openness & the commons

glyn moody

the GPL commons

free software commonsopen by definition

actually several disjoint commons

community norms defined by licences

biggest is defined by GNU GPL and compatible licences

licence most frequently chosen by businesses based around open source

enclosing the GPL commons

most open source business use dual licensingown the copyright to all the code

alongside GPL licence, offer commercial licence

this creates an asymmetryonly the company can offer such a commercial licence

only the company can enclose the GPL commons

policing the GPL commons

recently, communities have started forking

MySQL forked as Drizzle and MariaDB

OpenOffice.org forked to become LibreOfficecopyright of contributions remains with coders

policed by community

the Wikipedia commons

strong sense of community

open to all, but has some strict rules: NPOV and Assume Good Faith

policed by the community, enforced by senior members

twin threats of too open and too controlled

issues of sustainability

open content commons

digital content: commons with enclosures

actually very open: enclosures have porous perimeters

physical policing ineffectual in digital world

virtual policing with *legal* codeHADOPI, Digital Economy Act, ACTA

open educational commons

open courseware - MIT OCW; cc-nc, monolithic

OER: Moodle, Chamilo, Sakai

weak openness, weak commons

Connexions (Rice) modular,cc-by

National Digital Resource Bank (UK)cc materials

(re-used) open source code

open access commons

open online access to academic papers

main problem not enclosure but squatters on the commonspublishers claiming to be open access, but imposing conditions like user names,passwords etc.

policed by the community via reputation

open data commons

licences PDDL, ODC-By, ODC-ODbL

open data popular low-hanging fruit for open government

too much openness?personal info about politicians

aggregating anonymous data can sometimes reveal unexpected/personal information

hard to predict/police

open science commons

open access, open data, open notebook science

Science Commons (cf. Creative Commons): patents, MTA

problem of rivals pre-empting discoveries using public data

policed by the relevant communityHuman Genome Project drew up Bermuda Principles 1996

worked well

open personal genomics

genomic databases (digital)cost of sequencing DNA plummeting

OpenPCR project

biobanksDNA samples, necessarily linked to people's identity

Personal Genome Project 100,000 genomes from volunteersperhaps genomic privacy is illusory/irrelevant (cf. Facebook)

open synthetic biology

analogue DNA units can create modular parts: synthetic biology

enclosure a real threat

BiOS (Biological Innovation through Open Science): protected commons - like Apache licenceroyalty-free licence to patents

problems of opennessbugs in the code; accidental release; bioweapons

open hardware commons (1)

Arduinohardware reference designs under CC licence

software released under GPL

99.9% open: Arduino name is only for offical productstrademark issues

Freeduino fork for 100% freedom

minimal policing by company/community

open hardware commons (2)

open source carOSCar

c,mm,n

Open Source Green Vehicle (OSGV)

digital designs freely available under open licences

crucial constraint on openness is safety

policed by regulatory authorities

open hardware commons (3)

fabbers (3D printers)MakerBot Thing-O-Matic Kit; Fab@Home; RepRap

shared digital files for analogue objectsThingiverse.com: mainly GPL, cc

safety is a constraint

what happens when you can print guns etc.?

problems of openness

attacks (copyright, patents, ACTA)

equilibrium (anarchy/authority)

impersonation (false community)

introversion (community failure)

intrusion (privacy/aggregation)

occlusion (false reputation)

safety (accidental harm)

security (intentional harm)

between the commons

glyn.moody@gmail.com

@glynmoody on identi.ca/Twitter

opendotdotdot.blogspot.com

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