AJC Mid-Year 07PAPER 1

1. To what extent should parents be held responsible for their children's actions?2. Art has no place in today's modem wodd. Comment.3. Should the State interfere in what a person wants to do with his body?4. "The road to hell is';ften paved with good intentions". Discuss.5. Examine the view that when fighting a war, we should not be concerned aboutprinciples.6. Freedom of choice

- is this always good?

7. Shorrld young people in your country be fearful about the future?L The need for ethical standard among scientists is greater today. Comment.9. Shopping is_a national pastjme for Singapore. How far should this trend beencouraged?10. Small businesses cannot survive in toclay,s world ot big players. Do you agree?11. Break the rules. How much would you advocate this?12. To what extent should the problems of a country be the world,s concern?

AJC Mid-Year 07INSERT

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Passage l: Peter Hallwrites ..-.Freud famously said that after 30 years researching the feminine soul, he'd neveranswered his real question: what does a woman want? We urbanists could likewiseconfess that we've failed to answer our conundrum: what makes cities tick? Why do citieshave brief golden ages, but then languish? Why are Athens or Florence or Vienna nolonger qeative powerhouses? Why have Manchester and Berlin, once workshops of the 5world, given way to Guangzhou and Shanghai? Why do some citjes seem to retain, orregain, their power?

Some of us think the answer ljes in number crunching-as with economist Richard Florida,author of ''fhe Flight of the Creative Class,,'who iound that concentrations of gay peoplecorrelated with urban creativity. The problem js that even jf this approach works io;one city 10at one lime, it may not work for others. The other method is to use history, to ask howprecisely it was that great cities came to be great. Here, the danger js that you may end upwith a series.of unique one-off explanations. The challenge ts to-RnO if tneri,s anyihing thbstories have in common_

And they do. Look at creative cities at their zenith: plato's Athens, Michelangelo,s Florence,Shakespeare's London, Mozart,s Vienna. All were economic lea;ers, cities";t the heart ofvast trading empires, places in frenzied transition, magnets for talented people seekingfame and fortune. Outsiders made these places what thjy were: ntnens;i vJrstn ot green-card holders, the noncitizen Metics; the Jews in .190d Vienna; fo.ergn inists in paris::":.19 tl"-TT tge. They were a patrons because many had made-monet from rrade,::_ye as anrsts., tney occupied a speciat marginat position: not at the hean of courfly oranstocratrc estabtishments. yet not entirely shut out either And thus they absorbed andreflected the huge tensions between conaervahve and radrcar rorces thZt ihreateneo todivide these societies.

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It was the same, but with sub e differences, in the great manufacturjng cities.. Considerlvlanchester in 1780, ctasgow in 1850. Detroit in ig.to-, Silicon Vafley in f-S6d n; ;"i"1L:"- ylP:t :']:t""ilJi9 bassage; egalitarian places open to tate'nt, Jt-improving anosen-eoucattng, engaged in learning and innovation through networks that were at oncecompetitive and cooperative. There are astonishing pa..Gls between L;ncashire in the1780s and t790s.and Siticon Va ey in the 1960s anO tne tgZOs. tn Uottr, one innovation 30Droughr ronh another in great chains of creativity. places like these flourished not becauseof physical circumstance, but because their peopre demonstrated

""iejtionat innou"tiveenergy.What are-the 2'tslcentury equivalenls? They are the great global megacity regionsli:"1"9^r"9 llli,o-"."r 19 mr ion people around. cities ritJLondJn. ruew i"ork ind -Hong asKong. here too ts huge innovative power,_charging through the cores of the great centrajcities but also diffusing out into neighboring places ihrough elaborat; networks ofinformation exchange. This information, generaGd and exchangid and reprocessed, formsthe raw material of the new urban economic drivers. This nelpei to establish lhe advancedservices: finance and business services; command and contror tunctions- uotr-li +ogovernfient and private business; creative and cultural industries like the media, highereducation and health care. And these, in turn, generate a vast array of consuimerservices----entertainment, personal, and hospitality:which simuttaneously cater to the

disposable incomes of affluent residents and to business and leisure tourists.

Ihus, great cities thrive if they do a good job of information processing and knowledgecreation. lncreasingly, there is a winner-takes-all rule: top places and their regions grow atthe expense of smalle. minnows in the pond. Success breeds success, aided by builFinself-reinforcing advantages like a major jnternational airport. One additional factor assertsitself in a world where information is a homogeneous traded commodity: the Englishlanguage. The great English-speaking metropoles, London and New York, increasinglydominate the global information economy, attracting firms, investment, capital and talent.

But cities and their people have surprised us before. The 21st century, experts agree, willbe the Asian century. China, for sure-lndia, most probably-will win back the foremostpositions they occupied in the pasl history of civilization. Thear past record and presentachievement both suggest that they are powerfully placed in the great race to marry artisticcreativity and technological innovation, despite China's language disadvantage. Theirreturn will come through the creative power of their great cjties*Shanghai, Beijing,perhaps l\,4umbai-rapidly rising in the global hierarchy to challenge today's teaders.

Adapted from Peter Hall's'How Cities become Great,'. (Newsweek International)Passage 2: George Yeo wntes

Economically, the world is breaking up from empires and big natjen- siates to small states,provinces and city-regions. Small states, each with a population of less than i0 rnillion,make up two- thirds of the members of the United Nations. lncreasingly, it is at the level olcity-regions that competition for human talent and ,nvestments takes place. All over theworld, institutions that evolved in response to the needs of an earlier period ofindustrialization are no longer adequate. Smaller, more responsive units of organizationare required. A pattern of competition and cooperation among city-regions will appear, notunlike the pattern in Europe before the age of nation-statea, with internationalorganizations Iike the old Hanseatic League providjng loose coordination.ln this age of city-regions, Singapore,s experience as a city-state becomes usefulto others.lndeed, we are somewhat surprised by the jnterest in Singapore by big nations such asChina and lndia and by distant places like South Africa, Kazakhsian and the newPalestinian state. Their interest reflects the increasing fragmentation of the world into city-regions, each of a size and scale comparable to that of Singapore and its 3 million people.China, for example, is now divided administratively into aity- regions, each of about 2milljon to 10 million people. These city-regions have considerable autonomy. Each mustsojve probiems ol urban planning, housing, tratsportation, road congestion, education andpolicing while attracting investments and creating jobs.

Singapore, as an independent city-state, has advantages over city-regions that are parts ofnalion-states. The greatest advantage is our ability to control the movement of people intoSingapore. lnstead of indiscriminate urban drift, we select migrants based on talent,income and other criteria. Without this, Singapore would be like many other fast_growingcities in the Third World, with high crime rates, traffic congestion, slums, prostitution, drugaddiction and severe pollution.

ln this new world, a new balance between rights and duties, independence andinterdependence, competition and cooperation wjll have to be found. The ideas ofdemocracy and socialism will have to be reinterpreted East Asia wjll make a majorcontribution to this reinterpretation, not because East Asians are wjser. Almost 1S0 yeirsof war and revolution have brought untold suffeting to the region. yet precisely beiausethe destruction has been so complete, reconstruction has been made much easier.Singapore, like most of the countries of East Asia, is in a relatively youthful phase of

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development. lnstitutions are still flexible. A can-do spirit, sometimes bordering onfoolhardiness. fills the air.

Westeln liberals oflen sneer at Asian forms of democracy which are still relatively young.Westem democracies prioritize individual rights, unlike the Asian model of group solidarityHowever, Western liberals often forget that a democracy without group solidarity canbecome a game where wealth is redistributed from the rich to the poor in the form of aidand from the disorganized citlzens to the organized bureaucracy. Wjthout strong moralunderpinnings supported by the entire community, resentment from the rich and poor alikewill inevitably result. Democracies which see only rights without obligations eventuallydestroy themselves.

Thas is the precise reason for Singapore's version of socialism- ln many ways, Singapore issocialist, especially in its enormous subsidy of housing, health and education. Socialismworks when jt strengthens group responsibility. lt is dysfunctional when it leads toindividual iresponsibility. lnstead of tl^re Westem social security systems similar to that ofthe unbreakable communal iron rice bowls in Maoast China, Singapote deliberately worksour welfare policies through the family. The objective is to strengthen the family net, notweaken it.

Treatment of minorities is another aspect of an evolving Eagt Asian democracy that bears

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watching. ln a winner-take-all, one-man-one-vote situation, minorities will revolt against a 50dominant majority. Other ways must be found to ensure fair minorjty representation.Singapore created Group Representation Constituencies, which forced all major politicalparties to field a multiracial slate of candidates in parliamentary elections. ln lndonesia,pancasila democracy conscjously plays down Javanese dominance. ln the Association ofSoutheast Asian Nations, considerable importance is given to consensus-building.

ln East Asia today, institutions are still plastic. lvlajor experiments in democracy and 55socialism are being conducted. Some will succeed, others will fail. lf Western influence hadnot affected every facet of life in Asia, this enormous transformation would not have beenpossible. ln the same way, the rise of industrial Asia will eventually have far- reachingeffects on the rest of the world, inctuding the West.

Adapted from ceorge yeob "ln Asia and Eisewhere, Smaller Will Be the Better Way to Govern,l( I nt ern ati o n al H e ratd Tri b u ne )

Queslions on Possoge I1. According to paragraph 1, what is the key question that urbanists have failed to answer? Use your

own words as far as possible.

2. ln your own words as far as possible,a) identify two possible methods from paragraph 2 used to find out why cities thrive.b) explain the problem with these methods. t3l

3. From paragraph 3, state in your own words as fal as possible three characteristics that creativecities have in common. I3l

trl

4. Explain in your own words as far as possible what the author means by the .special marginalposition" (line 2'l) that outsiders occupy. tlj

5. Why does the author use the word 'astonishing, (line 29) to describe the parallets betweenLancashire and the Silicon Valley? t1l

6. Explain what the author means by 'a winner-takes-alt' (line 46).

baggage (line 27)

drivers (line 39).....

From Passage 2:

bordering (line 32)

plastic (line 55)

I2lAccording to paragraph 7, what are the factors that led the author to believe that the 21st century willbe the Asian century? Use youl own words as far as possible. I2l

Queslions on Possoge 2S According to the writer, why should singapore be surprised by the sudden interest from big nations(tine 11-12|? Iil9 summarize the factors which conhibute to singapore's success. using material from paragraphs 3-7,

write your summary in no more than 120 words. Use your own word; as far as possible.singapore's success depends on... t8l

10 Give the meaning of each of the io|owing words as ihey are used inthe passage. you may write theanswer jn a word or short phrase.

From Passage 1:

zenith (line 15)

t5l

11. Both althols discuss factors contributing to a cityls success. How far do you agree with their views?How far do you think Singapore is a great city? lllustrate your arguments by referring both to whatyou have read in the articles and to your own experiences.I8l

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AJC Mid-Year 07 Paper 2 Answer SchemeQuestions on Passage I

1. According to paragraph 1, what is the key question that urbanists have failed toanswer? Use your own words as far as possible. [1]

2. ln your own words as far as possible,a) ldentify two possible methods from paragraph 2 used to find out why cities thrive

l2l

Stalisiics ol populalion ) 1mRefer back io lhe past > 1 m

b) Explain the problem with these methods [1]

Finding pasi records ) ornSimiarities between cities would be imposslble lo find ) 0mAllhough it is suiiabe for a cily al lhat period, !!j?) may noi be suitable for olhe6 (0)Too many dislinci reasons/ d ffcjlies would have difi reasons ) (0)3. From paragraph 3, state in your own words a9 far as possible three characteristicsthat creative dties have in common [3]

Lifted ParaohrasedL3-7 Why do cities have brief golden ages(1/2), but then languish('1l2)?ORWhy do some cities seem to retain (1/2),or regain (1/2), thei. power?

They failed to identify the reasons tor acity's rise (1/2) and fall (1/2).ORThey failed to identify the reasons for acity's ability to maintain (112J ot te-establish theirdominance/success ('112).

Lifted ParaDhrased..number crunching.... use of history....

Analysis of statistic$ or data/ trend ('l)Study/ examination of past events/ history (1)

Lifted Paraohrased...even if this approach works for one cityat one time. it may nol work for others ..

Because it is difficult to find similadtiesbetween citiesORThe results cannot be applied to all citjesORThe methods cannot be used to drawconclusions.

Lifted ParaDhrased {Anv 3\(L16- '18)All were economic leaders, citiesat the heart of vast trading empires, placesin frenzied transition, magnets for talentedpeople seeking fame and fortune.

Each is an economic power ('l), a centreforlrading activities (1). These citiesexperience franiic ('l12) development (1/2)and draw skilled personnel (1) in search ofreoutation and wealth.

Excellent economic stalus (12)Crucial stalus forlrading (O)Crcalive people 11)Arts people (0)

Lifted ParaphrasedL21-23 : not at the heart ofcourtly or aristocraticestablishments, Yet not entirelyshut out either.

Outsiders seem to occupy a unique peripheral roleamong the nobility

- socializing within their midst but

not being entirely accepted by them.OROutsiders are not part of the aristocrats (1/2) butwere welcomed bV them anyway (1i2)

4. Explain in your own words what the author means by the 'special marginal position"(line 21) that outsiders occupy ['1]

X noi aboul physical location

5 Whv does the author use the word 'astonishing' (line 29) to describe the parallelsbeMeln Lancashire and the Silicon Valley? [1]

(L46-47) lncreasinglY, there is awinner-takes-all rulei too olacesand their regions glg!{q!]heexpense of smaller minnows inthe pond.

7. Accordrng to paragraph 7, whai are lhe factoB that led the author to believe that the21e century wtll be the Aslan century? (2m)

Questions on Passage 28. According to the writer, why should Singapore be surprised by the sudden interest

I

I ifted ParaDhrasedlrnferredl

-CGxbt ahiost two centuries apart (1/2), so theyshould be vastly different. Yet they share manysrmilarities. (1/2)

6. Explain what the author means by'a winner-takes-all" (line 46)i2m)

Cities who have managed to get ahead in the race(1/2) \,!ill expand or develop(1i2) ,leaving no chance to losing crties to calch up/hinder the gro$4h of others/ monopolise the

Lifted(L54-55)Their PAg! record andpresent achievement bothsuggest that they are PgllglbllYplA!9d in the great race to tr4ryadistic creativitv andtechnoloaical innovation

What they have done prevlously (1/zJ ano nowr112) demonstrates that they have the capablldyirlzj to orawl comb,ne the merits / origrnal ideas rnthe arts and science (1/2)

,.^- '.i^ nari^nc /li^a 11-12

Lifted Paraphrased

Because even significantly larger nations(1/2) and those who arctaraway \112\ ateobservinq us.

(L11-12) ... bY !!g nations such asChina and lndia and by distant placeslike South Africa, Kazakhstan and thenew Palestinian state@rhesurprlseof thew ter

9. Summarize the facto.s which contribute lo Singapore's successusinl materiattrom paragraphs 3-7, write your summary in no more than 120 words

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Lifted Paraphrase

..independent city-state.. The sove.reign nature of Singapore as opposedto other city-states who are subjected to thesovereiontv of the country.

... our ability to control movement ofpeople into Singapore. (120-21)

w-ave strict immtgration rules

3 lnstead of indiscriminate urbandrift, we select migrants based ontalent, income and other criteria...

And we grant entry only to eligible applicants/based on criteria of ability/ merit

4 ... relatively youthful Phase ofdevelopment (L31)

ln terms of progress, Singapore is still in itsbudding period. ,

5 ..flexible (132) And hence, Singapore is willing to acceptchanges

6 ..can-do spirit (132) And remains adventurous/ gung-ho/ willing to ky

7 ....a democracy without grouPsolidarity... (136)

Singapore's success is also attributed to theirpeople working towards a common goal

bond (0)

8 strong moral underpinnings (L38) while being guided by the same set (1/2) ofvalues(1/2) that are firm/ unwavering/unchanging/ firm (1/2)

9 ...Singapore's version ofsocialism... (L41)...works our welfare policies through+h- {.mih, /l 1a\

Singapore has a peculiar brand of socialism(1t2)which strengthens group responsibility ('112)

through strengthening the family net (1/2)

10 ...minorities will revolt (L50)......ensure fair minoratyreoresentation. (L51)

Singapore ensures stability (1/2) throughensuring that all minority groups participate inthe oolitical svstem. ('112)

Total of 11 marks

10. Give the meaning of the following words as ihey are used in Passage 1 and Passage2 You mav write vour answer in one word or a short phrase. (5m

1t2 0zenith (P'1, line15) highest maru peaU

prime/ mostsuccessful period oftime/ acme/ apex/oinnacle

high poinu furthesutop

baggage (line27) burden /encumbrances

something thatholds you back/obstacle

weight

driver (line39) catalysu impetus/propeller/ propellant(idea of force mustbe there)

force

bordering (P2, line32)

extreme proximity/elmost like/..closeto/ edoino

resembling

plastic (line 55) malleable/ subjectto change/ plianvflexible

'1 1) Both authors discuss factors contributing to a city's success How far do you agreewith their views? How far do you think Singapore is a great city? lllustrate yourarguments by referring both to what you have read in the articles and to your ownexperiences.

Question requirements:fl Make a stand for both questionsCite both

Singapore, as an indpendent ciry-state, has advantagesover city-regions thal arc parts ofnalion _ states (Ll9-20)

Economic leadcrs (Ll6)

Our ability to controlthe movement ofpeople intoSingapore (L20-21). lnstead of ind iscriminate urban drift, we select

migrants based on talert, income and ollrer criteria(L2t-22\

2. Citics at the heart ofvast rradin8 empires (1,16-17)

lmplicd: Iow crime rates, little traffic congestion, noslums, prostitulion and drug addiction arc not seriousproblems, no pollulion (23-24)

3. Places in frenzied transition (Ll7)

In a relatively youthful phase ofdevelopment (1,3l -12Ll7-18

Magnets for talented people seeking fame and fortune

lnstitutions are still flexible (L32) ), institutions areOutsiders made thcse places what they were (Ll

. ioutsiders] occupied a special marginal position:not at tho heart of courtly or arislocraticestablishments, yet not entirely shut out either'

. They absorbed and reflected huge tnsionsbelween conservative and radical forces thatthrealencd to divide these societies

stillplastic (L55)

6. Manufacturing citiesPlaces without arisiocratic baggage (L27)

A can-do-spirit, somelimes bordering on foolhardiness,fills the air (32-31)

7. Egalitarian places open to talent (L27) Singapore's version ofsocialism -. enormous subsidy ofhousing, health and

education. (L42). Strengthens goup responsibilify (L47). Works wclfare policies through the family

strengthen the family net (47-48)

8. Sell improving and self-educating (L28). engaged in leaming and innovation through

networks that were at once conpetitive andcoopcrative

. l lroir peoplc demonslratcd exceptionalinnovative energy

Treatment of minorities:. Ensute fair minority representation through

GRCs (52)

9. Huge innovative power, charging through the corcs olthe great central cities but also diffusing out into theneighbouring places through elaborate networks of

'nibrmation exchangc (L36-38)

]0 Advanced services: finance and business scrvice,command and control lunctions both in governmentand privatc business;creative and cultoral industrieslike the media, higher education and health care. (1,39-42\

tl Vasl array of consumer srvices cntertaiDmenl,personal and hospitality

- which cater to the disposable

incomes ofaffluent residenls and to business andleisure tourists. (L,l2-44)

t2 Creat cities thrive ifthey do a goodjob olinformationprocessing and knowledge creation. (L45-46)

ll 'fhe Englisb lang.rage. The great English speakingmetropoles increasingly dominate the globalinformation economy, attracting fi rms, investment,oapital and talnt ((L49-51)

14 Marry artistic creativily and technological innovation(L55-56)

a

Passage 1:RE: 'magnets for talented people" (Line 17)EV/ EX: Agrees to this being an important factor for success. Student can discuss theimportance of foreign talent in cosmopolitan cities in the world today.But any 'attractive' city may very well attract the'wrong people' and hence lead to theproblems raised by Yeo (L23-24

- high crime rates....). Singapore has done well in

preventing such problems from occurring through their stringent immigration policiesForeiqn t;lent plays a major role in ensuring Singapore's success Through tilling up ofjobs that the educated Singaporeans do not want (eg. Nursirg or labourers) to pluggingihe gap left behind by the aging population, Singapore has managed to maintainecoiomic development at a sufficient level and till today remains a "magnet for talentedpeople". Our attractiveness, thus, is testament of our success

Other points discussed:l\reritocracyMulticulturismHall (impt of creativity) - lnnovation / eg. Spring Singapore; creative communitySingapore's emphasis on lifelong learning in relation to Hall's view in para 4 ("engage inlearning")

cJc Mid-Year 07 Paper 1

1. How far do you agree that terrorists should be pitied, not hated?

2. An effective government requires a free press.' Do you agree?3. "Human life and dignity are sacrosanct." Do you agree thatthis

principle is overemphasised today?

4. Environmental conservation is more important than economicdevelopmeni today. Discuss.

5. " Women do not need equality today. Men do." What are your views?

6. 'Globalisation privileges the rich more than the poor.' How far is thistrue?

7. To what extent should the decision to get marrie'd be an individualchoice?

L Do people rely too much on medical science for the ills of life?L Should extreme sports be banned?10. "The stumbling block for young people is their sense of hopelessness.'

To what extent is this true with regard to Singaporean youth today?

11. Are museums still important in modern society?

12. Why write?

END OF PAPER

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CJC Mid-Year 07 Paper I (Version 2)l) "Singapore's education system has failed to address the needs of our young

people." How far do you agree with the statement?

. Essays should evaluate the extent to which policies, curriculum, teachingstrategies etc havg catered to what young people require or want out of life orfind necessary or useful in life (these wants must bejustified).

. Weak students who merely list the failings of the education system withoutlinking it to the needs oflhe yonng people will not pass.

r For balance, essays should examine both the successes and failings of theSingapore education system in relation to what the young people require.

2) "lndividuals must do more to reduce environmental danage." Discuss.. Keywords: MUST DO MORE. Answers should analyse the necessity of

individual efforts in conserr'ing the environment.. Answers should evaluate and assess what is cunently being done before

deciding if more shouid be done or what more should be done in the nearfuture.

. Students need to evalllale the extent to which the individual can effect anychange in the conservation of the environment. Students may considerindividuals linking up with olher $oups to increase their influence andability to cut down on environmental damage.

. A balanced essay should have a comparative analysis ofthe efforts oftheindividual in relation to the govemment and other environmenlal groups.For example, through govenment lobbies and not voting for politicalparties that do not support or cncourage envircnmental conservation.

How much influence do parents still have on the lives oftheir children?. Students need to compare and conhast the degree ofcontrol/ sway parents

have on thc lives of their children in ateas such as studies, work, leisureand character in relation to parents ofthe previous generatiot

. Better essays should provide justification lor their stand by citing reasonssuch as changing societal values, disintegralion of families, changingnalule of work, mass media influences, inlbrmation technology, alcoholirnd drugs, educational changes etc.

. A weak essay will simply list thc positive,r ncgative things parents do andavoid the discussion ofparenlal issues in relation 10 changes ovcr time

"Advefiisements aro manipulative and misleading." Discuss.. Students should evaluate the degree to which advertisements exploit

consumers by playing on their minds and providing inacourate information. lt is necessary to identiry and evaluate the techniques of persuasive

advertjsing and give specific examples as theirjustification.

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4)

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6)

7)

For balance, students should show how advertisements can be honest as wellas inlbrmative of new products and services available or relay impoflantinformation and policies to the masses.Weak essays will merely list advertisements that are deemed to be misleadingwithout justificalion or analysis or make a simplistic comparison betweenpersuasive and informative advertising.

Are youths loday complacent about the future?. Students should evaluate if the atl.itudes of youths today reflect

overconfidence, smugness and a lack of worry about the challenges of thefuhlre.

. They should compare and contrast youths oftoday with previous generationsof young people in lerms of their attitude / behaviour. Thc 'Future' shouldencompass political, environmental, economic and social scenarios.

. Specific examples oI youth complacency include poor voter turnout, politicaiapathy, lack of community/environmental awareness and social indifference.Examples slrould not only come from Singapore.

. A wearl essay will limit itselfto personal anccdotes.

Assess the impact ofmodeln methods olltransport on societies.. Students should examine thc ways modern methods of transport like Mass

Rapid Transit, cars, aeroplanes, buscs, even energy-saving modes oftransporthavc changcd societies and weigh both the positive and negative effects ofthese changes.

. Sludents should consider the economic, social, political, cultural andenvironmcntal impact and also its effects on the lifestyles ofindividuals.

. Weak students wiil be purely descriptive of the different modes of transportand their advantages and disadvantages.

With globalization, talent is becoming more mobilc. ls this a positive trend?. Students must show an unde$tanding of global compctition for the best and

the brightest. They should evaluate if such a phenomenon is positive for theindividual and the nations that gain and lose the 'lalent'.

r Examples of negative elfects would be loss of cultue, palriotism and familyvalues. Positive eflects could include the acquisition of new knowledge,expertisc and better opportunities, leaming of new cultures and countricsbecoming m.rre cosmopolilan.

. Good arswe$ would consider the effects ofa reverse bmill drain and assess i1.Other arguments can be that of the rise of a common intellectual pool, acommon language, a common culture that may result fiom the mobility. Theyshould also give a global perspective and a range ofexamples.

r Weak answers may just iist some consequences of the movement of talentwithout much evaluation

8) Can television promote healthy lifestyles?. Students have to discuss the potential of television to actively or indirectly

encourage a healthy way ofliving.. Students should look at programmes that actively promote healthy living and

representations of healthy or unhealthy living (smoking, drinking, bad eatinghabits) in the content of the programmes

. Healthy lifestyles would largely refer to a way of life that leads to physical,fitness, mental alertness the idea of a sound mind in a sound body throughactive participation in areas such as spofis, travel, yoga and dance.

. Weak ossays may just list the vaious types ofhealthy programmes to justifthe stand.

Account for the phcnomenon ofviolence in schools today.. Students must give an cxplanation/ reasons for the occurrence of violence

in many schools in the world today (E.g America gtur cultuc and easyaccessibility to guns. Japan, Singapore, Korea unhealthy pressure onyoung people to stay ahead of the pack which manifests itsclf in lu dways).

. Good essays will evaluate and explore the underlying causes behind rccenttends of violence in schools causes by looking at changes in the l'amily'society and school. lor example they should look at the underlyingreasons behind thc increase in bullying incidents in schools today

. Weak Essays will merely list examples of violencc that maybe narow,isolated and anecdotal.

10) Will newspapers become obsolele in the near future?. Students should evaluate if the newspapers will remain viable and suNivc in

coming Yeals.. Studenls should show an unde$tanding that thc newspaper as an industry may

not be economically viablc due to the ioss of advertising rcvenue as they arecurcntly tlueatened by newer forms ol mass media like the internet ncwswebsites, sms news updates, l-tc and an emerging younger population thalwant their inlomation fast, accessible and in bite sizes.

o Weak scripts may list the pros and cons of newspapers without linking i1 towhether newspapers would be phased out in the coming years'

ll)"Singaporc has not done enough to foster entrepreneurship " How far do youagree with this statement?

. Answers must evaluate the extent to which schemes and policies bythe govemment, govemment-linked bodies, national organizationsand corporations have effectively encouraged or curtailed the growthof private enterprise (i.e. individuals setting up their own businessventures and taking risks) in Singapore.

e)

. It is necessary for students to give specific examples of nationalinitiatives to develop the entepreneu al spirit in Singapore e g'A*Star, SME funding, MOM policies, educational policies, role ofEDB. Answers must assess whether or not such initiatives have beensuccessful in developing entrepreneuship.

. Students may evaluate the examples oflocal successful entrepreneurs suchas Oli,"ia Lum, Sim Wong Hoo. Adam Khoo' Ceorge Quek in rheirjustification.

. Weak Essays will merely provide a list of local initiatives withoutassessing its effectiveness in fostering entrepreneurship'

12) Assess the influence ofpop music on society today. A requirement would be the evaluation of the exlent and nature of the

effects ofpop music on modem society by considering its impact in any ofthe following rclevart aleas: social, moral, psychological, political'economic and cultural

. Studnts should justify the social, political ' effects of pop music byciting specific eiampies of the impact of pop starc such as MichaelJackson, Elton John, Bon Jovi, Stephanie Sun'

. Better answers should have a wide range of examples and cover differentcountries and cultues in relation to effects on the different segments ofsociety such as children and youth.

o Weak answers will merely list the positive and negative effecfs of popmusic without evaluating the degree ofinfluence'

/( l.

CJC Mid-Yeqr 07 Poper 2

Lewis Thomas writes...

Everyone must have had at least one personal experience with a computer error by this timeBank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from $379 into the millions, appeals forcharitable contributions are mailed over and over to people with crazy-sounding names atyour address, department storcs send the wrong bills, utility companies write that they'retuming everything off, that sort of thing. lf you manage to get in touch with someone andcomplain, you then get instantaneously typed, guilty letters from the same computer, saying,'Our computer was in error, and an adjustment is being made in your account.'

These are supposed to be the sheerest, blindest accidents. l\,4istakes are not believed to bepart of the normal behaviour of a good machine. lf things go wrong, it must be a personal,human error, the result of fingering, tampering, a button getting stuck, someone hitting thewrong key. The computer, at its normal best, is infallible.

I wonder wheiher this can be true. After all, the whole point of computers is that theyrepresent an extension of the human brain, vastly improved upon but nonetheless human,superhuman maybe A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you atchess, and some of them have even been programmed to write obscure verse They can doanything we can do, and more besides.

It is not yet known whether a computer has ils own consciousness, and it would be hard tofind out about this. When you walk into a computer laboratory and stand listening, it is easy toimagine that the faint, distant noises are the sound oi thinking But real thinking, anddreaming, are other matters.

On the other hand, the evidences of something like an oncorscious, equivalent to ours, are allaround, in every mail. As extensions of the human brain, they have been constructed with thesame property of error, spontaneous, uncontrolled, and rich in possibilities.

lvlistakes are at the very base of human thought, embedded there, feeding the structure likeroot nodules. lf we were not provided with the knack of being wrong, we could never getanything useful done. We think our way along by choosing between right and wrongalternatives, and the wrong choices have to be made as frequently as the right ones We getalong rn life thrs way. We are built to make mistakes, coded for error'

We learn, as we say, by 'trial and error'. Why do we always say that? Why noi 'trial andrightness' or'trial and triumph'? The old phrase puts it that way because that is' in real life,thg way it is done.

A good laboratory, like a good bank or a corporation or govemment' has to run like acomputer. Almost everything is done flawlessly, by the book, and all the numbers add up tothe predicted sums. The days go by. And then, if it is a lucky day, and a lucky laboratory,somebody makes a mistake; the wrong buffer, something in one of the blanks, a decimalmisplaced in reading counts, the warm room off by a degree and a half' a mouse out of hisbox, or just a misreading of the day's protocol. Whatever, when the results come in,something is obviously screwed up, and then the action can begin.

The misreading is not the important error; it opens the way. The next step is the crucial one lf

/7

'10

15

20

25

30

35

10

the investioator can bring himsell to say, 'But even so, look at thall',then the new finding' 40;;il;i;, i";"Jt io"r snatctring what is needed' for prosress to be made' is the movebased on the error.

Whenever new kinds of thinking are about to be accomplished' or new varieties of music'ir]!i" r'r"i i" u" an argument-beforehand With hto sldes debaling in the same mind;i"r.a-nn;;;s, in;; ia an imiable understandrng thal one is.nghl and the other wrong sooner 45lifrt""|. tiJir'ing is settled, but there can be n; action at all if there are not the two sides and;;.-;;;;""1. ir'e hope is in the facultv oi wrongness the tendency towatd error Thei"o*,i,ii" r""p

"",""i?ounrtin" of info';ation to l;nd lightlv on the wrong side represents

the highest of human endowments

It may be that this is a uniqueiy human grft p--"'hap" eu"n "jl?'31:9-li our genetic 50instru&ions Other creatures do not seem to hlve DNA sequences for making mistakes as aiJin" p"rt oic"irv ri"ing, certainly not for programmed error as a guide for action

We are at our human finest, dancing with our minds, when therc are more choices than two

iorn"t,r*"tn"* are ten, even twe;ty different ways to go, all but.one, bound to be wrong';;i i;; ;il;"t" of selection in such situations can lid us onto totally new ground This 55,ri"""" i" i"i[J

"-ptoiaiion anc is based on human fa ibility. tf we had only a single center

;;;;r;;;;;;;t of responding onll, wl"en a correct decision was to be made rnstead ofir," i,,-nf" ot aiterent. credulous, easrly conned clusters of neuro'les thal provlde lor beingirr"iiriii"t"' oi"J

"] "v". rp ir"", down dead ends. out rnto blue sky. a'ong wrong turnings.#,Hffi; ;; ililonl lw tn" *ul, *e are todav stuck rast 60

The lower animals do not have this splendid freedom They are limited' most of them to

"il"oiui"-.f"ffiOiriiy Cats, for all their good side never make,mrstakes ltrave never seen a

r"jli-t, "r""i"1ll "i blundering cat

dogs are sometimes fallrble' occasron-ally,able to make

"n"i.i"g' ;;"ii;itt"kes, out iney get ihis way bv trying to mrmic their masiers Fish are

n"rr""""i" """,vtni"g

tney oo tnoiv.iuai cells in a tissue-are mindless machines' perfect in 65their performance, as absoluteiy inhuman as bees

We should have this in mind as we become dependent on more complex computers for the

arfanoement of oul affalrs Cive the comouters iheir heads l say: let them go thelr way lf weil;i5;;i;'a; ;;:, ,ulning ;ui h""a" td one side and wincins while the.work proceeds' the.nsqih,lrlies for the fulure of manklnd' ano computerkind are limitless Your average good 70::;"";J;;.;; ;;r."r"iion" in

"n ;nt,"nt which would take a liretime of slide ru'es for anv

; "::t;;i J- *n'rt

-""

"""r0 gain from the near infinity of precise' mechine-made

rn,slomoutat,on wnicn is now so easrly withrn our grasp. we would begin the solving of some

;i'":'i"";;"i ;;;i;ti iiot r*-iti"t-"e should we so about orsanizins ourselves for"*i"f fNins on a

planetary scale, now that we have beco-me' as a plain fact of life a single 75

""-i.,,.n"'" w. "ln ussume. as a working hypothesis. that allthe right ways of do;ng thrs are

;ilr[#L w-h"i ""-"""4,

in"" tor mivrng ahead is a sel of wrong alternatrves muchil'^o. :nrt more interestinq than the short list;t mistaken courses that any of us can think up;;;i;; w;

";;;, in iuli in inrin,t" r,"t

"nd when rt is printed out we need the computer toffi'#ii;i;il;il,lli""oot, tn"

"6*r "av to go lf it is a brs enoush mistake' we could 80

fhd ourselves on a new level' stunned, out in the clear' ready to move agaln

Adapted from To Et is Human by Lewis Thomas

11

12

13

14

/&

1 . From paragraphs 1 and 2, why would one be surpdsed at the examples of computererror? Use your own words as far as possible. [2m]

2. From paragraphs 3 and 4, how are computers and humans different in the way they'think'? Use your own words as far as possible. [4m]

3. From paragraph 7, Why do we always say'trial and error'and not'trial and rightness'?Use your own words as far as possible. [2m]

4. Explain the paradox (apparent contradiction) in the sentence, 'What is needed, forprogress to be made, is the move based on the error.' (lines 41-42) [2m]

5. Explain the meaning ofthe following phrases in your own words as far as possible.a) 'We are built to make mistakes, coded for errof (line 28) ll mlb) 'give the computers their heads' (line 68) [1m]6. Why is making mistakes beneficial to society? Summarise in no more than 130 words,

using material from paragraphs 6 to12. Use your own words as far as possible. [6m]

7. From paragraphs 12 and 13, why does the writer draw attention to the 'absoluteinfallibility' of 'lower animals' (line 6'1-62)? Use your own words as far as possible. [2m]

8. From paragraph 14, what is needed for mankind to move ahead (line 77)? Use your ownwords as far as possible.[3m]

e. ervc u re '

Icd|r 19 vr u rv ruluwl r9 wvr us ds rEy drv ulcu nr urc PdJJdgE r vu 'ldy w rc

your answer in one word or a short phrase.[5m]

(a) blindest (line 8)(b) embedded (line 24)(c) tendency (line 47)(d) endowments (line 49)(e) stipulated(line50)

10. The writer argues in favour of the benefits of error-making. To what extent should yoursociety be more tolerant of people making mistakes? Justify your answer with reference to

the ideas in the text and to your own ideas and experience. iTml

tq

\ I

Lifted Possible reDhraselvlistakes are not believed to be part of thenormal behaviour of a qood machine.

Computers are not expected/ lt is typical ofcomDuters to make anv blunders / slips. I1l

If things go wrong, it must be a personal,human error.

lf errors were made, it would be assumedthat it is a result of human incompetence,/miscalculation/ oversioht. IllBonus markThe computer errors described are of anextreme nature. / Computers should beefficient but enors are almost absurd,bizarre in nature. Ill

CJG Mid-Year 07 Paper 2 Answer Scheme

'L From paragraphs I and 2, why, according to the writer, would one be surprisedat the examples of computer eiroi? UsG ygua own words as tai as possible. [21

2. From paragraphs 3 and 4, how are humans and computers different in the waysthey'think'? Use your own words as far as possible. t41

A goodquickly

0m.It is not yet known whether a computer hasits own consciousness, and it would behard to find out...

3. why do we, according to the writer in paragraphand not'trial and rightness'? Use your own words

a) Computers can think more logically /supercede humans while still maintainingthe essence oi human thought. ['l]b) Computers can also work faster /process ideas faster. [1]

Computers have improved functions. 0m

NB: Answers for a) and b) must bepniasec! in inc COmF,aiai;ve ioiin, ic [' s:logically, fastg!, etc in order to get the fullmark. Answers without the comparative(eg computers are logical and think fast)

7, always say'trial and erro/as tar as possible. t2l

computer can thinkenough to beat you at

clearly andchess,

Possible reohlase

Computers are programmed to respond ina mechanical manner and lack awareness.t1l

Human beings on the other hand havegenuine cognitive and imaginativecapacities. ['1]

(it is easy to imagine that the faint distantnoises are the sound ofthinking.)But realthinking and dreaming are othermatters

J6

Lifted Possible reohrase-.because that is, in real life, the way it lsdone.

We use that expression as ii captures mostaccurately what we experience when wetry to accomplish or achieve something. [1]

Unacceptable lift: real lifeReality [1/2m]Part of life IlmlWe don't often get it correcu succeed onour first attempt. OR We become moreproficienU competenV skilled throughexperimentation and unsuccessfulattempts. I1l

Lifted Possible rephrasefor progress to be made It would be expected that to

advance/improve, no mistakes would havebeen made / or one would only moveforward. not back. l1l

the move based on the error lnstead what is implied here is thatadvancements are made only after a faultor blunder has been committed. [1]

4. Explain the paradox (apparent contradiction) in the sentence' '\lvhat is needed;for progress to be made, is the move based on the error'' (lines 4142) 121

5, Explain in your own words as far as possible what the writer means by thephrases:

a) "We are built to make mistakes, coded for erlor" (line 28) tl]Human beings are engineered/ created and predisposed/ biologically programmed tocommit blunders.

Not perfect / imperfect by nature [0m]

b) give the computers their heads (line 68) ttl-Computers should be given autonomy/ allowed independent functioning/ operations

I, Vocabulary: t511m 0.5m 0m

Blrndest (line 8) -Purely by chance/luck.-Entirelyunintentional

-Totally lacking inperception /judgement /reason/foresight- unexpected /unforeseen /unpredictable

accidental

Embedded (line 24) Deeply entrenchedrooted

hidden

2

lnclinationPropensityNaturalleaningSubconsciouslYfavouf

Tendency (line 47)

ciftsNatural capacitiesNatural abilities

Endowments (line49)

Dictated/ sPecified/laid down/ set downas an essential partSet down explicitly

Stipulated (line 50)

6. Why can making mistakes be130 words, using materialfrompossible.

beneficial to society? S'ummarise in no more thanparagraphs 6 to l2 Use your own words as far as

t6l

Possible rePhraseerrors are the foundation of humancognitive activity/ critical reflection [1]l\rlGtirkes

are at the very base of humanihought... (line 24)

We could nol achieve anything orengage in any productive activity. [1]rt we

were not proviOed with the knackof being wrong, we could never getanything useful done. (lines 25-26)

We tearn, as we saY, bY'trial and error'. in real life, the way it is done. (lines

29-31)

We neconre wiserl more informed/ makebetter judgements by making errors ['1]

unacceDtable lift: learntvtGtaGiire a catatvsv impetus forchanqe, lest we become too complacenvmech-anical/ seemingly perfect [1]

Almost everything is doneflawlessly. something screwed up, andthen the action can begin (lines 33-38)

conceptual ground/ have newperspectives/ dlscovenes / lnnovationand lll

istakes allow us to break newTfre miweading is not the importanterror; it opens the way the newfinding... (lines 39-40)ORThe capacity to leap actoss mountainsof rnformatron to land ....highest ofhuman endowments (lines 49-50)

new perspectives/ discoveries. ['1]Unacceptable lift: progress' error

io mike advancements based on thesef,at is neeoed, for Progress to bemade, ;s the move based on the error'(lines 41-42)

one Dersoective against theihere has to be an arqument

l1

beforehand ({ine 44)... there can be noaction at all if there are not the twosides, and the argument.. (lines 45-46)

other, it leads paradoxically to a creativetension. [1]

8. the richness of selection in suchsituations can lift us onto totally newground. (lines 55)

Mistakes give us diverse and manifoldoptions ['l]

9. lf we had only a single center in ourbrains, capable of responding onlywhen a correct decision was to bemade, instead of the jumble of different,credulous, easily conned clusters ofneurones that provide for being flung offinto blind alleys, up trees, down deadends, out inio blue sky, along wrongturnings, around bends, we could onlystay the way we are today, stuck fast.(lines 57-60)

without which we become stagnanvintellectually static.[1]

Lifted Possible rephraselndividual cells in a tissue are mindlessmachines, perfect jn their performance, asabsolutely inhuman as bees

-Animals do not make errors because-their actions are biologically/ genetica ypredetermined / diciated bv instinct. I1l

Sometimes there are ten, even tlventydifFerent ways to go, all but one bound tobe wrong, and the richness of selection i;such situations can lift us onto totally newground. This process is called explorationand is based on human fallibiliiv

-Human beings on the other hand have thecapacity for reflective choice which couldresLrlt in making errors.[1]

Acceptable lift: lower animals

7. From paragraphs 12 and 13, why does the writer draw attention to the ,absoluteinfallibility' of 'lower animals' in line 62? Use your own words as far as possible.t21

according to the writer, what is needed for mankind toUse your own words as far as possible. t31

10. The writer argues in favour of the benefits of error-rnakingr To what extent

8. F.om paragraph 14,move ahead (line 77)?Lifted Possible reohraseA set of wrong aiternatives much longerand more intercsting than the short list ofmistaken courses that any of us can thinkup right now

lvlankind would need to accept theunlimited array of faulty [1] but stimulating/engaging options {llthat the computer cangenerate and pay less attention to therestricted number of errors that humanscan anticipate.

lf it is a big enough mistake, we could findourselves on a new level, stunned, out inthe clear, ready to move again.

lf the relevant computer error issubstantial/ massive enough, [1/2mj itwould elevate us to the next paradigm/plane/ intellectual horizon from whichmankind can progress. I1/2mlUnacceptable lift: level

should your society be more tolerant of people making mistakes? Justify youl

answer with reference to the ideas in the text and to your own ideas andexPerience. [4More tolerant:'pts in summary are relevant but must be contextualized.*pt of discrim bet good and bad students

- diflerentiate bet mere blunders and

productive ertors.*compadson with other more tolerant societies is in order.

Singapore has not tapped the potential of making productive errors -

essentiallyintolerant of genuine errors which we either condemn or draw into mainstream culture.-Would encourage entrepreneurship and risk-taking.-Creativity vs conformity (following a template)-Gracious and accepting society

- allowing people who may not succeed initially to

blossom.-stress levels would be reduced.

EgsEducation

- unforgiving and rigid.

Employers -

intolerant of efforc -

employees become risk-averse and timid. Conversely,people who commit less errors become arrogant and complacent.Politics

- repressive and uninviting.

- give us a right understanding oi being human

- both limitations and potential

Lers talqrq!!-Security and order - there is little margin for error in these times (terroism, crime,political choices etc)

- consequencesl

-Excellence and efficiency are required in a city that wishes to go global.-Mistakes could be simply due to bad judgment / negligence

- for eg, risktaking vs

making wild decisions.

J+

lJc Mid-Yeor 07 Pqper I

'!. To what extent does the Singapore education system meet the needs of society?

2. Examine the validity of the statement that poverty is the parent of crime (Aristotle)

3. "Technological progress has caused society to regress in other ways " Discuss'

4. Consider the implications of dishonesty

5."Theworkingmotherphenomenoninmodernsocietyistherootcauseofanti-socialbehaviour among young people." Do you agree?

6. "Sport does not build character. lt reveals character'" How far do you agree with thisstatement?

7. Would you consider Singapore successful in instilling in her people a sense ofbelonging?

8. Should animaltesting be banned?g. "The weak believe in luck. The strong believe in cause and effect " Discuss

'10. Can the mass media be blamed for all the problems of the modern world?

1 1. Does religion still have a place in our scientiflc world today?

'12. "We continue to only harm the environment " ls this a fair assessment?

IJC Mid-Year 07 Paper I

1. To what extent does the Singapore education system meet the needs of society?

D-E Essav

. Will detine the term "reeds of socie,y". For e9, Singapore needs to nurture good leaders,forward thinkers and entrepreneurs and she needs to establish an open and inclusivesociety and a civil society.

. Will define "education system" as formal education system and what it comprises (egcufficulum, school structure, teachers, assessment etc).

. lvlay be ote"sided discussion highlighting that Singapore education system does meet ordoes not meet the needs of society.

. Will have limited exarnpres to suppod one's view.

c OR BETTER Essav

. Will discuss how the Singapore education system is ablp to meet the needs of society butalso give a baranced discussio, on how the Singapore education system fails to meet theneeds of society. For example, Singapore's education system seems to adopt a moredidactic approach to National Education which does not encourage the young to speaktheir mind and actively participate in forging a civil society.

. Will give varied and cunent examples to support the views. For eg, the Social-EmotionalLearning Framework guides the establishment of school programmes for the holisticdevelopment of the child.

. Will hiqhlight current trends. For e9, attempts to diversify the education landscape toaddress and recognise the varying abilities of differcnt members of society and establish"peaks of excellence".

. Will evatuate whether all needs of society can be met by just an education system (inrelation to Singapore education system) or are there other institutions (eg government andcharity organisations) and processes that need to work hand in hand with the educationsystem. For example, the family, just as much as the education system, plays a signiflcantpart in the upbringing ofthe young to ensure that we have a clvil society

2. Examine the validity of the statement that poverty is the parent of c.ime (Aristotle).

D-E Essav

. Ctatily whal "pouerty is the parent ot crime" means

. Recognise that the question presents an efretne view, that is to say that povedy is theroot cause for crime and, hence, questions the accuracy of such a statemeni

. Discusses whether poverty is the cause ol crime, without analysing whether poverty is theroot cause (parent) of crime.

. Superticiat examples will be given, mainly assuming and glossing over the causalrelationship betvveen poverty and crime, without addressing the complex factors at wo*For eg, a student might explain that a poor person will be forced to steal to feed himself,without acknowledging that many developed societies have put in a welfare system thatprovides a safety net for ihe impoverished and underprivileged.

C OR BETTER E59av

J6

Will understand and illustrate through examples lhal povedy can resull in differenttypes of crime, ranging from those which are in response to impoverished conditions suchas theft, prostitution and dealjng in drugs and those which are the indirect result of suchcondilions such as family and gang violence resulting from anger and frustration at beingdeprived or marginalised.Wll eyaruale whether poverty is the root cause (parent) of crime. There will be acomparison with other reasons for crimes such as greed, revenge, desire for power, in thename of religion and even for thrills, highlighting examples wfen crimes have taken placedue to other reasons apatT from poverty, such as the NKF Saga corruption (due togreed).Will have a good mix ol global examptes, comparing developed and underdevelopedcountries, to illustrate the arguments crafted. For eg, student might highlight that rn poorercountries like Laos, Vietnam and Thailand, there is a high rate of child and femaleprostitution due to poverty. At the same time, in developed countries like Japan, someteenage girls prostitute themselves not because of pove.ty, but so as to support theirextravagant lfestylesWitl pay attention to the keyword "validity" and "parent" and analyse whether lhestafemena is a realistic description of present society at large orjusl a generalisation.

3. "Technological progress has caused society to regress in other ways." Discuss.

D-E Essav

. Will clariry the term "regress" and "technological progress'.

. Will recognise that "regress" presents a negative view.

. Will rest/ict the discussion to only effects of technological progress on society and notexamrne whether the eflects have led to regression or not

. W;ll provide a one.sided point of viewwhere studenl willexamine onty how technologicalprogress has caused society to regress.

. Will give ,imiled and out-dated examples.

C OR BETTER Essav

Will recogrise that the question already assumes that there is progress in society dueto tec h nol ogical p ro g ressWill explain and evaluale trow technological developments may lead to deterioration orprogress and examine the effects of "technological progress" on society from diferer(perspectives (eg sgcial, political, economic, environmental, medical) For eg,communications technology like the lnternet expands markets for businesses but, becausethere is no central control of the lnternet and limited means of censoring its materials, it isoften exploited by paedophiles who post more than 20000 images of child pornographyonline daily.Will provide a Mde range of examples lo supporl one's views.Will provide a balanced discussio, on how technological progress has led to progressand regression.

4. Consider the implications of dishonesty.

D-E Essav

. Will define "dishonesty".

el

. Will describe the implications of dishonesiy, for eg, how it can destroy ones' relationship,working life and personal life.

. Will provide limited examples, that is, restricting the discussion to a personal perspectiveor providing only examples from Singapore.

C OR BETTER Essav

. Will disc{rss the implicalions of dishonesty on a micro (individual) and macrc (global)perspective. On a micro level, the student would discuss dishonesty, for e.9., in tems ofslealing, in relationships, in workjng life and consider the implications ofthis dishonesty. Ona macro level, the student would discuss dishonesty, for eg, in foreign relations, globalpolitics, global business, international sports arena and the implications of it.

. Will evaluate the ex,ent (scale and duration) ofthe repercussions of dishonesty.

. Will ,llusfrate through current examples the implications of dishonesty, for eg, NKF T.T.Durai's dishonesty has ruined his career, bankrupted him and caused him to be a pariah insociety and, for eg, the doping scandal involving French cyclist Floyd Landis who testedpositive for synthetic testosterone and recent admissions by Lance Armstrong's formerteam-mates that they had taken the used the banned endurance-boosting drug EPO inpreparation for the 1999lour have undermined the credibility of the sport.

. Will explain the impodance of honesty

. Will be able to point out that sometimes the implications of dishonesty may be posftiye.

5. "The working mother phenomenon in modern society is the root cause of anti-socialbehaviour among young people." Do you agree?

D-E Essav

. Will exprai, the phrase "working mother phenomenon".

. Will discuss types of anti-social behaviour ranging frorn the deviant to the criminal (For eg,promiscujty, prostitution, school bullying, vandalism, being inebriated).

. Will have a few outdated examples, ignoring the time frame of the question, i.e. "modernsociety".

. Will recognise that the question presents ar extrcme view since the question reads as"working mother.....root cause of anti-social behaviour... "

. Will discuss how the working mother phenomenon adversely affects the young, wilhoutanatysing whether it is the root cause of anli-social behaviour among the young.

. Will p/ovide limited examples of anti-sociai behaviour among young people.

C OR BETTER Essav

. Will pay atlention to the keyword "root cause" and analyse wfefrrer the sta,emert is anovef-genefalisation.

. Will evaluale and have a good variety of rccent examples evaluating whether workingmother phenomenon is the root cause of antisoaial behaviour among young people.

. Will offer a balanced discussio, by comparing olher causes of anti-social behaviouramong the young with the working mother phenomenon ta delemine the root cause orwhether it is a combination of several faclors. For eg, peer pressure, stress trom schooland society and exposure to the other sources of influence through the mass media-

. Will recognise that there are alternaive caregivers who may be just as effective infulfilling the roles and responsibilities of the mother such that the blame cannot be pinnedon the absence of lhe mother.

J'

. May attempt to highlight that though there are other causes for anti-social behaviour amongthe young, the working molher phenomenon mighl have aggtavated the situation. Fot eg,the mother's absence can result in a child looking for guidance and company elsewhere.

6. "Sport does not build character. lt reveals charactel." How far do you agree with thisstatement?

D-E Essav

. Will attempf to defrne the key phrase "charactel' in terms of qualities that one has such asresilience, determination and diligence.

. Will restricl the discussion and examples Io behaviour and, hence, taits displayedduring the course of engaging in the spor7.

. Will explain the causal relationship between sport and the development and revelation ofcharacter.

. Will fimit discussion to sport not building character but rather revealing character. ln otherwords, the student would not be discussing the other perspectives that sports builds as wellas reveals character or that sport builds character but does not reveal character.

. Will have a limifed range of examples from the same spoti (For eg soccer).

C OR BETTER Essav

. Will point out that "character" in the first sense refers to poiitive traits while "character"in the second sense may refer to both positive and negative araits.

. Will attempl to give a balanced discussion, illustrating how sport also builds character.

. WiIt discrss how it is both a nature and nurture issue.

. Wlll i ustate argurrents using a good variety of rccent examples in the internationalspofting afena.

. l,4ay highlight a lotally different perspective that sport, in some cases, does nolnecessariiy build nor reveal character such as in entertainrnent sporis, as in ihe case of thepopular wrestling show, World Wrestling Entertainment, where some of the action is stagedand wrestlers have to take on the role of a hero or villain at difletent times.

7. Would you consider Singapore successful in instilling in her people a sense otbelonging?

D-E Essav. Will laryely describe what Singapore has done to instil in her people a sense of belonging.. Will have miaimat drscussion on the keyrvord Sr.rccessful". Will give limiled and mundane examples such as singing the national anthem and saying

the pledge in schools, or giossing over National Education in schools.. Will have a narrcw scope of discussion, focussing mainly on schools, paying little or no

a{tention to other groups

C or BETTER Essav

. Will discuss what it means to have a sense of belonging, especially to a smallcosmopolitan city like Singapore for instance, (a) Feel passionately about some aspect ofour country (b) Get together, do something for the community lNational Day Rally Speech20061

. Will evaluate the extenf ofsuccess in instilling in her people a sense of belonging

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. A wide range ol recerl examples to subslantiate their arguments is necessary for themto do weli in this quesfion. (For eg, the overseas Singaporean Unit established in 2006 toreach out to Singaporeans livjng abroad, the National Youth Forum in 2004 and YouthWorkgroups set up by the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports toinvolve young people in issues relating to community involvement, national engagement,opportunities for all and youth entrepreneulship)

. Will go beyond discussing the successes/ llaws of the National Education programme inschools and look at other ways in which the government instils a sense of belonging toSingapore: recogrr:se that heattware is not just something we do l', sctools; it is alsoabout getting all Singaporeans to engage and padicipate in shaping the character and lifeof our society.

8. Should animal testing be banned?

D-E Essav. Will take an ernotiora, stand, denouncing animal testing as cruel and totally unnecessary,

condemn supporters of animaltesling -

rack barance. Will have rimited discussior onwhy animaltesting should be banned

- reasons may not

be always sound or welhargued.. Will only put forth reasons against animal testing bul wrl not be able to suggest

atternalives and just insist plainly on banning animal testing.

C or BETTER Essav. Will be objective in their argument, putting forth both the benefils and drawbacks ol

anrmaltesting.. Will recognise that the word "should" reflects lhat a moral dimension ought to be

addressed by evaluating the morality of lhe motive, the ac{ itself and the consequencesthat arise.

. Will d,btr'guish lhe different purposes of testirg (for eg, medicine, cosmetics) and

. Will also be able to give a wide range ol examples of types of animal tesfing (for egiLD50, Draize eye test, skin irritancy test) and evaluafe whether these forms of testing areabsolutely necessary.

. Will discuss some araernatives to animal lesarrg (for eg, in-vitro te6ts, computer software,dalabases of tests already done to avoid duplicalion)and cite some examples of somecompanies which have stafted to adopt these alternative measures (for eg, Body Shop,L'Oreal).

. May divide the animals lnto groups -

they may perceive that it is more inhumane to conducttests some animals like chimpanzees and dogs compared to rodents.

9. "The weak believe in luck. The strong believe in cause and eflect." Discuss.

D-E Essav. Will attempt to explore the truth of the statement though will not always be able to pin

down what they consider "weak" and "strong".. Ihe key phrase "cause and effect" may not be properly understood or explained.. Will attempt to bring up a couple of exceptions for balance.

jD

c or BETTER Essav.- w,ri-r oe ,ol" to po int out what the key phrases mean and exptain how they are linked

i.". ;iiirg'l ind "cause and etfeci" rcfet lo lhe idea of independence' self-belief and'o"ing; ";ntrof

of one's own destiny by imposing a rational approach to ?nalysing andmaniging one's circumstances, while "weak" and "luck" rcfer to the idea of helplessness'uncerLiniy and allowing oneself to be subjected to the vagaries of life'

. Will exptain why suci a claim is made in lhe statement by giving a wide range ofexampies-the ;strong" who have put in efforl and made wellplanned or strategic movesto attlin sot" form if success will hardly afttibute their success to pure luck (For eg'winning an election, economic success, having meaningful relationships and leading aiurririini tit")-uno oy aiscussing the lrane otmind(ie whether they are weak) ofthose;# ffit ;:D, Totoind Big Sw-eep and participate in game shows.like."Deal or No Deal"which aie based on luck with no cause and effect present) and evaluating whether thereii i

"",r""t rctationship between one's frame of mind and one's attitude towards

one's ability to control one's circumslances.. Wtiquestio, tne a.sumptions reflected in the slatement lor the countetargumentby

nigf'lijt'ii"g occasions where the slrorg seize the oPpolultilie: aflorded bviJniaipiiou" incidents and determine causal factors that would help them succeed inin"ii

"nl""uort" (For eg, Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin when he deduced a

lausal relationship between the rnould that accidentally contaminated a petri dishionLining , St+nylo"iccus bacteria culture and the subsequent elimination of the bacteria )oi

"n"n ir," .rtirni , emselves demonstate a belief in luck (For eg, highly skilled and

successful soccer p-layers who believe in wearing their lucky jersey number')

10. Can the mass media be blamed for all the problems of the modern world?

D-E Essav. Witt attempt to tist some of the problems of the modem world. Will pay attention lo the keyword "atl" and recognise that the question presents an

extreme view .. Will address the qu eslion tty comparing a variety of factots with the mass media. [,4ay nave a few outdated'examples, ignoring the time frame of the question i'e "modern

wo.ld". superticial exampres will be given, mainlf glossing over the disadvantages the mass

media bring about without rnuch analysis

C or BETTER Essav. Witt giue- Oro"a sp eclrum of Problems llte modem world faces. Will iave a good va riety of recenl examples that refer to lhe different tyPes of mass

media.. Will offer a balanced discussio, by comparing other causes of these problems

Oi""rii"O t" evaluate whether it is a combination of sevenl factors or if the massr"Oi"

""n ttrfv be blamed for the problems and to what extenl they can or should be

blamed.. Witt

"lro be able to provide balance by having examples of problems not caused by the

mass media and show how the mass media help alleviate these problems. Will be able to rec ognise that sometimes lhere may not be a cleal case of whether or

not the mass mediishould be blamed for the problems (for eg' while we are now moreaware about precautionary measures to take in the face of terrorist threats' the terroristshave also indiiectly made use ofthe mass media to perpetuate fear')

3l

. May recogrise lh at the mass media may be a convenient scapegoaffor societies to pinall ihe problems on so that the source of the problems can be kept concealed or they canabsolve themselves from blame.

'11. Does religion still have a place in our scientific world today?

D-E Essav. \ /ill be able to recognise that the science and religion may potentially be conflicting

because of their fundamental assumptions about otigins and reality and the valuesthat they subscribe to.

. Will adopt lhe narrow view that dichotomises science and religion' that is' the scientificpersp""iive is based on empirical evidence and is' hence, objective, whereas religion isLased on faith and is thus more subjective, without acknowledging thatsubjectivism/relativism is a typicat leature of the scientific word where data arealways subject to manipulation and interpretation

. Will confine argument lo mainly a discussion about terron3m

. Wilt give rinited exatnpres (For eg, focus mainly on 911 bombings' London bombing on 7July, draw a simplistic conclusion about the importance of religion from the fact that placesof worship still exist without being able to elaborate the example )

C or BETTER Essav. will recogni"u that the statement assumes thai science has come to dominate the wcid

and there is an imptied assumplion lhal rcligion does not have a place in our world todaybecause scierce ard religion arc mutually exclusive.

. Will be able to point out that religion is able to meet certain needs in our lives thatscience may not be abte to (for eg, psychological function; dealinq with death, suffering,fear, anxiety; makes lhe world comprehensiblel assigning meaning to events and providinga framework for interpreting events that seem randomly disconnected; provides meaningand purpose in life; trans;ending the mundane to look beyond everyday events andattempting to understand them in a metaphysical framework, ior eg, interpreting life cycleevents such as birth, adulthood, marriage, death; helps individuals adjust to changes iniheir livas; prcvides c framework for the behavioural norms, that is, how one should act andbehave both as an individual and as part of society )

. Will be able to.ecognisethat retigion sfirl is a sersdrve issue/ held in high rcgard inour world today. Willdefinitely be ab,e to point out that religion is a sanctuary and a sourceof identity for people living in a world that is undergoing rapid change and, in situationswhen that sanctuary and identity are challenged, it leads to conflict that, in extrerne cases'manifesis itself in acts of terrorism.

. Will give a wide range of globat examples lo Provide balance (fot eg, ihe influencereligi6n has over legll systems (e.g. Sharia Law) in l\4uslim counlries, the increasingnuriber of people embracing Buddhist philosophy as a means of coping with the slress ofmodern living and to counler materialistic values, the growth of evangelical Christianity aspeople seek-meaning in life and the atternpts to marry science and religion through theiheory of lntelligent besign. All these have taken place despite the advancements inscience).

12. "We continue to only halm the environmenl'" ls this a fair assessment?

D-E Essav. Will be able to point out that "otly" is an exteme word.. Will clarry and explain in some detail lhe ham we have done io the environment as

well as what we are stit doing to ham the environment ("continue")

. Will provide balance by pointing out what we have done to protect lhe environmentandlor lhe efforts to minimise the harm

. Will provide outdated or a limited range of examples lo illustrate the argument crafted(For eg, may give mundane examples such as the 3Rs - Reduce, Recycle and Reuse,saving eleckicity/ water at the individual level or discuss deforestation and other forms ofpollution without being able to give details.)

C or BETTER Essav. Will be able lo explain and illuslf,al9 their argument in great detail using recent

exarnples of the harm we have done to the envjronment and the consequences which weare already facing and will face in the future. (Refer to examples in The Straits Times dated27 Juoe

-29 June 2007.). Will have a good mix ol recent global examples (For eg, global warming and its impact

on the local climate e.g extreme weather patterns such as flooding in Australia and heatwaves in lndia, destruction of habitats due to pollution or the logging and farming industrieswhich lead to dwindling animal populations and marine life.)

. Will atso be able to list some ol lhe rccenl efforfs (For eg, Live Earth concert) to save theEafth and evaluate the success ofthese measures vis-d-vis the harm done.)

:3

UC Mld-Yeor 07 Pqper 2

Secular Humanism is Hamtul

John Gray writes.....

Of all the myths spawned by the Enlightenmen{, the idea that we live in a secular age isthe most absurd. Throughout much of the wodd, religion is thriving with undiminishedvitality. Where believers are in the minority, as they are in Britain today, traditional faithshave been replaced by iiberal humanism2, which is now established as the unthinkingcreed of conventional people. Yet liberal humanism is itself very obviously a religion-a 5shoddy derivative of Christian faith. lf this is not recognised, it is because religion hasbeen repressed from consciousness in the way that sexuality was repressed in Victoriantames. Now as then, the result is not that the need disappears, but rather that it returns inbizaffe and perverse forms. Secular societies may imagine tlFy are post-religious' butactually they are ruled by repressed religion. 10Liberal humanism inherits several key Christian beliefs-above all, the belief thathumans are categorically different from all other animals. According to humanists'humans are unique in that, using the power over nature given them by science' they cancreate a world better than any that has existed before. ln this view, the earth as simply amass of resources for human use, and the other animals with which we share it have no 15value in themselves. Those who hold to this view of things see themselves as tough-minded scientific realists, but in fact they are in the grip of one of the worst legacies ofChristianity. The humanist view of the earth as an instrument of human purpose as asecurar rendnron of the biblical myth of Genesis.

The role of hollowed-out versions of Christian myth in humanist thought is particularly 20clear in the case of lvlarxism. Marx's absurd idea of'lhe end of history", in whichcommunism triumphs and destructive conflict then vanishes from the world, istransparently a secular mutation of Christian beliefs. The same is true of FrancisFukuyama's equally preposterous belief in universal salvation through "global democraticcapitalism". ln both cases, what we have is myth masquerading as science. 25Ihe trouble with secular myths is that they are frequently more harmful than the realthing. ln traditional Chrislianity, the apocalyptic impulse was restrained by the insight thathuman beings are ineradicably flawed. ln the secular religions that flowed fromChristianity, this insight was lost. The result has been a form of tyranny, new in history,that commits vast crimes in the pursuit of heaven on ebrth. 30

I The Enlightenment refers to the historical intellectual movenenl it the 18d Century which advocatd rc!!94 orrationality as the primary basis of authorit.'?Liberal or secular humanism is the philosophy tbat rejecrs th existence ofa god.

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The role of humanist thought in shaping the past century's worst regimes is easilydemonstrable, but it is passed over, or denied, by those who harp on about the crimes ofreligion. Yet the mass murders of the 20th century were not perpetrated by some latter-day version of the Spanish lnquisition3. They were done by atheist regimes in the serviceof Enlightenment ideals of progress. Stalin and l\4ao were not believers in original sin.Even Hitler, who despised Enlightenment values of equality and freedom, shared theEnlightenment faith thal a new world could be created by human will. Each of thesetyrants imagined that the human condition could be transformed through the use ofscience.

The irony of secular culiures is that ihey are ruled by myths. lt is a commonplace thatscience has dlsplaced religion. What is less often noted is that science has become avehicle for needs that are indisputably re{igious. Like religion in the past, though lessefiectively, science offers meaning and hope. ln politics, improvement is fragmentary andreversible. In science, the growth of knowledge is cumulative and now seeminglyunstoppable. Science gives a sensation of progress that politics cannot deliver. lt is aniliusion, but that in no way diminishes its power. We may live in a post-Christian culture,but the idea of providence has not disappeared. People still need to believe that a benignpattern can be glimpsed in the chaos of human evenis.

The need for religion appears to be hard-wired in the human animal. Certainly thebehaviour of secular humanists supports this hypothesis. Atheists are usually just asemotionaliy engaged as believers. Quite commonly, they are more intellectually rigid. Nodoubt there are many reasons for this state of affairs, but I suspect it is the repression ofthe religious irnpulse that explains the obsessive rigidity of secular thouqht.

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Liberal humanisis repress religious experience-in themselves and others-in much theway that sexuality was repressed in the straiFlaced societies of the past. ln secularcultures, religion is buried in the unconscious, only to reappear-as sex did among theVictorians-in grotesque and illicit forms. lf, as some claim, the Victorians covered pianolegs in a vain effort to exorcise sex from their lives, secular humanists behave similarlywhen they condemn religion as irrational. lt seems not to have occurred to them to askwhere it comes from. History and anthropology show it to be a species-widephenomenon. There is no morc reason to think that we will cease to be religious animalsthan there is to think we will some day be asexual.

l\,4any liberal humanist thinkers were adamant that religion would die out with the advanceof, science. That has not come aboul, and there is not the remotest prospect of ithappening in the foreseeable future. Yet the idea that religion can be eradicated fromhuman life remains an anxiously defended article of faith among secular humanists. Assecular ideology is dumped throughout the world, they are left disoriented and gaM/ping

bU

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I The Spanish Inquisitjon was a religious tribunal esiablishcd in lll?! by the Spanish monarchyto maintain Calholicorthodoxy jn Spain. It was notorious for ils use oflorture.

3/

10 lt is this painful inability to reconcile their expectation with the reality around them, Ibelieve, that accounts for the peculiar rancor and intolerance of many secular thinkers.Unable to account for the irrepressible vitality of religioh, they can react only withpuratanical horror and stigmatise it as irrational. Yet the truth is that if religion is irrational,so is the human animal. As is shown by the behaviour of humanists, this is never more sothan when it imagines itself to be ruled by reason.

Here we have the paradox of secularism. Secular societies believe they have left religionbehind, when all they have done is substitute one set of myths for another- ln effect,liberal humanism has taken Christianity's unhappiest myth*the separation of humansfrom the rest of the natural world-and stripped it of the transcendental content that gaveit meaning. ln so doing, it has left secular cultures such as Britain stuck between ahumanist view of mankind that actually comes from religjon and a more genuinelyscientific view in which it is just one animal species, no more capable of taking charge ofits ciesiiny ihan any other....

Humanism is not an alternative to religious belief, but rather a degenerate and unwittingvercion of it. Among the many varieties of religious life that are thriving among us-Hinduand Buddhist, Jewish and Muslim, along with many new and hybrid traditions-this paleshadow of Christianity is surely an anomaly.

Weighed down with fears and anxieties that the rest of us have never known or have longsince left behind, it survives only as a remnant of a time when .eligion suppressed naturalhuman impulses. We rnay not be far from a time when atheism will be seen as a relic ofrepression, like the frills that may once have been draped over piano legs.

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'1. Accordingtotheauthor,whyisitabsurdtoclaimthat'weliveinasecularage'(linel)? 1l

2. 'the unthinking creed of conventional people' (lines 4-5)What does this reveal about the autho/s attitude towards liberal humanjsm? [2]

3. What does the author intend you to understand by ending the second paragraph wfth threedots (...)?[1]

4.rom paragraph 3, describe the two mutated versions of Christianity and exPlain how they aresimilar. Use your ow, words as taras possible[3]

5.dentify the paradox in paragraph 4 and explain it.[2]

People still need to believe that a borigt pallem can be grimpsed in the chaos of humanevents.' (lines 4748). Explain what the author is saying by bringing out the meaning of thertaLrcrsed words. [2]

xplain the authols criticism of the secular humanists rn paragraih 1A. Use your own worclsas far as possrb/e. [2]

hat is the author implying by using the word 'animal' in the penultimate sentence of paragraPh10? l2l

9.ive the meaning of the following words as they are used in the passage. You maywrite your answer in one word or a short phrase.

(a) spawned (line 1) ................................ Ill(b) bizarre (line 9).... . . . ... .. .... ................ nl(c) categorically (line 12) ........................ .......................................111

8.

(d) legacies (line 17)(e) vehicle (line 42) .

............................ ..... t1l

t1l

tO. Using material from paragraphs 7 to I of the passage, summalise the author's reasons folasserting that religion is an inherent need of human beings and his argumenl against therepression of religion. Wriie your summary in no more than 120 words not counting theopening wods which are printed below. Use yo ur awn wards as fat as possible.

According to the author, one reason for human beings' inherent need for religion is... [7]

li

11ohn Gray is confident lhat rellgion is a natural and healthy expression of Man s deepest needsHow convincing are his arguments? ls your generation becoming more or less religious and doyou regard this as broadiy beneficial or harmful?l8l

,r,

lJC2 Mid.Year Paoer 2 2OO7Suqqested Answe.s

Question 1:According to the author, why is it absurd to claim that'we live in a secular age'(line 1)?(1m +% m bonus)

Question 2'the unthinking creed of conventional people' (lines 4-5)What does this reveal about the author's attitude towards liberal humanism? (2m)

From the oassaoe Suooested answersThroughout much of the world. religion isthrivinq with u nd im in ishedJilqliq

ln mosl couniries, religion is glg.lgllgviqorously/ flourishinq/Drosoering (%m)

Note: grow ONLY (0m)

and continues to exisgstill existspurposef ullv/meaninqfullvORhas !b9Jig9!Ilg[9!g!!lb9:49!to survive.(%n)

Bonus:

undiminished unabated (% m)

the unthinkinq creed of conventionalpeople

The unretlectiveideoloqv/doctrine/svstem ot beliefs ofconformists/individuals lacking inoriqinalitv. ('lm)(Note: without thought -0m)

Nole: candidates must get ALL 3 poinGto obtain 1 mark. For I or 2 points,award % mark only.

The writer's attitude towards liberalhumanism is one ofdisdain/ contempt (1m)disapproval (% m)

Note: mockerv/sarcasm (% m)

From the Dassage Suooested answersThe humanist view of the earth as aninstrument of hunan purpose is a secularrendition of the biblical myth ofGenesis....(line 19)

Since Genesis is ihe fi6t chapter of theE!!!g (% m bonus), the author wants us tounderstand there are other instances in!!qqj!b which illusirate man'smanipulation of the earth. (1m)

OR

Any sensible answers to the effect of 'moreto follow' (% m)

OR

The writer intended the reader to deducethe implications/draw his own conclusionfor his comparison between liberalhLrmanisrn and chistianitv. i'1m)

Question 3What does thethree dots (...)?

author intend you to understand(1m+ % m bonus)

by ending the second paragraph with

3, describe the two mutated versions of Christianity and explain how(2m) IJse your own wotds as far as possrbre.

Question 4From paragraphthey are similar.

Marx's absurd idea of "the end of history' ,in which communism-t umPhs anddestructive conflict then ygqisbglfromthe world, is transparently a secularmutation of Christian beliefs. (line 20-23)

The same is true of Francis Fukuyama'seouallv Dreoosterous belief in univ