glaciares lmi greatice, ore glacioclim · mediciones glaciares ablation stakes accumulation pits...
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Glaciares y REcursos agua en los Andes Tropicales – Indicadores de los Cambios ambiEntales
LMI GREATICE, ORE GLACIOCLIMGlaciares, indicadores del clima y recursos hídricos
Photo Bernard Francou
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NGT, GLACIOCLIM, GREATICE• 1991: The « Neiges et Glaciers Tropicaux » program was funded by the French
institute IRD and equipment of the first glaciers, Zongo and Chacaltaya in Bolivia,was undertaken with Bolivian partners. This program was named « Great Ice » in2000
• 1994: Extention of the program to Perú (Cordillera Blanca) and Ecuador (Antisana)
• 2002: The Obervatory of Research for Environment (ORE) GLACIOCLIM (France) :permanent monitoring network programs on glaciers in the French Alps, Tropicalpermanent monitoring network programs on glaciers in the French Alps, TropicalAndes, Antarctica (Terre Adélie), Himalaya and Kerguelen). Glaciers are viewed asindicators of climate change at world scale.
Data are available on the site: http://www-lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/ServiceObs/
The part of GLACIOCLIM dedicated to the Andes is GLACIOCLIM/ANDES
• 2012: The International Mixed Laboratory (LMI) Great Ice was created by the IRDfor 2011-2015.
Coordinator: J.E. Sicart
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Balance de masa de los glaciares
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Climat - Glaciers
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GLACIOCLIM, observatorio, red de medicionesdir. (LGGE): D. Six (Alpes), A. Rabatel (Andes) and V. Favier (Ant.)+ P. Wagnon (Himalaya)
French Alps (LGGE)
Saint Sorlin, Argentière (45°N)Gébroulaz, Mer de Glace, Sarennes
Andes / Himalaya (IRD et local partners)
Brésil
Equateur
GLACIOCLIM : a global observation network
local partners)
Antizana (Ecuador, 0°)Zongo (Bolivia, 16°S) Chhota Shigri (India, 32°N)Mera (Nepal, 27°N)
Antarctica (LGGE-IPEV)
Cap Prud’Homme (67°S)Dôme C (75°S)
BrésilPérou
Chili
Global network including glacio-meteo-hydrological observations :
>50 yrs (Alps), >20 yrs (Andes), 8 yrs (Himalaya) et 7 yrs (Antarctica)
http://www-lgge.ujf-grenoble.fr/serviceobs/index.ht m
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Clima húmedo de los trópicos ‘internos’
Estudios regionales
Trópicos ‘externos’(única época seca bien marcada)
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The mass balance network (month/year scale)
• Bolivia (UMSA): • Zongo (1991- ) Glacioclim (10 keuros / year)• Charquini Sur (2002- )• Chacaltaya (1991-2009)
• Peru (UGRH/ANA):• Artesonraju (1994- )• Yanamarey (1994- )
Zongo, 16°S, Bolivia, 1991
• Ecuador (EPN, INAHMI):• Antisana 15 (1995- ) Glacioclim (10 keuros / year)• Antisana 12 « Los Crespos » (2004- )
• Colombia (IDEAM):• Santa Isabel (2006- )
©BF
Artezonraju, 9°S, Perú,
1994
Antisana 15α, 0°28S,
Ecuador, 1994
IRD: 1 investigador (2010-2014) et 1 V.I. en Bolivieno técnico+ MLDs
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Exemple : le Glacier Zongo (Bolivie, 16°S), zone tropicale externeExample of Zongo glacier, 16°S (Bolivia)
Bilans :• glaciologique• hydrologique• d’énergie
Appareil
photo.
Station SO/GlacioClim
Vue aérienne du glacier Zongo (août 2000 )
Experimental device : GLACIOCLIM
Balises d’ablationCarottages d’accumulationStation hydrographiquePluviomètresStations météo sur et hors glacier
Pluviographe Geonor Pgeo (Pr)
Pluviographe Totalisateur PORE
Pyranomètres (SW "in" et "out")
Pyrgéomètre (LW "in" et "out")
Capteur ultrasonique de hauteur de neige
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Mediciones glaciares
ablation stakes
accumulation pits
accumulation
rain gauges
ice cores and climate
reconstruction
topographic survey
analysing ablation processes from energy balances (SEBs)
datation of moraines and
glacier area/volume
reconstruction in the past
(V.Jomelli)
runoff stationsPhotos B.Francou
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LMI - Great Ice 2011-2015, Instituciones (12) y miembros (puestos fijos: 22)
Francia: 8 pers. (IRD-CNRS-UJF), LTHE, LGGE, HSM, LGP
Bolivia: 2 pers, UMSA (IHH, IGEMA)
Colombia: 1 pers., IDEAM
Ecuador: 5 pers., EPN, INAHMI
Perú: 6 pers., UGRH, SENAMHI, IGP
Cambios recientes:
- Incorporación del tema ‘clima’ con los investigadores del IGP
- Abertura a Colombia
Presupuesto: < 40 keuros / año
Animaciones, intercambios, apoyos a estudiantes… ‘Espacio de discusión’
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1- Evolución de las masas glaciares (ultimo siglo / ultimas décadas)
Balance de masa, cambios de superficie y volumen glaciares (satelitales, aviones),
perforaciones de hielo …
2- Análisis físico de los procesos glaciares y su relación con el clima a escalas de local a
global
Great Ice Organizado en tres grupos
(temas de investigación)
Procesos d’ablacion: fusión, sublimación
Flujos de energía atmosféricos, interpretación de las variaciones de balance de masa en el
ciclo anual (épocas seca/de lluvia) y a escalas inter-anuales
3- Impactos de cambios glaciares sobre la hidrológica y los recursos hídricos en regiones
de montaña, procesos de flujos del agua de fusión glaciar
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Cumulative monthly mass balance, Zongo, Chacaltaya and Charquini Sur glaciers are located in Bolivia (outer tropics), Antisana 15 and Conejeras glaciers are located in Ecuador and Colombia (inner tropics).Synthesis: Rabatel et al, The Cryosphere, 2013
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Great Ice - Glacioclim Training and Publications
• Training:
• 15 PhD Universities of Grenoble, Montpellier, Paris:7 students from Andean countries / 8 from France
• 2 « Jeunes Equipes Associées à l’IRD »: GRANT, La Paz / IMAGE, Quito• More than 20 « Maestrias » and Masters of Sc.
• Publications: more than 120 papers published in peer-indexed reviews (with oftenAndeancolleaguesasco-authorsor first authors,Nature,Science,JGR,JoG,WRR…)Andeancolleaguesasco-authorsor first authors,Nature,Science,JGR,JoG,WRR…)
• Workshop organization: ~15 workshops organized (regional and international)
• Networks: IRD co-funded the Grupo de Trabajo en Nieves y Hielos (GTNH) in 2004, agroup supported since 2005 by the UNESCOHuaraz (2004), La Paz (2006), Quito (2010)
• Data series glaciers available on websites:Word Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS,Zürich), GLACIOCLIM (Grenoble)