Findings from the Knowledge, Attitude, Perception (KAP) Analysis

Clare Narrod, on behalf of the team

IFPRI: M. Tiongco, R. Scott, and W. Collier

CIMMYT: H. De Groote , J. Hellin, S. Kimenju, B. Munyua KARI: C. Bett

International Food Policy Research Institute International Center for the Improvement of Maize

and Wheat International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics University of Pittsburgh

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ACDI/VOCA/Kenya Maize Development Program Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Institut d’Economie Rurale The Eastern Africa Grain Council

Knowledge: the degree of factual understanding of the topic and associated issues.

Attitude and perceptions: feelings toward the subject, including judgment of its importance and influence on people’s lives.

Practices: current actions taken as a result of the knowledge, attitude and perception toward the issues.

Evaluate the effectiveness of information campaigns – assist policymakers in customizing educational programs .

Flyer from Eastern Kenya

Knowledge of Attributes of Aflatoxin exposure (i.e. human health symptoms such as stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.).

Knowledge of Causes (Moisture) of Aflatoxin exposure (e.g. wetness in piles of harvested maize, poor storage condition, dampness in storage place, improper drying, etc.).

Attitude (Reaction) about Aflatoxin safety (i.e. farmers’ attitude towards potential outbreaks in their village).

Perception of Risk (i.e. understanding risks of storing wet maize, buying maize from local markets, insect/pest damage, etc.).

Actions (Container) (i.e. using storage practices that avoid

Aflatoxin such as maintaining humidity and cleanliness in storage).

LT

Dry

Frequency Percentage

Local Language Radio 197 40.4%

Kiswahili Radio 118 24.2%

Extension Officer 65 13.3%

Neighbor 37 7.6%

TV 26 5.3%

English Radio 13 2.7%

School 12 2.5%

Newspaper 8 1.6%

Chief Council 6 1.2%

Health Worker 2 0.4%

Church 1 0.2%

Buyers/Traders 3 0.6%

Note: Percentages are of respondents who had heard of aflatoxin (n=488), total sample size (n=1343).

Knowledge Knowledge Attitude Perception Action VARIABLES Attributes Afla moisture Reaction risk container Female 0.02 -0.45 0.08 0.11 0.004 Education of hh -0.28 -0.25 0.66*** 0.48*** -0.03 Number of children <5 0.15 -0.09 0.05 0.01 0.1* Head's prim non-Ag -0.23 -0.82 0.04 -0.005 -0.02 Wealth -0.01 0.11 0.18*** 0.14*** 0.002 Land owned -0.19 0.013 0.05 0.03 -0.08 HH selling maize -0.05 -0.27 -0.06 0.05 -0.13 dry transitional -2.6*** -5.5*** 1.54*** 1.18*** -0.26 dry mid-altitudes -1.07* -6.09*** 1.84*** 1.3*** -0.36 moist mid-altitudes -1.48*** -5.39*** -0.72* -0.89** 0.036 moist transitional -1.32*** -4.82*** 0.07 -0.06 -0.089 high tropics -1.90*** -4.52*** 0.008 -0.06 0.12 Constant -1.73** 9.21*** -2.71*** -2.75*** -0.64** Observations 1,042 1,042 1,042 1,042 1,042 chi2 23.56 1440 153.4 182.6 22.07 pval 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 Log Lik -121 -1032 -630.3 -468.9 -661.3 BIC -6992 -7100 -6607 -6790 -6740 AIC 0.257 2.005 1.235 0.925 1.294

Higher education has a positive effect on perception of risk associated with storing wet maize, buying from local markets as well as farmers’ attitude towards potential outbreaks in their village

Farm size is not correlated with farmers’ actions to prevent and reduce aflatoxin risks at the farm level using containers.

Wealth is positively associated with farmers reaction (attitudes) to aflatoxin in

their village and perception of risks associated with storing wet maize, buying maize from local markets, insect/pest damage.

In the dry transitional area where the 2004 outbreaks occurred, the effects on the perception of risk of aflatoxin and attitudes to aflatoxin safety is expected.

Number of children under 5 had a positive and significant effect on actions to prevent and reduce aflatoxin risks at the farm level.

Social networks

What is the effect of social network on knowledge of aflatoxin ?

Which networks has the most influence in the disseminating knowledge?

How can networks be useful in turning them to correct actions?

Aflatoxin prevalence

Does KAP on aflatoxin influence prevalence levels?

Future work -Impact of education/radio campaigns

Randomized controls and see what factors altered KAP indices and aflatoxin levels