LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

To explain what malnutrition isTo explain what malnutrition is To explain the effects of malnutrition To explain the effects of malnutrition

using examplesusing examples To describe ways to reduce the chance To describe ways to reduce the chance

of contracting certain health problems of contracting certain health problems due to one’s dietdue to one’s diet

To describe ways to reduce the effects To describe ways to reduce the effects of certain health problemof certain health problem

Malnutrition and Its Malnutrition and Its EffectsEffects

Malnutrition Malnutrition : lack of one or more of : lack of one or more of the nutrients required in the diet to the nutrients required in the diet to maintain good healthmaintain good health

Can be caused by :Can be caused by : A reduced intake of nutrients A reduced intake of nutrients

(undernourishment)(undernourishment) An inability to use absorbed nutrientsAn inability to use absorbed nutrients The failure to meet a required increase The failure to meet a required increase

in nutrient intakein nutrient intake Nutrient losesNutrient loses

Malnutrition & Its Malnutrition & Its EffectsEffects

3 stages to provide energy in cases of 3 stages to provide energy in cases of malnutrition :malnutrition :

The carbohydrate stores in the body are The carbohydrate stores in the body are used upused up

The fat reserves are oxidisedThe fat reserves are oxidised Proteins are broken down. When protein Proteins are broken down. When protein

levels have been reduced to half their levels have been reduced to half their normal value, death will occurnormal value, death will occur

Lack of any nutrient can cause Lack of any nutrient can cause deficiency diseasesdeficiency diseases

NutrientsNutrients Effects of Effects of deficiencydeficiency

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

ProteinsProteins Kwashiorkor Stomach bloated, growth of Stomach bloated, growth of body and brain retarded, body and brain retarded, no appetite for food, weak no appetite for food, weak bodybody

Vitamin AVitamin A Night blindness

Xerophthalmia

poor night visionpoor night vision cornea dry & opaquecornea dry & opaque

Vitamin BVitamin B11 Beri-beri Swollen legs & ankles, Swollen legs & ankles, numbness in hands, numbness in hands, muscular pain & cramps, muscular pain & cramps, fatigue, loss of appetitefatigue, loss of appetite

Vitamin BVitamin B33 Pellagra Dermatitis (skin becomes Dermatitis (skin becomes red & inflamed), diarrhoea red & inflamed), diarrhoea

& mental disorder& mental disorder

Vitamin B12Vitamin B12

IronIron

Anaemia Lack of RBC or haemoglobin Lack of RBC or haemoglobin to transport oxygento transport oxygen

Vitamin CVitamin C Scurvy Bleeding gums, bruise skin, Bleeding gums, bruise skin, painful & swollen joints, painful & swollen joints, weaknessweakness

Vitamin DVitamin D

CalciumCalcium

Rickets

Osteoporosis

Stunted growth of bones & Stunted growth of bones & teeth, weak bonesteeth, weak bonesBrittle bones which easily Brittle bones which easily brokenbroken

IodineIodine Goitre

CretinismCretinism

Enlarge thyroid glandsEnlarge thyroid glandsPhysical & mental growth Physical & mental growth retardedretarded

SodiumSodium Muscular crampsMuscular cramps Sudden & painful contraction Sudden & painful contraction of musclesof muscles

Effects of Excessive Intake Effects of Excessive Intake of Certain Nutrients on of Certain Nutrients on

HealthHealthNutrientNutrient EffectsEffects CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugar)(sugar)

Obesity which may which may lead to high blood lead to high blood pressure, diabetes pressure, diabetes mellitus, heart mellitus, heart diseasesdiseasesDental cariesDental caries

Body weight is more Body weight is more than 20% of the than 20% of the suitable body weight suitable body weight for a particular heightfor a particular heightTooth decay due to Tooth decay due to the destruction of the the destruction of the teeth’s enamel by acids teeth’s enamel by acids which are produced by which are produced by bacteria from bacteria from carbohydratecarbohydrate

LipidsLipids Atherosclerosis (as a (as a result of saturated result of saturated

animal fats)animal fats)

The narrowing & The narrowing & hardening of arterieshardening of arteries

ProteinsProteins Gout Stones in the kidney Stones in the kidney

which can damage the which can damage the kidneykidney

Excessive uric acid Excessive uric acid deposits on the deposits on the joints causing joint joints causing joint painpainUric acid crystalises Uric acid crystalises & forms stones in & forms stones in the kidneythe kidney

Vitamin AVitamin A Liver damageLiver damage The liver fails to The liver fails to function because function because liver cells die & liver cells die & fibrous tissues form fibrous tissues form in the liverin the liver

SodiumSodium High blood pressureHigh blood pressureKidney damageKidney damage

Fatigue, headache, Fatigue, headache, can cause bleeding can cause bleeding in the brain (stroke) in the brain (stroke) & heart failure& heart failureKidneys are Kidneys are overloaded with the overloaded with the task of removing task of removing excess saltexcess salt

CalciumCalcium AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis Calcium deposits Calcium deposits on the inner walls on the inner walls of arteries causing of arteries causing the arteries to the arteries to harden & lose their harden & lose their elasticityelasticity

DIET-RELATED DISEASESDIET-RELATED DISEASES HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

– Excessive intake of food that is rich in Excessive intake of food that is rich in saturated fat, cholesterol & calcium leads to saturated fat, cholesterol & calcium leads to atherosclerosis & high blood pressure.atherosclerosis & high blood pressure.

– The saturated fats, cholesterol & calcium The saturated fats, cholesterol & calcium are deposited on the inner walls of arteries. are deposited on the inner walls of arteries. The lumen become smaller & the walls of The lumen become smaller & the walls of the arteries harden & lose their elasticity. the arteries harden & lose their elasticity. Blood flow is reduced.Blood flow is reduced. the heart pump the heart pump faster to produce a higher pressurefaster to produce a higher pressure

– Also can cause by excessive intake of Also can cause by excessive intake of salts, tea & coffee which can increase the salts, tea & coffee which can increase the rate of heart beat, thus increasing the rate of heart beat, thus increasing the blood pressure.blood pressure.

– Ways to reduce the risk of HBP :Ways to reduce the risk of HBP : Reduce the intake of food which are rich in Reduce the intake of food which are rich in

saturated fats & cholesterolsaturated fats & cholesterol Exercise frequentlyExercise frequently Reduce the intake of salts in food, as well as Reduce the intake of salts in food, as well as

tea & coffeetea & coffee Do not smokeDo not smoke Have enough restHave enough rest

DIET-RELATED DISEASEDIET-RELATED DISEASE DIABETES MELLITUS

– Caused by excessive glucose in the blood & its Caused by excessive glucose in the blood & its subsequent excretion in the urinesubsequent excretion in the urine

– Excessive intake of food rich in sugar Excessive intake of food rich in sugar (carbohydrates) can cause diabetes mellitus(carbohydrates) can cause diabetes mellitus

– Obesity can also lead to DMObesity can also lead to DM

– The risk of DM can be reduced by :The risk of DM can be reduced by : Reduce the intake of food rich in sugarReduce the intake of food rich in sugar Exercise frequentlyExercise frequently

DIET-RELATED DISEASEDIET-RELATED DISEASE

OSTEOPOROSIS– Due to the lack of calcium, phosphorus & Due to the lack of calcium, phosphorus &

vitamin D in the diet of an adultvitamin D in the diet of an adult– Low density of the bone mass & the bones Low density of the bone mass & the bones

become thin & brittle, easily brokenbecome thin & brittle, easily broken– The risk of contracting osteoporosis can be The risk of contracting osteoporosis can be

reduced in the following ways :reduced in the following ways : Intake of food rich in calcium, phosphorus & vitamin Intake of food rich in calcium, phosphorus & vitamin

DD Exercise frequentlyExercise frequently

KwashiokorKwashiokor

XerophthalmiaXerophthalmia

Beri-beriBeri-beri

PELLAGRAPELLAGRA

ANAEMIAANAEMIA

SCURVYSCURVY

RICKETS

GOITREGOITRE

ATHEROSCLEROSISATHEROSCLEROSIS

OSTEOPOROSOSTEOPOROSISIS

OBESITYOBESITY

GOUTGOUT

HIGH BLOOD HIGH BLOOD PRESSUREPRESSURE

DIABETES DIABETES MELLITUSMELLITUS

EXERCISE 6.3EXERCISE 6.3

1.1.Explain what is Explain what is malnutrition.malnutrition.

2.2.Explain the effects of Explain the effects of malnutrition using examples.malnutrition using examples.

3.3.Describe ways to reduce the Describe ways to reduce the effects of certain health effects of certain health problems.problems.