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Education Policy Studies LaboratoryDivision of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies
College of Education, Arizona State UniversityP.O. Box 872411, Tempe, AZ 85287-2411
Telephone: (480) 965-1886Fax: (480) 965-0303E-mail
TECHNICAL APPENDIX
An Analysis of Some Unintendedand Negative Consequences ofHigh-Stakes Testing
by
Audrey L. Amrein
And
David C. Berliner
Arizona State University
Education Policy Research Unit (EPRU)Education Policy Studies Laboratory
College of EducationDivision of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies
Box 872411Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ 85287-2411
December2002
EPSL| EDUCATION POLICY STUDIES LABORATORYEducation Policy Research Unit
EPSL-0211-125-EPRUhttp://edpolicylab.org
: [email protected]://edpolicylab.org
http://edpolicylab.org/http://edpolicylab.org/ -
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An Analysis of Some Unintended and Negative
Consequences of High-Stakes Testing
Audrey L. Amrein and David C. Berliner
Arizona State University
Technical Appendix
An archival time-series research design is used for this study. Archival time-series
studies are useful for determining the degree to which large-scale social or governmental
policies make an impact.1 In archival time-series designs, strings of observations of the
dependent variablesthe dropout rate and the graduation rate, which are inversely related,
and the rate by which students enroll in the GED program and the average age of GED
participantsare made before and after the treatments (high school graduation exams) are
introduced. This enables the researcher to gain convincing evidence about the affects that
high-stakes tests have over time. Displaying trend lines and studying the patterns in the
trend lines before and after high-stakes tests are introduced helps to demonstrate the
statistical relationships between high-stakes tests and their effects.2
Two major controls are used to help evaluate the certainty and strength of the
effects. First, data points before the introduction of the treatment provide baseline
information.3
Whether changes in the dependent variable are authentic or artificial is
determined on a case-by-case basis using baseline data. If a change after the intervention
is noted, it is concluded the treatment had an effect.
Secondly, national trend lines are positioned alongside state trend lines to help
control for normal fluctuations and extraneous influences on the data.4
The national
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group is used as a nonequivalent comparison group to help estimate how the dependent
variable would have oscillated less any treatment.5
The national trend lines help control
for whether effects at the state level are genuine or mere reflections of the national trend.
All effects are calculated in the short- and long-term. Trends are defined in the
short-term by the difference in rate one year after the point of implementation of high-
stakes tests. Trends are defined in the long-term by the difference in rate from the
implementation of one testing policy to the next or 2001. The decision to assess one-year
effects and long-term effects is somewhat arbitrary so each states trend line is included
for the convenience of those who, for example, would argue the effects of high-stakes
tests may lay dormant for a different number of years.
In addition, the data sources that are used in this study are not comprehensive.
They do not, for example, cover the same range of years across measures nor do all
measures provide for baseline data. States, such as Florida, in which their high school
graduation exam was first implemented in the late 1970s, for example, do not have
baseline data for all of the measures as data across measures are available for less than 20
years. These data are adequate enough to draw conclusions regarding the effects of high-
stakes tests in states after x years of using high school graduation exams, however. This
is possible if, in those states, conclusions are formulated using the second, third, and in
one case, the fourth high school graduation exam implemented.
In short, if changes in rate after the introduction of a high school graduation exam
match the nation, the effects of the high school graduation exam are classified as unclear.
Otherwise, effects of high school graduation exams are classified as increases or
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decreases as compared to the nation, and overall effects are classified as weakorstrong
when summed together.
Overall effects are classified as weakif increases or decreases are illustrated after
the implementation of a high school graduation exam on one of two indicators and strong
if increases or decreases are illustrated after the implementation of a high school
graduation exam across both measures. For the dropout rate analyses, for example, if a
state illustrate decreases in the dropout rate and increases in the high school graduation
rate after the point at which a high school graduation exam was implemented, the state
would be classified as illustrating strong evidence that after a high school graduation
exam was implemented, the rate by which students were graduated from high school
increased,or were positively effected. For the GED analyses, if a state illustrate
increases in the rate by which students enroll in the GED program but unclear changes
regarding how the average age of GED participants changed, the state would be classified
as illustrating weakevidence that after the implementation of a high school graduation
exam, the rate by which students sought out GEDs instead of regular high school
diplomas increased, or was negatively effected.
In each analysis, the magnified symbolizes the yearbefore the first graduating
class was required to pass the first high school graduation exam in each state. If, for
example, students were first expected to pass a graduation exam in 1995, as was the case
in Georgia, you would be most likely to observe an effect from 1994, the year before
students had to pass the test to 1995, the year students had to pass the test. The also
symbolizes the yearbefore the years in which graduating classes were first required to
pass exam revisions thereafter.
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ALABAMA
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Alabama must pass Alabamas High School Graduation
Test to receive a high school diploma. The class of 1985 was the first and the class of
1993 was the second graduating class required to pass a high school graduation exam to
receive a diploma. The Alabama High School Graduation Exam (AHSGE) is replacing
the graduation test. Starting with the class of 2001, students will have to pass certain
sections of the AHSGE to receive a diploma.
Dropout rate:
Alabama - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Alabama
Nation
From 1990-1992 2 percent fewer students dropped out in Alabama than in the
nation.
From 1992-1993 Alabama maintained its percentage, as did the nation.
From 1992-1998 Alabama 2 percent fewer students dropped out in Alabama
than in the nation.
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After Alabamas high school graduation exams were implemented, Alabamas
dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.
Graduation rate:
Alabama - High S chool Graduates
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Total
secondarypublicschoolenrollment
Alabama
Nation
From 1984-1985 1.6 percent fewer students were graduated in Alabama than inthe nation.
From 1984-1992 .3 percent fewer students were graduated in Alabama than inthe nation.
From 1992-1993 1.3 percent fewer students were graduated in Alabama than in
the nation.
From 1992-1995 1.4 percent fewer students were graduated in Alabama than in
the nation.
After Alabamas high school graduation exams were implemented, Alabamas
graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Alabama - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Numb
erofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Alabama
Nation
From 1984-1985 Alabama maintained its percentage, as did the nation.
From 1984-1992 .03 percent more students took the GED in Alabama than in
the nation.
From 1992-1993 .05 percent fewer students took the GED in Alabama than inthe nation.
From 1992-1999 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in Alabama than inthe nation.
After Alabamas high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Alabama - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Alabama *
Nation
From 1986-1992 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more years in
Alabama than in the nation.
From 1992-1993 the average age of GED examinees increased .5 more years in
Alabama than in the nation. From 1992-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years in
Alabama than in the nation.
After Alabamas high school graduation exams were implemented, the average
age of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Alabama, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school changed as compared to the nation.
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There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Alabama, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
decreased as compared to the nation.
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FLORIDA
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Florida must pass the High School Competency Test
(HSCT) to receive a diploma. The class of 1979 was the first, the class of 1990 was the
second, and the class of 1996 was the third graduating class required to pass a high
school graduation exam to receive a diploma. The Florida Competency Assessment Test
(FCAT) is replacing the HSCT. The class of 2003 will be required to pass the FCAT
reading and math tests to receive a high school diploma.
Dropout rate:
Florida - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Florida
Nation
From 1990-1995 Florida maintained its percentage, as did the nation. From 1995-1996 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Florida than in the
nation.
From 1995-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in Florida than in the
nation.
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After Floridas high school graduation exams were implemented, how Floridas
dropout rate changed as compared to the nation is unclear.
Graduation rate:
Florida - High School Graduates
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecon
darypublicschoolenrollment
Florida
Nation
From 1978-1979 .9 percent fewer students were graduated in Florida than in thenation.
From 1978-1989 1.6 percent fewer students were graduated in Florida than inthe nation.
From 1989-1990 .5 percent more students were graduated in Florida than in thenation.
From 1989-1995 .7 percent more students were graduated in Florida than in thenation.
After Floridas high school graduation exams were implemented, Floridas
graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Florida - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Numbe
rofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Florida
Nation
From 1984-1989 Florida lost .03 percent, as did the nation.
From 1989-1990 .05 percent more students took the GED in Florida than in the
nation.
From 1989-1995 .03 percent more students took the GED in Florida than in thenation.
From 1995-1996 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in Florida than in thenation.
From 1995-1999 .03 percent fewer students took the GED in Florida than in the
nation.
After Floridas high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Florida - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Florida
Nation
From 1986-1989 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1 more year inFlorida than in the nation.
From 1989-1990 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more year inFlorida than in the nation.
From 1989-1995 the average age of GED examinees decreased .9 more year inFlorida than in the nation.
From 1995-1996 the average age of GED examinees decreased .4 more year in
Florida than in the nation.
From 1995-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more year inFlorida than in the nation.
After Floridas high school graduation exams were implemented, the average age
of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is weakevidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Florida, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school increased as compared to the nation.
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Florida, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
increased as compared to the nation.
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GEORGIA
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Georgia must pass the Georgia High School Graduation
Test (GHSGT) to receive a diploma. The class of 1984 was the first and the class of 1995
was the second graduating class required to pass a high school graduation exam to
receive a diploma. The GHSGT is being replaced by new end-of-course tests.
Dropout rate:
Georgia - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Georgia
Nation
From 1990-1994 1 percent more students dropped out in Georgia than in thenation.
From 1994-1995 Georgia gained 1 percent, as did the nation. From 1994-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in Georgia than in the
nation.
After Georgias high school graduation exams were implemented, Georgias
dropout rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
Georgia - High S chool Graduates
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment
Georgia
Nation
From 1983-1984 .1 percent fewer students were graduated in Georgia than in
the nation.
From 1983-1994 .8 percent fewer students were graduated in Georgia than in
the nation.
From 1994-1995 .1 percent fewer students were graduated in Georgia than inthe nation.
After Georgias high school graduation exams were implemented,
Georgias graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Georgia - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Georgia *
Nation
From 1986-1994 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years inGeorgia than in the nation.
From 1994-1995 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years in
Georgia than in the nation. From 1994-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .3 more years in
Georgia than in the nation.
After Georgias high school graduation exams were implemented, the average age
of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Georgia, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school increased as compared to the nation.
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There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Georgia, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
increased as compared to the nation.
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LOUISIANA
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Louisiana must pass Louisianas Graduation Exit Exam
(GEE) to receive a diploma. The class of 1991 was the first graduating class required to
pass the Graduation Exit Exam (GEE) to receive a diploma. Louisianas Graduation Exit
Exam for the 21st
Century (GEE 21) is replacing the GEE. The class of 2003 will be
required to pass English language arts and math tests to receive a diploma.
Dropout rate:
Louisiana - - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Louisiana
Nation
From 1990-1991 1 percent more students dropped out in Louisiana than in the
nation. From 1990-1998 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Louisiana than in the
nation.
After Louisianas high school graduation exam was implemented, how
Louisianas dropout rate changed as compared to the nation is unclear.
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Graduation rate:
Louisiana - High School Graduates
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment
Louisiana
Nation
From 1990-1991 .6 percent fewer students were graduated in Louisiana than inthe nation.
From 1990-1995 .9 percent more students were graduated in Louisiana than inthe nation.
After Louisianas high school graduation exam was implemented, Louisianas
graduation rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Louisiana - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Num
berofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Louisiana
Nation
From 1990-1991 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in Louisiana than in
the nation.
From 1990-1999 .04 percent more students took the GED in Louisiana than in
the nation.
After Louisianas high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Lousiana - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Louisiana *
Nation
From 1990-1991 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more years in
Louisiana than in the nation.
From 1990-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .4 more years inLouisiana than in the nation
After Louisianas high school graduation exam was implemented, the average age
of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is weakevidence to suggest that after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Louisiana, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school decreased as compared to the nation.
There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Louisiana, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED
program changed as compared to the nation.
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MARYLAND
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students must pass the Maryland Functional Tests (MFT) to receive a
diploma. The class of 1987 was the first graduating class required to pass the tests to
receive a diploma. The MFT is used today but is being replaced by the end-of-course
exams called the Maryland High School Assessments.
Dropout rate:
Maryland - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Maryland
Nation
From 1990-1998 2 percent fewer students dropped out in Maryland than in the
nation.
After Marylands high school graduation exam was implemented, Marylands
dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
Maryland - High School Graduates
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S
.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment
Maryland
Nation
From 1986-1987 .2 percent fewer students were graduated in Maryland than inthe nation.
From 1986-1995 1 percent fewer students were graduated in Maryland than inthe nation.
After Marylands high school graduation exam was implemented, Marylands
graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Maryland - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1 98 4 1 98 5 1 98 6 1 98 7 1 98 8 1 98 9 1 99 0 1 99 1 1 99 2 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1 99 8 1 99 9
Numbe
rofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Maryland
Nation
From 1986-1987 Maryland maintained its percentage, as did the nation.
From 1986-1999 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in Maryland than inthe nation.
After Marylands high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Maryland - - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Maryland
Nation
From 1986-1987 the average age of GED examinees decreased .3 more years inMaryland than in the nation.
From 1986-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .2 more years inMaryland than in the nation.
After Marylands high school graduation exam was implemented, the average age
of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Maryland, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school changed as compared to the nation.
There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Maryland, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED
program changed as compared to the nation.
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MISSISSIPPI
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Mississippi must pass the Mississippi Functional Literacy
Exam (FLE) to receive a diploma. The class of 1989 was the first graduating class
required to pass the FLE to receive a diploma. End-of-course exams called Subject Area
Testing Program (SATP) Assessments are replacing the FLE. The FLE will continue to
be administered until each new Subject Area Test has been approved to replace it.
Dropout rate:
Mississippi - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Mississippi
Nation
From 1990-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in Mississippi than in the
nation.
After Mississippis high school graduation exam was implemented, Mississippis
dropout rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
Mississippi - High School Graduates
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme
nt
Mississippi
Nation
From 1988-1989 2.5 percent fewer students were graduated in Mississippi thanin the nation.
From 1988-1995 .4 percent fewer students were graduated in Mississippi thanin the nation.
After Mississippis high school graduation exam was implemented, Mississippis
graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Mississippi - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Num
berofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Mississippi
Nation
From 1988-1989 Mississippi lost .03 percent, as did the nation.
From 1988-1999 .08 percent more students took the GED in Mississippi than in
the nation.
After Mississippis high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Mississippi - Average Age of People Who Took the GED T est
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Mississippi *
Nation
From 1988-1989 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years in
Mississippi than in the nation.
From 1988-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1 more year inMississippi than in the nation.
After Mississippis high school graduation exam was implemented, the average
age of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Mississippi, the rate by which students dropped out or were
not graduated from high school increased as compared to the nation.
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Mississippi, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED
program increased as compared to the nation.
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NEVADA
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students must pass the Nevada High School Proficiency Examination
(HSPE) to receive a diploma. The class of 1981 was the first, the class of 1985 was the
second, the class of 1992 was the third, and the class of 1999 was the fourth graduating
class required to pass high school graduation exams in Nevada to receive a diploma. The
class of 2003 will have to pass the new HSPE to graduate.
Dropout rate:
Nevada - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Nevada
Nation
From 1990-1991 Nevada maintained its average, as did the nation.
From 1991-1992 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Nevada than in thenation.
From 1991-1998 3 percent more students dropped out in Nevada than in the
nation.
After Nevadas high school graduation exams were implemented, Nevadas
dropout rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
Nevada - High School Graduates
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment
Nevada
Nation
From 1980-1981 .7 percent more students were graduated in Nevada than in the
nation.
From 1980-1984 1.9 percent more students were graduated in Nevada than inthe nation.
From 1984-1985 .8 percent fewer students were graduated in Nevada than inthe nation.
From 1984-1991 .5 percent fewer students were graduated in Nevada than in
the nation.
From 1991-1992 1.6 percent fewer students were graduated in Nevada than in
the nation.
From 1991-1995 1.6 percent fewer students were graduated in Nevada than inthe nation.
After Nevadas high school graduation exams were implemented, Nevadas
graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Nevada - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1 98 4 19 85 1 986 1 98 7 1 98 8 19 89 1 99 0 1 991 1 99 2 1 993 1 994 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 997 19 98 1 999
NumberofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Nevada
Nation
From 1984-1985 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in Nevada than thenation.
From 1984-1991 .03 percent fewer students took the GED in Nevada than inthe nation.
From 1991-1992 .09 percent more students took the GED in Nevada than in thenation.
From 1991-1998 .09 percent more students took the GED in Nevada than in thenation.
From 1998-1999 .04 percent fewer students took the GED in Nevada than inthe nation.
After Nevadas high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Nevada - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Nevada *
Nation
From 1986-1991 the average age of GED examinees increased 1.2 more yearsin Nevada than in the nation.
From 1991-1992 the average age of GED examinees increased 1 more year inNevada than in the nation.
From 1991-1998 the average age of GED examinees increased 2 more years inNevada than in the nation.
From 1998-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .1 more years inNevada than in the nation.
After Nevadas high school graduation exams were implemented, the average age
of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Nevada, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school increased as compared to the nation.
There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Nevada, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
changed as compared to the nation.
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NEW JERSEY
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in New Jersey must pass the Grade 11 High School
Proficiency Test (HSPT-11) to receive a diploma. The class of 1984 was the first, the
class of 1987 was the second, and the class of 1995 was the third graduating class
required to pass a high school graduation exam in New Jersey to receive a high school
diploma. The class of 2003 will be required to pass the language arts literacy and math
tests on the new High School Proficiency Assessments (HSPAs) to receive a diploma.
Dropout rate:
New Jersey - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
New Jersey
Nation
From 1990-1994 New Jersey lost 1 percent, as did the nation.
From 1994-1995 1 percent fewer students dropped out in New Jersey than inthe nation.
From 1994-1998 New Jersey maintained its average, as did the nation.
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After New Jerseys high school graduation exams were implemented, New
Jerseys dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.
Graduation rate:
New Jersey - High School Graduates
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment
New Jersey
Nation
From 1983-1984 .9 percent fewer students were graduated in New Jersey than
in the nation. From 1983-1986 .2 percent more students were graduated in New Jersey than in
the nation.
From 1986-1987 .7 percent more students were graduated in New Jersey than inthe nation.
From 1986-1994 .7 percent more students were graduated in New Jersey than inthe nation.
From 1994-1995 .1 percent more students were graduated in New Jersey than in
the nation.
After New Jerseys high school graduation exams were implemented, New
Jerseys graduation rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
New Jersey - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
NumberofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
New Jersey
Nation
From 1984-1986 New Jersey gained .01 percent, as did the nation.
From 1986-1987 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in New Jersey thanin the nation.
From 1986-1994 .03 percent more students took the GED in New Jersey than inthe nation.
From 1994-1995 .04 percent fewer students took the GED in New Jersey thanin the nation.
From 1994-1999 .05 percent fewer students took the GED in New Jersey thanin the nation.
After New Jerseys high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
New Jersey - Average Age of People Who Took the GE D Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
New Jersey
Nation
From 1986-1987 the average age of GED examinees decreased .3 more years in
New Jersey than in the nation.
From 1986-1994 the average age of GED examinees increased .6 more years inNew Jersey than in the nation.
From 1994-1995 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more years in
New Jersey than in the nation. From 1994-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years in
New Jersey than in the nation.
After New Jerseys high school graduation exams were implemented, the average
age of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in New Jersey, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school decreased as compared to the nation.
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in New Jersey, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
decreased as compared to the nation.
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NEW MEXICO
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in New Mexico must pass the New Mexico High School
Competency Exam (NMHSCE) to receive a diploma. The class of 1990 was the first
graduating class required to pass the NMHSCE to graduate.
Dropout rate:
New Mexico - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
New Mexico
Nation
From 1990-1998 5 percent more students dropped out in New Mexico than in
the nation.
After New Mexicos high school graduation exam was implemented, New
Mexicos dropout rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
New Mexico
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=
H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme
nt
New Mexico
Nation
From 1989-1990 .3 percent more students were graduated in New Mexico than
in the nation.
From 1989-1995 1.6 percent more students were graduated in New Mexico
than in the nation.
After New Mexicos high school graduation exam was implemented, New
Mexicos graduation rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
New Mexico - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Num
berofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
New Mexico
Nation
From 1989-1990 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in New Mexico thanin the nation.
From 1989-1999 .06 percent fewer students took the GED in New Mexico thanin the nation.
After New Mexicos high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
New Mexico - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
New Mexico *
Nation
From 1989-1990 the average age of GED examinees decreased .1 more years in
New Mexico than in the nation.
From 1989-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .1 more years inNew Mexico than in the nation.
After New Mexicos high school graduation exam was implemented, the average
age of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in New Mexico, the rate by which students dropped out or were
not graduated from high school changed as compared to the nation.
There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in New Mexico, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED
program changed as compared to the nation.
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Dropout rate:
New York - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
New York
Nation
From 1990-1994 1 percent more students dropped out in New York than in thenation.
From 1994-1995 New York gained 1 percent, as did the nation.
From 1994-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in New York than in the
nation.
After New Yorks high school graduation exams were implemented, New Yorks
dropout rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
New York - High School Graduates
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H
.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme
nt
New York
Nation
From 1984-1985 .3 percent more students were graduated in New York than inthe nation.
From 1984-1994 .4 percent fewer students were graduated in New York than inthe nation.
From 1994-1995 .3 percent fewer students were graduated in New York than inthe nation.
After New Yorks high school graduation exams were implemented, New Yorks
graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
New York - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
19 84 1 98 5 1 98 6 1 98 7 1 98 8 1 98 9 1 990 1 99 1 1 99 2 19 93 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1 998 1 99 9
Num
berofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
New York
Nation
From 1984-1985 .03 percent fewer students took the GED in New York than inthe nation.
From 1984-1994 .16 percent fewer students took the GED in New York than inthe nation.
From 1994-1995 .01 percent more students took the GED in New York than inthe nation.
From 1994-1999 .01 percent more students took the GED in New York than in
the nation.
After New Yorks high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
New York - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
New York
Nation
From 1986-1994 the average age of GED examinees increased .6 more years in
New York than in the nation.
From 1994-1995 the average age of GED examinees increased .3 more years inNew York than in the nation.
From 1994-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .7 more years inNew York than in the nation.
After New Yorks high school graduation exams were implemented, the average
age of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in New York, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school increased as compared to the nation.
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in New York, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
decreased as compared to the nation.
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NORTH CAROLINA
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in North Carolina must pass the North Carolina Competency
Tests to receive a diploma. The class of 1980 was the first and the class of 1998 was the
second graduating class required to pass the competency tests to receive a diploma. The
competency tests are equivalent forms of the end-of-grade tests at grade 8. Those students
who do not pass the tests at the end of 8th
grade must pass the competency tests to
graduate. A new graduation exam of essential skills called North Carolinas High School
Exit Exam is being phased in. The class of 2005 will be required to pass it to receive a
diploma.
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Dropout rate:
North Carolina - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
North Carolina
Nation
From 1990-1997 2 percent fewer students dropped out in North Carolina than
in the nation.
From 1997-1998 North Carolina gained 1 percent, as did the nation.
After North Carolinas high school graduation exams were implemented, North
Carolinas dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
North Carolina
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme
nt
North Carolina
Nation
From 1979-1980 .1 percent fewer students were graduated in North Carolina
than in the nation.
From 1979-1995 .1 percent more students were graduated in North Carolinathan in the nation.
After North Carolinas high school graduation exams were implemented, how
North Carolinas graduation rate changed as compared to the nation is unclear.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
North Carolina - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Numb
erofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
North Carolina
Nation
From 1984-1997 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in North Carolina
than in the nation.
From 1997-1998 North Carolina maintained its percentage, as did the nation.
From 1997-1999 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in North Carolina
than in the nation.
After North Carolinas high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate
by which people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
North Carolina - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
North Carolina *
Nation
From 1986-1997 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1.6 more yearsin North Carolina than in the nation.
From 1997-1998 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more years in
North Carolina than in the nation. From 1997-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .1 more years in
North Carolina than in the nation.
After North Carolinas high school graduation exams were implemented, the
average age of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is weakevidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in North Carolina, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school decreased as compared to the nation.
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There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in North Carolina, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED
program changed as compared to the nation.
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OHIO
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Ohio must pass Ohios Proficiency Test to receive a
diploma. The class of 1994 was the first graduating class required to pass the test to
receive a diploma.
Dropout rate:
Ohio - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Ohio
Nation
From 1993-1994 2 percent more students dropped out in Ohio than in the
nation.
From 1993-1998 2 percent more students dropped out in Ohio than in thenation.
After Ohios high school graduation exam was implemented, Ohios dropout rate
increased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
Ohio - High School Graduates
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H
.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme
nt
Ohio
Nation
From 1993-1994 .2 percent more students were graduated in Ohio than in thenation.
From 1993-1995 .3 percent fewer students were graduated in Ohio than in thenation.
After Ohios high school graduation exam was implemented, Ohios graduation
rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Ohio - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Numb
erofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Ohio
Nation
From 1993-1994 .02 Percent fewer students took the GED in Ohio than in thenation.
From 1993-1999 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in Ohio than in the
nation.
After Ohios high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by which
people took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Ohio - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Ohio *
Nation
From 1993-1994 the average age of GED examinees decreased .2 more years inOhio than in the nation.
From 1993-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1.1 more yearsin Ohio than in the nation.
After Ohios high school graduation exam was implemented, the average age of
people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Ohio, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school, increased as compared to the nation.
There is unclear evidence to suggest how, after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Ohio, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
changed as compared to the nation.
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SOUTH CAROLINA
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in South Carolina must pass South Carolinas Basic Skills
Assessment Program (BSAP) Exit Examination to receive a diploma. The class of 1990
was the first graduating class required to pass the BSAP to receive a diploma. The class
of 2005 will be required to pass a new test to receive a diploma.
Dropout rate:
South Carolina - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
South Carolina
Nation
From 1990-1998 1 percent fewer students dropped out in South Carolina than
in the nation.
After South Carolinas high school graduation exam was implemented, South
Carolinas dropout rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
South Carolina - High School G raduates
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollme
nt
South Carolina
Nation
From 1989-1990 1.3 percent fewer students were graduated in South Carolina
than in the nation.
From 1989-1995 1.3 percent fewer students were graduated in South Carolinathan in the nation.
After South Carolinas high school graduation exam was implemented, South
Carolinas graduation rate decreased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
South Carolina - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
NumberofGE
Dexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
South Carolina
Nation
From 1989-1990 South Carolina gained .03 percent, as did the nation.
From 1989-1999 .01 percent more students took the GED in South Carolinathan in the nation.
After South Carolinas high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
South Carolina - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
South Carolina *
Nation
From 1989-1990 South Carolina gained .2 years, as did the nation.
From 1989-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years inSouth Carolina than in the nation.
After South Carolinas high school graduation exam was implemented, the
average age of people who took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is unclear evidence to suggest how, after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in South Carolina, the rate by which students dropped out or
were not graduated from high school changed as compared to the nation.
There is unclear evidence to suggest how, after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in South Carolina, the rate by which students enrolled in the
GED program changed as compared to the nation.
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TENNESSEE
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Tennessee must pass the Tennessee Comprehensive
Assessment Program Competency Test (TCAP/CT) to receive a diploma. The class of
1986 was the first and the class of 1998 was the second graduating class required to pass
the TCAP/CT to receive a diploma. End-of-course exams are being developed to replace
the TCAP/CT.
Dropout rate:
Tennessee - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Tennessee
Nation
From 1990-1998 Tennessee lost 1%, as did the nation.
After Tennessees high school graduation exams were implemented, how
Tennessees dropout rate changed as compared to the nation is unclear.
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Graduation rate:
Tennessee - High School Graduates
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment
Tennessee
Nation
From 1985-1986 Tennessee lost .2 percent, as did the nation.
From 1985-1995 1.1 percent more students were graduated in Tennessee thanin the nation.
After Tennessees high school graduation exams were implemented, Tennessees
graduation rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Tennessee - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
NumberofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Tennessee
Nation
From 1985-1986 .03 percent more students took the GED in Tennessee than in
the nation.
From 1985-1997 .11 percent more students took the GED in Tennessee than inthe nation.
From 1997-1998 .01 percent fewer students took the GED in Tennessee than inthe nation.
From 1997-1999 .02 percent fewer students took the GED in Tennessee than in
the nation.
After Tennessees high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by
which people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Tennessee - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Tennessee *
Nation
From 1986-1997 the average age of GED examinees decreased 1.5 more years
in Tennessee than in the nation.
From 1997-1998 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years inTennessee than in the nation.
From 1997-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .3 more years inTennessee than in the nation.
After Tennessees high school graduation exams were implemented, the average
age of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is weakevidence to suggest that, after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Tennessee, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school decreased as compared to the nation.
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Tennessee, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
increased as compared to the nation.
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TEXAS
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Texas must pass the Texas Assessment of Academic
Skills (TAAS) to receive a diploma. The class of 1983 was the first graduating class
required to take a high school graduation exam but did not have to pass it to receive a
high school diploma. The class of 1987 was the first graduating class and the class of
1992 was the second graduating class required to pass a high school graduation exam to
graduate. The class of 2005 will be required to pass the TAAS II to graduate.
Dropout rate:
Texas - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Texas
Nation
From 1990-1991 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Texas than in the
nation.
From 1991-1992 1 percent more students dropped out in Texas than in the
nation.
From 1991-1998 1 percent more students dropped out in Texas than in thenation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Texas - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1 98 4 1 985 1 98 6 1 98 7 1 98 8 1 98 9 1 99 0 19 91 1 99 2 19 93 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1 998 19 99
Num
berofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Texas
Nation
From 1986-1987 .01 percent more students took the GED in Texas than in thenation.
From 1986-1991 .07 percent more students took the GED in Texas than in the
nation.
From 1991-1992 .02 percent more students took the GED in Texas than in thenation.
From 1991-1999 .03 percent fewer students took the GED in Texas than in thenation.
After Texass high school graduation exams were implemented, the rate by which
people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Texas - Average Age of People Who Took the GED Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Texas *
Nation
From 1986-1987 the average age of GED examinees decreased .5 more years inTexas than in the nation.
From 1986-1991 the average age of GED examinees decreased .4 more years inTexas than in the nation.
From 1991-1992 the average age of GED examinees increased .1 more years inTexas than in the nation.
From 1991-1999 the average age of GED examinees increased .6 more years in
Texas than in the nation.
After Texass high school graduation exams were implemented, the average age
of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
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OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Texas, the rate by which students dropped out or were not graduated
from high school increased as compared to the nation.
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of high school
graduation exams in Texas, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED program
increased as compared to the nation.
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VIRGINIA
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAMS:
High school students in Virginia must pass Virginias Literacy Passport Test
(LPT) to receive a diploma. The class of 1986 was the first graduating class required to
pass the LPT to receive a diploma. The LPT was last used for those students who were in
the 6th
grade in 1998 (the class of 2004). The LPT is being phased out and replaced by
Virginias Standards of Learning (SOL) tests. Since the spring of 1998, students in
Virginia began taking Virginias SOLs. The class of 2004 will be required to pass 6 of
the 12 end of course exams in order to receive a diploma.
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Dropout rate:
Virginia - Dropout Rate
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent
Virginia
Nation
From 1990-1998 1 percent fewer students dropped out in Virginia than in thenation.
After Virginias high school graduation exam was implemented, Virginias
dropout rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Graduation rate:
Virginia - High School Graduates
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
19.0%
20.0%
21.0%
22.0%
23.0%
24.0%
25.0%
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Percent=H.S.graduates/Totalsecondarypublicschoolenrollment
Virginia
Nation
From 1985-1986 1 percent more students were graduated in Virginia than in thenation.
From 1985-1995 1.4 percent more students were graduated in Virginia than in
the nation
After Virginias high school graduation exam was implemented, Virginias
graduation rate increased as compared to the nation.
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Rate by which people took the General Education Diploma (GED) Exam:
Virginia - Percent Who Took the GED
0.10%
0.15%
0.20%
0.25%
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Numb
erofGEDexaminees/Totalstatepopulation
Virginia
Nation
From 1985-1986 Virginia gained .01 percent, as did the nation.
From 1985-1999 .01 percent more students took the GED in Virginia than in
the nation.
After Virginias high school graduation exam was implemented, the rate by which
people took the GED exam increased as compared to the nation.
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Average age of General Education Diploma (GED) Examinees:
Virginia - Average Age of People Who Took the GE D Test
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Averageage
Virginia *
Nation
From 1986-1999 the average age of GED examinees decreased .9 more years inVirginia than in the nation.
After Virginias high school graduation exam was implemented, the average age
of people who took the GED exam decreased as compared to the nation.
OVERALL FINDINGS:
There is unclear evidence to suggest how after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Virginia, the rate by which students dropped out or were not
graduated from high school changed as compared to the nation.
There is strong evidence to suggest that after the implementation of the high
school graduation exam in Virginia, the rate by which students enrolled in the GED
program increased as compared to the nation.
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Notes and References
1 See for example Judd, C. M., Smith, E. R., & Kidder, L. H. (1991).Research methods in social relations
(6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers and Smith, M. L., & Glass, G.V
(1987).Research and evaluation in education and the social sciences. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and
Bacon.
2 See for example Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2000).How to design and evaluate research in
education (4th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, Inc.; Glass, G.V (1988). Quasi-experiments: The case ofinterrupted time series. In R. M. Jaeger (Ed.), Complementary methods for research in education.
Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association; Smith, M. L., & Glass, G.V (1987).
Research and evaluation in education and the social sciences. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
3 Ibid.
4 Glass, G.V (1988). Quasi-experiments: The case of interrupted time series. In R. M. Jaeger (Ed.),
Complementary methods for research in education. Washington, D.C.: American Educational ResearchAssociation.
5 Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research onteaching. In N. L. Gage (Ed.),Handbook of research on teaching. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally and
Company.
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External Review Panel
Gregory Camilli, Ph.D.
Department of Educational PsychologyGraduate School of Education
Rutgers University
Sherman J. Dorn, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology and Social FormationCollege of Education
University of South Florida
Walter M. Haney, Ed.D.
Department of Educational Research Methods and Evaluation
Lynch School of EducationBoston College
Anthony G. Rud Jr., Ph.D.
Department of Educational StudiesSchool of Education
Purdue University