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Education Policy Studies LaboratoryDivision of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies

College of Education, Arizona State UniversityP.O. Box 872411, Tempe, AZ 85287-2411

Telephone: (480) 965-1886Fax: (480) 965-0303E-mail

TECHNICAL APPENDIX

An Analysis of Some Unintendedand Negative Consequences ofHigh-Stakes Testing

by

Audrey L. Amrein

And

David C. Berliner

Arizona State University

Education Policy Research Unit (EPRU)Education Policy Studies Laboratory

College of EducationDivision of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies

Box 872411Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ 85287-2411

December2002

EPSL| EDUCATION POLICY STUDIES LABORATORYEducation Policy Research Unit

EPSL-0211-125-EPRUhttp://edpolicylab.org

: [email protected]://edpolicylab.org
http://edpolicylab.org/http://edpolicylab.org/

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An Analysis of Some Unintended and Negative

Consequences of High-Stakes Testing

Audrey L. Amrein and David C. Berliner

Arizona State University

Technical Appendix

An archival time-series research design is used for this study. Archival time-series

studies are useful for determining the degree to which large-scale social or governmental

policies make an impact.1 In archival time-series designs, strings of observations of the

dependent variablesthe dropout rate and the graduation rate, which are inversely related,

and the rate by which students enroll in the GED program and the average age of GED

participantsare made before and after the treatments (high school graduation exams) are

introduced. This enables the researcher to gain convincing evidence about the affects that

high-stakes tests have over time. Displaying trend lines and studying the patterns in the

trend lines before and after high-stakes tests are introduced helps to demonstrate the

statistical relationships between high-stakes tests and their effects.2

Two major controls are used to help evaluate the certainty and strength of the

effects. First, data points before the introduction of the treatment provide baseline

information.3

Whether changes in the dependent variable are authentic or artificial is

determined on a case-by-case basis using baseline data. If a change after the intervention

is noted, it is concluded the treatment had an effect.

Secondly, national trend lines are positioned alongside state trend lines to help

control for normal fluctuations and extraneous influences on the data.4

The national

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group is used as a nonequivalent comparison group to help estimate how the dependent

variable would have oscillated less any treatment.5

The national trend lines help control

for whether effects at the state level are genuine or mere reflections of the national trend.

All effects are calculated in the short- and long-term. Trends are defined in the

short-term by the difference in rate one year after the point of implementation of high-

stakes tests. Trends are defined in the long-term by the difference in rate from the

implementation of one testing policy to the next or 2001. The decision to assess one-year

effects and long-term effects is somewhat arbitrary so each states trend line is included

for the convenience of those who, for example, would argue the effects of high-stakes

tests may lay dormant for a different number of years.

In addition, the data sources that are used in this study are not comprehensive.

They do not, for example, cover the same range of years across measures nor do all

measures provide for baseline data. States, such as Florida, in which their high school

graduation exam was first implemented in the late 1970s, for example, do not have

baseline data for all of the measures as data across measures are available for less than 20

years. These data are adequate enough to draw conclusions regarding the effects of high-

stakes tests in states after x years of using high school graduation exams, however. This

is possible if, in those states, conclusions are formulated using the second, third, and in

one case, the fourth high school graduation exam implemented.

In short, if changes in rate after the introduction of a high school graduation exam

match the nation, the effects of the high school graduation exam are classified as unclear.

Otherwise, effects of high school graduation exams are classified as increases or

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decreases as compared to the nation, and overall effects are classified as weakorstrong

when summed together.

Overall effects are classified as weakif increases or decreases are illustrated after

the implementation of a high school graduation exam on one of two indicators and strong

if increases or decreases are illustrated after the implementation of a high school

graduation exam across both measures. For the dropout rate analyses, for example, if a

state illustrate decreases in the dropout rate and increases in the high school graduation

rate after the point at which a high school graduation exam was implemented, the state

would be classified as illustrating strong evidence that after a high school graduation

exam was implemented, the rate by which students were graduated from high school

increased,or were positively effected. For the GED analyses, if a state illustrate

increases in the rate by which students enroll in the GED program but unclear changes

regarding how the average age of GED participants changed, the state would be classified

as illustrating weakevidence that after the implementation of a high school graduation

exam, the rate by which students sought out GEDs instead of regular high school

diplomas increased, or was negatively effected.

In each analysis, the magnified symbolizes the yearbefore the first graduating

class was required to pass the first high school graduation exam in each state. If, for

example, students were first expected to pass a graduation exam in 1995, as was the case

in Georgia, you would be most likely to observe an effect from 1994, the year before

students had to pass the test to 1995, the year students had to pass the test. The also

symbolizes the yearbefore the years in which graduating classes were first required to

pass exam revisions thereafter.

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ALABAMA

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:

High school students in Alabama must pass Alabamas High School Graduation

Test to receive a high school diploma. The class of 1985 was the first and the class of

1993 was the second graduating class required to pass a high school graduation exam to

receive a diploma. The Alabama High School Graduation Exam (AHSGE) is replacing

the graduation test. Starting with the class of 2001, students will have to pass certain

sections of the AHSGE to receive a diploma.

Dropout rate:

Alabama - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Alabama

Nation

From 1990-1992 2 percent fewer students dropped out in Alabama than in the

nation.

From 1992-1993 Alabama maintained its percentage, as did the nation.

From 1992-1998 Alabama 2 percent fewer students dropped out in Alabama

than in the nation.

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After Alabamas high school graduation exams were implemented, Alabamas

dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.

Graduation rate:

Alabama - High S chool Graduates

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Percent=H.S.graduates/Total

secondarypublicschoolenrollment

Alabama

Nation

From 1984-1985 1.6 percent fewer students were graduated in Alabama than inthe nation.

From 1984-1992 .3 percent fewer students were graduated in Alabama than inthe nation.

From 1992-1993 1.3 percent fewer students were graduated in Alabama than in

the nation.

From 1992-1995 1.4 percent fewer students were graduated in Alabama than in

the nation.

After Alabamas high school graduation exams were implemented, Alabamas

graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.

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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:

Alabama - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Numb

erofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation

Alabama

Nation

From 1984-1985 Alabama maintained its percentage, as did the nation.

From 1984-1992 .03 percent more students took the GED in Alabama than in

the nation.

From 1992-1993 .05 percent fewer students took the GED in Alabama than inthe nation.

From 1992-1999 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in Alabama than inthe nation.

After Alabamas high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by

which people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.

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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:

Alabama - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Alabama *

Nation

From 1986-1992 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more years in

Alabama than in the nation.

From 1992-1993 the average age of GED examinees increased .5 more years in

Alabama than in the nation. From 1992-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years in

Alabama than in the nation.

After Alabamas high school graduation exams were implemented, the average

age of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.

OVERALL FINDINGS:

There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of high school

graduation exams in Alabama, the rate by which students dropped out or were not

graduated from high school changed as compared to the nation.

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There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school

graduation exams in Alabama, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program

decreased as compared to the nation.

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FLORIDA


High school students in Florida must pass the High School Competency Test

(HSCT) to receive a diploma. The class of 1979 was the first, the class of 1990 was the

second, and the class of 1996 was the third graduating class required to pass a high

school graduation exam to receive a diploma. The Florida Competency Assessment Test

(FCAT) is replacing the HSCT. The class of 2003 will be required to pass the FCAT

reading and math tests to receive a high school diploma.

Dropout rate:

Florida - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Florida

Nation

From 1990-1995 Florida maintained its percentage, as did the nation. From 1995-1996 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Florida than in the

nation.

From 1995-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in Florida than in the

nation.

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After Floridas high school graduation exams were implemented, how Floridas

dropout rate changed as compared to the nation is unclear.

Graduation rate:

Florida - High School Graduates

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecon

darypublicschoolenrollment

Florida

Nation

From 1978-1979 .9 percent fewer students were graduated in Florida than in thenation.

From 1978-1989 1.6 percent fewer students were graduated in Florida than inthe nation.

From 1989-1990 .5 percent more students were graduated in Florida than in thenation.

From 1989-1995 .7 percent more students were graduated in Florida than in thenation.

After Floridas high school graduation exams were implemented, Floridas


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Florida - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Numbe

rofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation

Florida

Nation

From 1984-1989 Florida lost .03 percent, as did the nation.

From 1989-1990 .05 percent more students took the GED in Florida than in the

nation.

From 1989-1995 .03 percent more students took the GED in Florida than in thenation.

From 1995-1996 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in Florida than in thenation.

From 1995-1999 .03 percent fewer students took the GED in Florida than in the

nation.

After Floridas high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by

which people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.

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Florida - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Florida

Nation

From 1986-1989 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1 more year inFlorida than in the nation.

From 1989-1990 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more year inFlorida than in the nation.

From 1989-1995 the average age of GED examinees decreased .9 more year inFlorida than in the nation.

From 1995-1996 the average age of GED examinees decreased .4 more year in

Florida than in the nation.

From 1995-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more year inFlorida than in the nation.

After Floridas high school graduation exams were implemented, the average age

of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.

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OVERALL FINDINGS:

There is weakevidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school

graduation exams in Florida, the rate by which students dropped out or were not

graduated from high school increased as compared to the nation.


graduation exams in Florida, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program

increased as compared to the nation.

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GEORGIA


High school students in Georgia must pass the Georgia High School Graduation

Test (GHSGT) to receive a diploma. The class of 1984 was the first and the class of 1995

was the second graduating class required to pass a high school graduation exam to

receive a diploma. The GHSGT is being replaced by new end-of-course tests.

Dropout rate:

Georgia - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Georgia

Nation

From 1990-1994 1 percent more students dropped out in Georgia than in thenation.

From 1994-1995 Georgia gained 1 percent, as did the nation. From 1994-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in Georgia than in the

nation.

After Georgias high school graduation exams were implemented, Georgias

dropout rate increased as compared to the nation.

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Graduation rate:

Georgia - High S chool Graduates

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment

Georgia

Nation

From 1983-1984 .1 percent fewer students were graduated in Georgia than in

the nation.

From 1983-1994 .8 percent fewer students were graduated in Georgia than in

the nation.

From 1994-1995 .1 percent fewer students were graduated in Georgia than inthe nation.

After Georgias high school graduation exams were implemented,

Georgias graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.

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Georgia - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Georgia *

Nation

From 1986-1994 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years inGeorgia than in the nation.


Georgia than in the nation. From 1994-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .3 more years in

Georgia than in the nation.

After Georgias high school graduation exams were implemented, the average age


OVERALL FINDINGS:


graduation exams in Georgia, the rate by which students dropped out or were not


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graduation exams in Georgia, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program


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LOUISIANA


High school students in Louisiana must pass Louisianas Graduation Exit Exam

(GEE) to receive a diploma. The class of 1991 was the first graduating class required to

pass the Graduation Exit Exam (GEE) to receive a diploma. Louisianas Graduation Exit

Exam for the 21st

Century (GEE 21) is replacing the GEE. The class of 2003 will be

required to pass English language arts and math tests to receive a diploma.

Dropout rate:

Louisiana - - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Louisiana

Nation

From 1990-1991 1 percent more students dropped out in Louisiana than in the

nation. From 1990-1998 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Louisiana than in the

nation.

After Louisianas high school graduation exam was implemented, how

Louisianas dropout rate changed as compared to the nation is unclear.

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Graduation rate:

Louisiana - High School Graduates

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995


Louisiana

Nation

From 1990-1991 .6 percent fewer students were graduated in Louisiana than inthe nation.

From 1990-1995 .9 percent more students were graduated in Louisiana than inthe nation.

After Louisianas high school graduation exam was implemented, Louisianas

graduation rate increased as compared to the nation.

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Louisiana - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Num

berofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation

Louisiana

Nation

From 1990-1991 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in Louisiana than in

the nation.

From 1990-1999 .04 percent more students took the GED in Louisiana than in

the nation.

After Louisianas high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by


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Lousiana - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Louisiana *

Nation


Louisiana than in the nation.

From 1990-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .4 more years inLouisiana than in the nation

After Louisianas high school graduation exam was implemented, the average age

of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.

OVERALL FINDINGS:

There is weakevidence to suggest that after the implementation of the high

school graduation exam in Louisiana, the rate by which students dropped out or were not

graduated from high school decreased as compared to the nation.

There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of the high

school graduation exam in Louisiana, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED

program changed as compared to the nation.

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MARYLAND


High school students must pass the Maryland Functional Tests (MFT) to receive a

diploma. The class of 1987 was the first graduating class required to pass the tests to

receive a diploma. The MFT is used today but is being replaced by the end-of-course

exams called the Maryland High School Assessments.

Dropout rate:

Maryland - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Maryland

Nation

From 1990-1998 2 percent fewer students dropped out in Maryland than in the

nation.

After Marylands high school graduation exam was implemented, Marylands

dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.

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Graduation rate:

Maryland - High School Graduates

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Percent=H.S

.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment

Maryland

Nation

From 1986-1987 .2 percent fewer students were graduated in Maryland than inthe nation.

From 1986-1995 1 percent fewer students were graduated in Maryland than inthe nation.

After Marylands high school graduation exam was implemented, Marylands


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Maryland - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1 98 4 1 98 5 1 98 6 1 98 7 1 98 8 1 98 9 1 99 0 1 99 1 1 99 2 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1 99 8 1 99 9

Numbe

rofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation

Maryland

Nation

From 1986-1987 Maryland maintained its percentage, as did the nation.

From 1986-1999 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in Maryland than inthe nation.

After Marylands high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by


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Maryland - - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Maryland

Nation

From 1986-1987 the average age of GED examinees decreased .3 more years inMaryland than in the nation.

From 1986-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .2 more years inMaryland than in the nation.

After Marylands high school graduation exam was implemented, the average age


OVERALL FINDINGS:


school graduation exam in Maryland, the rate by which students dropped out or were not



school graduation exam in Maryland, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED


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MISSISSIPPI


High school students in Mississippi must pass the Mississippi Functional Literacy

Exam (FLE) to receive a diploma. The class of 1989 was the first graduating class

required to pass the FLE to receive a diploma. End-of-course exams called Subject Area

Testing Program (SATP) Assessments are replacing the FLE. The FLE will continue to

be administered until each new Subject Area Test has been approved to replace it.

Dropout rate:

Mississippi - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Mississippi

Nation

From 1990-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in Mississippi than in the

nation.

After Mississippis high school graduation exam was implemented, Mississippis


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Graduation rate:

Mississippi - High School Graduates

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme

nt

Mississippi

Nation

From 1988-1989 2.5 percent fewer students were graduated in Mississippi thanin the nation.

From 1988-1995 .4 percent fewer students were graduated in Mississippi thanin the nation.

After Mississippis high school graduation exam was implemented, Mississippis


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Mississippi - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Num


Mississippi

Nation

From 1988-1989 Mississippi lost .03 percent, as did the nation.

From 1988-1999 .08 percent more students took the GED in Mississippi than in

the nation.

After Mississippis high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by


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Mississippi - Average Age of People Who Took the GED T est

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Mississippi *

Nation


Mississippi than in the nation.

From 1988-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1 more year inMississippi than in the nation.

After Mississippis high school graduation exam was implemented, the average

age of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.

OVERALL FINDINGS:

There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of the high

school graduation exam in Mississippi, the rate by which students dropped out or were

not graduated from high school increased as compared to the nation.


school graduation exam in Mississippi, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED

program increased as compared to the nation.

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NEVADA


High school students must pass the Nevada High School Proficiency Examination

(HSPE) to receive a diploma. The class of 1981 was the first, the class of 1985 was the

second, the class of 1992 was the third, and the class of 1999 was the fourth graduating

class required to pass high school graduation exams in Nevada to receive a diploma. The

class of 2003 will have to pass the new HSPE to graduate.

Dropout rate:

Nevada - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Nevada

Nation

From 1990-1991 Nevada maintained its average, as did the nation.

From 1991-1992 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Nevada than in thenation.

From 1991-1998 3 percent more students dropped out in Nevada than in the

nation.

After Nevadas high school graduation exams were implemented, Nevadas


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Graduation rate:

Nevada - High School Graduates

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995


Nevada

Nation

From 1980-1981 .7 percent more students were graduated in Nevada than in the

nation.

From 1980-1984 1.9 percent more students were graduated in Nevada than inthe nation.

From 1984-1985 .8 percent fewer students were graduated in Nevada than inthe nation.

From 1984-1991 .5 percent fewer students were graduated in Nevada than in

the nation.

From 1991-1992 1.6 percent fewer students were graduated in Nevada than in

the nation.

From 1991-1995 1.6 percent fewer students were graduated in Nevada than inthe nation.

After Nevadas high school graduation exams were implemented, Nevadas


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Nevada - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1 98 4 19 85 1 986 1 98 7 1 98 8 19 89 1 99 0 1 991 1 99 2 1 993 1 994 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 997 19 98 1 999

NumberofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation

Nevada

Nation

From 1984-1985 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in Nevada than thenation.

From 1984-1991 .03 percent fewer students took the GED in Nevada than inthe nation.

From 1991-1992 .09 percent more students took the GED in Nevada than in thenation.

From 1991-1998 .09 percent more students took the GED in Nevada than in thenation.

From 1998-1999 .04 percent fewer students took the GED in Nevada than inthe nation.

After Nevadas high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by


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Nevada - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Nevada *

Nation

From 1986-1991 the average age of GED examinees increased 1.2 more yearsin Nevada than in the nation.

From 1991-1992 the average age of GED examinees increased 1 more year inNevada than in the nation.

From 1991-1998 the average age of GED examinees increased 2 more years inNevada than in the nation.

From 1998-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .1 more years inNevada than in the nation.

After Nevadas high school graduation exams were implemented, the average age

of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.

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OVERALL FINDINGS:


graduation exams in Nevada, the rate by which students dropped out or were not



graduation exams in Nevada, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program

changed as compared to the nation.

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NEW JERSEY


High school students in New Jersey must pass the Grade 11 High School

Proficiency Test (HSPT-11) to receive a diploma. The class of 1984 was the first, the

class of 1987 was the second, and the class of 1995 was the third graduating class

required to pass a high school graduation exam in New Jersey to receive a high school

diploma. The class of 2003 will be required to pass the language arts literacy and math

tests on the new High School Proficiency Assessments (HSPAs) to receive a diploma.

Dropout rate:

New Jersey - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

New Jersey

Nation

From 1990-1994 New Jersey lost 1 percent, as did the nation.

From 1994-1995 1 percent fewer students dropped out in New Jersey than inthe nation.

From 1994-1998 New Jersey maintained its average, as did the nation.

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After New Jerseys high school graduation exams were implemented, New

Jerseys dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.

Graduation rate:

New Jersey - High School Graduates

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995


New Jersey

Nation

From 1983-1984 .9 percent fewer students were graduated in New Jersey than

in the nation. From 1983-1986 .2 percent more students were graduated in New Jersey than in

the nation.

From 1986-1987 .7 percent more students were graduated in New Jersey than inthe nation.

From 1986-1994 .7 percent more students were graduated in New Jersey than inthe nation.

From 1994-1995 .1 percent more students were graduated in New Jersey than in

the nation.

After New Jerseys high school graduation exams were implemented, New

Jerseys graduation rate increased as compared to the nation.

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New Jersey - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999


New Jersey

Nation

From 1984-1986 New Jersey gained .01 percent, as did the nation.

From 1986-1987 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in New Jersey thanin the nation.

From 1986-1994 .03 percent more students took the GED in New Jersey than inthe nation.



After New Jerseys high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by


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New Jersey - Average Age of People Who Took the GE D Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

New Jersey

Nation


New Jersey than in the nation.

From 1986-1994 the average age of GED examinees increased .6 more years inNew Jersey than in the nation.


New Jersey than in the nation. From 1994-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years in

New Jersey than in the nation.

After New Jerseys high school graduation exams were implemented, the average


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OVERALL FINDINGS:


graduation exams in New Jersey, the rate by which students dropped out or were not



graduation exams in New Jersey, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program


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NEW MEXICO


High school students in New Mexico must pass the New Mexico High School

Competency Exam (NMHSCE) to receive a diploma. The class of 1990 was the first

graduating class required to pass the NMHSCE to graduate.

Dropout rate:

New Mexico - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

New Mexico

Nation

From 1990-1998 5 percent more students dropped out in New Mexico than in

the nation.

After New Mexicos high school graduation exam was implemented, New

Mexicos dropout rate increased as compared to the nation.

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Graduation rate:

New Mexico

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Percent=

H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme

nt

New Mexico

Nation

From 1989-1990 .3 percent more students were graduated in New Mexico than

in the nation.

From 1989-1995 1.6 percent more students were graduated in New Mexico

than in the nation.

After New Mexicos high school graduation exam was implemented, New

Mexicos graduation rate increased as compared to the nation.

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New Mexico - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Num


New Mexico

Nation

From 1989-1990 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in New Mexico thanin the nation.

From 1989-1999 .06 percent fewer students took the GED in New Mexico thanin the nation.

After New Mexicos high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by


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New Mexico - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

New Mexico *

Nation


New Mexico than in the nation.

From 1989-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .1 more years inNew Mexico than in the nation.

After New Mexicos high school graduation exam was implemented, the average


OVERALL FINDINGS:


school graduation exam in New Mexico, the rate by which students dropped out or were

not graduated from high school changed as compared to the nation.


school graduation exam in New Mexico, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED


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Dropout rate:

New York - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

New York

Nation

From 1990-1994 1 percent more students dropped out in New York than in thenation.

From 1994-1995 New York gained 1 percent, as did the nation.

From 1994-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in New York than in the

nation.

After New Yorks high school graduation exams were implemented, New Yorks


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Graduation rate:

New York - High School Graduates

14.0%

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Percent=H

.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme

nt

New York

Nation

From 1984-1985 .3 percent more students were graduated in New York than inthe nation.

From 1984-1994 .4 percent fewer students were graduated in New York than inthe nation.

From 1994-1995 .3 percent fewer students were graduated in New York than inthe nation.

After New Yorks high school graduation exams were implemented, New Yorks


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New York - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

19 84 1 98 5 1 98 6 1 98 7 1 98 8 1 98 9 1 990 1 99 1 1 99 2 19 93 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1 998 1 99 9

Num


New York

Nation

From 1984-1985 .03 percent fewer students took the GED in New York than inthe nation.

From 1984-1994 .16 percent fewer students took the GED in New York than inthe nation.

From 1994-1995 .01 percent more students took the GED in New York than inthe nation.

From 1994-1999 .01 percent more students took the GED in New York than in

the nation.

After New Yorks high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by


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New York - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

New York

Nation


New York than in the nation.

From 1994-1995 the average age of GED examinees increased .3 more years inNew York than in the nation.

From 1994-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .7 more years inNew York than in the nation.

After New Yorks high school graduation exams were implemented, the average


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OVERALL FINDINGS:


graduation exams in New York, the rate by which students dropped out or were not



graduation exams in New York, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program


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NORTH CAROLINA


High school students in North Carolina must pass the North Carolina Competency

Tests to receive a diploma. The class of 1980 was the first and the class of 1998 was the

second graduating class required to pass the competency tests to receive a diploma. The

competency tests are equivalent forms of the end-of-grade tests at grade 8. Those students

who do not pass the tests at the end of 8th

grade must pass the competency tests to

graduate. A new graduation exam of essential skills called North Carolinas High School

Exit Exam is being phased in. The class of 2005 will be required to pass it to receive a

diploma.

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Dropout rate:

North Carolina - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

North Carolina

Nation

From 1990-1997 2 percent fewer students dropped out in North Carolina than

in the nation.

From 1997-1998 North Carolina gained 1 percent, as did the nation.

After North Carolinas high school graduation exams were implemented, North

Carolinas dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.

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Graduation rate:

North Carolina

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995


nt

North Carolina

Nation

From 1979-1980 .1 percent fewer students were graduated in North Carolina

than in the nation.

From 1979-1995 .1 percent more students were graduated in North Carolinathan in the nation.

After North Carolinas high school graduation exams were implemented, how

North Carolinas graduation rate changed as compared to the nation is unclear.

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North Carolina - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Numb


North Carolina

Nation

From 1984-1997 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in North Carolina

than in the nation.

From 1997-1998 North Carolina maintained its percentage, as did the nation.

From 1997-1999 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in North Carolina

than in the nation.

After North Carolinas high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate

by which people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.

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North Carolina - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

North Carolina *

Nation

From 1986-1997 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1.6 more yearsin North Carolina than in the nation.


North Carolina than in the nation. From 1997-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .1 more years in

North Carolina than in the nation.

After North Carolinas high school graduation exams were implemented, the

average age of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.

OVERALL FINDINGS:

There is weakevidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school

graduation exams in North Carolina, the rate by which students dropped out or were not


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graduation exams in North Carolina, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED


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OHIO


High school students in Ohio must pass Ohios Proficiency Test to receive a

diploma. The class of 1994 was the first graduating class required to pass the test to

receive a diploma.

Dropout rate:

Ohio - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Ohio

Nation

From 1993-1994 2 percent more students dropped out in Ohio than in the

nation.

From 1993-1998 2 percent more students dropped out in Ohio than in thenation.

After Ohios high school graduation exam was implemented, Ohios dropout rate


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Graduation rate:

Ohio - High School Graduates

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Percent=H

.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme

nt

Ohio

Nation

From 1993-1994 .2 percent more students were graduated in Ohio than in thenation.

From 1993-1995 .3 percent fewer students were graduated in Ohio than in thenation.

After Ohios high school graduation exam was implemented, Ohios graduation

rate decreased as compared to the nation.

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Ohio - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Numb


Ohio

Nation

From 1993-1994 .02 Percent fewer students took the GED in Ohio than in thenation.

From 1993-1999 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in Ohio than in the

nation.

After Ohios high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by which

people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.

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Ohio - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Ohio *

Nation

From 1993-1994 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more years inOhio than in the nation.

From 1993-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1.1 more yearsin Ohio than in the nation.

After Ohios high school graduation exam was implemented, the average age of

people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.

OVERALL FINDINGS:


school graduation exam in Ohio, the rate by which students dropped out or were not

graduated from high school, increased as compared to the nation.

There is unclear evidence to suggest how, after the implementation of the high

school graduation exam in Ohio, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program

changed as compared to the nation.

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SOUTH CAROLINA


High school students in South Carolina must pass South Carolinas Basic Skills

Assessment Program (BSAP) Exit Examination to receive a diploma. The class of 1990

was the first graduating class required to pass the BSAP to receive a diploma. The class

of 2005 will be required to pass a new test to receive a diploma.

Dropout rate:

South Carolina - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

South Carolina

Nation

From 1990-1998 1 percent fewer students dropped out in South Carolina than

in the nation.

After South Carolinas high school graduation exam was implemented, South

Carolinas dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.

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Graduation rate:

South Carolina - High School G raduates

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995


nt

South Carolina

Nation

From 1989-1990 1.3 percent fewer students were graduated in South Carolina

than in the nation.

From 1989-1995 1.3 percent fewer students were graduated in South Carolinathan in the nation.

After South Carolinas high school graduation exam was implemented, South

Carolinas graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.

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South Carolina - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

NumberofGE

Dexaminees/Totalstatepopulation

South Carolina

Nation

From 1989-1990 South Carolina gained .03 percent, as did the nation.

From 1989-1999 .01 percent more students took the GED in South Carolinathan in the nation.

After South Carolinas high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by


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South Carolina - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

South Carolina *

Nation

From 1989-1990 South Carolina gained .2 years, as did the nation.

From 1989-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years inSouth Carolina than in the nation.

After South Carolinas high school graduation exam was implemented, the

average age of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.

OVERALL FINDINGS:


school graduation exam in South Carolina, the rate by which students dropped out or

were not graduated from high school changed as compared to the nation.


school graduation exam in South Carolina, the rate by which students enrolled in the

GED program changed as compared to the nation.

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TENNESSEE


High school students in Tennessee must pass the Tennessee Comprehensive

Assessment Program Competency Test (TCAP/CT) to receive a diploma. The class of

1986 was the first and the class of 1998 was the second graduating class required to pass

the TCAP/CT to receive a diploma. End-of-course exams are being developed to replace

the TCAP/CT.

Dropout rate:

Tennessee - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Tennessee

Nation

From 1990-1998 Tennessee lost 1%, as did the nation.

After Tennessees high school graduation exams were implemented, how

Tennessees dropout rate changed as compared to the nation is unclear.

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Graduation rate:

Tennessee - High School Graduates

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995


Tennessee

Nation

From 1985-1986 Tennessee lost .2 percent, as did the nation.

From 1985-1995 1.1 percent more students were graduated in Tennessee thanin the nation.

After Tennessees high school graduation exams were implemented, Tennessees


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Tennessee - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999


Tennessee

Nation

From 1985-1986 .03 percent more students took the GED in Tennessee than in

the nation.

From 1985-1997 .11 percent more students took the GED in Tennessee than inthe nation.

From 1997-1998 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in Tennessee than inthe nation.

From 1997-1999 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in Tennessee than in

the nation.

After Tennessees high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by


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Tennessee - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Tennessee *

Nation

From 1986-1997 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1.5 more years

in Tennessee than in the nation.

From 1997-1998 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years inTennessee than in the nation.

From 1997-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .3 more years inTennessee than in the nation.

After Tennessees high school graduation exams were implemented, the average


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OVERALL FINDINGS:

There is weakevidence to suggest that, after the implementation of high school

graduation exams in Tennessee, the rate by which students dropped out or were not



graduation exams in Tennessee, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program


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TEXAS


High school students in Texas must pass the Texas Assessment of Academic

Skills (TAAS) to receive a diploma. The class of 1983 was the first graduating class

required to take a high school graduation exam but did not have to pass it to receive a

high school diploma. The class of 1987 was the first graduating class and the class of

1992 was the second graduating class required to pass a high school graduation exam to

graduate. The class of 2005 will be required to pass the TAAS II to graduate.

Dropout rate:

Texas - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Texas

Nation

From 1990-1991 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Texas than in the

nation.

From 1991-1992 1 percent more students dropped out in Texas than in the

nation.

From 1991-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in Texas than in thenation.

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Texas - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1 98 4 1 985 1 98 6 1 98 7 1 98 8 1 98 9 1 99 0 19 91 1 99 2 19 93 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1 998 19 99

Num


Texas

Nation

From 1986-1987 .01 percent more students took the GED in Texas than in thenation.

From 1986-1991 .07 percent more students took the GED in Texas than in the

nation.

From 1991-1992 .02 percent more students took the GED in Texas than in thenation.

From 1991-1999 .03 percent fewer students took the GED in Texas than in thenation.

After Texass high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by which

people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.

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Texas - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Texas *

Nation

From 1986-1987 the average age of GED examinees decreased .5 more years inTexas than in the nation.

From 1986-1991 the average age of GED examinees decreased .4 more years inTexas than in the nation.

From 1991-1992 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years inTexas than in the nation.


Texas than in the nation.

After Texass high school graduation exams were implemented, the average age


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OVERALL FINDINGS:


graduation exams in Texas, the rate by which students dropped out or were not graduated

from high school increased as compared to the nation.


graduation exams in Texas, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program


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VIRGINIA


High school students in Virginia must pass Virginias Literacy Passport Test

(LPT) to receive a diploma. The class of 1986 was the first graduating class required to

pass the LPT to receive a diploma. The LPT was last used for those students who were in

the 6th

grade in 1998 (the class of 2004). The LPT is being phased out and replaced by

Virginias Standards of Learning (SOL) tests. Since the spring of 1998, students in

Virginia began taking Virginias SOLs. The class of 2004 will be required to pass 6 of

the 12 end of course exams in order to receive a diploma.

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Dropout rate:

Virginia - Dropout Rate

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Percent

Virginia

Nation

From 1990-1998 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Virginia than in thenation.

After Virginias high school graduation exam was implemented, Virginias


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Graduation rate:

Virginia - High School Graduates

15.0%

16.0%

17.0%

18.0%

19.0%

20.0%

21.0%

22.0%

23.0%

24.0%

25.0%

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995


Virginia

Nation

From 1985-1986 1 percent more students were graduated in Virginia than in thenation.

From 1985-1995 1.4 percent more students were graduated in Virginia than in

the nation

After Virginias high school graduation exam was implemented, Virginias


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Virginia - Percent Who Took the GED

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%

0.40%

0.45%

0.50%

0.55%

0.60%

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Numb


Virginia

Nation

From 1985-1986 Virginia gained .01 percent, as did the nation.

From 1985-1999 .01 percent more students took the GED in Virginia than in

the nation.

After Virginias high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by which

people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.

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Virginia - Average Age of People Who Took the GE D Test

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Averageage

Virginia *

Nation

From 1986-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .9 more years inVirginia than in the nation.

After Virginias high school graduation exam was implemented, the average age


OVERALL FINDINGS:


school graduation exam in Virginia, the rate by which students dropped out or were not



school graduation exam in Virginia, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED

program increased as compared to the nation.

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Notes and References

1 See for example Judd, C. M., Smith, E. R., & Kidder, L. H. (1991).Research methods in social relations

(6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers and Smith, M. L., & Glass, G.V

(1987).Research and evaluation in education and the social sciences. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and

Bacon.

2 See for example Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2000).How to design and evaluate research in

education (4th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, Inc.; Glass, G.V (1988). Quasi-experiments: The case ofinterrupted time series. In R. M. Jaeger (Ed.), Complementary methods for research in education.

Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association; Smith, M. L., & Glass, G.V (1987).

Research and evaluation in education and the social sciences. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

3 Ibid.

4 Glass, G.V (1988). Quasi-experiments: The case of interrupted time series. In R. M. Jaeger (Ed.),

Complementary methods for research in education. Washington, D.C.: American Educational ResearchAssociation.

5 Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research onteaching. In N. L. Gage (Ed.),Handbook of research on teaching. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally and

Company.

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External Review Panel

Gregory Camilli, Ph.D.

Department of Educational PsychologyGraduate School of Education

Rutgers University

Sherman J. Dorn, Ph.D.

Department of Psychology and Social FormationCollege of Education

University of South Florida

Walter M. Haney, Ed.D.

Department of Educational Research Methods and Evaluation

Lynch School of EducationBoston College

Anthony G. Rud Jr., Ph.D.

Department of Educational StudiesSchool of Education

Purdue University

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