land use planning compre

7/31/2019 Land Use Planning Compre

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/land-use-planning-compre 1/32

I. LAND USE PLANNING

1. land use planning concepts

2 what is land use planning

3. what is a land use plan

4. objectives of land use planning

5. two division of land use planning

6. land use categories and color coding

7. formulation of the general land use plan

8. environmentally critical areas

II. LAND USE PATTERNS

a. basic urban form conceptual frameworks



b. different shapes in land use patterns

III. URBAN LAND USE MODELS

a. what’s a model?

b. concentric-zone model

c. sector model

d. multiple nuclei model

e. urban realms model

Land Use Planning Concepts

Land

Land is viewed as a shared natural resource, much like air and water found therein, tobe conserved and cared for with due regard for its effect on society as a whole and

for the conditions in which it will be passed on to future generations.

Land is also viewed as a property - a private commodity which can be owned, used,

bought or sold for personal comfort and profit.

Land is a finite resource but population continues to grow year after year requiring

more land for housing and other urban uses, agricultural areas for food production

and more forest for timber production and watershed protection. Therefore, the need

to allocate land judiciously and discriminately

What is Land Use Planning? It is the systematic approach / process for

identifying, classifying and locating urban land, which is achieved by analyzing

the socio-economic needs of the population in consideration of the physical

and natural attributes of a city / municipality

Technical aspect- involves determining what activities(agricultural,

construction) a given piece of land can support without causing damage to the

land itself in order it can be used across many generations without

jeopardizing.

Political aspect – is concerned with the commitment of decision makers and

politicians to ensure that there is strict compliance with the plan and its

implementation tools.

What is a LAND USE PLAN ??? An essential component of the

comprehensive development plan, it designates the future use or

reuse of the land and the structure built upon the land within a given

jurisdiction’s planning area and the policies and reasoning used in



arriving at the decisions in the plan. It projects public and private

land uses in accordance with the planned spatial organization of

economic and social activities and the traffic of goods and people

Objectives of Land Use Planning

1. To promote the efficient utilization, acquisition and disposition of

land as a limited resources;

a) Make sure there is enough for our future generations to use and

enjoy while addressing the needs of the present times

2. To influence, direct and harmonize decisions and activities of the

public and the private sectors affecting the use, management and

disposition of lands;

3. Reconcile land use conflicts between and among individuals and government

agencies relating to present needs and anticipated demands for land;

4. Promote desirable and efficient patterns of land uses and prevent premature

and wasteful development and minimize the cost of public facilities, services

and infrastructure;

5. Protect and preserve valuable agri-cultural areas consistent with the need

to promote industrialization;

6. Maintain ecological balance thru Control of development in critical areas such

as flood plains and watershed areas

7. Integrate programs and projects on land resources development among

land development agencies;

8. Conserve areas of ecological, aesthetic and historical values and maintain and

protect natural open areas and areas of significant views;

9. Promote and implement a shelter plan

• Thru Identification of sites suitable for housing; and

10.Promote an efficient circulation system

Overview of the Process

It utilizes the planning methodology which includes: data gathering, problem

identification and situational analysis; goals / objectives formulation;

generation of alternative spatial strategies; evaluation and selection of

preferred strategy; formulation of the plan; adoption, review and approval; and

implementation and monitoring



Two Division of Land Use Planning

General Land Use Planning – deals primarily with the non-urban large scale

uses such as: croplands, forests, pasture lands, mining/quarrying areas and

swamplands, with areas occupied by structures treated collectively as “built –

up” areas”

Urban Land Use Planning – concerned with the location, intensity and amount

of land development required for the various space-using functions such as

residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, recreation and other activities

found in the urban areas.

Land Use

General Land use:

Four Major Categories:

○ Built-up

○ Agriculture

○ Forest

○ Special use

Urban Land Use

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Institutional

Parks/playgrounds

Infrastructure/utilities

Etc.



LAND USE CATEGORIES AND COLOR CODING



Determination of Land Supply for Urban Expansion

Land supply is the land area available within the city/municipality for urban

expansion. Basically, this is left after deducting the areas considered for

protection/preservation and conservation such as the Network of Protected

Agricultural Areas (NPAAs), National Intergrated Protected Areas System (NIPAs),

existing built-up areas, etc.

Formula: Land Supply For Urban Expansion = TLA – (PCA + BU)

Where: TLA = total land area of city/municipality, in hectares

PCA = protection/preservation and conservation areas, in

hectares

BU = built-up areas, in hectares

Example:

Given:

Area (Has.)

a. Total Land Area (TLA) of City/Municipality = 50,000

b. Preservation and Conservation Areas (PCA)* = 35,000



b.1 NIPAS (5,000)

b.2 NIPAAs (15,000)

b.3 Environmentally Constrained Areas (5,000)

b.4 Other Environmentally Critical Areas (10,000)

Identified in Pres. Proc. No. 2146

c. Existing Built-up Areas (BU) = 10,000

d. Land Supply For Urban Expansion = a – (b + c)

= 50,000 – (35,000 + 10,000)

= 50,000 – 45,000

= 5,000 Has.

Classification of Urban Uses

Residential-amount of land depends on the of which new households are

formed and on inmigration.

Commercial areas- category includes all types of wholesale, retail and service

activities serving areas larger than neighborhoods.

Included in this category are the ff:

-Major Central Business Districts in urbanized areas

-Minor Central Business District in less urbanized areas

-Highway Service Centers or Commercial Strips such as highway gas

stations, traveler's inn and restaurants

Institutional Areas- covers the major public and semi-public uses like

educational, cultural, religious, health, protective and government services

Industrial uses- includes manufacturing, refining, fabricating, assembly,

storage, parking and other incidental uses including food processing, cottage

industry, sawmills, rice mills, steel mills, chemical processing plants, etc.

-also included are the proposed industrial estates/subdivision



Parks/Playgrounds and other Recreational Areas- the space requirement may

be computed with the use of space standards based on population or area of

the municipality or city

Open Space- so called “non-functional open spaces” and includes lands

reserved for greenbelts and buffer zones; and other vacant lands reserved forspecific or functional purposes

Constraints to Development

-identify different constraints such as soil conditions, flooding, volcanic eruptions,

earthquakes, and other natural condition

-mapping guidelines- illustrates the physical obstacles to development such as

subsidence and flooding risk

Land Use Related Problem Evaluate the land use related problems such as flooding, deforestation,

conversion of prime agricultural lands, pollution, incompatible uses, etc.

Factors for Designation of Functional Areas

The identified population needs and requirement for various development

purposes

Land requirement in terms of adequacy of land for food production, settlement

expansion, etc.

The location of the different land use categories as follows:

-agriculture

-forest

-built-up

-tourism

-other land use unique to the city or municipality

Recognized need to protect and preserve critical areas for conservation and

preservation

Development Areas- include croplands (paddy, rice, coconut, sugar

cane, orchard, diversified crops,etc.) and livestock production (feeding

operations, or open grazing); settlement areas such as growth centers



and ethnic reserves; military reservation and other urban uses which

required relatively large areas like industrial estates and utilities

Conservation and Preservation Areas

-maintain the desired ecological balance and area characteristic

-to protect the integrity of sensitive/critical ecosystem

-to preserve their natural or unique characteristic;

Formulation of the General Land Use Plan

Land Capability Classification

- indicates the suitability of areas for cultivation according to soil conservation

management requirements. Factors considered in the identification of land capability

classes are soil erosion potential/flooding and soil condition limitations.

Soil condition includes its characteristics such as droughtiness, fertility,

stoniness, salinity, alkalinity, acidity, depth, presence of toxic substance, etc.

The degree of limitations ranges from no or slight limitations, moderate,

serious to severe, to very serious or very severe.

The different land capability classes are as follows:

Class A – very good land; can be cultivated safely, requiring only simple but good

farm management practices.

Class B – good land; can be cultivated safely, require easily applicable conservation

practices.

Class C – moderately good land, must be cultivated with caution; requires careful

management and complex conservation practices.

Class D – fairly good land; must be cultivated with extra caution; requires careful

management and complex conservation practices for safe cultivation. Most suitable

for pasture or forest.

Class L – level to nearly level; too stony or very wet for cultivation; limited to pasture

or forest with careful soil management.

Class M – steep land; very severely eroded; shallow; not for cultivation; limited to

pasture or forest with careful management.



Class X – level land; wet most of the time and cannot be economically drained;

suited for fishpond or recreation.

Class Y – very hilly and mountainous, barren and rugged; should be reserved for

recreation and wildlife or for reforestation.

Soil Suitability

A soil suitability study shall be conducted to determine the appropriateness of

agricultural lands for specific crops. At present, the Bureau of Soils and Water

Management has prepared Crop Development and Soil conservation Planning Guide

Maps for various crops.

Environmentally Critical Areas

Weather and Water Related Hazards

- tropical cyclone winds

- tropical cyclone rains

- storm surge

- drought

Earthquake Induced Hazards

- ground shaking

- ground rupture

- liquefaction and lateral spreading

- landslides

- tsunami

Volcanic Hazards

- lava flow

- airfall

- pyroclastic flows

- lahar

- edifice failure



Erosion

- soil erosion

- river bank erosion

- coastal wave erosion

Environmentally Critical Areas

other Environmentally Critical Areas covered by the Presidential Proclamation

No. 2146

- areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourist spots;

- areas of unique historic, archeological or scientific interest;

- areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural minority communities ortribes;

- areas classified as prime agricultural lands;

- recharge areas of aquifers;

- water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following

conditions;

-tapped for domestic purposes

-within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriateauthorities

- support wild life and fishery activities

- coral reef characterized by one or any combination of the ff. conditions:

- with 50% and above live coraline cover

- spawning and nursery grounds for fish

- act as natural breakwater of coastline

LAND USE PATTERNS

Land Use Pattern

Basic Urban Form Conceptual Frameworks

Trend Extension



- resembles the Dispersed Sheet urban form of Kevin Lynch, which he

described as having “maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence and where

local participation is highly possible”

- Trend extension is the result of individuals building anywhere according to

their own preferences and convenience with minimal government intervention.

- development is spread evenly over a wide continuous tract, very accessible to

open land, and transport is designed as continuous grid.

- no vivid or memorable image of the city and costly provision of public service.

DISPERSED SHEET

Linear Urban Form

- a.k.a Ribbon or Strip development

- characterized by concentration of development along both sides of major

transportation routes such as roads, navigable rivers or other form of transportnetwork

- generally start on a one-lot-deep into a grid system.

- also resembles what Kevin Lynch refers to as the Urban Star which is

characterized by a strong urban core with secondary centers of moderate densities,

distributed along main radials roads.



- very strong visual image

Urban star

Multi-Nodal Urban Form

- re-directs development away from the urban core or city center toward

identified urban growth areas or nodes.

- approximates Lynch’s Galaxy form, which is characterized by clusters of

development with each cluster having its own specialization.

- the major center provides specialized facilities and services to its nodes and

acts as it external linkage to other centers of the city or municipality. The nodes

support the major center as its captive market while providing neighborhood facilities

and services to its area of influence.

Galaxy form



Centric and Nodal Form

Concentric Urban Form

- this form reflects an outward expansion of urban development from the city

center/core induced by the construction of new circumferential and radial roads.

- the form pattern matches the Core City of Kevin Lynch has the unique

characteristic of concentrating development into one continuous body originating

from the center or core.

- aiming to maximize land use in the Poblacion or city center to provide more

open space outside, this urban form redirects future development in and around the

Poblacion/city center, extending to the adjoining barangays or barrios. As a result, the

direction of growth enlarges the urban core.



Core city Concentric Circle

Grid Form

- this system is made up of rectangular blocks defined by parallel and

intersecting streets. The simplicity of this layout provides accessibility of plots and/or

structures, but conflict or movement could arise due to numerous intersections.

Grid Development

Land Use Pattern-Shapes

Radio centric- A large circle with radial corridors of intense development emanating

from the center



Rectilinear- Usually with two corridors of intense development crossing the center;

usually found in small cities rather than in large

Star - Radiocentric form with open spaces between the outreaching corridors of

development

Ring - A city built around an open space

Linear- Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a

transportation spine.



Branch - A linear span with connecting arms

Sheet- A vast urban area with little or no articulation

Articulated sheet - A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several

subclusters

Constellation - A series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity



Satellite

Constellation of cities around a main cluster

URBAN LAND USE MODELS

Urban Growth & Development”

Urban Land Use Models

What’s a Model?

Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)

Sector Model (Hoyt)

Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris & Ullman)

Urban Realms Model (Vance; aka “Pepperoni Pizza” Model)

What’s a model?

Best synonym:

a model = “a representation”

A textbook definition:

An idealized representation of a part of reality which is constructed so as to

demonstrate certain of its properties.

The Concentric-Zone Model

Proposed by Burgess – A sociologist at the University of Chicago:

1925 book titled The City

Based on a study of land use patterns and social group dynamics in Chicago



Geographically the city was visualized like 5 or 6 major rings, such as from a

cross-section of a tree

A model with five zones.



Concentric-Zone Model A model with five zones.

Zone 1

○ The central business district (CBD)

○ Distinct pattern of income levels out to the commuters’ zone

○ Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do with this pattern)

Zone 2

○ Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land

use

○ Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the

lowest income segment

○ Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began

here

○ Usually called the transition zone

Zone 3

○ The “workingmen’s quarters”

○ Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1 and 2

○ More stable than the transition zone around the CBD

○ Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of

immigrants who broke free from the ghettos

○ Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and

because blue-collar workers demanded better housing

Zone 4

○ Middle class area of “better housing”



○ Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the

first streetcar network

○ Commute to work in the CBD

Zone 5

○ Consists of higher-income families clustered together in older

suburbs

○ Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or

commuter railroad lines

○ Spacious lots and large houses

○ From here the rich pressed outward to avoid congestion and

social heterogeneity caused by expansion of zone 4

Theory represented the American city in a new stage of development

Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods

where merchants’ stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled

with mansions and hovels

Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders in the same

neighborhoods

In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core

The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning

Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern

This was the city Burgess used for his model

The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his

simplified concentric zones



Sector Model

Homer Hoyt, an economist, presented his sector model in 1939

Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental in shaping land-use structure

of the city

Because these areas were reinforced by transportation routes, the pattern of

their development was one of sectors or wedges



• As growth occurs, similar activities

stay in the same area and extend

outwards

• Good for accommodating growth development axes; growth momentum

Concentric zone model requires redevelopment to change the amount of residential

land use of different types

• Why do land use areas take wedge shapes?

Follow older radial transport lines

High-class residential on higher ground or along an environmental amenity (e.g.,

wooded ravine)

Lower-class residential along “the tracks” coming in and out of town

This theory is particularly

good for residential land use

Both the concentric zone and sector models are monocentric representations

of urban areas

How realistic are they for an auto-age metropolis like Tucson?

Sector Model



Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand according to four factors

Moves from its point of origin near the CBD, along established routes of

travel, toward another nucleus of high-rent buildings

Will progress toward high ground or along waterfronts, when these areas

are not used for industry

Will move along the route of fastest transportation

Will move toward open space

As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them are filled in

Middle-rent areas move directly next to them, drawing on their prestige

Low-rent areas fill remaining areas

Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go from high to low

There are distinct patterns in today’s cities that echo Hoyt’s model

He had the advantage of writing later than Burgess — in the age of the

automobile

Today, major transportation arteries are generally freeways

Surrounding areas are often low-rent districts

Contrary to Hoyt’s theory

Freeways were imposed on existing urban pattern

Often built through low-rent areas where land was cheaper and political

opposition was less

Multiple Nuclei Model

Developed by two geographers: Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman in 1945

based on Seattle, Washington

Maintained a city developed with equal intensity around various points

The CBD was not the sole generator of change

Basic concept: cities don’t grow up around a single core but have several

nodes



1. CBD

2. Wholesale & Light Manufacturing

3. Low-income Residential

4. Middle-Income Residential

5. High-Income Residential

6. Heavy Manufacturing

7. Outlying Business District (Mall)

8. Residential Suburb

9. Industrial Suburb

Equal weight must be given to:

An old community on city outskirts around which new suburbs clustered

An industrial district that grew from an original waterfront location

Low-income area that began because of some social stigma attached to

site



Rooted their model in four geographic principles

Certain activities require highly specialized facilities

Accessible transportation for a factory

Large areas of open land for a housing tract

Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association

Certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area

Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the

most desirable locations

More than any other model takes into account the varied factors of

decentralization in the structure of the North American city

Many criticize the concentric zone and sector theories as being rather

deterministic because they emphasize one single factor

Multiple nuclei theory encompasses a larger spectrum of economic and social

possibilities

Most urban scholars feel Harris and Ullman succeeded in trying to integrate the

disparate element of culture into workable model

Urban Realms Model Today: A new urban reality that is not totally captured by any of the three

standard pre-1950s models

Geographer James Vance in 1964 proposed “Urban Realms” (aka “Pepperoni

Pizza”) model to describe Metropolitan L.A.

La-La Land is a vast poly-nucleated region linked by freeways and long-distance

commuters



Additional notes TROPICAL DESIGN



TROPICAL DESIGN

=

Minimize SUN+

Maximize WIND

TROPICAL DESIGN = passive cooling

PASSIVE COOLING: design with no mechanical

equipment used to induce comfort conditions in building

interior

PASSIVE COOLING = inducing air movements

INDUCING AIR MOVEMENTS: relevant for areas with

temperature variations of 10° and with high humidity

INDUCING AIR MOVEMENTS: can improve thermal

comfort up to building interiors 15 meters deep

Passive Systems for Various

Climates

HOT-HUMID CLIMATE: maximize wind exposure

maximize internal airflow

minimize radiant heat gain

HOT-DRY CLIMATE: minimize radiant heat gain

moderate wind resistance



moderate internal airflow

COOL CLIMATE: maximize thermal retention

maximize radiant heat gainminimize wind resistance

TEMPERATE CLIMATE: moderate thermal

retention

moderate radiant heat gain

slight wind exposure (for humidity

control)

moderate internal airflow

Principles of Air Movement

Air flows from a high-pressure to a low-pressure area.

2. INERTIA. Once set in motion, air tends to continue

to flow in its initial direction until some interveningforce is met.

3. Air flows through the path of least resistance.

Daytime Sea Breeze

Night Time Land Breeze

WARM

COOL

COOL

WARM



EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

1. Hedges/shrubs should not be more than 3 meters from building

2. Tree foliage above openings promote air motion into openings

3. Combine tree, hedge and building to achieve air flow control

4. Lateral air channels to direct air flow

5. Arrange trees to determine wind shadow

6. Make use of earth mounds to achieve better air movement

EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

1. Hedges/shrubs should not be more than 3 meters

from building

2. Tree foliage above openings promote air motion into

openings

3. Combine tree, hedge and building to achieve air flow

control

4. Lateral air channels to direct air flow

5. Arrange trees to determine wind shadow

6. Make use of earth mounds to achieve better air

movement



THANK YOU

land use planning compre

Documents