitude towards your readers, your topic, other writers and yourselftopic, other writers and yourself

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Providing ContextProviding ContextRhetorical citation reveals much Rhetorical citation reveals much about your researching strategy as about your researching strategy as well as your critical thinking ability well as your critical thinking ability and your attitude towards your and your attitude towards your readers, your topic, other writers readers, your topic, other writers and yourself.and yourself.

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Providing ContextProviding Context

Refer to the Self-Assessment Refer to the Self-Assessment checklist on p. 286 of checklist on p. 286 of Writing Writing MattersMatters when revising your drafts, to when revising your drafts, to help you prepare expert rhetorical help you prepare expert rhetorical citations.citations.

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Citing Citing ExpertlyExpertly17

Research MattersResearch Mattersby Rebecca Moore Howardby Rebecca Moore Howardand Amy Rupiper Taggartand Amy Rupiper Taggart