FROM JOHN ADAMS TO THOMAS JEFFERSON

POLITICAL TURMOIL NEW NATIONAL CULTURE

The Election of 1796 John Adams was

chosen by the federalist because he was not involved in controversial figures

Jefferson became vice president. Why?

John Adams legacy as President is still debated today

XYZ AffairOrigins

The "Quasi-War." Revolutionary France

attacks American shipping to influence the election and hurt Britain.

Continue after Adams takes office.

France wants the special privileges that Britain gained from Jay's Treaty to end.

American Vessels in the Quasi-War

XYZ AffairOrigins

Adams sends three commissioners (John Marshall, Charles Pinckney, and Elridge Gerry) to negotiate a peace.

French foreign minister Talleyrand..

Sends three agents (known as X, Y, and Z) to demand a huge bribe from the Americans before he would talk with them. John Marshall

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=97171&rendTypeId=4

XYZ AffairTalleyrand The American commissioners refuse and talks break up in April 1798.

American ships and French ships begin to attack each other.

Federalists want Congress to declare war to restore American honor.

"Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!“

Adams and the commissioners become national heroes.

XYZ AffairTalleyrand

American Political Cartoon on the XYZ Affairhttp://www.robinsonlibrary.com/america/unitedstates/1783/1789/1797/graphics/xyz.gif

XYZ AffairAmerican Response Congress ends the French alliance.

Creation of a naval department.

Congress appropriates money to triple the size of the army and build 40 warships. Washington comes out of retirement to lead the American forces.

American privateers attack French shipping.

The Alien & Sedition Acts

Aimed at keeping refugees from both sides of the French Revolution from having an influence on the American government.

American Response to XYZ Affairhttp://www.mariner.org/usnavy/images_content/fullsize/05f_E323A42ConstlInsurgente.jpg

The Alien & Sedition Acts

Naturalization Act. Increased the eligibility

for citizenship from 5 to 14 years.

Sedition Act. restricted speech which was

critical of the federal government.

Alien Act. President can expel all

aliens deemed "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.”

The Alien Acthttp://www.historicaldocuments.com/AlienandSeditionActs1.jpg

The VA & KY ResolvesJefferson & Madison

Democratic-Republicans believe that the Alien and Sedition Acts violate the First Amendment and were an invasion of states' rights.

James Madisonhttp://www.ons.uconn.edu/images/james_madison.jpg4

The VA & KY ResolvesVirginia & Kentucky Resolves Drafted by Jefferson (Kentucky) and

Madison (Virginia). Stated the following.

1. The Constitution was a compact between sovereign states.2. Each state had "an equal right to

judge for itself" when the Constitution had

been violated.3. IMPORTANT: A state can declare

a law of Congress unconstitutional.

The VA & KY ResolvesVirginia & Kentucky Resolves

Immediate impact was little, with neither state doing anything substantial.

Would set a precedent for sectionalism and the states' rights debate later.

Threatened Federalist authority, who did nothing about it.

VA & KY Resolutionshttp://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/images/resolutions.gif

France Capitulates Talleyrand does not

want war with the United States. Already struggling

with no allies. Does not want to

add another enemy.

Will accept new negotiators without a bribe.

Talleyrand and the Devilhttp://www.wlym.com/~animations/ceres/Images/talleyrand_devil.jpg

France Capitulates

Hamilton and Federalists still want war. Will go to war with

France, but if Spain is available, we'll take them.1. Spain was weak.2. Spain controlled

Florida, New Orleans, and Louisiana.

3.Spain cut off trade for the Mississippi.

Federalist Leadershttp://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/images/mural-

detail-m.jpg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaWBs46USqE

France Capitulates Adams remains cool

Sends ministers to France and Spain to negotiate treaties.

Infuriates some of the Federalists, who withdraw some support in the next election.

The Election of 1800 First vicious campaign-

Adams portrayed as a crazy tyrant Jefferson portrayed as Frenchman capable of killing the elite

Aaron Burr, an rising Republican, garnered support from veterans in New York (the key state to winning)

Republicans win majority in legislature and win the executive as well

Republicans were supposed to vote in Jefferson as President, and Burr as VP but the vote was tied by accident

The Federalist congress had to decide and Hamilton convinced them to pick Jefferson

The Jeffersonian Era- Basic Cultural Movements

Greater emphasis on public education. Why?

The rise of prestigious private schools- Exeter, Phillips Andover

Medicine becoming more a respected profession science over superstitions More anatomical

dissections Doctors began to replace

midwives

Cultural Aspirations Poem of the Rising Glory of America-

And here fair freedom shall forever reign. I see a train, a glorious train appear, Of Patriots plac'd in equal fame with those Who nobly fell for Athens or for Rome. The sons of Boston resolute and brave The firm supporters of our injur'd rights, Shall lose their splendours in the brighter beams Of patriots fam'd and heroes yet unborn.

Washington Irving… Creating new American folktales and mythology

The Second Great Awakening1801-

Response to Deism "God is an essence that we know

nothing of.  Until this awful blasphemy is got rid of, there will never be any liberal science in the world.“---John Adams

"And the day will come when the mystical generation of Jesus, by the supreme being as his father in the womb of a virgin will be classed with the fable of the generation of Minerva in the brain of Jupiter. But we may hope that the dawn of reason and freedom of thought in these United States will do away with all this artificial scaffolding, and restore to us the primitive and genuine doctrines of this the most venerated reformer of human errors." --Jefferson

A counter argument to the growing popularity of rationalism and science

Many founding fathers, followers of the enlightenment, were advocates of Deism.

Return to Religion, Provides Stability

Society during this expansion era was undergoing deep and rapid change The revolution in markets brought both economic

expansion and periodic depressions. To combat this uncertainty reformers sought

stability and order in religion Religion provided a means of social control in a

disordered society Churchgoers embraced the values of hard work,

punctuality, and sobriety Revivals brought unity and strength and a sense

of peace

Burned Over District Burned over district in Western NY got its

name from a “wild fire of new religions” Gave birth to Seventh Day Adventists

The Millerites believed the 2nd coming of Christ would occur on October 22, 1843

Members sold belonging, bought white robes for the ascension into heaven

Believers formed new church on October 23rd Like 1st, 2nd Awakening widened gaps

between classes and religions

The Rise of African American Churches

Revivalism also spread to the

African American community

The Second Great Awakening has been called the

"central and defining event in the development

of Afro-Christianity“

• During these revivals Baptists and Methodists converted large numbers of blacks

The Rise of African American Churches

This led to the formation of all-black Methodist

and Baptist churches,

primarily in the North

African Methodist Episcopal (A. M.

E.) had over 17,000 members

by 1846

The Second Great Awakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism