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Linwood Library Gaz~tt~

November 1937

In 1798 the first paper-making machinewas invented by Louis Robert, an Englishpatent being taken out in 1801, when theinstallation of the Fourdrinier papermachine took place at the Two Waters'Mill, Hertford in 1804.

After the publication of the first news­paper in England in 1588, the demand forpaper steadily grew, and following the in­creased consumption of paper due tobetter education, the British paper-makerswere compelled to search for new sourcesof supply, and two important chemicaldiscoveries were made at the close of theeighteenth century. One was the bleach­ing action of chlorine, the other the pre­paration of artificial soda; the latter en-

The art of paper-making was cradledin the East. The Chinese, about A.D. 105,are credited with having first producedpaper from fibrous material, reduced tothe condition of pulp. Paper was dis­covered in Turkistan in the fourth centuryand contained flax and hemp as minor con­stituents, but it was not until A.D. 760that paper was entirely prepared fromlinen rags by the Samarkand. The art wasacquired by the Arabs during their con­quests in Tartary, became established inEgypt in the tenth century, and was in­troduced by the Moors in Spain early inthe eleventh century, and brought toEurope by the Crusaders. The first papermills were erected in Hainault, Germany,in 1189, in England at Hertford about1496, in America 1690, and in Canada in1803.

"Reading i. to the mind what elerci••• to the body."

THE PRINTED WORD ANDCIVILIZATION

By J. W. BATY

The word "civilization," according toone of the greatest authorities, is usedto describe a state of human society inwhich people have reached a certain de­gree of culture.

One of the greatest factors in the at­tainment of "a certain degree of culture"is the progress the world has madethrough the "printed word" and withoutattempting to trace the earliest degreesof civilization, this article will deal morespecifically with the origin of the meanswhereby the "printed word" became themedium through which modern civiliza­tion has reached such a degree of perfec­tion.

The first known form of records wasproduced on papyrus and parchment,which were the natural forerunners ofpaper-the manufacture ·of the former be­ing a flourishing industry in Egypt about3000 B.C. The stem of a water reed usedwas cut in sections, split and opened outand cemented together on the same prin­cipal that three-ply wood is made today.The Romans improved the process andmade different kinds, and named the waterreed "papyrus," from which our wordpaper is derived. Parchment, made fromthe skin of goats, sheep, pigs and otheranimals, in use long before Christ, at­tained its greatest consumption in theMiddle Ages, and is -st ill in use for certainlegal .documents .

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of the interest that th e present Government ist aking in the great work f)f Adult Ed ucation. andits r ecognition of the fact that libraries are anessent ial link and a powerful factor in thatdirection. It will tak e some time fo r New Zea ­land to reach th e st an dard existing in England,but the movement is gaining strength and forg­ing ahead here, ju st as it is in Au stra lia . Wit hthe co-operat ion and co-ordination of the countrylibraries with the urban centres, the day issteadilv drawing nearer when t he Na tional FreeLibrary System will be an accomplis hed fac t inNew Zealand.

NEW NOVELS

By Our Reviewer.

Summer Half. By Angela ThurkilI. It issome time sinc e we had a novel from this writerbut Mrs ThurkiII is one of th e few noveli sts' wh ocan describe all the most t rivial affair s of every­day life without tediousness and can give minutedetails of unimportant actions of her characters,making them sound natural a nd amusing. Inthis book there is' no sus tained story worth men­tioning with th e exce ptio n of a few amorou~

complications consisting of a subtle. understa~d­

ing of the characters and conversat ion of ord in­ary intelligent peopl e.

There is Phillip th e cleve r young school­master with communistic leanings; Collin Keith ,a half-fledged lawyer who takes' up teachin g inan unappreciated spir it of self-sacri fice ; Kat.e thequi et sister; Noel Merton, a successful barrister :Rose Birkett and oth ers th at make up readingcomparing with a long, pleasant. letter, writtenhumorously of our fri end s by a witty and gossip­loving correspondent.

Worth While, by P. C. Wren, "deals withthe adventures with Richard Wendover who ap­peared in 'The Man of a Ghost,' that is a taleof Russian intrigue on th e North West frontierof India and one may read it from cover to coverwith no small satisfaction. Its' plot is self ­contained so that read ers can embark upon itwithout previous research into Major Wendover'scareer."-Times Literary Supplement.

Dragons to Slay. By Bok. A well-wri~ten

story detailing the rounding up of a notoriousgang of Chinese pirates. Plenty of movementand thrills with a strong love interest.

On Eagles' Wings. By Lesli e D. Weather­head. An entirely new type of novel by a reallyable writer. The story of Moses is told in a mostenjoyable novel form full of interest. Apartfrom the Biblical story, a keen se nse of dramaon the part of th e author keeps th e reader fullyinterested.

The First Man. By Alexandra Dick. Hereis a fine story told in a new way of th e Dictatorof a small Balkan power. He is determined tostop intrigue and prevent revolution but a youngEnglishwoman tourist crosses his path and endsup in a revolution of his ways. Well written andfull of interest.

FROM THE PRESIDENTIAL CHAIRAmong th e many it ems mentioned in the

Budget recently in the House of Representativeswa s one of great interest, and, indeed, of im­portance to those engaged in library work inNew Zealand; it ran as foIIows:-

" A scheme is being inaugurated for assistingsmall libraries in the country districts. This willtake th e form of a regular loan supply of booksfrom a central source and' wiII constitute the be­ginning of a comprehensive National LibrarySystem. This service will be ready for operationear ly next year. A sum of £3,000 is to be pro­vided as an initial grant.

"A Council of Adult Education is being setup to co-ordinate the various efforts made in thedirection of Adult Education, for the generalpurposes' of which (including such education inpublic works camps and the activities of theW.E.A.) an increased sum is being provided.

"Also, a larger sum than in any previous yearis being allocated to school and class libraries.A su m is provided to aliow of the restoration ofgrants for public libraries in rural communities."

We are pleased to see this tangible proof

ab led paper manufacturers all over theworld to produce a cheap cellulose pulpfrom a wide range of fibre material,straw, esparto grass, bam boo, and ulti­ma tely ground wood in 1840; but in 1866the sulphite process of producing chemicalpulp from wood was perfected, and a newera began in the production of books andnewspapers, leading to the establishmentof immense paper and pulp industries inScandinavia, the United States of Americaand Canada.

We ha ve arrived at the stage in ourarticle where the manufacture of paperha s reached its zenith, particularly in re­lation to the production of newspapers andbooks. The discoveries of the new com­ponents of paper, and the development ofpaper-making for commercial and otherpurposes have given us the present meansof exchange amongst nations and com­munities. Reference is here made to themanufacture of bank note paper, and itit recorded that in 1725 a monopoly wasgranted to de Portal for the manufacture1) £ paper for the Bank of England notes.

The connecting link with the produc­tion of paper and the ultimate appearanceof the "pr inted word" is the process ofprinting, and the invention of movabletype in A.D. 1400, was the beginning ofthe production of books.

(To be continued)

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BOOKS RECENTLY PLACED IN THENON-FICTION ROOM

The Defence of the Empire. By Sir NormanAngell. Sir Norman Angell in the opening chap­ters discusses the change in thought and atti­tude of Britishers regarding dominance andpower during the last twenty years. How Eng­land has abandoned the Imperialistic idea, andhow the Press "has contrary to precedent, ap­proved the surrender, often applauding." Whatis this Empire, he asks, and points out that hereand there the substance has been given away,retaining the shadowy, elusive glamour of thecrown. Further how the Labour Movement hasoperated along similar lines, with the differenceof getting the substance, leaving the ancientsymbols, a psychological development hard tounderstand by other nations. She has de­imperialised the Empire. The Dominions areRepublics in nearly everything but the name."The Empire has become a nascent internationalsociety." Speaking of her trade, he sees an ur­gent reason for access to distant dominions with­out interference and as' we cannot separate theproblem of economic organisation from theproblem of defence, the two are one. The con­ditions of effective defence are presented in amanner that clearly shows how little we under­stand the psychological attitude. To those whosay t hey will not fight except for their directinterests, he points out that it is literally truethat only by being willing to defend others canwe possibly defend ourselves. Defencelessnesswould not prevent aggression, nor give safety.The problem is to combine peace with defence.The British "retreat" is grim reading for British­ers, and seems to point that the opportunitiesfor action in Africa and Asia were in existencebut, that the powers that be, chose differently.Now she is re-arming at a tremendous rate, andfor what? The letters in the final chapter giveus opinions of the author and of others and con­clude a most interesting book and one that manyshould read, for it helps one to understand better,the prob lems that are troubling many.

Back fr om the U.S.S.R. By Andre Gide. Thisbook has aroused considerable and widespreadinte rest. The author tells us in the foreword thatth ree years ago, he declared his admiration andlove for t he U.S.S.R.; later, he tells us, therearose misgiving in his mind as to the welfareof th e Soviet and that he determined to re-visitRussia. Was he mistaken? Or, was the changein the U.S.S .R. ? Then follows an important andsuggesti ve sentence, "By the U.S.S.R. I mean theman at its head." He doubts the value and sin-

II you have some Electrical Problem which other firmshave not been able to solve satisfactorily bring it to-

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No.2November, 1937

Telephone36-774

The Official Organ of the

Linwood Public Library

Linwood Library GanUt

Vol. 3

In this small journal of ours space islimited and valuable, and it appears to us,upon glancing through the previous fewissues, that the Editorial has been perhapstoo lengthy. So this month, as somethingmust perforce be crowded out , we willconfine our remarks to the front pagearticles.

We have been singularly fortunate insecuring items from many distinguishedcontributors who have given us theirviews on library matters, taken from vary­ing viewpoints. This month we print thefirst part of an interesting article on "ThePrinted Word and Civilization," by Mr J .W. Baty, Registrar of the Justices of thePeace Association. Mr Baty has given usmuch food for reflective thought andshows us how modern literature, as wellas the ancient classics, owes much toman's ingenuity in evolving signs,written or pr inted, to convey thoughtthrough the ages. We commend thisarticle, in its entirety, to our readers.

Our reade rs' opuu ons upon an y matterrelative to Library matters are welcomed.

Address all correspondence to "The Editor,"Linwood P ublic Library.

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LINWOOD LIBRARY GAZETTE

. An unusual .book, .arresting and holding one,It leaves one richer m outlook and stronger inpurpose. Many autobiographies are written butfew attain to this standard.

J ap an Must Fight Britain, by Lieut.Comm.Tota Ishimaru. This is a book well worth read­ing, and more than that, it is one that must beread i~ order to get the Japanese viewpoint ofexpansion. The author tells us that the ultimateaim of Japan is to include China and India in theJapanese economic block, and as he holds thatBritain's era ?f prosperity and power is quicklyvanishing, he I.S confident of Japan's victory. Heleaves a possible hope for Britain if she willreno~nce some of her Asiatic territory, thusmakmg a gesture that will placate Japan andrender a war of acquisition unnecessary, Hemakes out a case that will please naval authori­ties in Japan, does not conceal his anger at thedevelopment of Singapore, and concedes that aslong as Britain has a powerful navy, and Singa­pore, we m New. Zealand and Australia can sleepm peace. He might have added that Britain hasbeen likened unto a bulldog, whose strong- pointis to grip and hang on. It book to' read by thosewho take concern at Pacific Ocean affairs.

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICAGOES ASTRAY

. In the issue for Jul~ of the Canterbury PublicLIbrary Journal we noticed the following item:-

SOME NEWLY-PURCHASED FICTION

African Tragedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stephen GrahamAll the King's Men W. H. Lane CrawfordBitter Rapture Anne DuffieldBlue Ridge Crime Wyndham MartinThe Citadel' A. J. CroninThe Crusader's Secret Jean BarreCuckoo Street Mrs Victor RichardDoctor Julian , Winifred GrahamDonovan Rides Arthur Henry GoodenDragons to Slay "Bok"The Faithful Compass Doreen WallaceF erdm and Nina BradshawFeudists of the Outlands W. D. HoffmanThe F!fth Horseman Robt. W. ChambersThe FIrst Man Alexandra DickGlad Surrender Helena GroseGone with the Wind Margaret MitchellI Dare Not Dream Anne MayburyJ ohn Cornelius Hugh WalpoleMystery F!ow~rs Grace L. HillThe Moon IS Making Storm JamesonMoose River Range F . C. RobertsonNor Breed Nor Birth SinbadPelican Without Piety Ann StaffordReturn to Youth Maribel EdwinRomance Royal , Berta RuckSeaway Humphrey JordanShe Painted Her Face Dornford Yates

. Storm Girl J. C. LincolnThey Seek a. Country " F . Brett Young.38 Automatic E . Chas. VivianThe Tide Wateh~s Sydney ParkmanTucker Sees India M. L. Skinner

cerity of the spirit of Conformism visible every­where. He enquires, Is it begotten of ~ear?Concluding he says: "My heart ached WIth afresh anguish. In declaring my l?ve afr~sh,

must I hid e my reservations and give a lyingapproval to everything."

The tone of the book is restrained andjudicial, and deserves careful reading.

Round the World with Tom Clarke. Theauthor, Mr Tom Clarke, was offered a trip roundthe world, passage paid-and £1,000, Would youbelieve it? Well, it did happen and the bookhe has written about this trip, with his daughterPat, is good reading. Always there is somethingthat tells us that the author has an aptness forseeing many things the average man would ~ot

see ' the effect sometimes is just that somethingthat makes a story worth-while telling-s-andreading. Pat must have been a charnung girl,and the girl from Blackpool just delightful, fullof vim and quick at repartee. This is not onlya book that will be well read' but there is plentyof matter suggestive of a very wide grip of cur­rent affairs. Don't miss Tom Clarke.

Inside Europe. By J ohn Gunt~er: The de­mand for this book has been and still IS, so greatthat we have bought another copy.

Something of Myself. By Rudyard Kipling.Full of most interesting particulars of theauthor's life relating to his books and the char­acters in them.

Coronations Commentary. By Geoffrey Dennis.A book that aroused much interest, and one thatis full of interest.

The Restraining Hand. By R. A, Bosshardht.An unique book relating the adventures of amissionary of the China Inland Mission capturedby the Communistic armies in China.

The Family Life of Queen Elizabeth. ByLady Cynthia Asquith.

F irst Movement, by Mark Grossek. "MarkGrossek" is the nom-de-guerre of a well-knownfigure in the literary world. Born in London,where his father was a tailor m the East End,the life of the family was one of long and arduouswork and meagre food. Schooldays began atGibraltar Street Board School, where he won ascholarship giving him a period at Whitaker'sFoundation Schbol, where he g-ained an interme­diate scholarship, which qualified him for admis­sion to the City of London School. There hegained scholarships that gave him three yearsat East London College as an internal student ofLondon University. Successful in getting hisdegree as B.A., he says at the close of the book,"My education had ended. But if I were to saythat it had hardly begun, I should be nearer thethe truth."

The pictures he gives of the different teachersand masters at each school are all drawn with ahumour, sometimes tinged with pathos, butalways restrained and generous. He never f orgotthe rock from whence he was hewed, and some­times the memory was pathetic. Through all hisschool days was the insistent urge that know­ledge by and bye would mean, success to beauty,and those factors that mean the fulness of life.

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The Library has been fortunate in obtaining aset of the 14th edition of the Britannica to re­place the well-worn set, in the Reference Lib ­rary. The Britannica is one of the oldestcyclopaedias, and was first issued in 1763in three valurnes. The fourteenth editionis a complete revision, many of the ar­ticles are new, and a large amount of tech­nical information has been included. It is statedthat th e index volume contains 500,000 referencesand some 500 good maps. In the make-up of thisgreat work 45,000 articles have been included..these being contributed by 25,000 persons, allwell-known authorities. We noted, however, thatthe article dealing with public libraries in NewZealand is sadly astray. It states:-

"In New Zealand there are 13 (thirteen)pu blic libraries established under the Acts dat­ing from 1869 to 1877, which allow a pennyrate. At Auckland the Turnbull Free PublicLibrary has Sir George Grey's Australasiancollect ion and many rare books."

It is hardly necessary to point out that there aremany more than thirteen libraries at the pennyrate, that the Turnbull Library is in Wellington,and th at Sir George Grey's collection is in theAuckland Public Library.

JUVENILE SECTIONNew Books placed on the shelves during the

month

GIRLSThe Homesteader Girl .. 0 • o. Bessie MarchantTh e Girl s of Mystery Gorge . . .. . 0 E. E. CowperA Th rilling Term at Janeways .. . 0 Elinor M.

Brent-DyerTh e Heart of Glenayrt 0 •• 0 •• May WynneGillian the Dauntless o. Frederick J. E. BennettBillabong Gold . .. . 0 •• 0 •• • 0 Mary Grant BruceJill's J olliest School 0 •• • • Angela BrazilTh e Good Intentions of Angela . . .. Isabel Mi.

PeacockeBOYS

Let's Learn to Fly . . . . 0 0 • 0 C. St. John SpriggBushrangers' Gold 0 • 0 ••• • o A . Ao MethleyAdventures Under Ground 0 ••• • 0 · To C. BridgesDastral of the Fl ying Corps o. Rowland WalkerTh e Airship "Golden Hind" o. P. F. WestermanWings Over the Atlantic. 0 ••• 0.0 A. D. DivineThe Wolf Runner 0 • 0 •• 0 E. E. CowperTh e Secret Battleplane . . 000 0 P. F. WestermanGreat Flights . .. 0 • • • • • •• • • • C. St. John SpriggThe Fight for Honour 0 • • 0 0 • • 0 Bernard BowlesThe Uncharted Island ... 0 • 0 0. Skelton Kuppord . -f l

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