highland park mn bannister dill neg toc round5

7/26/2019 Highland Park MN Bannister Dill Neg TOC Round5

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1nc picWe advocate the practice o the armative, except in the instance o TheUnited States DNA surveiance or on!oin! sexua assaut and murdercases

This competes "iometrics incudes DNA surveiance #ere $%&'in! outo it

(ouse No Date(Margaret, Search Security, What is biometric verifcation?,http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/defnition/biometricverifcation!

)iometric veri*cation is an+ means "+ #hich a person can "e uniue+

identi*ed "+ evauatin! one or more distin!uishin! "ioo!ica traits.Uniue identi*ers incude *n!erprints, hand !eometr+, earo"e !eometr+,

retina and iris patterns, voice #aves, DNA , and si!natures.

-enetic surveiance is .e+ to counter sexua crime and murder

/a+e 0"#avid $. %aye, &enn State 'a )ra*ing #+ #atabases -or &artia*Matches: What is the 0 -raid o-? 12234

cross the g*obe, man+ countries have esta"ished DNA data"ases' coections o

computer'searcha"e records o the DNA pro*es o suspected or

convicted ofenders 25ng*and started the frst nationa* crimina* #+ database in 6337.1 0n the 8nited States, thestate and edera data"asesas combined in the +ationa* #+ 0nde9 System (+#0S! hod overseven miion short tandem repeat 3ST(4 pro*es-rom convicted oenders as e** as a groingnumber o- peop*e ho ere mere*y arrested or detained. ; When investi!ators recover a DNAsampe rom the scene o a crime, the+ can search these data"ases to

discover i an+ o the recorded pro*es match. Such 0n one case, an observant po*ice inspector in in*and noticed a dead mosuito in a sto*en vehic*e. @ )hemosuitoAs body contained human b*ood -rom its *ast mea*. )esting the b*ood against in*andAs database yie*ded a #+ prof*ematch, giving the po*ice a *iBe*y suspect.C

Usin! DNA surveiance in on!oin! rape and murder cases is !ood and anecessar+ evi or pu"ic saet+ that sti imits racist use o dna

Suter 16 (Sonia M. Suter, '' 0+ )$5 M0'D: &E0FGD +# #+ M0'0'S5EG$0+H, $arvard Iourna* o- 'a J )echno*ogy Fo*ume 1;, +umber 1, Spring

1262, http://Ko*t.*a.harvard.edu/artic*es/pd-/v1;.1/1;$arvI')ech;23.pd-!urther, amiia searchin! shoud on+ "e used or the crimes most suscepti"eto resoution throu!h DNA ana+sis.=C= )he anecdotes o- success in -ami*ia* searching cou*d easi*y persuade po*icymaBers that it shou*d be used ide*y and -reuent*y ithout considering the possibi*ity that it may oer on*y margina* benefts in some instances. )hetendency has been to e9pand the reach o- #+ prof*ing broad*y and uicB*y, ithout suLcient consideration as to hether these e9pansions rea**y serve

their intended goa*s or mere*y oer diminishing returns.=C7 Without appropriate imitsand sa-eguards on -ami*ia* searching,#e run the ris. o increasin! the harms o privac+ vioationsandexacer"atin! racia ineuitieshi*e achieving too -e o- its promised benefts. re*ated point is that the


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techniue shoud "e imited to sovin! on+ vioent crimes i.e rape and

murder .=C> or one reason, these are oten the .inds o crimes or #hich DNA

pro*in! is particuar+ efective . 0n addition, it is the resoution o such serious

crimes th at ofers the !reatest pu"ic saet+ . )o put it dierent*y, amiia searches inthese contexts most satisactori+ u* the reuirementthat the prima -acie duty to

protect the pu"icis serious and eighty enou!h to 7usti+ the vioation o the primaacie duties to protect the privac+ and civi i"ert+ interests o thoseafected "+ amiia searchin!.=C@


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1nc .Their historica ana+sis o "ac. suferin! i!nores the primac+ o capitaistexpoitation this ractures efective coaitions a!ainst capitaism&asca* (o"ert 18, 'ayer, Go-ounder o- the $aitian *oggersA Gaucus, )heEeactionary +ature o- *acB &o*itics, .huLngtonpost.com/pasca*robert/thereactionarynatureo-b;1>227=.htm*

The main vehice ao#in! this constant socia and poitica demo"ii9ationo the )ac. communit+ stems rom the pro"ematic reait+ that )ac.poitics has traditiona+ "een !rounded in a pure+ reactionar+ responseto the phenomenon o racism particu*ar*y ithout a c*ear understanding o- the purpose o- racism in itsapp*ication to *acBs. )his stems -rom a -ai*ure to understand basic Bey aspects o- the re*ationship o- *acBs to merica and racism,most*y because the sheer terror used under the guise o- racism to maintain the prevai*ing order has been so atrocious that thepo*itica* -ocus by *acBs has been to concentrate on that terror and attempts to neutra*iNe it ithout tru*y addressing its root cause.

rom the beginning, :uropeans did not "rin! Aricans to the Americas "ecause the+#ere racist The+ "rou!ht Aricans to the Americas to expropriate a"orrom them as #or.ers in an economic s+stemthat denied compensation -or that *abor to

ma9imiNe return on investment -or the presence o- those -ricans. The unction o )ac. peope inAmerica #as an innate+ economic one -rom the start rooted in a po*itics that as based on protecting

the sanctity o- that economic re*ationship. ** the terror and "rutait+ used to maintain thats+stem #as pure+ anciar+ to the !oa o protectin! that economics+stem o expoitin! ree )ac. a"or. Det many *acBs, even educated ones, i** say that 5uropeansbrought -ricans to the mericas because o- racism and White Supremacy. (acism is mere+ the rationaeand tactic used to 7usti+ that expoitative economic reationship , andWhite Supremac+ is the su"seuent accrued "ene*t o the successumaintenance o that reationship '' in var+in! de!rees '' over time. per-ecte9amp*e o- ho these rea*ities are con-used can easi*y be shon by attempting to ascertain -rom most peop*e hat theactua purpose and unction o ;im &ro# Se!re!ation, hich started ith the consummation

o- &*essy v. erguson in 6C3>, and *asted to the end o- the Givi* Eights 5ra in 63>C, actua**y as.


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o"soete. ence, the need or the disenranchisementand re*ated oppression "ecamemore a"out orm rather than su"stanceBsecond, the rise o iterand +aNismmade the notion o race'"ased excusionin the 8nited Stated unpaata"e, particu*ar*y inthe -ace o- $it*erAs antisemitismO third+, the &od War era and the ear o Americanracism "ein! an o"stace to the competitive advanta!e over the Soviet

Union in #innin! the hearts and minds o the ne#+ independent )ac.,)ro#n, and Ceo# third #ord #oud rapid+ assure dese!re!ation andendin! ;im &ro# "ein! an American primar+ domestic a!enda. s -rican mericanpo*itica* science pro-essor do*ph Eeed, Ir. states in his essay


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or e** over to decades e have itnessed the Kubi*ant *ibera* and conservative pronouncements o- the demise

o- socia*ism. Goncomitant*y, histor+2s presumed aiure to dean!e9isting capitaistreations has "een readby many se*-identifed radica*sR as an advertisement orcapitaism2s inevita"iit+s a resu*t, the chorus rerain GThere %s NoAternative, sung by *ibera*s and conservatives, has "een "uttressed "+ the s+mphon+o post'


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p*ura*ism that inorms the Gpoitics o diference %ta*so reuires chaen!in!

the uestiona"e assumptions that have come to constitute the core o

contemporar+ Gradicatheory, peda!o!+ and po*itics. %n terms o efectin!

chan!e, #hat is needed is a co!ent understandin! o the s+stemic nature

o expoitation and oppression "ased on theprecepts o- a radica poitica

econom+ approach(out*ined above! and one that incorporates Mar9As notion o- unity in dierenceR inhich peop*e share ide*y common materia* interests. Such an understandin! extends ar"e+ond the ream o theor+, -or the manner in hich e choose to interpret and e9p*ore the socia*

or*d, the concepts and rame#or.s #e use to express our sociopoitica

understandin!s, are more than 7ust a"stract cate!ories The+ imp+intentions, or!ani9ationa practices, and poitica a!endas %denti+in!cass ana+sis as the "asis or ourunderstandings and c*ass stru!!eas the basis -or po*itica*

trans-ormation impies somethin! uite diferent than constructin!a sense o-

poitica a!enc+ around issues o race, ethnicit+, !ender , etcGontrary toShaBespeareAs assertion that a rose by any other name ou*d sme** as seet,R it shou*d be c*ear that this is not the

case in po*itica* matters. Eather, in poitics Gthe essenceo- the oer ies in the name "+

#hich it is caed(annerKi, 1222, p. =6!. The tas. or pro!ressivestoday is to sei9ethe moment and pant the seeds or a poitica a!enda that is !rounded inhistorica possi"iitiesand in-ormed by a vision committed to overcoming e9p*oitative conditions.These seeds, e ou*d argue, must "e derived romthe tree o- radica poiticaeconom+ @orthe vast maKority o- peop*e todayUpeope o a Gracia cassi*cations oridentities , a !enders and sexua orientationsFthe common rame oreerencearcing across dierenceR, the concerns and aspirations that are most ide*y shared arethose thatare rooted inthe common experience o ever+da+ ieshaped and constrained"+ poitica econom+(Eeed, 1222, p. 99vii!. Whie post'


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c*oaB o- g*oba*iNedR capita*. 0t ca**s -or the trans-ormation o- those conditions that have prevented the bu*B o-

humanBind -rom -u*f**ing its potentia*. %t vestsits hope or chan!e in the deveopment ocritica consciousness and socia a!ents #ho ma.e histor+, a*though not a*ays inconditions o- their choosing. )he po*itica* goa* o- socia*ist humanism is, hoever, not a resting in dierenceR butrather the emancipation o- dierence at the *eve* o- human mutua*ity and reciprocity.R )his ou*d be a step -orard-or the discovery or creation o- our rea* dierences hich can on*y in the end be e9p*ored in reciproca* aysR

(5ag*eton, 633>, p. 612!. bove a** e*se, the endurin! reevance o a radica sociaist

peda!o!+ and poitics is the centrait+ it accords to the interro!ation o

capitaism We can no *onger aord to remain indierent to the horror and savagery committed by capita*istAsbarbaric machinations. We need to reco!ni9e that capitaist democrac+ isunrescua"+ contradictor+ in its o#n se'constitutionGapita*ism and democracycannot be trans*ated into one another ithout pro-ound eorts at manu-acturing empty idea*ism. &ommittedHetists must unreentin!+ cutivate a democratic sociaist visionthat re-uses to-orget the retched o- the earth,R the chi*dren o- the damned and the victims o- the cu*ture o- si*enceUa tasBhich reuires more than abstruse convo*utions and striBing ironic poses in the agnostic arena o- signi-ying

practices. Hetists musti**uminate the *itt*e shops o- horror that *urB beneath g*oba*iNationRsR shiny -aZadeOthey must chaen!e the true GevisR that are maniest inthe tentac*es o- !o"acapitaism2s reachnd, more than this, Hetists must search or the crac.s in the

edi*ce o !o"ai9ed capitaism and shine i!ht on those *ssures that !ive"irth to aternatives Sociaismtoday, undoubted*y, runs a!ainst the !rain o

received #isdom, "ut its vision o a vast+ improved and reerarran!ement o socia reations "ec.ons on the hori9on %ts un#ritten textis nascent in the presenteven as it e9ists among the -ragments o- history and the shards o- distantmemories. 0ts potentia* remains untapped and its promise needs to be redeemed.


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1nc daSurveiance chec.s nu.e terror attac. no#

$itten!er 1M 8S Eep. Eobert &ittenger, chair o- Gongressiona* )asB orce on )errorism,ipartisan bi** on +S data co**ection protects both privacy and nationa* security Washington59aminer, >/3/6=, http://ashingtone9aminer.com/rep.robertpittengerbipartisanbi**onnsadata

co**ectionprotectsbothprivacyandnationa*security/artic*e/17=3=7>?customc*icB[rssJutmcampaign[WeeB*y\Standard\Story\o9Jutmsource[eeB*ystandard.comJutmmedium[re-erra*

)his ebruary, 0 too. that uestion to a meetin! o :uropean Am"assadorsat theYrganiNation -or Security and Gooperation in 5urope. #uring the con-erence, 0 asBed three uestions: 6. What is the current

or*dide terrorist threat? 1. What is mericaRs ro*e in addressing and mitigating this threat? ;. What roe doesintei!ence data coection pa+ in this process, given the mu*tip*e patorms or attac.

incudin!physica* assets, c+"er, chemica*, "ioo!ica , nucear and the eectric!rid :ach am"assador ac.no#ed!edthe threat #as !reater toda+ than

"eore 0>11, #itha* Vaeda and other e9treme 0s*amist terroristsstron!er, moresophisticated, andhaving a doNen or more trainin! camps throughout the Midd*e 5astand -rica. As to the roe o the United States, the+ et our eforts #ere

primar+ and essentia orpeace and securit+ around the #ord (e!ardin!the

inte*igence!atherin!, their consensus #as, OWe #ant privac+, "ut #e must

have +our intei!ence . s a 5uropean -oreign minister stated to me, Without 8.S. inte** igence, e are b*ind.

We cannot +ied tothose oud "ut mis!uided voices #ho vie# the #ord asvoid o thedead*y and destructive intentions o unre*enting terrorists The num"er oterrorism'reated deaths #ord#ide dou"ed beteen 1261 and 126;, Kumping -rom 62,222 to12,222 in Kust one year. No# is not the time to stand do#n Those #ho em"race an

atruistic #ordvie# shoud remem"er that vi!iance and stren!th have

deterred our enemies in the past. That same commitment is reuiredtoday to

deeat those #ho see. to destro+ us and our ay o- *i-e. We must ma.ecare-u*, prudentuse o a avaia"e technoo!+ to counter their sophisticated operationsi-e are to maintain our -reedom and *iberties.

)iometrics are !ro#in! no# "ut continued support is .e+ the+re .e+ tocounterterror

Wood#ard L (Iohn, -ormer G0 operations oLcer and senior po*icy ana*yst atE+#, iometrics: acing 8p )o )errorism, E+# rroyo Genter, 1227,http://.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/issuepapers/1227/0&16C.pd-!

As the nation recovers rom the attac.s o Septem"er 11, K661, #e must

rededicate our eforts to prevent an+ such terrorist acts in the uture

Athou!h terrorism can never "e compete+ eiminated, #e , as a nation,can ta.e additiona steps to counter it We must e9p*ore many options in this endeavor. mong them, e shou*d e9amine theuse o- emerging "iometric technoo!iesthat can hep improve pu"ic saet+ . Whi*e there is no easy,

-oo*proo- technica* f9 to counter terrorism,the use o "iometric technoo!ies mi!ht hep ma.e

America a saer pace O)iometricsP reers to the use o a personsph+sica characteristics or persona traits to identi+, or veri+ the caimed
http://washingtonexaminer.com/rep.-robert-pittenger-bipartisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-protects-both-privacy-and-national-security/article/2549456?custom_click=rss&utm_campaign=Weekly+Standard+Story+Box&utm_source=weeklystandard.com&utm_medium=referralhttp://washingtonexaminer.com/rep.-robert-pittenger-bipartisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-protects-both-privacy-and-national-security/article/2549456?custom_click=rss&utm_campaign=Weekly+Standard+Story+Box&utm_source=weeklystandard.com&utm_medium=referralhttp://washingtonexaminer.com/rep.-robert-pittenger-bipartisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-protects-both-privacy-and-national-security/article/2549456?custom_click=rss&utm_campaign=Weekly+Standard+Story+Box&utm_source=weeklystandard.com&utm_medium=referralhttp://washingtonexaminer.com/rep.-robert-pittenger-bipartisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-protects-both-privacy-and-national-security/article/2549456?custom_click=rss&utm_campaign=Weekly+Standard+Story+Box&utm_source=weeklystandard.com&utm_medium=referralhttp://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/issue_papers/2005/IP218.pdfhttp://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/issue_papers/2005/IP218.pdfhttp://washingtonexaminer.com/rep.-robert-pittenger-bipartisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-protects-both-privacy-and-national-security/article/2549456?custom_click=rss&utm_campaign=Weekly+Standard+Story+Box&utm_source=weeklystandard.com&utm_medium=referralhttp://washingtonexaminer.com/rep.-robert-pittenger-bipartisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-protects-both-privacy-and-national-security/article/2549456?custom_click=rss&utm_campaign=Weekly+Standard+Story+Box&utm_source=weeklystandard.com&utm_medium=referralhttp://washingtonexaminer.com/rep.-robert-pittenger-bipartisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-protects-both-privacy-and-national-security/article/2549456?custom_click=rss&utm_campaign=Weekly+Standard+Story+Box&utm_source=weeklystandard.com&utm_medium=referral


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identit+ o, that individuaingerprints, -aces, voices, and handritten signatures are a** e9amp*es o- characteristics that have been used to

identi-y us in this ay. )iometric'"ased s+stems provide automatic , near+

instantaneous identi*cation o a person "+ convertin! the "iometricUa fngerprint,-or e9amp*eUinto di!ita orm and then comparin! it a!ainst a computeri9eddata"ase 0n this ay, fngerprints, -aces, voices, iris and retina* images o- the eye, hand geometry, and signature dynamics can no be used to identi-y us, or to

authenticate our c*aimed identity, uicB*y and accurate*y. )hese biometric techno*ogies may seem e9otic, but their use is becoming increasing*y common. 0n Ianuary 1222,


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ue stora!e aciities and do9ens o ar!e radioactive materias stora!eaciities ocated near"+)he past -e years have seen signifcant eorts made to enhanceorganiNationa* and physica* aspects o- security at -aci*ities, especia**y at nuc*ear poer p*ants. 5orts havea*so been made to improve security cu*ture. ut these eorts do not prec*ude the

possibi*ity that #e'trained terrorists ma+ "e a"e to penetrate nucear

aciities .Some estimates sho that sabotage o- a research reactor in a metropo*ismay e9pose hundreds o- thousands to high doses o- radiation. -ormidab*e part o-the city ou*d become uninhabitab*e -or a *ong time. Y- a** the scenarios, it is bui*ding animprovised nuc*ear device by terrorists that poses the ma9imum risB. There are noen!ineerin! pro"ems that cannot "e soved i terrorists decide to "uid asimpe O!un't+peP nucear device0n-o rmation on the design o- such devices, ase** as imp*osiontype devices, is avai*ab*e in the pub*ic domain. 0t is the acuisition o-eaponsgrade uranium that presents the so*e serious obstac*e. #espite numerous preventive measures taBen, e

cannot ru*e out the possibi*ity that such materia*s can be bought on the b*acB marBet. Thet

o #eapons'!rade uranium is aso possi"e . Eesearch reactor -ue* is

considered to be particu*ar*y vu*nerab*e to the-t, as it is scattered at sites in doNens

o- countries. )here are about 622 research reactors in the or*d that run oneaponsgrade uranium -ue*, according to the 0nternationa* tomic 5nergy gency(05!. terrorist guntype uranium bomb can have a yie*d o- *east 6267 Bt,

hich is compara"e to the +ied o the "om" dropped on iroshima .)he

e9p*osion o- such a bomb in a modern metropo*is can Bi** and ound hundreds o-thousands and cause serious economic damage. )here i** a*so be *ongtermsociopsycho*ogica* and po*itica* conseuences. )he vast maKority o- states have

introducedunprecedentedsecurity and surveiance measures at transportation and

other *argesca*e pub*ic -aci*ities ater the terrorist attac.s in the United States, Hreatritain, 0ta*y, and other countries. )hese measures have proved burdensome -or the countriesR popu*ations, but the

pub*ic has accepted them as necessary. nuc*ear terrorist attacB i** maBe the pub*ic accept

-urther measures meant to enhance contro* even i- these measures signifcant*yrestrict the democratic *iberties they are accustomed to. uthoritarian states cou*dbe e9pected to adopt even more restrictive measures. 0- a nuc*ear terrorist act occurs,nations i** de*egate tens o- thousands o- their secret servicesR best personne* toinvestigate and attribute the attacB. Eadica* 0s*amist groups are among thosecapab*e o- such an act. We can imagine hat ou*d happen i- they do so, given the antiMus*imsentiments and resentment that conventiona* terrorist attacBs by 0s*amists havegenerated in deve*oped democratic countries. Mass deportation o- the nonindigenous popu*ation and severe sanctions ou*d -o**o such an attacB in hat i**cause vioent protests in the


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conc*ude that nuc*ear terrorism shou*d be p*aced on top o- the *ist. The threat o nucear terrorism

is rea, and a successu nucear terrorist attac. #oud ead to a radica

transormation o the !o"a order . ** o- the threats on the revised *ist must become a subKecto- thorough studies by e9perts. States need to orB hard to -orge a common understanding o- these threats anddeve*op a strategy to combat them.


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1nc t su"sOSu"stantia+P means M6Q ''' strict uanti*cation avoids va!uenessSch#art9 M(rthur, 'ayer P SchartN \ Ho*dberg, 1221 8.S. rie-s 6>23, 'e9is!

0n the opinion be*o, the )enth Gircuit suggested that a percentage fgure ou*d be a #a+ to

avoid va!ueness issues . (&et. pp., at 6;6=! 0ndeed, one o- the mici supporting the Gity in this case,the merican &*anning ssociation, produced a pub*ication that actua**y maBes arecommendation o- a percentage fgurethat shou*d be adopted by municipa*ities in estab*ishing Noning"];@4 regu*ations -or adu*t businesses. nC)he & As e** researched report recommended that the

terms !

The US popuation is 8K1,L8R,1R peope'''the pan has to decreasesurveiance on 1L6 miion peope

US &ensus 1L, updated on ugust 6@, http://.census.gov/popc*ocB/

The United States popuation on Au!ust 1, 1267 #as= 8K1,L8R,1R

ote ne! or imits'''the+ expode the topic to incude sma decreases insurveiance'''curtaiin! surveiance on onlyspeci*c !roups or individuas"ecomes via"e af areas'''ma.es it impossi"e to "e ne!ative and su"setsno'in. an+ ne! ofense


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1nc t *saDomestic surveiance is de*ned "+ e!a authori9ation the+ must curtaisurveiance expicit+ authori9ed "+ @%SA the pan vioates "ecausethe+re a orm o a# enorcement

E2&onnor G1L")homas E. YAGonnor, ssociate &ro-essor o- Iustice Studies at+orth Garo*ina Wes*eyan Go**ege, ho*ds a &h.#. in Grimino*ogy -rom 0ndiana8niversity o- &ennsy*vania, 1267, , page >1C4

Some nations, even Western democracies such as Hreat ritain and Hermany, e9tend a great dea* o- discretion to their inte**igence services in monitoring

their on citiNens, but the 8nited States has -o**oed a dierent path. @%SA , mentioned previous*y, a uthori9es surveiance

oUS citi9ens on*y i the activitiesdraing suspicion are notactivities nor'ma+ protected

"+ the @irst Amendmento- the Gonstitution. @%SA is themain exception to the rue that

surveiance orintei!ence purposes shoud "e re!uated in the same #a+

as surveiance or a# enorcement purposes. 0n e9istence since 63@C, @%SA provides -or

the c*andestine surveiance o citi9ens and authori9es intercepts, taps, "u!s , and

since 633=, physica* searches. An executive "ranch a!enc+ must initiate the processoreuestin! such action. district court (in the Washington, #.G., area! then ho*ds a c*osed session to decide i- the governmentshou*d have the authority to conduct such survei**ance. )his c*osed session is re-erred to as the oreign 0nte**igence Survei**ance Gourt, or 0SG. Theexecu'tive "ranch su"mits its case to @%S& #henever nationa securit+

demands domestic surveiance

ote ne!

a4 imits Their af opens the Iood!ates to an unmana!ea"+ ar!enum"er o other pans that curtai monitorin! in sectors i.eagriculture, banking, education, environment, etcHimits incentivi9emore nuanced research #hich is the oundation or productivede"ate )road interpretations sa"ota!e cash and su"vert education

"4 !round We ose core !enerics the W+den counterpan, the TerrorDA, the @ive :+es DA, surveiance critiues, etc


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case


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dou"e turnThe 1A& -um"s evidence the+ read endorses a poitics o uturism andOaterieP endorses surviva as the primar+ peda!o!+ and radica act tochaen!e anti"ac.ness

"*icia -um"s, K616We can *earn to mother ourse*ves , the ueer surviva* o-b*acB -eminism 63>C633> pp. 323>4

Surviva*. )he condition o- bare *i-e. )he mytho*ogy o- dierentia* ftness. )he continuity o- property and properties. ut surviva* is more than this. Surviva*,as it emerges as a Bey ord in the theory and poetics o- udre 'orde and Iune Iordan is a poetic term. 0t provides the basis -or the reconsideration o- its

on meaning, and the reconsideration o- the meaning o- *i-e, that hich surviva* ueer*y e9tends despite everything. Surviva is a

peda!o!+ : secret and -orbidden Bno*edge that e pass on, educating each other into a set o- sBi**s and be*ie-s based on the ueer premisethat our *ives are va*uab*e in a ay that the economiNation o- our *abor, and the price o- our esh in the marBet o- racism deny. Surviva* is a mode o-inuiry, providing a repertoire o- critica* insights, gained -rom discerning hat approach to a po*itica* and economic -rameorB e can aord -rom one

moment to the ne9t. Surviva is an aterie O by continuing to e9ist e cha**enge the processes that someho -ai*ed to Bi** us this

time. Surviva* is a per-ormance, a set o- aesthetic invocations that produce be*ie- and resonance. Surviva is a poetic

intervention into the simp*istic conc*usion o- the po*itica* narrative: e ere never meant to survive. )he e that as never meant tosurvive is a cha**enge to the gospe* o- individua*ism. )he content o- that e is at staBe because surviva* redefnes ho e are. or those o- us hoconstitute the co**ection o- peop*e addressed by udre 'ordeRs 'itany -or Surviva*, the meanings o- our *ives have been s*andered ithin an economy

that uses narratives o- racia* in-eriority, gender determinism, and se9ua* subKectivity to deva*ue our bodies, our breathing, our time. 0- e are survivors,

#ho O#eP are is the uestion o surviva , and hether e survive depends on the generation o- a set o-re*ationships that prioritiNes ho e are to each other through our ueer acts o- *oving the possib*e co**ectivity represented in each o- our bodies.1

Surviva is a ueer act or oppressed communities because it interrupts the socia* reproduction o-

the sanctioned deaths o- those ho ere never meant to survive. 0n this chapter 0 argue that surviva as a act, a

possi"iit+, an act, a tactic and an approach, is a perormative and poetic

intervention into a meanin! o ie that the narrative o- capita*ism reproduces: the be*ie- that a dierentia* monetaryva*ue can be assigned to the very time o- our *ives and our *abor based on stories about hat race, gender, c*ass, p*ace, abi*ity and -ami*y mean.

This turns the af a direct contradiction #ith their 1A& Warrens evidenceendorsement o "ac. nihiism

Ga*vin '. Warren(ssistant &ro-essor o- merican Studies at Heorge Washington

8niversity! Spring K61L"*acB +ihi*ism and the &o*itics o- $ope GE: )he +eGentennia* Eevie ^ Fo*ume 67, +umber 6, Spring 1267, muse, *oghry4

)hroughout this essay, 0 have argued that the &o*itics o- hope preserve metaphysica* structures that sustain b*acB suering. )his preservation amounts toan e9p*oitation o- hopeUhen the &o*itica* co*oniNes the spiritua* princip*e o- hope and puts it in the service o- e9tending the i** to poer o- an anti

b*acB "5nd &age 1=14 organiNation o- e9istence. The $oitics o hope, then, is "ound up #ithmetaph+sica vioence, and this vioence masuerades as a OsoutionP to

the pro"em o anti'"ac.ness. )empora* *inearity, perection, "etterment, stru!!e ,

orB, and utopian -uturity are conceptua instruments o the $oitica that #inever

o"viate "ac. suferin! oranti'"ac. vioence O these concepts on+ serve to

reproduce the conditions that render existence un"eara"e or "ac.s. &o*itica*

theo*ogians and "ac. optimists avoid the immediac+ o "ac. suferin!, the horror o- antib*acBpu*veriNation, and pace reie in a Onot'+et'"ut'is 3ma+"e4'to'come'socia orderP

that, itse*-, can do itte more "utadmonish "ac.s to survive to .eep

stru!!in! . &o*itica* hope becomes a vicious and abusive cyc*e o- strugg*eUit mirrors the 'acanian drive, and e encirc*e an obKect (b*acB-reedom, Kustice, re*ie-, redress, eua*ity, etc.! that is inaccessib*e because it doesnRt rea**y e9ist. )he po*itica* theo*ogian and b*acB optimist, then, proposea co**ective Iouissance as an anser to b*acB sueringUfnding the Koy in strugg*e, the victory in toi*, and the satis-action in ineLcacious action. Wecontinue to strugg*e and orB as b*acB youth are s*aughtered dai*y, b*acB bodies are incarcerated as -orms o- capita*, b*acB in-ant morta*ity rates aresoaring, and hunger is disab*ing the bodies, minds, and spirits o- desperate b*acB youth. 0n short, these conditions are deep metaphysica* prob*emsUthesadistic p*easure o- metaphysica* dominationUand orB and strugg*e avoid the terri-ying -act that the or*d depends on b*acB death to sustain itse*-.*acB nihi*ism attempts to breaB this driveUto stop it in its tracBs, as it ereUand to end the cyc*e o- insanity that po*itica* hope perpetuates.


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The incusion o )ac. nihiism in the 1A& means the+ cant sove their af

Ga*vin '. Warren(ssistant &ro-essor o- merican Studies at Heorge Washington8niversity! Spring K61L"*acB +ihi*ism and the &o*itics o- $ope GE: )he +eGentennia* Eevie ^ Fo*ume 67, +umber 6, Spring 1267, muse, *oghry4

)ac. nihiism is a Odem+thi+in!P practice, in the +ietNschean vein, that uncovers thesu"7u!atin! strate!ies o poitica hopeand deidea*iNes its -antastica* obKect. Ynce e denude poiticahopeo- its a9io*ogica* and ethica* veneer, e see that it operates throu!hcertain strategies: 6! positin! itse as

the on+ aternative to the pro"em o anti'"ac.ness,1! shiedin! this

aternative"5nd &age 1164 romri!orous historica>phiosophica critiue by p*acing it in an

unBnon -uture, ;! de*imiting the fe*d o- action to inc*ude on*y activity recogniNed and *egitimated by the &o*itica*, and=! demoni9in!critiues or diferent phiosophica perspectives.


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"a+atTheir theor+ o po#er is rom a resistance paradi!m #hichassumes po#er is a Iuid ideoo!ica capita that circuatesree+ #ith our decarations that underestimates the state as

a *xed +et Iexi"e node o po#er #hich means their modecauses cooption ocatin! the state as a .e+ varia"e oana+sis is .e+ to create actiona"e .no#ed!e and or!ani9ecoective action)a+at, Socio*ogy &ro- Q 8niversity o- 0**inois, 18

(se-, 'i-e s &o*itics: $o Yrdinary &eop*e Ghange the Midd*e 5ast, pp. =6=7!

The dearth o conventiona coective actionU in par tic u *ar, contentious protests among thesuba*tern groups (the poor, peasants, and omen! in the deve*oping countries, together ith a disi**usionment ith dominant

socia*ist parties, pushed man+radica* observers to OdiscoverP and hi!hi!ht diferent

t+pes o activism, hoever sma** sca*e, *oca*, or even individua*istic. Such a uest, meanhi*e, both contributed to and

benef ted -rom the upsurge o- theoretica* perspectives, during the 63C2s, associated ith poststructuraismthat

made micropoitics and Oever+da+ resistanceP a popuaridea. Iames ScottRs departure,during the 63C2s, -rom a structura*ist position in studying the behavior o- the peasantry in sia to a more ethnographic method o--ocusing on individua* reactions o- peasants contributed considerab*y to this paradigm shi-t .1@ 0n the meantime, oucau*tRsdecentered notion o- poer, together ith a reviva* o- neo Hramscian po*itics o- cu*ture (hegemony!, served as a Bey theoretica*bacBing -or micropo*itics, and thus the re sis tance perspective. )he notion o- re sis tance came to stress that poer andcounterpoer ere not in binary opposition, but in a decoup*ed, comp*e9, ambiva*ent, and perpetua* dance o- contro*.1C 0t baseditse*- on the oucau*dian idea that herever there is poer there is re sis tance, a*though the *atter consisted *arge*y o- sma**sca*e, everyday, tiny activities that the agents cou*d a ord to articu*ate given their po *iti ca* constraints. Such a perception o- re sistance penetrated not on*y peasant studies, but a variety o- f e*ds, inc*uding *abor studies, identity po*itics, ethnicity, omenRsstudies, education, and studies o- the urban suba*tern. )hus, mu*tip*e researchers discussed ho re*ating stories about mirac*esgives voice to pop u *ar re sis tance13O ho disen-ranchised omen resisted patriarchy by re*ating -o*Bta*es and songs or bypretending to be possessed or craNyO;2 ho reviving e9tended -ami*y among the urban pop u *ar c*asses represented an avenue o-po *iti ca* participation.;6 )he re*ationships beteen the i*ipino bar gir*s and estern men ere discussed not simp*y in terms o-tota* domination, but in a comp*e9 and contingent -ashionO;1 and the vei*ing o- the Mus*im orBing oman has been represented

not in simp*e terms o- submission, but in ambiva*ent terms o- protest and co optationU hence, an accommodating protest.;;0ndeed, on occasions, both vei*ing and unvei*ing ere simu*taneous*y considered as a symbo* o- re sis tance. 8ndoubted*y, such anattempt to grant agency to the subKects that unti* then ere depicted as passive poor, submissive omen, apo *iti ca* peasant,and oppressed orBer as a positive deve*opment. )he re sis tance paradigm he*ps to uncover the comp*e9ity o- poer re*ationsin society in genera*, and the po*itics o- the suba*tern in par tic u *ar. 0t te**s us that e may not e9pect a universa*iNed -orm o-strugg*eO that tota*iNing pictures o-t en distort variations in peop*eRs perceptions about changeO that *oca* shou*d be recogniNed as asignif cant site o- strugg*e as e** as a unit o- ana*ysisO that or ga niNed co**ective action may not be possib*e everyhere, and thusa*ternative -orms o- strugg*es must be discovered and acBno*edgedO that or ganiNed protest as such may not necessari*y beprivi*eged in the situations here suppression ru*es. )he va*ue o- a more e9ib*e, sma** sca*e, and unbureaucratic activism shou*d,there-ore, be acBno*edged.;= )hese are some o- the issues that critiues o- poststructura*ist advocates o- re sis tance ignore.;7

Det a num"er oconceptua andpoitica pro"ems a*so emer!e rom this

paradi!m. )he immediate troub*e is ho to conceptua*iNe re sis tance, and its re*ation to poer, domination, and submission.Iames Scott seems to be c*ear about hat he means by the term: G*ass re sis tance inc*udes any act(s! by member(s! o- asubordinate c*ass that is or are intended either to mitigate or deny c*aims (-or e9amp*e, rents, ta9es, prestige! made on that c*ass bysuperordinate c*asses (-or e9amp*e, *and*ords, *arge -armers, the state! or to advance its on c*aims (-or e9amp*e, orB, *and,

charity, respect! vis_ vis these superordinate c*asses.;> "emphasis added4 $oever, the phrase Oan+ actP

"oc.sdeineatin! "et#een uaitative+ diverse orms o activitiesthat Scott

*ists. Are #e not to distin!uish "et#een ar!e' scae coective action andindividua acts, sa+, o tax dod!in! Do recitin! poetr+ in private, hoeversubversive sounding, and en!a!in! in armed stru!!e haveidentica vaueShou*d e note9pect uneua* a ectivity and imp*ications -rom such di erent acts? Scott as aare o- this, and so agreed ith those ho hadmade distinctions beteen di erent types o- resistanceU -or e9amp*e, rea* re sis tance re-ers to or ga niNed, systematic, prep*anned or se* ess practices ith revo*utionary conseuences, and toBen re sis tance points to unor ga niNed incidenta* actsithout any revo*utionary conseuences, and hich are accommodated in the poer structure.;@ Det he insisted that the toBen resis tance is no *ess rea* than the rea* re sis tance. ScottRs -o**oers, hoever, continued to maBe -urther distinctions. +athan


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ron, in studying peasant po*itics in 5gypt, -or instance, identif es three -orms o- po*itics: atomistic (po*itics o- individua*s andsma** groups ith obscure content!, communa* (a group e ort to disrupt the system, by s*oing don production and the *iBe!, and

revo*t ( Kust short o- revo*ution to negate the system!.;C eyond this, man+ resistance #riterstend to

conuse an a#areness a"out oppression#ithacts o resistance a!ainst it .)he -act that poor omen sing songs about their p*ight or ridicu*e men in their private gatherings indicates their understanding o-

gender dynamics. This does not mean, hoever, that the+ are invoved in acts o

resistanceB neither are the mirace stories o the poor ur"anites #hoima!ine the saints to come and punish the stron!. Such an understandin!

o OresistanceP ais to capture the extreme+ compex interpa+ o

conIict and consent, and ideas and action, operatin! #ithin s+stems o po#er .

0ndeed, the in. "et#een consciousness and action remains a ma7orsocio*ogica* diemma .;3 Scott maBes it c*ear that re sis tance is an intentiona* act. 0n Weberian tradition, he taBes themeaning o- action as a crucia* e*ement. )his intentiona*ity, hi*e signif cant in itse*-, obvious*y *eaves out many types o- individua*and co**ective practices hose intended and unintended conseuences do not correspond. 0n Gairo or )ehran, -or e9amp*e, manypoor -ami*ies i**ega**y tap into e*ectricity and running ater -rom the municipa*ity despite their aareness o- their behaviorRsi**ega*ity. Det they do not stea* urban ser vices in order to e9press their def ance vis_ vis the authorities. Eather, they do it becausethey -ee* the necessity o- those ser vices -or a decent *i-e, because they f nd no other ay to acuire them. ut these very mundaneacts hen continued *ead to signif cant changes in the urban structure, in socia* po*icy, and in the actorsR on *ives. $ence, thesignif cance o- the unintended conseuences o- agentsR dai*y activities. 0n -act, many authors in the re sis tance paradigm have

simp*y abandoned intent and meaning, -ocusing instead ec*ectica**y on both intended and unintended practices as mani-estations o-re sis tance. )here is sti** a -urther uestion. #oes re sis tance mean de-ending an a*ready achieved gain (in ScottRs terms, denyingc*aims made by dominant groups over the subordinate ones! or maBing -resh demands (to advance its on c*aims!, hat 0 *iBe toca** encroachment? 0n much o- the re sis tance *iterature, this distinction is missing. *though one might imagine moments o-over*ap, the to strategies, hoever, *ead to di erent po *iti ca* conseuencesO this is so in par tic u *ar hen e vie them inre*ation to the strategies o- dominant poer. )he issue as so crucia* that 'enin devoted his entire What 0s to e #one? todiscussing the imp*ications o- these to strategies, a*beit in di erent terms o- economism/trade unionism vs. socia* democratic/party po*itics. What ever one may thinB about a 'eninist/vanguardist paradigm, it as one that corresponded to a par tic u *artheory o- the state and poer (a capita*ist state to be seiNed by a mass movement *ed by the orBing c*ass party!O in addition, it

as c*ear here this strategy anted to taBe the orBing c*ass (to estab*ish a socia*ist state!. +o, #hat is the

perception o the state in the OresistanceP paradi!m What is thestrate!ic aim in this perspective? Where does the resistance paradi!m #ant to

ta.e its a!ents>su"7ects, "e+ond Opreventin!V the #orst and promisin!V

somethin! "etter?=2 Much o- the *iterature o- re sis tance is based upon a notion o- poer that oucau*t hasarticu*ated, that poer is everyhere, that it circu*ates and is never *oca*iNed here and there, never in anybodyRs hands. =6 Sucha -ormu*ation is sure*y instructive in transcending the myth o- the poer*essness o- the ordinary and in recogniNing their agency. Det

this OdecenteredP notion o po#er,shared by many poststructura*ist re sis tance riters,

underestimates state po#er , notab*y its c*ass dimension, since it ais to seethat athou!h po#er circuates, it does so uneven+U in some p*aces it is ar

#ei!htier , more concentrated, and Othic.er ,Pso to speaB, than in others. 0n other ords, i.e it or

not, the state does matter , and one needs to ta.e that into account#hen discussin!the potentia ourban su"atern activism *though oucau*t insists that re

sis tance is rea* hen it occurs outside o- and in de pen dent o- the systems o- poer, the perception o po#er

that inorms the Ore sis tanceP iterature eaves itte room or an ana+siso the state as a s+stem o po#er . %t is,there-ore, not accidenta that a theor+

o the state and, there-ore, an ana+sis o the possi"iit+ o co' optation, are

a"sent ina*most a accounts o OresistancePGonseuent*y, the cherished acts o

resistanceIoat around aimess+ in an un.no#n ,uncertain , and am"ivaent

universe o po#er reations, #ith the end resut an unsetted, tense

accommodation #ith the existin! po#er arran!ement . Hac. o a cear


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concept o resistanc e , moreover, oten eads #riters in this genre to

overestimateand read too much into the acts o the

a!ents )he resu*t is that amost an+ act o the su"7ects potentia+ "ecomesone o OresistanceP Determined to discover the Oinevita"eP acts o

resistance, man+ poststructuraist #riters oten come to Orepace theirsu"7ectP=1 Whi*e they attempt to cha**enge the essentia*ism o- such perspectives as passive poor, submissive Mus*imomen, and inactive masses, they tend, hoever, to -a** into the trap o- essentia*ism in reverseU by reading too much intoordinary behaviors, interpreting them as necessari*y conscious or contentious acts o- def ance. )his is so because they over*ooB thecrucia* -act that these practices occur most*y ithin the prevai*ing systems o- poer. or e9amp*e, some o- the *oer c*assRsactivities in the Midd*e 5ast that some authors read as re sis tance, intimate po*itics o- def ance, or avenues o- participationmay actua**y contribute to the stabi*ity and *egitimacy o- the state.=; )he -act that peop*e are ab*e to he*p themse*ves and e9tend

their netorBs sure*y shos their dai*y activism and strugg*es. $oever, "+ doin! so the actors ma+

hard+ #in an+ space rom the state(or other sources o po#er, i.e capita

and patriarch+ !U the+ are not necessari+ chaen!in! domination . 0n -act,

!overnments oten encoura!e se' hep and oca initiatives so *ong as they do notturn oppositiona*. )hey do so in order to shi-t some o- their burdens o- socia* e*-are provision and responsibi*ities onto theindividua* citiNens. )he pro*i-eration o- many +HYs in the g*oba* South is a good indicator o- this. 0n short, much o- the re sis tance

iterature conuseshat one might consider copin!strate!ies(hen the surviva* o- the agents issecured at the cost o- themse*ves or that o- -e**o humans! andefective participation or su"version o

domination. )here is a *ast uestion. % the poor are a#a+s a"e to resist in man+

#a+s(by discourse or actions, individua* or co**ective, overt or covert! the s+stems o domination,then

#hat is the need to assist them 0- they are a*ready po *itica**y ab*e citiNens, hy shou*d e e9pect the

state or any other agency to empoer them?


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nihiism "adaction oriented ethics are !ood ontoo!ica de"ates are a red'herrin! andpessimism reies on epistemic certaint+ #hich is impossi"e !ivenimitations

-ordon, &ro-essor o- &hi*osophy and -ricana Studies Q 8Gonn, 1L

('eis, Eace and Hender -rom the Standpoint o- SartreRs &hi*osophica*nthropo*ogy https://.youtube.com/atch?v[18Y2am51o+5, transcribed by#ona*d Hrasse!

or an identity mode*, one ou*d have to do something very, very dierent. Which isone i** have to dea* ith the comp*e9 ays in hich a socia* or*d is ab*e to

produce meanings. Which means that the meanin!s, the identities , are not

cosed"ut are the possi"iities to come . Which meansthat the

consteations o identities #e have no# are on+ part o the compete

stor+. +o, this a*so *eads to a prob*em again i- e go bacB to the a-ropessimists.

ecause i- e *ooB at the a-ropessimist argument and many a-ropessimists P one o-the things by the ay, my anger is not to diss a-ropessimists a** over the p*ace but

oh my god, ta*B about a group that canRt taBe criticism. Whenever +ou sa+

an+thin! a"out aropessimism, its cassic "ad aith @irst response is

+oure characterin! it. ut #hen +ou di! into it, the on+ #a+ +ou cannotcharacter it is to a!ree #ith it)he second prob*em, a*most a*ays, is that youhave not read enough on it. 0tRs a sma** body o- *iterature. ut the third part that isvery comp*icated is that someo- the peop*e that argue -or aropessimism treatthe cate!ories as ontoo!icand the thing about pessimismis that pessimismis an epistemic notion. nd the prob*em ith an epistemic notion is that

pessimism depends on orecast . Dou see. 0tRs about trying to fgure out hat you

shou*d do. nd hatRs missing here is i- you go to Marcus oie (sp? P inaudib*e! youhave a dierent critiue. ecause you see -rom the Magus oie perspective P youRregoing to rea*iNe there is something rong ith both pessimism and optimism henyou are dea*ing ith issues o- socia* practice. ecause optimism depends onhavin! a orm o essenceP the ore.no#ed!eP that #i "rin! the essence"eore the existence. $essimism, on the other hand, optimism on the

other. So in eect the rea uestion that is o-ten raised by e9istentia*ists P and

e have heard some o- it today is a"out the commitment +ou have . %ts a"out

#hat actua+P #hether it #i #or. or notP +ou are !oin! to "e

committed to doin! . nd thats a ver+ diferent .ind o action ecause that

P and this is here it actua**y separates itse*- -rom ana*ytica* *ibera* po*itica*phi*osophy, -rom some certain ays in hich hermeneutics, -rom certain aves o-poststructura*ismRs -unctions, because you see i- you are going to disentang*e-oreBno*edge -rom action, then you are ta*Bing about the uestion o- hat Bind o-va*ues are brought to it, hich brings the e9istentia*ist prob*em o- despair andseriousness to the -ore-ront. +o, -rom that point on, #e no# "e!in to see a ver+diferent .ind o conversationecause one o- them e see is going to bemani-ested in the Bind o- commitments hich are very dierent -rom the prediction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UO0amE2oNEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UO0amE2oNE


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mode*s o- hat e tend to use in theoretica* e9amp*es. )he other one is e see acritiue o- something very popu*ar hen e ta*B about race and racism. nd to giveyou an e9amp*e *etRs put it in the gender conte9t. 'etRs maBe it heteronormative,

Kust -or the moment. man and a oman go on a date. 0tRs a great date, everythingis going fne, they are ta*Bing they are drinBing everything is great. t the end o- the

date he drops her o, and then he says to the oman, 0 had a great time, 0 had agreat time too, Deah you Bno no i- 0 cou*d Kust stop seeing you as a oman 0cou*d respect you. Wi** there be a second date? +o, hen 0 give that e9amp*epeop*e immediate*y see the prob*em. 0- he needs not to see she is a oman in orderto respect her, he is misogynist because he doesnRt respect omen. Det, i- e *ooBat the mode*s e use -or race, that is e9act*y hat e demand. )he co*orb*indmode* basica**y says that -or peop*e o- co*or to be respected, the nonperson o-co*or needs to not see the co*or. ut i- you need not to see someone as b*acB inorder to respect that person, it means you donRt respect b*acB peop*e. )his is adierent uestion than the onto*ogica* uestion o- are there rea**y peop*e b*acB ornot. )he basic point P and this is here a *ot o- peop*e in race theory commit an

error P the+ thin. the pro"em o race is around its ontoo!ica status Sothey argue does race e9ist, does it not, shou*d e e*iminate race, and a** that stu P

the+ miss the point . The rea issue to ar!ue is the ethica issue about P 0

thinB the more interesting issue #hat i there #ere race #oes that give you a

*icense no to do hatever you ant and disrespect those peop*e? Does it mean

a "ets are of nd so its a red'herrin! to dea #ith the ontoo!ica

uestion. 0ts an interesting uestion P but the other uestion is !oin! to "e

ho# does one esta"ish an ethica reationship to diference nd in thatbooB ad aith an e9amp*e 0 used is something *iBe this. There are human "ein!s

#ho are a"e to ove that #hich the+ can never "e We Bno this in the sense

o- human beings re*ationships go up and don, or higher to *oer. ut *oer tohigher is dierent. or instance, the oundin! rei!ious peope #hose

conception o -odP ets 7ust sa+ "ac. #omen, is not at a that -od is a

"ac. #oman. +o, on a base *eve* that te**s you human "ein!s have the

capacit+ to ove that #hich is not identica #ith the se. nd this becomesvery crucia* because you see it gets to a prob*em that happens in much race theoryhich is e con-use eua*ity ith sameness. We a** thinB an ethica* re*ationshipreuires simi*arity but the error e maBe there is e -ai* to understand that respectis a concept that does not reuire being identica* to that hich you respect. nd

once e begin to P ma+"e #e have a compete+ diferent normative #ord

to thin. throu!h and "uidprecise+"ecause at the human reait+ eve

there is aread+ proo that there exist actions that dont match thereceived modes o ho# #etheori9e human action. nd this becomes crucia*.Yne o- the things 0 *iBe about P hat 0 as doing that orB, and sti** am P is thate9istentia* phenomeno*ogy doesnRt demand -or you in advance to say hat yourdiscip*inary commitment is. 0t doesnRt reuire -or you in advance P +ou aresupposed to !o throu!h a process o discoverin! #hat it ma+ "e or todiscover #hat +oure ethica reationships ma+ "e #hich means +ou !o

throu!h an epistemic and ontoo!ica and normative ris.


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surv a# education !ood&ivi societ+s !ood invovement o individuas and inormed citi9ens ine!a de"ates is critica to cur"in! ri!hts a"uses the post'0>11 humanri!hts atmosphere is !ettin! "etter no#, "ut continued e!a activism is.e+ other#ise conservatives #i contro the poitica and commit #orsevioationsconservative haBs i** a*ays try to do bad stu P gotta be ab*e to stop it

situation has marBed*y improved P gitmo rights, Kudicia* oversight, no more torture

civi* society/citiNens have uniue poer that has *ed even assho*es *iBe Gheney tocurtai* rights vio*ations

&oe 8>K?/6> (#avid, pro-essor at Heorgeton 8niversity 'a Genter, a vo*unteerattorney -or the Genter -or Gonstitutiona* Eights, the *ega* aairs correspondent -or

)he +ation, and a regu*ar contributor to the +e DorB Eevie o- ooBs, 5ngines o-'iberty: $o Givi* Society $e*ped Eestore Gonstitutiona* Eights in the -termath o-

3/66, https://.Kustsecurity.org/;21=3/engines*ibertycivi*societyhe*pedrestoreconstitutiona*rightsa-termath366/!

As :urope rees in reaction to the terrorist bombings in )russes, amid arnings o- -uture attacBs, one thing is certain:-overnment ociason both sides o- the t*antic #i respond #ith proposas to a"andonbasicprincip*es o- civi i"ertiesand human rights. -ter the &aris attacBs in +ovember 1627, rench &resident ranZois $o**ande dec*ared ar and imposed a state o-emergency that remains in eect to this day. -ter the russe*s attacBs, Senator )ed GruN recommended patro**ing a** Mus*im neighborhoods in the 8nited States, and #ona*d )rump

urged torture o- suspected terrorists.The pattern isa too amiiar . We sa it in the 8S in Wor*d War 0, #hen anti'#ar

protestors #ere 7aied-or yearsO in Wor*d War 00, #hen662,222 8S citiNens and residents o ;apanesedescent #ere internedO and ater the Septem"er 11, 1226 attac.s, hen thousands o- rab and Mus*immen ith no connections to terrorism ere nonethe*ess detained, and many deported. 0n hindsight, e recogniNe that government oLcia*s overreacted and unKust*y tramp*ed on po*itica*

-reedoms and rights. ut ho do e restore some sense o- ba*ance in the aBe o- terrorist attacBs? 0tRs been near*y 67 years since 3/66, and the US is sti

en!a!ed in practices o uestiona"e e!ait+ . +ear*y one hundred men are sti** detained at Huant`namo, the Ybamaadministration regu*ar*y emp*oys armed drones to Bi** suspects in -araay p*aces by remote contro*, and the +S continues to co**ect massive amounts o- data about the private *ives o-ho**y innocent persons. At the same time , its important to ac.no#ed!e that the

situation has improved dramatica+ . nd indeed, it did so even be-ore &resident Ybama succeeded Heorge W. ush. y the time

)ush *e-t oLce, his administrationhad reeased over *ve hundred men rom-uantnamo, transerred a detainees out o the &%As secret prisons,suspendedits use o- tortureas an interrogation too*,hated extraordinar+ renditions o- terrorism suspects tocountries -or purposes o- torture, aorded Huant`namo detainees access to *ayers,and paced its previous+ uniatera and#arrantess #iretappin! pro!ram under 7udicia supervision. nd none o- these measures ereundertaBen pursuant to court order. What, then, brought about these changes? We Bno -rom their memoirs that neither &resident )ush nor Fice &resident #icB&hene+ has an+ re!retsa"out the measures the+ put in pacea-ter 3/66. Det "+ the

time the+ et oce, the+ had si!ni*cant+ curtaied or abandoned near+ a o

them . 0n my ne booB, 5ngines o- 'iberty: The $o#er o &iti9en Activists to MaBe Gonstitutiona* 'a, pub*ished this eeB by asic

ooBs, 0 asB hated the )ush administration to reorm su"stantia+ its

counterterrorism practices


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Wor*d War 0 and the internment o- Iapanese mericans in Wor*d War 00, and did not intervene to protect the rights o- suspected Gommunists in the Go*d War unti* a-ter the Senate hadcensured Ioe McGarthy and McGarthyism as on the ane. )he stee* seiNure case, Doungston Sheet J )ube Go. v. Sayer, is notab*e principa**y as the e9ception that proves thenorm, and in any event invo*ved domestic *abor re*ations, not the presidentRs poer to dea* ith the enemy. )he c*osest precedent on point to the Huant`namo case as Iohnson v.5isentrager, hich had denied habeas Kurisdiction to Herman prisoners o- ar in Wor*d War 00. nd the Supreme Gourt that heard the frst Huant`namo case as no -oe o- the ush

administrationO indeed, it had insta**ed ush in oLce by b*ocBing the *orida recount in the 1222 presidentia* e*ection. Det to near*yever+ones surprise,theSupreme &ourt rued that the -uantnamo detainees had a ri!ht to 7udiciarevie#o- the *ega*ity o- their detentions U initia**y, in Easu*, on statutory grounds, but -our years *ater, in oumediene v. ush, on constitutiona* grounds, a-ter Gongress hade9press*y denied habeas Kurisdiction to the detainees. What expains these decisions? 0n my vie, the resuts #ere

driven more "+ orcesoutside the &ourt than by the arguments presented to the Gourt. #octrine certain*y did not dictate theoutcome in either case. )he Gourt in Easu* re*ied principa**y on a statutory argument that the petitioners bare*y advanced. nd oumediene marBed the frst time in the GourtRs historythat it e9tended constitutiona* rights to -oreign nationa*s outside our borders. ut by the time the Gourt decided the cases, a variety o- initiatives outside the Gourt had -ramed the

disputes as pitting the ru*e o- *a vs. *a*essness U and given that choice, itRs not so surprising that the Gourt chose the ru*e o- *a.Some o the most

important #or. invovedtransnationa advocac+ , designed to "rin! pressure to

"ear on-oreign !overnments,so that they ou*d in turn *obby the ush administration -or change. G*ive Staford Smitho- Eeprieve,a 8%based organiNation, #or.ed #ith (atnerand Hareth &eirce, a *egendary ritish de-ense *ayer, to "rin! attention tothe pi!ht o the )ritish detainees he*d at Huant`namo. )hey f*ed a hope*ess habeas suit in the 8%, in hich a )ritishcourt, hi*e understandab*y denying re*ie- as it had no authority over Huant`namo, nonethe*essexpressed !rave concern estthe detainees "e deprived o a 7udicia revie#, essentia**y encouraging the 8S courts to e9ercise Kurisdiction.Staord Smith and $eirceo"7ected to the .an!aroo'court processthe ush administration proposed to

use in a mi*itary tria* against one o- their c*ients. The+ !eneratedconstant press covera!e , andu*timate*ycreated so muchpu"ic pressure that $rime


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end o- the ush administration, much *ess toda+, civi societ+ hasmuch to "e proud o. &recise*y because the -orma*

separation o- poers is o-ten so anemic in the -ace o- nationa* security crises, human ri!hts and civi i"erties !roupspa+

acritica+ important roe in preservin! constitutiona !uaranteesin this sphere. ut the

point is a more genera* one. 5ngines o- 'iberty a*so e9amines the tomost successu domestic constitutionari!hts campai!nso- recent years U that o- !a+ ri!hts !roups-or marriage eua*ity, and that o- the +ationa* Eie ssociation -or an

individua* right to bear arms. 0n both settings, citi9ens #ith a particuar constitutiona vision notreIected in existin! doctrine #or.ed throu!h associations toa+ the

!round or constitutiona transormation . s ith the civi* *iberties and human rights groups, the *ionRs share o- the +ERs

and the gay rights advocatesR advocacy tooB p*ace outside the -edera* courts. nd as #ith civi i"ertiesater 0>11, so #ith

marria!e euait+and the right to bear arms, the course o constitutiona a#and practice #as

determined more "+ civi societ+ than by the courts.

highland park mn bannister dill neg toc round5

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