The Jefferson Era

Chapter 8

Jefferson Becomes President

THE ELECTION OF 1800-In 1800, John Adams John Adams and Charles Pinckney

campaigned against Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

-Republicans also insinuated that Adams would use the newly created permanent army to limit American’s rights. (This was some of the beginnings of political “mudslinging”)

John Adams

Charles Pickney

vs Thomas Jefferson

Aaron Burr

-Jefferson and Burr each had won 73 electoral votes. The decision to break the tie was left up to the House of Representatives.

-Jefferson finally won the tiebreaker. This election was This election was the first time that one party had replaced another in the first time that one party had replaced another in power in the United States. This was the first peaceful power in the United States. This was the first peaceful transfer of power.transfer of power.

JEFFERSON’S POLICIES-These problems with the system of voting led Congress -These problems with the system of voting led Congress

to propose the Twelfth Amendment, which called for to propose the Twelfth Amendment, which called for a separate ballot for president and vice president.a separate ballot for president and vice president.

-Jefferson made it clear that he supported the will of the majority as he stressed the need for a limited government and the protection of civil liberties.

-He chose James MadisonJames Madison as Secretary of State. -Jefferson urged the Democratic-Republican Party’s newly

controlled Congress to allow the hated Alien and Sedition Acts to expire.

-Jefferson also lowered military spending and reduced -Jefferson also lowered military spending and reduced the size of the navy to 7 active ships, in hopes that the size of the navy to 7 active ships, in hopes that these cuts would allow the government to repay the these cuts would allow the government to repay the national debt.national debt.

-Jefferson also asked Gallatin to find ways to abolish -Jefferson also asked Gallatin to find ways to abolish domestic taxes, like the tax on whiskey. (He was trying domestic taxes, like the tax on whiskey. (He was trying to protect civil liberties)to protect civil liberties)

- Jefferson believed that the primary functions of the - Jefferson believed that the primary functions of the federal government were to protect the nation from federal government were to protect the nation from foreign threats, make sure the mail was delivered, and foreign threats, make sure the mail was delivered, and collect custom dutiescollect custom duties..

MARBURY V. MADISON-Although Republicans controlled the presidency and

Congress, the federal judiciary was dominated by the Federalists.

-Shortly before their terms of office ended, Federalist -Shortly before their terms of office ended, Federalist legislators passed the Judiciary Act of 1801. This act legislators passed the Judiciary Act of 1801. This act created 16 new federal judgeships, which President Adams created 16 new federal judgeships, which President Adams immediately filled with Federalists before leaving office. immediately filled with Federalists before leaving office. They were known as the They were known as the ““Midnight JudgesMidnight Judges””..

-Some of these appointments were initiated so late that the documents that authorized them had not been delivered by the time Adams left office. This led to controversy once Jefferson took office.

The framers understood that as the nation grew, there might be a need for more courts. To account for this, the Constitution gave Congress the power to create courts “inferior” to the Supreme Court “from time to time.” This

means that Congress has the power to both create and eliminate other federal courts, and that the court system is continuously evolving as national

needs change.

The Judicial Branch

-William Marbury was named as a justice of the peace by President Adams; however, he did not receive his documents before Adams left office. When Jefferson took office, Marbury demanded the documents.

-Jefferson advised the new secretary of state, James Madison, not to deliver them because they were not valid.

VS.

-Marbury sued, demanding the Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the appointment papers.

-John MarshallJohn Marshall, a Federalist appointed by John Adams, was the current Chief Justice of the United States.

-Marshall wrote the Court-Marshall wrote the Court’’s opinion in Marbury v. s opinion in Marbury v. Madison, a case that helped establish the Madison, a case that helped establish the Supreme CourtSupreme Court’’s power to check the power of s power to check the power of the other branches of government. (checks the other branches of government. (checks and balances)and balances)

-In denying Marbury’s request, the Court was able to avoid a direct confrontation with Jefferson’s administration. However, more importantly, it However, more importantly, it did establish the Courtdid establish the Court’’s power of judicial s power of judicial review which was the power to declare an act review which was the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.of Congress unconstitutional.

-Marshall and other federal judges would later use this power of judicial review to make the judiciary a much stronger part of the national government.

The Louisiana Purchase-By the early 1800s, thousands of Americans had settled in

the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

-As the region’s population began to grow, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted to the Union.

-New Orleans, located at the mouth of the Mississippi, -New Orleans, located at the mouth of the Mississippi, was a very important port. Its busy docks handled was a very important port. Its busy docks handled settlerssettlers’’ farm supplies and valuable furs brought from farm supplies and valuable furs brought from American Indians.American Indians.

-Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana. This region expanded west from the Mississippi River to the great Rocky Mountains..

-Under a treaty veiled in secrecy, Spain agreed to trade Louisiana to France.

-In 1802, prior to handing over Louisiana to France, Spain closed New Orleans to American Shipping.

-President Jefferson asked the U.S. ambassador -President Jefferson asked the U.S. ambassador to France, Robert Livingston and James Monroe to France, Robert Livingston and James Monroe to attempt to purchase New Orleans. to attempt to purchase New Orleans.

-Jefferson sent James Monroe to help Livingston.-They had a $2 million budget to buy as much of

the Gulf coast as they could.

-France was lead by Napoleon, a powerful ruler -France was lead by Napoleon, a powerful ruler who had conquered most of Europe. He had who had conquered most of Europe. He had dreamed of rebuilding Francedreamed of rebuilding France’’s empire in North s empire in North America.America.

-Napoleon sent 20,000 troops to try to regain control of the island of Haiti from a slave rebellion, but they were unsuccessful.

-Without Haiti, Napoleon could not build an empire for France in North America.

-When the Americans tried to buy New Orleans, Napoleon told Charles Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, offer to sell them the entire territory of Louisiana.

-Napoleon wanted to sell Louisiana to fund his -Napoleon wanted to sell Louisiana to fund his war with Great Britain. war with Great Britain.

-The Constitution did not mention the power of -The Constitution did not mention the power of the president to purchase foreign lands. the president to purchase foreign lands. Jefferson worried that it was cost public money Jefferson worried that it was cost public money and add to the national debt.and add to the national debt.

-On October 20, 1803, the Senate approved the -On October 20, 1803, the Senate approved the agreement of the Louisiana Purchase, which agreement of the Louisiana Purchase, which practically doubled the size of the United States practically doubled the size of the United States and gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi and gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River.River.

Explorers Head West-Americans knew very little about western Native

Americans or the land they lived on.-In 1803, the president asked Congress to

appropriate funds for an expedition to explore the West.

-He chose -He chose Meriwether Lewis Meriwether Lewis and and William Clark William Clark to to lead the expedition.lead the expedition.

-Lewis was a former army captain and Clark was a -Lewis was a former army captain and Clark was a friend of his.friend of his.

-Their group was named Corps of Discovery. The journey began in 1804

Meriwether

Lewis

William Clark

-They used interpreters to communicate with the leaders of the Native American that they met.

-The explorers relied on the goodwill of people they -The explorers relied on the goodwill of people they met such as met such as SacagaweaSacagawea. She helped guide Lewis and . She helped guide Lewis and Clark from 1804-1806.Clark from 1804-1806.

-Her knowledge was very valuable to the expedition.-In November 1805, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific

Ocean.-They did not find a river route across the West to the -They did not find a river route across the West to the

Pacific Ocean (aka NW Passage), but they had Pacific Ocean (aka NW Passage), but they had learned much about Western lands and other paths learned much about Western lands and other paths across the Rocky Mountains.across the Rocky Mountains.

Pike’s Expedition-In 1806, Zebulon Pike Zebulon Pike was sent to find the

beginning of the Red River.-This was important because the United States

considered it to be part of the Louisiana Territory’s western border with New Spain.

-He tried to reach the summit of the mountain known as Pike’s Peak.

-In 1808, the traveled into Spanish lands and was arrested. They thought he was a spy.

-Records of his journey gave many Americans -Records of his journey gave many Americans their first description of the Southwest.their first description of the Southwest.

The Coming of WarViolations of Neutrality-Great Britain began stopping and searching

American ships for sailors who ran away from the British navy. This was interfering with American This was interfering with American shipping.shipping.

-U.S. citizens were often captured and were forced -U.S. citizens were often captured and were forced into impressment by the British navy. into impressment by the British navy. This continued even after Americans protested.

-In June 1807, British forced sailors off the Chesapeake, a U.S. navy ship.

-This was a violation of U.S. neutrality.

-Because of Great Britain's violations of U.S. neutrality some people favored going to war while others favored an embargo (banning trade with Great Britain).

-In late 1807, Congress passed the Embargo Act -In late 1807, Congress passed the Embargo Act which banned trade with all foreign countrieswhich banned trade with all foreign countries

-Congress hoped that he embargo would punish Britain and France and protect American merchant ships from capture.

-Without the benefit of foreign trade, America lost money.

-Northern states were heavily impacted by the Embargo Act because the relied on trade.

-Furious merchants sent Jefferson hundreds of petitions and demanded the repeal of the Embargo Act.

-In 1809, Congress replaced the Embargo Act and only banned trade with Britain, France, and their colonies.

-The Embargo Act failed. It caused merchants to -The Embargo Act failed. It caused merchants to lose money and had little effect on Great lose money and had little effect on Great Britain and France.Britain and France.

Conflict in the West--American settlers began to move into areas gained by the Treaty American settlers began to move into areas gained by the Treaty

of Greenville which was an agreement between Native of Greenville which was an agreement between Native American leaders and the U.S. government that gave the U.S. American leaders and the U.S. government that gave the U.S. Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed U.S. Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed U.S. citizens could safely travel through the area.citizens could safely travel through the area.

-British agents from Canada began to provide arms to Native Americans living along the western frontier.

-This made American settlers scared and angry.--TecumsehTecumseh was a Shawnee Chief who warned the other Native was a Shawnee Chief who warned the other Native

Americans about the dangers they were facing from white Americans about the dangers they were facing from white settlers.settlers.

-He hoped to unite Native Americans from the northwestern frontier, the South and the eastern Mississippi Valley.

Class Discussion:Class Discussion:• Interpret the following quote by Tecumseh:

“We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game, and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets, and a grave.”

-In 1810, Tecumseh met with William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indian territory.

-Harrison urged him to follow the Treaty of Greenville.

-Fighting broke out between the Native American’s and Harrison’s soldiers in November 1811.

-Tecumseh’s village was destroyed.-Tecumseh and his followers were defeated at the

Battle of Tippecanoe.-AmericanAmerican’’s believed that the British had s believed that the British had

encouraged Tecumseh to attack western encouraged Tecumseh to attack western settlerssettlers.

-Some members of Congress called for war with -Some members of Congress called for war with Britain (War Hawks).Britain (War Hawks).

-These legislators were led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John Calhoun of South Carolina.

-These War Hawks wanted to invade Canada to gain more land.

-New England Federalists were the strongest opponents of the War Hawks and wanted to renew friendly business relations with Great Britain.

John Calhoun & Henry Clay

Declaring War-Republican James Madison was elected president

in 1808.-In 1812, Congress voted to declare war on Great

Britain. This was the first time Congress had declared war.

-Madison was re-elected to a second term and Madison was re-elected to a second term and would serve as President through the War of would serve as President through the War of 1812.1812.

The War of 1812

Causes of the WarCauses of the War-Impressment of American Sailors-Impressment of American Sailors-Interference with American shipping-Interference with American shipping-The presence of British soldiers – aiding Native -The presence of British soldiers – aiding Native

AmericansAmericans

Early Battles-At the start of the war, the British navy had -At the start of the war, the British navy had

hundreds of ships. (The U.S. Navy had fewer hundreds of ships. (The U.S. Navy had fewer than 20) Although, they were scattered around than 20) Although, they were scattered around the globe.the globe.

-Although small, the U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and powerful new warships including the USS Constitution.

-Many times, the British navy was embarrassed as the American vessels defeated British ships in one on one duels.

-Harrison’s victory combined with Tecumseh’s death ended British control in the Northwest.

The Creek War-Creek Indians were angry with American settlers

for trespassing into their lands. (1813)-AndrewAndrew JacksonJackson enlisted about 2000 volunteers

to move -against the Creek nation.- The Treaty of Fort Jackson ended the Creek War

forcing the Creek to give up millions of acres of their land.

The British attack our nation’s capital!!

The War of 1812 moves to our nation’s capital-President Madison was forced to flee when British troops set

fire to the White House, the Capitol, and other government buildings.

- Dolly Madison, his wife, retrieved artifacts from the White - Dolly Madison, his wife, retrieved artifacts from the White House including the famous painting of George House including the famous painting of George Washington.Washington.

-The British marched on to Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland and fired on it for 25 hours.

-Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the -Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the Star Spangled Star Spangled BannerBanner as he watched the American victory at Fort as he watched the American victory at Fort McHenry.McHenry.

-However, the Americans stood their ground and the British were forced to retreat.

-After the attack on Washington, the British moved on to -After the attack on Washington, the British moved on to New Orleans where they attempted to capture the city New Orleans where they attempted to capture the city and gain control of the Mississippi River.and gain control of the Mississippi River.

The Star Spangled Banner LyricsBy: Francis Scott Key 1814

http://www.nps.gov/fomc/index.htm

• Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early lightWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming,And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

The Battle of New Orleans: (Actually in Chalmette, LA)

-Andrew Jackson was commanding forces around New Orleans. His troops were made up of a mix of free African Americans, a group of Choctaw Indians, state militia, and pirates led by Jean Lafitte.

-This battle began on the morning of January 8, 1815.

-11,000+ British troops attacked Jackson’s force of 5,500+ soldiers.

-The British were stopped when they were caught on an open field.

GEOGRAPHY~It was foggy early in the

morning.~The British had to cross swampy land to reach the

Americans.~US boats along MS River

fired artillery upon the British.

-Casualties: 2,000 British - 70 Americans-The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson -The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson

a hero and was the last major conflict of the a hero and was the last major conflict of the War of 1812War of 1812..

Effects of the War-Increase sense of national pride-American manufacturing boosted-Native American resistance weakened-Slow communication at the time meant that Andrew

Jackson did not know about the Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent that had been signed on December 24, 1814, that had been signed on December 24, 1814, which ended the War of 1812.which ended the War of 1812.

Summary-Andrew Jackson was a war hero after the -Andrew Jackson was a war hero after the

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans-Increased national pride-Increased national pride-The interruption of trade boosted the -The interruption of trade boosted the

production of American made productsproduction of American made products-American Indians were losing their stronghold -American Indians were losing their stronghold

on their landon their land